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Lub teb chaws Overview
Qaib ntxhw, raug hu ua koom pheej ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv, yog ib tug transcontinental lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub Anatolian Peninsula nyob rau hauv Western Asia, nrog ib tug me me nyob rau hauv lub Balkan Peninsula nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe sab hnub tuaj. Nws muaj keeb kwm nplua nuj thiab ntau haiv neeg uas muaj ntau txhiab xyoo. Npog thaj tsam ntawm kwv yees li 780,580 square kilometers, Qaib ntxhw muaj ciam teb nrog yim lub teb chaws xws li tim Nkij teb chaws, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq thiab Syria. Nws yog ib puag ncig los ntawm peb lub hiav txwv loj: Hiav Txwv Mediterranean mus rau sab qab teb, w Aegean Hiav Txwv mus rau sab hnub poob thiab Hiav Txwv Dub rau sab qaum teb. Nrog cov pej xeem ntawm ib ncig ntawm 84 lab tus tib neeg suav nrog ntau haiv neeg thiab kev ntseeg, Qaib ntxhw yog lub npe hu rau nws txoj kev coj noj coj ua. Cov lus tseem ceeb yog Turkish thaum lwm hom lus tsawg xws li Kurdish kuj tau hais. Ankara ua haujlwm raws li Qaib Cov Txwv lub nroog lub nroog thaum Istanbul yog nws lub nroog loj tshaj plaws. Istanbul tuav qhov tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm vim nws yog ib lub peev rau Byzantine thiab Ottoman Empires. Qaib ntxhw txoj kev lag luam nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb sab saum toj 20 raws li GDP. Nws qhov chaw xaiv tsa tau ua rau nws yog qhov chaw tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb ntawm Europe thiab Asia. Kev ncig ua si ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Turkey kev lag luam vim nws cov cuab yeej cuab tam nplua nuj thiab cov toj roob hauv pes zoo nkauj. Nws muab cov neeg tuaj ncig ua si sib xyaw ntawm cov ruins qub xws li Ephesus thiab Troy nrog rau cov ntug hiav txwv zoo nkauj raws ntug dej hiav txwv Mediterranean. Turkish cuisine yog lub npe nrov thoob ntiaj teb uas muaj cov tais diav xws li kebabs, baklava, thiab Turkish tshuaj yej uas ntxiv rau nws qhov kev thov noj mov. Txawm hais tias thaj chaw sib faib nruab nrab ntawm ob lub teb chaws, Qaib Cov Txwv embraces kab lig kev cai los ntawm ob lub teb chaws Europea Middle East.Lub teb chaws tseem mus undergo social economic kev loj hlob ua rau nws ib tug nthuav lo lus uas peb curiously tshawb.
Teb chaws txiaj
Qaib ntxhw lub txiaj yog hu ua Turkish lira (TRY). Lub Turkish lira yog lub txiaj ntsig ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv, thiab nws tau muab thiab tswj los ntawm Central Bank ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv. Nws tau nyob hauv kev ncig txij li xyoo 1923 thaum niaj hnub Turkey tau tsim. Tus nqi pauv tam sim no rau 1 US duas rau TRY yog kwv yees li 8.5 lira. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias vim muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev lag luam, tus nqi pauv tuaj yeem hloov pauv hauv Turkey. Tau ntau xyoo, Qaib Cov Txwv tau ntsib qee qhov kev sib tw nrog kev nce nqi thiab kev hloov pauv hauv nws cov txiaj ntsig txiaj. Qhov no tau ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv qee zaus thiab kev poob qis ntawm Turkish lira tawm tsam lwm cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb xws li US dollars lossis Euros. Tsoomfwv thiab lub tuam txhab nyiaj hauv nruab nrab tau ntsuas kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lawv cov txiaj los ntawm kev siv cov cai xws li nce cov paj laum, ua raws li cov cai tswj hwm nyiaj txiag nruj dua, thiab txhawb kev nqis peev txawv teb chaws. Cov kev siv zog no txhawm rau tswj kev ruaj ntseg hauv lawv cov nyiaj txiag thiab tiv thaiv tus nqi ntawm Turkish lira. Cov neeg tuaj ncig xyuas tebchaws Turkey tuaj yeem hloov pauv lawv cov nyiaj txawv teb chaws mus rau hauv Turkish liras ntawm cov tsev txhab nyiaj, chaw pauv pauv, lossis los ntawm ATMs thoob plaws tebchaws. Ntau lub lag luam kuj lees txais kev them nyiaj hauv lwm cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb xws li US las lossis Euros hauv cov chaw ncig xyuas nrov. Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus, Qaib Cov Txwv lub txiaj yog hu ua lub Turkish lira (TRY), nws muaj tej lub sij hawm volatility vim economic yam tseem ceeb tab sis kev siv zog los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm kom stabilize nws. Cov qhua tuaj yeem yooj yim pauv lawv cov nyiaj mus rau hauv cov txiaj hauv zos ntawm ntau qhov chaw thoob plaws tebchaws Turkey.
Txauv tus nqi
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv yog Turkish Lira (TRY). Raws li rau cov nqi pauv nrog cov txiaj ntsig loj hauv ntiaj teb, thov nco ntsoov tias cov txiaj ntsig no yuav hloov pauv raws sijhawm. Txawm li cas los xij, txij li lub Cuaj Hlis 2021, ntawm no yog kwv yees tus nqi pauv: 1 US Dollar (USD) = 8.50 Turkish Lira (TRY) 1 EUR (EUR) = 10.00 TZS Lira (TRY) 1 PAB (GBP) = 11.70 Turkish Lira (TRY) 1 Japanese Yen (JPY) = 0.08 Turkish Lira (TRY) Thov nco ntsoov tias cov nqi no raug hloov pauv thiab nws raug nquahu kom kuaj xyuas cov nqi tam sim no thaum xav tau.
Hnub so tseem ceeb
Qaib ntxhw, lub teb chaws muaj ntau haiv neeg nyob ntawm txoj kev sib tshuam ntawm cov teb chaws Europe thiab Asia, ua kev zoo siab rau ob peb hnub tseem ceeb thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo. Cov hnub so tsis yog tsuas yog qhia txog Turkey cov cuab yeej cuab tam nplua nuj tab sis kuj tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau nws cov neeg. Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hnub so nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv yog Republic Day, ua kev zoo siab rau lub Kaum Hlis 29th. Hnub no yog kev tsim lub koom pheej ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv nyob rau hauv 1923 nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Nws yog hnub so hauv tebchaws thaum cov pej xeem tuaj koom ua kev nco txog qhov kev tshwm sim keeb kwm nrog kev ua yeeb yam, foob pob hluav taws, thiab ua yeeb yam kab lis kev cai. Lwm hnub so tseem ceeb yog Eid al-Fitr, uas yog qhov kawg ntawm Ramadan - lub hli dawb huv ntawm kev yoo mov hauv Islam. Ua kev zoo siab los ntawm cov neeg Muslim thoob ntiaj teb, Eid al-Fitr hauv Qaib Cov Txwv koom nrog kev thov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov mosques ua raws li kev ua koob tsheej nrog tsev neeg thiab phooj ywg. Txoj kev tau adorned nrog cov yeeb yuj dai kom zoo nkauj thaum menyuam yaus tau txais khoom plig thiab khoom qab zib ua ib feem ntawm lub sijhawm zoo siab no. Turkish Independence Day yog ua kev zoo siab rau lub Peb Hlis 18th kom hwm cov neeg uas tawm tsam rau lawv txoj kev ywj pheej thaum lub sij hawm Turkish Tsov Rog ntawm Kev ywj pheej (1919-1922). Nws tuav qhov tseem ceeb vim nws ua cim kev sib koom siab thiab kev txaus siab ntawm cov pej xeem Turkish. Kev ua koob tsheej nco txog muaj nyob thoob plaws lub tebchaws, suav nrog cov kab tshoob kev kos ntawm cov monuments rau Atatürk thiab kev sib sau ua ke qhia txog kev hlub. Kurban Bayramı lossis Eid al-Adha yog lwm qhov kev ntseeg tseem ceeb ua kev zoo siab los ntawm cov neeg Muslim hauv Turkey. Feem ntau tshwm sim ob lub hlis tom qab Eid al-Fitr, nws hwm Ibrahim qhov txaus siab los txi nws tus tub raws li kev mob siab rau Vajtswv. Cov tsev neeg sib sau ua ke rau kev thov Vajtswv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ua ntej txi cov tsiaj xws li yaj lossis nyuj ua raws li kev cai Islamic. Cov nqaij los ntawm cov kev txi no muab faib rau cov txheeb ze thiab muab faib rau cov tsis muaj hmoo. Thaum kawg, Xyoo Tshiab Eve festivities ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Turkey hnub so hnub so. Txawm hais tias nws yuav raug suav hais tias yog kev ua koob tsheej thoob ntiaj teb, Turks txaus siab koom nrog ntau yam kev ua ub no xws li kev sib tw, foob pob hluav taws, thiab noj hmo tshwj xeeb. Istanbul, nrog rau nws lub cim skyline thiab vibrant cua, yog ib qho chaw nrov rau cov neeg hauv zos thiab cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi tuaj rau lub Xyoo Tshiab. Cov hnub so no qhia txog Turkey cov kev coj noj coj ua uas muaj ntau haiv neeg, kev ntseeg siab ntev, thiab keeb kwm tseem ceeb. Lawv coj tib neeg los ua kev zoo siab rau kev sib koom ua ke thaum hwm lawv cov kab lig kev cai tshwj xeeb - zoo nkauj qhia txog lub teb chaws lub ntsiab lus.
Kev Lag Luam Txawv Tebchaws
Qaib ntxhw yog ib lub teb chaws nyob rau ntawm txoj kev sib tshuam ntawm cov teb chaws Europe thiab Asia, ua rau nws yog ib tug kev lag luam hub. Nws muaj kev lag luam sib xyaw nrog kev ua liaj ua teb, kev lag luam, thiab kev pabcuam kev pabcuam uas txhawb nqa nws cov GDP. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev xa tawm, Qaib Cov Txwv muaj ntau yam khoom xws li textiles, automotive qhov chaw, machinery, hluav taws xob khoom, thiab cov khoom noj. Cov koom tes ua lag luam loj rau cov khoom xa tawm Turkish suav nrog lub teb chaws Yelemees, Iraq, United Kingdom, Ltalis, thiab Fabkis. Cov khoom lag luam textile tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb hauv Turkey cov pob tawb xa tawm vim nws yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom lag luam loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Nyob rau sab ntshuam, Qaib ntxhw feem ntau yuav khoom xws li cov cuab yeej siv tshuab thiab qhov chaw rau nws cov kev lag luam. Lwm cov khoom tseem ceeb xws li cov khoom siv roj av, tshuaj, hlau thiab hlau. Nws cov koom tes ua lag luam tseem ceeb rau kev xa khoom yog Tuam Tshoj, European Union suav nrog lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Russia. Tau ntau xyoo, Qaib ntxhw tau nquag ua raws li kev cog lus kev lag luam nrog ntau lub teb chaws los txhawb nws txoj kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb.Turkey yog ib tus tswv cuab ntawm ntau daim ntawv cog lus pub dawb xws li Kev Cai Lij Choj nrog European Union, txhawm rau txhim kho nws txoj kev nkag mus rau European kev lag luam. Tsis tas li ntawd, Qaib ntxhw kuj sib zog ua kom nthuav dav kev lag luam hauv Middle Eastern, Africa, thiab Asian lub teb chaws los ntawm kev cog lus ob tog. Txawm hais tias muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo no, Qaib Cov Txwv ntsib qee qhov kev sib tw hauv nws txoj kev lag luam.Lub Turkish lira qhov tsis hloov pauv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov nqi xa tawm / xa tawm.Ntawm qhov ntawd, kev tsis sib haum xeeb, xws li kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog cov neeg nyob sib ze lossis kev hloov pauv hauv tsoomfwv cov cai, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev hla ciam teb. Cov kev ua ub no.Ntxiv mus, tus kab mob COVID-19 muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb, thiab Qaib Cov Txwv tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb, tseem, nws maj mam rov pib ua lag luam los ntawm kev siv kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb. Zuag qhia tag nrho, Qaib ntxhw qhov chaw nyob ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm cov teb chaws Europe, Middle East, thiab Asia, muab nws ib tug zoo dua rau lub ntiaj teb no kev lag luam.Nws muaj ntau yam export portfolio, muaj zog manufacturing puag, thiab kev siv zog los pab txhawb kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb qhov chaw nws nyiam nyob rau hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Txawm li cas los xij, yav tom ntej Cov kev txhim kho yuav nyob ntawm seb Qaib Cov Txwv daws cov teeb meem hauv tsev li cas thaum txuas ntxiv mus koom nrog kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb.
Kev Ua Lag Luam Muaj Peev Xwm Loj
Qaib ntxhw, nyob rau ntawm txoj kev sib tshuam ntawm cov teb chaws Europe thiab Asia, muaj lub peev xwm loj los tsim nws cov lag luam txawv teb chaws. Lub teb chaws txoj kev lag luam hauv thaj chaw ua rau nws muaj kev sib txuas tseem ceeb ntawm ntau thaj chaw thiab kev lag luam. Ua ntej, Qaib Cov Txwv paub txog nws cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov khoom sib txawv. Nws nyiam kev sib tw kom zoo dua hauv kev lag luam xws li textiles, automotive, electronics, thiab kev ua liaj ua teb. Nrog nws cov neeg ua haujlwm txawj ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis, cov tuam txhab Turkish muaj peev xwm tsim cov khoom lag luam zoo ntawm tus nqi sib tw. Qhov thib ob, Qaib Cov Txwv qhov chaw zoo muab kev nkag tau yooj yim rau cov lag luam tseem ceeb xws li Europe, Russia, Central Asia, Middle East, thiab Africa. Qhov no ua rau cov neeg xa khoom Turkish tuaj yeem coj mus rau hauv cov neeg siv khoom loj hauv cov cheeb tsam no thiab tsim kom muaj kev lag luam sib txuas. Tsis tas li ntawd, Qaib Cov Txwv tau tsim kev pom zoo kev lag luam nrog ntau lub teb chaws lossis cheeb tsam xws li European Union Customs Union daim ntawv cog lus uas suav nrog 30 lub teb chaws. Thib peb, Qaib Cov Txwv tau tsis tu ncua txhim kho nws cov chaw tsim kho vaj tse nrog rau cov chaw nres nkoj terminals tshav dav hlau logistic chaw railroads txoj kev loj uas pab txhawb kev txhim kho kev sib txuas hauv lub teb chaws nrog rau txawv teb chaws pab txhawb kev thauj mus los zoo txhawb kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb thiab nyiam cov peev txheej txawv teb chaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, Qaib Cov Txwv muaj kev txhawb nqa kev nqis peev nrog rau kev zam se kev cai ua lub luag haujlwm kom zoo dua cov paj laum cov nyiaj pab them nqi av kev txhawb nqa kev ua haujlwm txhawb nqa lub sijhawm rau kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb los tsim kom muaj lawv qhov chaw yog li txhawb kev lag luam. Thaum kawg, tsoomfwv Turkey tseem tau nqis tes ua rau kev nthuav dav ob sab kev cog lus los ntawm kev tshaj tawm cov haujlwm xws li kev teeb tsa kev lag luam nthuav tawm pPoducts turkish mus koom kev nthuav qhia thoob ntiaj teb uas tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau lawv nrog kev siv ntau dua ua rau muaj kev txaus siab ntawm cov neeg lag luam txawv teb chaws txhawb kev koom tes. Hauv kev xaus, Qaib Cov Txwv txoj kev lag luam txawv teb chaws txoj kev loj hlob muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv nws cov kev lag luam muaj zog muaj ntau yam khoom lag luam zoo qhov chaw thaj chaw txhim kho cov chaw tsim kho vaj tse zoo nkauj txhawb kev txhawb nqa tsoomfwv cov cai Cov ntsiab lus no ua ke ua rau nws qhov chaw txaus siab rau cov tuam txhab nrhiav kom nthuav lawv cov lag luam mus txog thoob ntiaj teb.
Kub muag khoom hauv khw
Thaum nws los txog rau kev xaiv cov khoom kub muag rau kev xa tawm hauv khw Turkish, muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb los xav txog. Qaib ntxhw yog qhov chaw nyob ntawm txoj kev sib tshuam ntawm Tebchaws Europe thiab Asia, ua rau nws yog qhov chaw lag luam zoo tshaj plaws. Nws muaj ntau yam kev lag luam nrog kev tsim khoom muaj zog xws li tsheb, textiles, electronics, thiab zaub mov kev lag luam. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov khoom muag kub muag rau kev xa tawm hauv Turkey, ntawm no yog qee cov kauj ruam ua raws: 1. Tshawb nrhiav kev ua lag luam: Ua kev tshawb fawb txog kev lag luam kom nkag siab txog cov neeg siv khoom nyiam thiab cov qauv. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev tshaj tawm los ntawm cov koom haum ua lag luam, tsoomfwv cov koomhaum, lossis los ntawm kev koom nrog kev lag luam fairs thiab exhibitions. 2. Txheeb xyuas lub sijhawm niche: Nrhiav qhov khoob hauv kev ua lag luam uas tuaj yeem sau los ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb lossis cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, cov neeg siv khoom Turkish tau pom muaj kev txaus siab ntau ntxiv rau cov khoom noj khoom haus organic lossis cov khoom lag luam zam. 3. Xav txog tej yam kev coj noj coj ua: Qaib ntxhw yog ib lub teb chaws muaj kev coj noj coj ua uas muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov kab lis kev cai sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob. Nkag siab txog kev lis kev cai hauv zos thiab kev coj noj coj ua thaum xaiv cov khoom rau kev xa tawm kom ntseeg tau tias lawv ua raws li cov neeg siv khoom muaj nqis. 4. Kev ruaj ntseg zoo: cov neeg siv khoom Turkish nyiam cov khoom zoo ntawm cov nqi sib tw. Xyuas kom meej tias koj cov khoom xaiv tau raws li cov qauv zoo thoob ntiaj teb thiab muab tus nqi zoo rau cov nyiaj. 5. Kev txheeb xyuas kev sib tw: Kawm cov neeg sib tw hauv zos cov khoom lag luam txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov khoom lag luam muaj peev xwm uas koj tuaj yeem sib txawv koj tus kheej los ntawm kev muab qee yam tshwj xeeb lossis zoo dua li qhov tam sim no muaj. 6. Kev thov txawv teb chaws: Muab rau hauv tus account thoob ntiaj teb tiam sis thiab xav tau thaum xaiv cov khoom xa tawm los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv vim tias cov no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lawv txoj kev vam meej nyob txawv teb chaws ib yam nkaus. 7. Kev ua raws cai: Paub koj tus kheej nrog cov kev cai ntshuam, kev lis kev cai, daim ntawv lo yuav tsum, cov qauv kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub hom phiaj kev lag luam vim cov no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam koj cov txheej txheem xaiv cov khoom raws li; 8. Tsim kev sib raug zoo hauv zos: Tsim kev sib koom tes nrog cov neeg muag khoom hauv zos txhim khu kev qha uas nkag siab txog kev lag luam hauv tsev zoo; qhov no tuaj yeem pab taug qab cov teeb meem muaj peev xwm thaum xa tawm koj cov khoom xaiv ua tiav. Los ntawm kev ua raws li cov kauj ruam no thiab nyob twj ywm tshiab ntawm cov neeg siv khoom nyiam thiab cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb, koj yuav zoo dua los xaiv cov khoom muag kub muag rau kev xa tawm hauv khw Turkish.
Cov neeg siv khoom yam ntxwv thiab taboo
Qaib ntxhw, lub teb chaws transcontinental straddling Eastern Europe thiab Western Asia, muaj cov neeg siv khoom tshwj xeeb thiab kev coj noj coj ua taboos. Cov neeg siv khoom Turkish paub txog lawv txoj kev tos txais thiab kev sov siab rau cov qhua. Lawv txaus siab rau kev saib xyuas cov qhua thiab ua siab dawb. Thaum ua lag luam nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, cia siab tias yuav tau txais tos nrog kev txaus siab thiab muab tshuaj yej los yog kas fes raws li ib tug kos npe rau ntawm kev txais tos. Kev tsim kev sib raug zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam Turkish kab lis kev cai. Kev sib txuas ntawm tus kheej muaj nuj nqis heev, yog li siv sijhawm los tsim kev ntseeg siab thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog koj cov neeg siv khoom Turkish yog qhov tseem ceeb. Kev tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib koom tes ntev. Cov neeg siv khoom Turkish txaus siab rau kev sib txuas lus ncaj qha tab sis kuj tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thaum nws los sib tham lossis sib tham txog cov ntsiab lus rhiab. Ua nruj dhau los yog thawb tuaj yeem ua rau tsis xis nyob, yog li nws tseem ceeb heev kom muaj kev sib npaug ntawm kev lees paub thiab kev hwm. Lub tswv yim ntawm "lub sijhawm" tuaj yeem pom txawv los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom Turkish piv rau lwm haiv neeg. Kev ua raws sijhawm tau txais txiaj ntsig tab sis feem ntau hloov pauv thaum nws los txog rau lub sijhawm lossis sijhawm kawg vim qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm tus kheej. Npaj rau cov rooj sib tham pib lig lossis muaj kev hloov pauv hauv feeb kawg. Hais txog kab lis kev cai taboos, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsis txhob tham txog cov teeb meem kev nom kev tswv tshwj tsis yog tias koj tau tsim kev sib raug zoo raws li kev ntseeg siab uas cov ncauj lus no tuaj yeem sib tham tau qhib siab yam tsis muaj kev ua txhaum. Kev ntseeg kuj suav hais tias rhiab heev; txhob thuam lossis saib tsis taus tej kev ntseeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev hwm rau cov txwj laus tau saib zoo hauv zej zog Turkish; Yog li ntawd, muab kev nyiam rau cov neeg laus thaum lub rooj sib tham tuaj yeem pom tau tias yog ib qho kev coj zoo. Thaum kawg, nco ntsoov tias kev haus cawv sib txawv ntawm cov tib neeg vim kev ntseeg kev ntseeg tau hais txog los ntawm Islam yog feem ntau kev ntseeg hauv Turkey - yog li ib txwm siv kev txiav txim siab thaum haus cawv thaum noj hmo ua lag luam lossis cov xwm txheej. Nkag siab txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov kev cai txwv tsis pub yuav ua rau koj nkag mus tau zoo los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam kev lag luam nrog koj cov neeg ua haujlwm Turkish thaum saib lawv cov kev lis kev cai thiab kev coj noj coj ua.
Kev tswj hwm kev lis kev cai
Qaib ntxhw muaj kev tswj hwm kev lis kev cai zoo uas ua kom cov khoom lag luam zoo thiab cov neeg hla nws cov ciam teb. Cov tub ceev xwm kev lis kev cai Turkish yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev saib xyuas thiab tswj kev ntshuam, xa tawm, thiab kev thauj mus los ntawm cov khoom hauv lub tebchaws. Thaum nkag mus rau Turkey, cov neeg taug kev yuav tsum paub txog qee cov cai thiab cov cai tswj hwm los ntawm Turkish kev lis kev cai. Cov no suav nrog: 1. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm kev lis kev cai: Cov neeg taug kev nkag mus lossis tawm hauv Turkey yuav tsum ua kom tiav daim ntawv tshaj tawm kev lis kev cai (muaj nyob rau hauv tshav dav hlau, chaw nres nkoj, thiab kev hla ciam teb av) yog tias nqa nyiaj ntau tshaj 10,000 Euros lossis nws sib npaug hauv lwm cov txiaj ntsig. 2. Cov khoom txwv: Qee yam khoom raug txwv lossis txwv tsis pub nkag los yog tawm hauv Turkey. Cov no suav nrog riam phom, tshuaj, cov khoom cuav, cov khoom siv kab lis kev cai yam tsis muaj ntaub ntawv tsim nyog, thiab txhua yam khoom uas pom tias muaj kev phom sij rau pej xeem kev noj qab haus huv. 3. Cov nyiaj pub dawb pub dawb: Muaj kev txwv ntawm cov khoom tsis muaj se uas tuaj yeem nqa tuaj rau hauv Turkey. Cov nyiaj pub dawb no sib txawv nyob ntawm hom khoom (cawv, khoom siv luam yeeb) thiab hom kev thauj mus los (cua lossis av). Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom ua raws li cov kev txwv no kom tsis txhob muaj kev nplua. 4. Kev zam rau kev siv tus kheej: Cov neeg tuaj xyuas tuaj yeem nqa cov khoom ntiag tug xws li khaub ncaws thiab khoom siv hluav taws xob rau lawv tus kheej siv yam tsis tas yuav them se lossis se, tsuav yog lawv tsis npaj muag. 5. Txwv tsis pub ntshuam / xa tawm: Qee yam khoom raug txwv nruj kom tsis txhob raug xa tawm / xa tawm los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv vim muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev nyab xeeb lossis kev pom zoo thoob ntiaj teb. Piv txwv xws li tshuaj narcotics, qee yam tshuaj, cov khoom lag luam muaj kev tiv thaiv raws li CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), thiab lwm yam. 6.Civil aviation neeg caij tsheb txoj cai & cov ntaub ntawv lub luag hauj lwm: Raws li, cov kev cai tsim los ntawm cov kev cai yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas poob kev puas tsuaj tshwm sim whıle goıng los ntawm passport expressways muab nthuav qhia yuav tsum tau sau tseg pertinently Nws raug nquahu kom cov neeg taug kev paub lawv tus kheej nrog cov kev lis kev cai no ua ntej mus ntsib Turkey kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo thaum lawv taug kev.
Ntshuam se txoj cai
Qaib ntxhw txoj cai ntshuam tariff yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj kev lag luam. Lub teb chaws tau siv qhov kev nce qib tariff raws li Harmonized System (HS) cov lej, uas faib cov khoom rau hauv ntau pawg raws li lawv qhov xwm txheej thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm kev siv. Lub Turkish ntshuam tariff tus nqi ntawm 0% mus rau 130%, nyob ntawm seb cov khoom qeb. Zero-rated khoom suav nrog cov khoom tseem ceeb xws li tshuaj, phau ntawv, thiab qee yam khoom siv raw siv hauv kev tsim khoom. Cov khoom no nkag mus rau hauv lub tebchaws yam tsis muaj nqi se ntxiv. Lub caij no, cov khoom lag luam feem ntau nyiam ntau theem ntawm cov nqi se raws li lawv qhov kev faib tawm HS code. Piv txwv li, cov cuab yeej siv tshuab thiab cov cuab yeej siv high-tech yuav raug txo qis, thaum cov khoom siv xws li textiles, electronics, thiab tsheb muaj nqi ntau dua rau lawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, Qaib Cov Txwv tau them se tus nqi ntxiv (VAT) rau cov khoom tuaj txawv teb chaws ntawm tus qauv tus nqi ntawm 18%. Cov se no suav nrog tus nqi them nrog rau kev tuav pov hwm thiab cov nqi thauj khoom tau tshwm sim kom txog thaum cov khoom mus txog cov kev lis kev cai Turkish. Txawm li cas los xij, qee pawg tshwj xeeb yuav raug rau VAT cov nqi sib txawv lossis kev zam nyob ntawm lawv qhov xwm txheej lossis tsoomfwv txoj cai. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias Qaib Cov Txwv kuj muaj kev cog lus ua lag luam ob tog nrog ntau lub teb chaws uas muab kev kho mob zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev txo nqi tariffs lossis txawm tias tsis muaj kev lav phib xaub rau qee yam khoom tsim nyog raws li cov lus pom zoo no. Cov nqi tshwj xeeb no yog tsom los txhawb kev sib koom tes ntawm kev lag luam thiab ntxiv dag zog rau kev sib koom tes ntawm Turkey thiab nws cov neeg koom tes ua lag luam. Zuag qhia tag nrho, Qaib ntxhw txoj cai ntshuam tariff lub hom phiaj los tawm tsam qhov sib npaug ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev lag luam hauv tsev thiab txhawb kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm kev ua kom muaj kev sib tw ncaj ncees hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb.
Export cov cai se
Qaib ntxhw, raws li lub teb chaws tsim, tau siv ntau yam kev cai se los txhawb nws txoj kev lag luam xa tawm. Lub teb chaws cov khoom xa tawm yuav raug them se raws li qee yam xwm txheej thiab cov cai. Qaib ntxhw ua raws li tus nqi se ntxiv (VAT) rau feem ntau ntawm nws cov khoom xa tawm. Tus qauv VAT tus nqi rau cov khoom tsim nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv yog 18%. Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov khoom xa tawm tuaj yeem tsim nyog rau cov nqi txo lossis kev zam nyob ntawm lawv qhov xwm txheej thiab qhov chaw. Txhawm rau txhawb cov lag luam xa tawm, Qaib Cov Txwv muaj ntau qhov kev txhawb nqa se thiab kev zam. Cov tuam txhab koom nrog hauv cov khoom xa tawm feem ntau raug zam los ntawm kev them se cov nyiaj tau los ntawm cov tuam txhab ntawm lawv cov nyiaj tau los. Qhov kev ntsuas no yog txhawm rau txhawb kev sib tw ntawm cov khoom lag luam Turkish hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Ntxiv mus, Qaib Cov Txwv tau tsim thaj tsam kev lag luam dawb (FTZs) thoob plaws lub tebchaws uas muab cov txiaj ntsig ntxiv rau cov neeg xa khoom. Cov FTZs no muaj kev zam los ntawm kev lis kev cai thiab VAT ntawm cov khoom siv raw khoom siv hauv kev tsim khoom tshwj xeeb rau kev xa tawm hauv cov cheeb tsam no. Qhov no txo ​​cov nqi tsim khoom, ua rau kev xa tawm ntau dua kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb. Kev lis kev cai yog lwm yam ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv txoj cai xa se se. Kev lis kev cai txawv raws li hom khoom raug xa tawm thiab lub teb chaws / cheeb tsam. Tus nqi se kev lis kev cai yog siv raws li kev pom zoo thoob ntiaj teb kos npe los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv los yog ib sab los ntawm tsoom fwv Turkish. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau hais tias cov nqi se tuaj yeem hloov pauv raws sij hawm vim kev sib tham ua lag luam lossis kev hloov pauv hauv ntiaj teb kev lag luam. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov neeg xa khoom kom paub txog cov nqi hloov kho tshiab thaum ua lag luam nrog ntau lub teb chaws. Hauv cov ntsiab lus, Qaib Cov Txwv siv cov nqi se ntxiv nrog qee qhov kev zam thiab txo tus nqi rau nws cov khoom xa tawm. Tsoomfwv muab kev txhawb siab ntxiv xws li kev zam los ntawm cov tuam txhab cov nyiaj tau los rau cov tuam txhab xa tawm thiab cov txiaj ntsig muaj nyob hauv thaj chaw lag luam dawb. Kev nkag siab txog kev lis kev cai tshwj xeeb raws li cov khoom lag luam thiab lub hom phiaj yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum xa tawm los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv vim muaj peev xwm hloov pauv los ntawm kev hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb kev pom zoo lossis kev lag luam.
Cov ntawv pov thawj xav tau rau kev xa tawm
Qaib ntxhw yog ib lub teb chaws nyob ntawm txoj kev hla ntawm cov teb chaws Europe thiab Asia, paub txog nws cov keeb kwm nplua nuj thiab kab lis kev cai. Lub teb chaws muaj ntau haiv neeg kev lag luam, uas muaj kev vam khom rau kev lag luam xa tawm los txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam. Qaib ntxhw tau siv ntau yam txheej txheem ntawv pov thawj los xyuas kom meej qhov zoo thiab ua raws li nws cov khoom xa tawm. Ib qho tseem ceeb export ntawv pov thawj nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv yog lub Turkish Standards Institution (TSE) Certificate. Daim ntawv pov thawj no lav tias cov khoom ua tau raws li cov qauv tshwj xeeb uas tau teev tseg los ntawm TSE, suav nrog kev ua tau zoo, kev nyab xeeb, thiab ib puag ncig yuav tsum tau ua. TSE ua kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov khoom ua ntej muab daim ntawv pov thawj no, muab kev lees paub rau cov neeg yuav khoom thoob ntiaj teb tias cov khoom xa tawm Turkish yog cov khoom zoo. Cov neeg xa khoom Turkish tuaj yeem tau txais ISO 9001 daim ntawv pov thawj, qhia lawv txoj kev mob siab rau kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm zoo. Daim ntawv pov thawj no tsom rau kev txhim kho cov neeg siv khoom txaus siab los ntawm kev ua tau raws li lawv cov kev xav tau tsis tu ncua. Nws tsis tsuas yog txhim kho kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov neeg xa khoom Turkish tab sis kuj qhib qhov rooj rau kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Tsis tas li ntawd, Halal Certification tau txais qhov tseem ceeb hauv xyoo tas los no vim muaj kev xav tau ntau ntxiv rau cov khoom halal thoob ntiaj teb. Halal Certification ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom noj khoom haus ua raws li Islamic kev noj haus cov cai thiab cov cai. Rau Muslim-feem ntau lub teb chaws los yog cheeb tsam nrog loj Muslim pej xeem raws li muaj peev xwm ua lag luam rau Turkish xa tawm, daim ntawv pov thawj no muab kev sib tw ua lag luam hauv kev nyiam cov neeg siv khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Ua Raws Cai yog qhov tseem ceeb rau ntau lub lag luam koom nrog hauv kev xa tawm xws li textiles thiab khaub ncaws sector vim muaj kev hloov pauv tsis tu ncua ntawm cov kev cai lij choj ntsig txog cov cai sau npe lossis txwv kev txwv siv tshuaj. Zuag qhia tag nrho, Qaib Cov Txwv muab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau cov ntawv pov thawj xa tawm vim lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tsis yog hauv kev txhawb kev lag luam xwb tab sis tseem ua kom cov neeg siv khoom txaus siab thiab kev ntseeg siab hauv nws cov khoom xa tawm 'cov qauv zoo.
Pom zoo logistics
Qaib ntxhw yog ib lub teb chaws nyob rau ntawm txoj kev sib tshuam ntawm cov teb chaws Europe thiab Asia, ua rau nws yog ib qho chaw zoo tagnrho rau kev thauj mus los thiab kev pabcuam. Nrog nws txoj hauj lwm zoo ntawm thaj chaw, Qaib Cov Txwv ua lub rooj vag ntawm cov teb chaws thiab muaj ntau yam zoo logistical. Istanbul, lub nroog loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, yog lub tsheb thauj mus los loj txuas rau Tebchaws Europe nrog Asia. Nws muaj ob lub tshav dav hlau thoob ntiaj teb - Istanbul Tshav Dav Hlau thiab Sabiha Gökçen International Tshav Dav Hlau - uas tuav ntau lab cov khoom thauj khoom txhua xyoo. Cov tshav dav hlau no muaj cov chaw thauj khoom dav dav thiab muab kev pabcuam huab cua zoo rau cov chaw thoob ntiaj teb. Ntxiv nrog rau kev thauj mus los hauv huab cua, Qaib Cov Txwv kuj muaj txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws uas txuas nrog cov tebchaws nyob sib ze. Txoj kev E80, tseem hu ua Trans-European Motorway lossis International System of Automobile Routes (E-road), khiav los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv thiab muab kev yooj yim nkag mus rau Western European lub teb chaws xws li tim Nkij teb chaws, Bulgaria, Serbia, thiab Romania. Qaib ntxhw txoj kev maritime infrastructure yog lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj kev lag luam logistics. Nws muaj ob peb qhov chaw nres nkoj loj raws nws cov ntug hiav txwv dej uas tswj cov ntim ntau ntawm cov thawv tsheb. Chaw nres nkoj ntawm Izmir ntawm Hiav Txwv Aegean yog ib qho chaw nres nkoj uas paub txog nws qhov tshwj xeeb ntim ntim peev xwm. Lwm qhov chaw nres nkoj tseem ceeb suav nrog Istanbul's Ambarli Chaw nres nkoj thiab Mersin Chaw nres nkoj ntawm Hiav Txwv Mediterranean. Rau cov tuam txhab nrhiav chaw khaws khoom hauv tebchaws Turkey, muaj ntau thaj chaw muaj kev lag luam nyob thoob plaws lub tebchaws muab cov chaw xa khoom zoo nrog cov chaw khaws khoom niaj hnub no. Cov warehouses no haum rau ntau yam kev lag luam xws li tsheb, hluav taws xob, textiles, khoom noj khoom haus, thiab lwm yam., muab qhov chaw cia txaus rau cov khoom tos xa tawm lossis xa tawm. Tsoomfwv Turkish tau koom tes nrog kev nqis peev hauv kev txhim kho nws cov logistics infrastructure nyob rau xyoo tas los no. Cov phiaj xwm xws li kev tsim kho kev loj tshiab ntawm cov nroog txhim kho kev sib txuas thaum txhim kho tseem ceeb ntawm tshav dav hlau tsom kom muaj peev xwm ntxiv rau cov neeg caij tsheb thiab cov khoom thauj. Tsis tas li ntawd, Qaib Cov Txwv muaj cov kev lag luam zoo xws li cov nqi sib tw ua haujlwm piv rau lwm lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe, ua rau nws yog qhov chaw txaus nyiam rau kev tsim khoom lossis kev faib khoom lag luam.Turkey cov kev lis kev cai yog kev ywj pheej, thiab lawv tau qhia cov kev ntsuas los ua kom yooj yim rau kev xa tawm-ntshuam cov txheej txheem, txo bureaucratic. daim kab xev liab thiab ua kom yooj yim rau kev lag luam. Nrog rau nws qhov chaw nyob qhov chaw muaj tswv yim, kev tsim kho tshiab niaj hnub, thiab kev lag luam zoo ib puag ncig, Qaib ntxhw muab ntau yam kev xaiv rau kev lag luam rau kev lag luam hauv cheeb tsam no. Txawm hais tias nws yog huab cua freight, tsheb thauj mus los, maritime shipping lossis warehousing chaw, Qaib ntxhw muaj qhov tsim nyog cov chaw thiab cov kev pab cuam kom tau raws li ntau yam logistical xav tau zoo.
Cov channel rau kev txhim kho cov neeg yuav khoom

Cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb

Qaib ntxhw yog ib lub teb chaws nyob rau ntawm txoj kev sib tshuam ntawm Europe thiab Asia. Nws tau dhau los ua qhov chaw tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb thiab nyiam ntau tus neeg yuav khoom thiab cov tub ua lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Tsab ntawv xov xwm no yuav qhia txog qee qhov tseem ceeb thoob ntiaj teb cov neeg yuav khoom tsim kho raws thiab kev nthuav qhia hauv Turkey. 1. Istanbul Chamber of Commerce (ITO): Lub ITO yog ib lub lag luam loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, ua ib qho khoom muaj nqis rau cov neeg yuav khoom thoob ntiaj teb. Nws npaj ntau yam kev sib tham sib tham, kev sib tham ua lag luam, thiab kev ua lag luam uas txuas cov neeg xa khoom hauv zos nrog cov neeg yuav khoom thoob ntiaj teb. 2. Istanbul Exporters 'Association (IEA): Raws li ib lub koom haum sawv cev rau exporters los ntawm ntau yam sectors, IEA plays lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib txuas cov tuam txhab Turkish nrog cov neeg yuav khoom thoob ntiaj teb. Nws npaj cov rooj sib tham, kev sib tham ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom-muag, thiab kev lag luam delegations los tsim kev sib txuas ua lag luam. 3. International B2B Platforms: Ntau lub platforms hauv online pab txhawb B2B kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg muag khoom Turkish thiab cov neeg yuav khoom thoob ntiaj teb. Cov platforms no suav nrog Alibaba.com's Turkey channel, TradeKey.com's Turkish lag luam, lossis Made-in-China's nplooj siab rau cov neeg muag khoom Turkish. 4. Tuyap Exhibition Group: Tuyap yog ib qho ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv lub exhibition organizers uas txhua xyoo host ob peb lub teb chaws acclaimed lag luam qhia tau attracting txhiab ntawm lub zos manufacturers thiab txawv teb chaws buyers. Qee qhov tseem ceeb suav nrog: - Zuchex: Ib qho kev nthuav qhia tsom rau cov khoom siv hauv tsev, rooj tog zaum, cov khoom siv hauv tsev uas nyiam cov neeg tuaj koom hauv tebchaws thiab thoob ntiaj teb. - Hostech los ntawm Tusid: Qhov kev nthuav qhia no ua rau cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm kev lag luam tos txais qhua qhia ntau yam khoom siv thiab thev naus laus zis ntsig txog tsev so. - Istanbul Jewelry Show: Ib qho ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov khoom lag luam ua yeeb yam uas cov khw muag khoom thoob ntiaj teb tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo, cov khoom siv nrog rau kev tshawb pom cov qauv tsim tshwj xeeb. - ISAF Security Exhibition: Ib qho kev tshwm sim rau kev ruaj ntseg kev lag luam cov kws tshaj lij uas cov khoom siv kev ruaj ntseg tshiab tau nthuav tawm los ntawm ob lub tuam txhab Turkish hauv zos thiab cov neeg ua si thoob ntiaj teb. 5. Izmir International Fair (IEF): Paub tias yog "lub koom haum tshwj xeeb tshaj lij tshwj xeeb" hauv Turkey txij li xyoo 1923, IEF tau txais kev koom tes hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm tsheb mus rau cov tshuab, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau khoom noj thiab dej haus. Nws muab lub platform rau cov neeg yuav khoom thoob ntiaj teb tshawb nrhiav cov tuam txhab tsim khoom Turkish thiab tsim kev sib koom tes ua lag luam. 6. Antalya EXPO: Muaj ib zaug txhua tsib xyoos txij li xyoo 1998 hauv Antalya, qhov no yog ib qho kev lag luam loj tshaj plaws uas nyiam cov neeg tuaj koom los ntawm ntau yam xws li kev tsim kho, kev ua liaj ua teb, textiles, kev kho mob, thiab lwm yam. Nws muab cov sijhawm zoo rau cov neeg yuav khoom thoob ntiaj teb nrhiav cov neeg muag khoom Turkish thoob plaws ntau qhov kev lag luam. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov no tsuas yog qee qhov piv txwv ntawm ntau qhov kev tshaj tawm kev lag luam uas muaj nyob hauv Turkey thoob plaws xyoo. Lub teb chaws qhov chaw tsim nyog thiab kev koom tes hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb ua rau nws yog qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws rau cov neeg yuav khoom thoob ntiaj teb nrhiav cov neeg muag khoom txhim khu kev qha thiab peev txheej.
Hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, cov kev tshawb fawb feem ntau siv yog: 1. Google (www.google.com.tr): Ib yam li hauv ntau lub teb chaws, Google yog lub tshuab tshawb fawb nrov tshaj plaws hauv Turkey thiab. Nws muab cov txiaj ntsig kev tshawb fawb dav dav thiab ntau yam kev pabcuam xws li daim duab qhia chaw, txhais lus, xov xwm, thiab lwm yam. 2. Yandex (www.yandex.com.tr): Yandex yog Lavxias teb sab tshawb fawb cav uas tseem muaj qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv. Nws muab kev tshawb nrhiav lub vev xaib nrog rau cov kev pabcuam ntxiv xws li email, maps, huab cua hloov tshiab, thiab ntau dua. 3. E-Devlet (www.turkiye.gov.tr): E-Devlet yog lub official Turkish tsoom fwv portal uas muaj ntau yam kev pab online rau pej xeem. Lub platform no suav nrog lub tshuab tshawb nrhiav los muab kev nkag mus rau tsoomfwv cov peev txheej thiab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog pej xeem cov koom haum. 4. Bing (www.bing.com): Microsoft's Bing muaj kev siv tau zoo ntawm cov neeg siv internet hauv Turkish tab sis tsis nrov li Google lossis Yandex. Nws muab kev tshawb fawb dav dav hauv lub vev xaib nrog rau cov yam ntxwv zoo li kev tshawb nrhiav duab thiab video. 5. Yahoo (www.yahoo.com.tr): Txawm hais tias nws muaj koob meej thoob ntiaj teb thaum lub sijhawm dhau los, Yahoo tsis tau siv ntau los ntawm cov neeg Turkish niaj hnub no rau kev tshawb fawb hauv web; Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem muaj qee qhov tseem ceeb ntawm email thiab xov xwm kev pabcuam. Cov tsib no yog cov thawj coj lossis nquag siv kev tshawb fawb xyaw hauv Turkey; Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsim nyog hais tias tej zaum yuav muaj lwm qhov chaw hauv cheeb tsam lossis cov tshuab tshwj xeeb ua noj tshwj xeeb rau qee qhov kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws.

Cov nplooj daj loj

Qaib ntxhw lub ntsiab Yellow Pages directory yog: 1. Yellow Pages Qaib ntxhw: Qhov no yog qhov official online Yellow Pages directory nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, muab kev lag luam npe lag luam raws li ntau pawg. Lub vev xaib chaw nyob yog https://www.yellowpages.com.tr/. 2. Phau Ntawv Xov Tooj ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv: Cov npe nrov uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv tiv tauj rau cov tib neeg thiab cov lag luam thoob plaws Turkey. Koj tuaj yeem nkag mus rau ntawm https://www.phonebookofturkey.com/. 3. Saha Istanbul: Daim Ntawv Qhia Yellow Pages tsom rau kev lag luam hauv Istanbul, lub nroog loj tshaj plaws hauv Turkey. Nws suav nrog ntau pawg xws li tsheb, tsev noj mov, chaw nyob, thiab lwm yam. Lub vev xaib yog http://www.sahaisimleri.org/. 4. Ticaret Rehberi: Lwm daim ntawv qhia dav dav uas koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev lag luam ua haujlwm thoob plaws ntau thaj tsam hauv Turkey. Nws npog ntau lub sectors thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv tiv tauj rau txhua lub lag luam uas tau teev tseg. Nkag mus rau nws ntawm http://ticaretrehberi.net/. 5. Gelirler Rehberi (Cov Lus Qhia Nyiaj Tau Los): Tshwj xeeb tsim los sau cov lag luam tau nyiaj tau los hauv Turkey, phau ntawv qhia no pab cov neeg siv nrhiav peev txheej peev lossis kev koom tes los ntawm kev faib ntau yam kev lag luam thiab lawv cov kev sib cuag. Thov nco ntsoov tias cov ntawv teev npe no raug hloov pauv raws sijhawm vim muaj kev hloov kho tshiab thiab ntxiv tshiab rau kev ua lag luam; yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau txheeb xyuas lawv cov xwm txheej tam sim no ua ntej tso siab rau lawv rau kev lag luam lossis cov ntaub ntawv tiv tauj.

Kev lag luam loj platforms

Qaib ntxhw, lub teb chaws transcontinental nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm lub Anatolian Peninsula nyob rau hauv Western Asia, tau pom ib tug tseem ceeb kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv e-commerce platforms nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los. Qee qhov loj e-commerce platforms hauv Turkey suav nrog: 1. Trendyol - Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom lag luam loj tshaj plaws thiab nrov tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Turkey. Trendyol muaj ntau yam khoom siv thoob plaws ntau yam xws li zam, khoom siv hluav taws xob, kev zoo nkauj, kho kom zoo nkauj hauv tsev, thiab lwm yam. Lub Vev Xaib: www.trendyol.com 2. Hepsiburada - suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov pioneers ntawm kev yuav khoom hauv online hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, Hepsiburada muaj ntau yam khoom siv xws li khoom siv hluav taws xob, khoom siv hluav taws xob, khoom siv, rooj tog zaum, khoom siv hauv tsev thiab ntau ntxiv. Lub Vev Xaib: www.hepsiburada.com 3. Gittigidiyor - Paub tias yog thawj qhov kev lag luam online tsim nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv rov qab rau xyoo 2001 ua ntej tau txais los ntawm eBay Inc., Gittigidiyor tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam e-lag luam platform uas muaj ntau tus neeg muag khoom muab cov khoom sib txawv. Lub Vev Xaib: www.gittigidiyor.com 4. n11 - Lwm lub platform tsim tau zoo rau kev yuav khoom hauv online nrog ntau yam khoom lag luam nrog rau cov khoom siv zam rau cov txiv neej thiab poj niam khaub ncaws khoom siv hluav taws xob gadgets cov khoom ua si hauv tsev khoom siv tshuaj pleev ib ce khoom tu tus kheej thiab lwm yam. Lub Vev Xaib: www.n11.com 5. Morhipo - Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev lag luam e-lag luam tsim los ntawm Boyner Group - ib qho ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam Turkish tshwj xeeb hauv cov khaub ncaws hom rau cov txiv neej thiab poj niam ntawm lwm cov khoom xws li khau accessories hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab lwm yam. Lub Vev Xaib: www.morhipo.com 6. Vatan Bilgisayar - Lub platform no tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis xws li khoos phis tawj mus rau smartphones nrog rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua si software software thiab lwm yam, ntsib cov neeg siv khoom xav tau kev siv tshuab txij li xyoo 1983. Thov nco ntsoov tias cov no tsuas yog qee qhov piv txwv thiab tseem muaj lwm qhov me me tseem ceeb tshaj e-lag luam platforms muaj nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv qhov chaw lag luam digital thiab.

Loj social media platforms

Qaib ntxhw muaj ntau yam ntawm kev sib raug zoo platforms uas yog nrov ntawm nws cov pej xeem. Qee qhov feem ntau siv social media platforms hauv Turkey suav nrog: 1. Facebook (www.facebook.com): Facebook yog ib qho ntawm cov kev tshaj tawm kev sib tham thoob ntiaj teb, thiab nws tau nrov heev hauv Turkey thiab. Nws tso cai rau cov neeg siv txuas nrog phooj ywg, qhia tawm tshiab, duab, thiab yeeb yaj kiab. 2. Twitter (www.twitter.com): Twitter yog microblogging platform uas cov neeg siv tuaj yeem tshaj tawm cov lus luv luv hu ua "tweets." Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv rau kev sib qhia xov xwm, kev xav, thiab koom nyob rau hauv kev sib tham. 3. Instagram (www.instagram.com): Instagram yog daim duab thiab yees duab sib koom platform uas cov neeg siv tuaj yeem upload duab lossis yeeb yaj kiab luv luv nrog rau cov ntawv sau thiab hashtags. Nws yog nrov ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Turkish. 4. LinkedIn (www.linkedin.com): LinkedIn yog qhov chaw tshaj lij kev sib tham uas tib neeg siv los qhia txog lawv txoj kev ua haujlwm, sib txuas nrog cov npoj yaig lossis cov tswv ntiav ua haujlwm, thiab tshawb nrhiav haujlwm. 5. YouTube (www.youtube.com): YouTube yog lub platform sib koom video uas cov neeg siv tuaj yeem upload, saib, nyiam lossis tawm tswv yim rau cov yeeb yaj kiab tshaj tawm los ntawm lwm tus. Ntau tus neeg tsim cov ntsiab lus Turkish tau txais kev nyiam los ntawm lub platform no. 6. TikTok (www.tiktok.com): TikTok tau ntsib kev loj hlob tseem ceeb hauv kev muaj koob meej hauv qaib ntxhw tsis ntev los no; nws tso cai rau cov neeg siv los tsim thiab faib cov yeeb yaj duab luv luv rau suab paj nruag lossis suab clips. 7. Snapchat: Txawm hais tias tsis muaj lub vev xaib raug cai rau Snapchat vim nws feem ntau siv los ua daim ntawv thov mobile; Nws yog qhov nrov heev ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Turkish uas siv nws rau kev xa cov duab ploj / yeeb yaj kiab lossis tshaj tawm cov dab neeg uas kav ntev li 24 teev. Cov no tsuas yog qee qhov ntawm ntau lub vev xaib social media muaj nyob hauv Turkey; Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau siv dav los ntawm ntau lab tus tib neeg thoob plaws ntau pawg hnub nyoog rau kev sib txuas lus, cov ntsiab lus tsim / sib koom ua ke nrog rau kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm cov xwm txheej tam sim no thiab cov xwm txheej hauv lub tebchaws thiab thoob ntiaj teb.

Cov koom haum kev lag luam loj

Qaib ntxhw, lub teb chaws transcontinental nyob rau hauv lub Anatolian ceg av qab teb, yog lub npe hu rau nws ntau haiv neeg kev lag luam thiab vibrant lag luam zej zog. Nov yog qee qhov ntawm Turkey cov koom haum kev lag luam loj nrog rau lawv lub vev xaib chaw nyob: 1. Turkish Exporters Assembly (TIM) - TIM sawv cev rau cov neeg xa khoom Turkish thiab txhawb nqa cov haujlwm xa tawm thoob plaws ntau qhov chaw. Lub Vev Xaib: http://www.tim.org.tr/en/ 2. Turkish Industrialists 'thiab Businessmen's Association (TUSIAD) - TUSIAD yog lub koom haum ua haujlwm sawv cev rau cov neeg lag luam thiab cov lag luam hauv Turkey. Lub Vev Xaib: https://www.tusiad.org/en 3. Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey (TOBB) - TOBB ua lub suab sib koom ua ke rau cov tsev lag luam, kev sib pauv khoom lag luam, thiab cov koom haum tshaj lij hauv tebchaws Turkey. Lub Vev Xaib: https://www.tobb.org.tr/Sayfalar/AnaSayfa.aspx?lang=en 4. Istanbul Chamber of Commerce (ITO) - ITO txhawb kev nyiam ntawm cov tub lag luam, cov neeg lag luam, cov chaw muab kev pabcuam, cov tuam txhab, cov chaw tsim khoom, cov lag luam muag khoom hauv Istanbul. Lub Vev Xaib: https://www.ito.org.tr/portal/ 5. Lub Confederation ntawm Turkish Tradesmen thiab Craftsmen (TESK) - TESK sawv cev rau me me tub lag luam thiab craftsmen nyob rau hauv ntau yam sectors thoob plaws hauv Turkey. Lub Vev Xaib: http://www.tesk.org.tr/en/ 6. Association of Automotive Parts & Components Manufacturers (TAYSAD)- TAYSAD sawv cev rau cov tuam txhab tsheb hauv tebchaws Turkey. Lub Vev Xaib: http://en.taysad.org/ 7. Lub Tsev Cog Lus Confederation Ntawm Turkiye (MUSAİD)- MUSAİD sawv cev rau cov neeg cog lus tsim kho hauv Turkey. Lub Vev Xaib: http://musaid.gtb.gov.tr/tr 8.Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TETAŞ)-TETAŞ saib xyuas cov haujlwm xa hluav taws xob thoob plaws lub tebchaws lub vev xaib: https: tetas.teias.gov.tr/en/Pages/default.aspx 9. Lub koom haum ntawm Turkish Travel Agencies (TÜRSAB) - TÜRSAB sawv cev rau cov koom haum ncig tebchaws thiab cov koom haum ncig tebchaws hauv Turkey. Lub Vev Xaib: https://www.tursab.org.tr/en 10. Federation of Food and Drink Industries (TGDF) - TGDF ua lub suab ntawm cov tuam txhab kev lag luam khoom noj thiab dej haus hauv Turkey. Lub Vev Xaib: http://en.ttgv.org.tr/ Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv ntawm cov koom haum kev lag luam tseem ceeb hauv Turkey. Lub teb chaws muaj ntau hom kev lag luam, txhua tus nrog nws cov koom haum sib raug zoo, qhia txog lub teb chaws txoj kev lag luam dynamic.

Kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam websites

Qaib ntxhw, lub teb chaws transcontinental nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm Anatolian Peninsula nyob rau hauv Western Asia thiab Southeastern Europe, muaj ntau yam kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam websites uas cater rau txawv industries. Hauv qab no yog qee qhov tseem ceeb Turkish kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam lub vev xaib: 1. Kev nqis peev hauv Turkey: Lub vev xaib raug cai no muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hais txog kev nqis peev hauv Turkey, suav nrog cov haujlwm tseem ceeb, kev txhawb siab, cov cai, thiab cov dab neeg ua tiav. Lub Vev Xaib: https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/ 2. Istanbul Chamber of Commerce: Istanbul Chamber of Commerce lub vev xaib muaj cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev lag luam ntawm Istanbul kev lag luam, kev pabcuam kev lag luam, daim ntawv teev sijhawm, thiab lub sijhawm ua lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Lub Vev Xaib: https://www.ito.org.tr/en/ 3. Turkish Exporters Assembly (TIM): TIM yog ib lub koom haum uas sawv cev rau ntau tshaj 100 txhiab exporters nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv. Nws lub vev xaib muab kev txheeb cais ntawm kev xa tawm los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv nrog rau cov ntawv tshaj tawm kev lag luam rau ntau lub tebchaws. Lub Vev Xaib: https://tim.org.tr/en 4. Foreign Economic Relations Board (DEIK): DEIK lub hom phiaj los pab txhawb kev txhim kho ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev lag luam txawv teb chaws los ntawm kev txhawb kev sib koom tes ntawm cov tuam txhab hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws los ntawm nws pawg neeg sib txawv. Lub Vev Xaib: https://deik.org.tr/ 5. Ministry of Trade - Koom pheej ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv: Lub vev xaib tseem ceeb ntawm tsoomfwv no qhia cov xov xwm tshiab ntawm kev lag luam cov cai, cov cai cuam tshuam txog kev xa tawm / xa tawm hauv Turkey, cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas kev lag luam, thiab ntau dua. Lub Vev Xaib: http://www.trade.gov.tr/index.html 6. KOSGEB (Lub Koom Haum Me Me thiab Nruab Nrab Kev Txhim Kho Kev Lag Luam): KOSGEB txhawb nqa cov lag luam me los ntawm kev muab nyiaj pab rau kev tsim kho tshiab nrog rau kev cob qhia rau cov neeg ua lag luam. Lub Vev Xaib: http://en.kosgeb.gov.tr/homepage 7. Turkish Kev Lag Luam & Kev Lag Luam Koom Tes (TUSIAD): TUSIAD yog ib lub koom haum tsis muaj txiaj ntsig uas sawv cev rau kev lag luam Turkish ntiag tug hauv tebchaws thiab thoob ntiaj teb; lawv lub vev xaib npog cov ntaub ntawv tawm tswv yim txog nyiaj txiag teeb meem nrog rau cov ntawv tshaj tawm kev lag luam. Lub Vev Xaib: https://tusiad.us/news-archive/ 8.Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK): TUIK muab cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais ntawm ntau yam, suav nrog kev ua liaj ua teb, kev lag luam, thiab kev pabcuam. Lawv lub vev xaib muaj kev nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas thiab cov ntsuas qhov tseeb. Lub Vev Xaib: https://turkstat.gov.tr/ Thov nco ntsoov tias cov vev xaib no yuav raug hloov lossis hloov tshiab. Nws raug nquahu kom kuaj xyuas cov kev hloov pauv hauv lub vev xaib chaw nyob lossis lub platform ua ntej nkag mus rau lawv.

Trade data query websites

Qaib ntxhw yog ib lub teb chaws tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb thiab muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm txhim khu kev qha online platforms mus saib tau cov ntaub ntawv luam. Nov yog qee lub vev xaib uas muab cov ntaub ntawv ntxaws ntxaws ntawm Turkey cov lag luam txheeb cais: 1. Lub koom haum Turkish Statistical (TurkStat) - Lub chaw haujlwm tseem ceeb no muab ntau yam ntaub ntawv txheeb cais, suav nrog kev lag luam txawv teb chaws. Lub vev xaib muaj cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog kev xa tawm, xa tawm, thiab sib npaug ntawm kev them nyiaj. Koj tuaj yeem nkag mus rau lawv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm www.turkstat.gov.tr. 2. Turkish Exporters ' Assembly (TIM) - TIM sawv cev rau lub zej zog exporter hauv Qaib Cov Txwv thiab txhawb nqa Turkish xa tawm thoob ntiaj teb. Lawv lub vev xaib muaj cov txheeb cais kev lag luam, suav nrog cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb hauv lub tebchaws thiab kev sib cais ntawm cov haujlwm. Mus ntsib www.tim.org.tr kom paub ntau ntxiv. 3. Ministry of Trade - Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Lub Vev Xaib tau yooj yim nkag mus rau ntau yam kev lag luam ntsig txog kev lag luam xws li cov ntaub ntawv xa tawm-ntshuam, lub teb chaws cov ntaub ntawv, cov ntawv tshaj tawm kev lag luam, thiab kev txheeb xyuas kev lag luam ntawm www.trade.gov.tr. 4. Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT) - Raws li lub teb chaws lub tuam txhab nyiaj hauv nruab nrab, CBRT muab cov ntsuas kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam nyiaj txiag txheeb cais uas tuaj yeem pab tau hauv kev txheeb xyuas Turkey kev ua lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Mus saib lawv lub vev xaib www.tcmb.gov.tr ​​rau cov ntawv ceeb toom cuam tshuam. 5. World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) - Tsim los ntawm World Bank Group, WITS sau cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm ntau qhov chaw los muab cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb rau ntau lub teb chaws suav nrog Turkey. Lawv muab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntshuam/export tsom xam nrog customizable lim ntawm https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/TUR. 6.Turkish Custom's Administration (TCA): TCA tswj tag nrho cov kev lis kev cai hauv Qaib Cov Txwv.Koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb ntshuam / xa tawm raws li cov khoom lag luam, rooj vag thiab lwm yam. Koj tuaj yeem mus saib tcigmobilsorgu.gtb.gov.tr/eng/temsilciArama.jsf rau TCA lub vev xaib Nco ntsoov siv cov vev xaib no ceev faj thaum txhais cov ntaub ntawv vim tias lawv yuav muaj cov txheej txheem sib txawv lossis kev faib tawm uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam koj qhov kev tshuaj xyuas.

B2b platforms

Qaib ntxhw yog lub teb chaws vibrant nrog kev lag luam loj hlob thiab ntau B2B platforms catering rau ntau yam lag luam. Qee qhov nrov B2B platforms hauv Turkey suav nrog: 1. Alibaba.com (https://turkish.alibaba.com/): Alibaba yog ib lub tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws B2B thoob ntiaj teb, txuas cov neeg yuav khoom thiab cov neeg muag khoom. Nws muaj ntau yam khoom thiab kev pabcuam. 2. Tradekey.com (https://www.tradekey.com.tr/): TradeKey muab kev nkag mus rau kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb thiab pab cov lag luam sib txuas nrog cov chaw muag khoom, cov chaw tsim khoom, thiab cov neeg muag khoom hauv Turkey. 3. Europages (https://www.europages.co.uk/business-directory-Turkey.html): Europages yog online directory uas txuas cov lag luam thoob plaws teb chaws Europe. Nws pab cov tuam txhab nrhiav cov koom tes, cov chaw muag khoom, thiab cov neeg siv khoom hauv Turkey. 4. Ekspermarket.com (http://www.ekspermarket.com/): Eksper Market tsom rau cov khoom lag luam xws li machinery, automotive parts, hardware tools, etc., pab cov lag luam sib txuas nrog cov neeg muag khoom tsim nyog hauv Turkey. 5. TurkExim (http://turkexim.gov.tr/index.cfm?action=bilgi&cid=137&menu_id=80&pageID=40&submenu_header_ID=43799&t=Birlikte_iscilik_-_manufacturing_and_parts_Turks_manufacturing/ en-gb): TurkExim ua haujlwm raws li cov ntaub ntawv hub rau cov neeg xa khoom Turkish / cov neeg tuaj yeem nthuav dav lawv cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm kev muab cov peev txheej muaj txiaj ntsig xws li kev txheeb xyuas kev lag luam thiab cov haujlwm tshaj tawm. 6. OpenToExport.com (https://opentoexport.com/markets/turkey/buying/): OpenToExport muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau cov lag luam hauv UK tab tom nrhiav kev xa tawm cov khoom lossis cov kev pabcuam rau Turkey los ntawm kev qhia txog cov tswv yim kev lag luam nkag. 7. TurkishExporter.net (https://www.turkishexporter.net/en/): Turkish Exporter tso cai rau cov neeg siv thoob ntiaj teb nkag mus rau kev koom tes ua lag luam nrog cov neeg xa tawm Turkish, suav nrog ntau yam xws li kev ua liaj ua teb, textiles, machinery, thiab electronics. 8. Ceptes.com (https://www.ceptes.com.tr/): Ceptes tshwj xeeb hauv B2B e-commerce rau kev tsim kho kev lag luam hauv Turkey thiab muab kev nkag mus rau ntau yam khoom siv hauv tsev thiab khoom siv. Cov platforms no muab sijhawm rau cov lag luam sib txuas nrog cov neeg koom tes, cov chaw muag khoom, cov chaw tsim khoom, thiab cov neeg yuav khoom nyob hauv Turkey. Txhua lub platform muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb thiab cov txiaj ntsig rau cov neeg siv nrhiav kev sib koom tes B2B.
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