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Limmaraka tse ka Sehloohong
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Kakaretso ea Naha
Turkey, e tsejoang ka molao e le Rephabliki ea Turkey, ke naha e fetang kontinenteng e fumanehang haholo Hloahloeng ea Anatolia e Asia Bophirima, e nang le karolo e nyane Hloahloeng ea Balkan e ka Boroa-bochabela ho Europe. E na le histori e ruileng le e fapaneng e nkang lilemo tse likete. E akaretsa sebaka se ka bang boholo ba lisekoere-k'hilomithara tse 780,580, Turkey e arolelana meeli le linaha tse robeli tse kenyeletsang Greece, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq le Syria. E pota-potiloe ke maoatle a mararo a maholo: Leoatle la Mediterranean ka boroa, w Leoatle la Aegean ka bophirimela le Leoatle le Letšo ka leboea. Ka palo ea baahi ba ka bang limilione tse 84 ba nang le merabe le litumelo tse fapaneng, Turkey e tsebahala ka ho fapana ha eona ka litso. Puo ea molao ke Seturkey ha lipuo tse ling tse fokolang tse kang Sekurd le tsona li buuoa. Ankara e sebetsa e le motse-moholo oa Turkey ha Istanbul e le toropo ea eona e kholo. Istanbul e na le bohlokoa bo boholo ba nalane kaha e kile ea e-ba motse-moholo oa mebuso ea Byzantine le Ottoman. Moruo oa Turkey o har'a tse 20 tse holimo lefatšeng tse ipapisitseng le GDP. Sebaka sa eona sa leano se entse hore e be setsi sa bohlokoa sa khoebo ea machaba lipakeng tsa Europe le Asia. Bohahlauli bo bapala karolo ea bohlokoa moruong oa Turkey ka lebaka la setso sa eona se ruileng le libaka tsa tlhaho tse makatsang. E fa bahahlauli motsoako oa lithako tsa khale tse kang Efese le Troy hammoho le mabōpo a leoatle a makatsang lebopong la Mediterranean. Lijo tsa Turkey li tumme lefatšeng ka bophara tse nang le lijana tse kang kebabs, baklava le tee ea Turkey tse eketsang boipiletso ba eona bo monate. Leha ho na le sebaka se arohaneng pakeng tsa lik'honthinente tse peli, Turkey e amohela lineano tse tsoang Europea Middle East.
Chelete ea Naha
Chelete ea Turkey e tsejoa e le lira ea Turkey (TRY). Lira ea Turkey ke chelete ea molao ea Turkey, 'me e fanoa le ho laoloa ke Banka e Bohareng ea Rephabliki ea Turkey. E 'nile ea sebelisoa ho tloha ka 1923 ha Turkey ea kajeno e thehoa. Sekhahla sa phapanyetsano ea 1 Dolara ea Amerika ho TRY se ka ba lira tse 8.5. Leha ho le joalo, ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ka lebaka la maemo a moruo, sekhahla sa phapanyetsano se ka fetoha se sa tsitsang Turkey. Ho theosa le lilemo, Turkey e bile le mathata a itseng ka inflation le ho feto-fetoha ha boleng ba chelete ea eona. Sena se lebisitse ho feto-fetoha le ho theoha ha boleng ba lira ea Turkey khahlano le lichelete tse ling tse kholo joalo ka lidolara tsa Amerika kapa li-Euro. 'Muso le banka e kholo li nkile mehato ea ho tsitsisa chelete ea tsona ka ho sebelisa maano a kang ho nyolla tsoala, ho kenya tšebetsong maano a thata a lichelete le ho khothaletsa matsete a tsoang kantle ho naha. Boiteko bona bo ikemiselitse ho boloka botsitso ka har'a tsamaiso ea bona ea lichelete le ho sireletsa boleng ba lira ea Turkey. Bahahlauli ba etelang Turkey ba ka fapanyetsana lichelete tsa bona tsa kantle ho naha habonolo ho lira tsa Turkey libankeng, liofising tsa phapanyetsano, kapa ka li-ATM ho pholletsa le naha. Likhoebo tse ngata le tsona li amohela tefo ka lichelete tse ling tse kholo joalo ka lidolara tsa Amerika kapa li-Euro libakeng tse tsebahalang tsa bahahlauli. Ka kakaretso, chelete ea Turkey e bitsoa lira ea Turkey (TRY), e ba le ho feto-fetoha ha maemo ka linako tse ling ka lebaka la maemo a moruo empa boiteko bo etsoa ke ba boholong ho e tsitsisa. Baeti ba ka fapanyetsana chelete ea bona habonolo ka chelete ea lehae libakeng tse fapaneng ho pholletsa le Turkey.
Sekhahla sa phapanyetsano
Chelete ea molao ea Turkey ke Lira ea Turkey (TRY). Mabapi le litefiso tsa phapanyetsano le lichelete tsa lefats'e tse kholo, ka kopo hlokomela hore boleng bona bo ka fetoha ha nako e ntse e ea. Leha ho le joalo, ho tloha ka Loetse 2021, likhakanyo tsa likhakanyo tsa phapanyetsano ke tsena: 1 US Dollar (USD) = 8.50 Turkish Lira (TRY) 1 Euro (EUR) = 10.00 Turkish Lira (TRY) 1 British Pound (GBP) = 11.70 Turkish Lira (TRY) 1 Yen ea Japane (JPY) = 0.08 Turkish Lira (TRY) Ka kopo hopola hore litefiso tsena li ka fetoha 'me ho bohlokoa ho hlahloba litefiso tsa hajoale ha ho hlokahala.
Matsatsi a Phomolo a Bohlokwa
Turkey, naha e fapaneng e mateanong a litsela tsa Europe le Asia, e keteka matsatsi a mangata a phomolo a bohlokoa selemo ho pota. Matsatsi ana a phomolo ha a bontše feela setso se ruileng sa Turkey empa hape a na le bohlokoa bo tebileng ho batho ba eona. E 'ngoe ea matsatsi a phomolo a bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa Turkey ke Letsatsi la Rephabliki, le ketekoang ka la 29 October. Letsatsi lena le tšoaea ho thehoa ha Rephabliki ea Turkey ka 1923 tlas'a boetapele ba Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Ke letsatsi la phomolo la naha ha baahi ba bokana hammoho ho ikhopotsa ketsahalo ena ea nalane ka mekoloko, lipontšo tsa lithunya le litšoantšiso tsa setso. Matsatsi a mang a phomolo a bohlokoa ke Eid al-Fitr, e tšoaeang pheletso ea Ramadan - khoeli e halalelang ea ho itima lijo ho Islam. E ketekoa ke Mamoseleme lefats'eng ka bophara, Eid al-Fitr naheng ea Turkey e kenyelletsa lithapelo tse khethehileng lisikiting tse lateloang ke mekete e arolelanoang le ba lelapa le metsoalle. Literateng li khabisitsoe ka mekhabiso e mebala-bala ha bana ba ntse ba fuoa limpho le lipompong e le karolo ea ketsahalo ena e thabisang. Letsatsi la Boipuso la Turkey le ketekoa ka March 18th ho hlompha ba ileng ba loanela tokoloho ea bona nakong ea Ntoa ea Boipuso ea Turkey (1919-1922). E na le bohlokoa bo boholo kaha e tšoantšetsa bonngoe le boikhohomoso har'a baahi ba Turkey. Mekete ea sehopotso e etsahala naheng ka bophara, ho kenyelletsa le mekete ea ho beha meqhaka liemahaleng tse nehetsoeng Atatürk le likopano tse totobatsang lerato la naha. Kurban Bayramı kapa Eid al-Adha ke mokete o mong o moholo oa bolumeli o ketekoang ke Mamosleme a Turkey. Ka tloaelo ho etsahala likhoeli tse peli ka mor'a Eid al-Fitr, e hlompha boikemisetso ba Ibrahim ho etsa sehlabelo ka mora oa hae e le ketso ea boinehelo ho Molimo. Malapa a bokana ho etsa merapelo litsing tsa Mamosleme pele a etsa sehlabelo ka liphoofolo tse kang linku kapa likhomo ho latela meetlo ea Boislamo. Joale nama ea mahlabelo ana e arolelanoa le beng ka eena ’me e abeloa ba hlokang. Qetellong, mekete ea Bosiu ba Selemo se Secha e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa almanakeng ea matsatsi a phomolo ea Turkey. Le hoja e ka ’na ea nkoa e le mokete oa lefatše ka bophara, Maturkey a kopanela ka cheseho mesebetsing e sa tšoaneng e kang meketjana ea seterateng, mananeo a li-firework le lijo tse khethehileng tsa mantsiboea. Istanbul, e nang le sebaka se setle sa leholimo le sepakapaka se monate, ke sebaka se tummeng seo baahi le bahahlauli ba ka eang ho sona Selemong se Secha. Matsatsi ana a phomolo a bonts'a mefuta e mengata ea setso sa Turkey, mamello ea bolumeli le bohlokoa ba nalane. Ba kopanya batho ho keteka litekanyetso tse arolelanoang ha ba ntse ba hlompha meetlo ea bona e ikhethang- e bonahatsa ka bokhabane boleng ba naha.
Boemo ba Khoebo ea Kantle ho Naha
Turkey ke naha e mateanong a litsela tsa Europe le Asia, e leng se etsang hore e be setsi sa maano a khoebo. E na le moruo o tsoakaneng le makala a temo, indasteri, le litšebeletso a tlatsetsang haholo ho GDP ea eona. Mabapi le thepa e romelloang kantle ho naha, Turkey e na le mefuta e fapaneng ea lihlahisoa tse kenyelletsang masela, likarolo tsa makoloi, mechini, lisebelisoa tsa motlakase le lijo tse phehiloeng. Bahwebi ba ka sehloohong ba diyantle tsa Turkey ba kenyelletsa Jeremane, Iraq, United Kingdom, Italy le France. Lihlahisoa tsa masela li bohlokoa haholo ka har'a basketeng ea Turkey ea ho romela kantle kaha ke e 'ngoe ea lihlahisoa tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa masela lefatšeng ka bophara. Ka lehlakoreng la kantle ho naha, Turkey e reka haholo thepa e kang lisebelisoa tsa mochini le likarolo tsa indasteri ea eona. Lintho tse ling tse tsoang kantle ho naha li kenyelletsa lihlahisoa tsa peterole, lik'hemik'hale, tšepe le lihlahisoa tsa tšepe. Bo-mphato ba eona ba mantlha ba khoebo ea thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha ke China, European Union ho kenyeletsoa Jeremane le Russia. Ho theosa le lilemo, Turkey e ntse e phehella litumellano tsa tokoloho ea khoebo le linaha tse fapaneng ho matlafatsa khoebo ea eona ea machabeng. e ikitlaelletsa ho holisa likhoebo linaheng tsa Bochabela bo Hare, Afrika le Asia ka litumellano tsa linaha tse peli. Leha ho na le mabaka ana a matle, Turkey e tobane le liqholotso tse itseng lekaleng la eona la khoebo.Ho feto-fetoha ha lira tsa Turkey ho ka ama litšenyehelo tsa kantle ho naha.Holim'a moo, likhohlano tsa lipolotiki, joalo ka likhohlano le linaha tsa boahelani kapa liphetoho melaong ea mmuso, li ka sitisa meeli. Ho feta moo, seoa sa COVID-19 se bile le litlamorao tse mpe khoebong ea lefats'e, 'me Turkey le eona e ile ea qala mesebetsi ea moruo butle-butle ka ho kenya tšebetsong mehato ea polokeho. Ka kakaretso, sebaka sa Turkey se mateanong a Europe, Bochabela bo Hare, le Asia, se e fa monyetla bakeng sa khoebo ea lefats'e. Ts'ebetso ea eona e fapa-fapaneng ea thepa e tsoang linaheng tse ling, setsi se matla sa tlhahiso, le boiteko ba ho tsamaisa khoebo ea machaba li e behe hantle khoebong ea machaba. tsoelo-pele e tla itšetleha ka hore na Turkey e sebetsana ka katleho joang le mathata a lapeng ha e ntse e tsoela pele ho kenya letsoho menyetla ea 'maraka oa lefatše.
Monyetla oa Nts'etsopele ea Maraka
Turkey, e mateanong a litsela tsa Europe le Asia, e na le monyetla o moholo oa ho ntlafatsa 'maraka oa eona oa khoebo ea kantle ho naha. Maemo a maemo a naha a tikoloho a etsa hore e be kamano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa libaka tse fapaneng le limmaraka. Taba ea pele, Turkey e tsebahala ka mefuta ea eona ea lihlahisoa tse fapaneng makaleng a fapaneng. E thabela monyetla oa tlholisano indastering e kang ea masela, ea likoloi, ea elektroniki le ea temo. Ka basebetsi ba eona ba hloahloa le tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji, lik'hamphani tsa Turkey li na le bokhoni ba ho hlahisa thepa ea boleng bo holimo ka litheko tse phahameng. Taba ea bobeli, sebaka se setle sa Turkey se fana ka phihlello e bonolo ea mebaraka ea bohlokoa joalo ka Europe, Russia, Asia Bohareng, Middle East le Afrika. Sena se thusa barekisi ba kantle ho naha ba Turkey ho sebelisa lits'ebeletso tse kholo tsa bareki libakeng tsena le ho theha marang-rang a matla a khoebo. Ho feta moo, Turkey e thehile litumellano tsa khoebo tse ikhethileng le linaha tse 'maloa kapa libaka tse joalo ka tumellano ea European Union Customs Union e akaretsang linaha tse 30. Taba ea boraro, Turkey e ntse e tsoela pele ho ntlafatsa meaho ea eona ea meaho ho kenyeletsoa liteishene tsa boema-fofane, litsi tsa literene tse tlatselletsang ntlafatsong ea khokahanyo ka har'a naha le kantle ho naha ho tsamaisa thepa ea lipalangoang e ntlafatsang tlholisano ea machabeng le ho hohela matsete a tsoang kantle ho naha. Ho feta moo, Turkey e fana ka likhothatso tsa matsete ho kenyelletsa ho lokolloa ha lekhetho lekhethong, melemo ea phaello ea phaello ea sekgahla sa phaello ea lithuso tsa kabo ea mobu ts'ehetso ea mesebetsi e khothalletsang menyetla bakeng sa likhoebo tsa machabeng ho theha boteng ba tsona ka hona ho khothaletsa mesebetsi ea moruo. Qetellong, 'muso oa Turkey o boetse o matlafatsa matsapa a ho holisa litumellano tsa linaha tse peli ka mesebetsi ea papatso e kang ho hlophisa meketjana ea khoebo e bonts'ang li-pPoducts tsa Turkey tse eang lipontšong tsa machaba tse ba ruisang molemo ka phihlello e eketsehileng li hlahisa thahasello har'a bo-rakhoebo ba tsoang kantle ho naha ba khothalletsa likamano. Qetellong, menyetla ea nts'etsopele ea 'maraka oa khoebo ea kantle ho naha ea Turkey e maemong a eona a matla a liindasteri a mefuta e fapaneng ea lihlahisoa tse fapaneng, sebaka se nepahetseng sa sebaka se ntlafatsang meaho ea meaho, likhothaletso tse ntle tsa ts'ehetso ea maano a mmuso Lintlha tsena li kopane li etsa hore e be sebaka se khahlang bakeng sa lik'hamphani tse batlang ho holisa khoebo ea tsona lefatšeng ka bophara.
Lihlahisoa tse rekisoang tse chesang 'marakeng
Ha ho tluoa tabeng ea ho khetha lihlahisoa tse rekisoang tse chesang tse rekisoang ka ntle ho 'maraka oa Turkey, ho na le lintlha tse' maloa tsa bohlokoa tse lokelang ho nahanoa. Turkey e lutse ka nepo mateanong a litsela tsa Europe le Asia, e leng se etsang hore e be setsi se setle sa khoebo. E na le moruo o fapaneng o nang le makala a matla a tlhahiso a kenyelletsang likoloi, masela, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki le indasteri ea ho lokisa lijo. Ho tseba lihlahisoa tse ka rekisoang haholo tse rekisoang Turkey, mona ke mehato e meng eo u ka e latelang: 1. Batlisisa 'maraka: Etsa lipatlisiso tse phethahetseng tsa' maraka ho utloisisa likhetho le mekhoa ea bareki. Sena se ka etsoa ka litlaleho tse tsoang mekhatlong ea khoebo, mekhatlo ea 'muso, kapa ka ho ea lipontšong le lipontšong tsa khoebo. 2. Khetholla menyetla ea niche: Batla likheo 'marakeng tse ka tlatsoang ke lihlahisoa tse ikhethang kapa tse khethehileng. Ka mohlala, bareki ba Turkey ba bontšitse thahasello e eketsehileng lihlahisoa tsa lijo tsa manyolo kapa lintho tsa feshene tse tsitsitseng. 3. Nahana ka lintlha tsa setso: Turkey ke naha e nang le litso tse sa tšoaneng e nang le litšusumetso tse tsoang litsong tsa Bochabela le Bophirimela. Utloisisa litloaelo le meetlo ea lehae ha u khetha lihlahisoa bakeng sa ho romela kantle ho naha ho netefatsa hore li ikamahanya le boleng ba bareki. 4. Tiisetso ea boleng: Bareki ba Turkey ba ananela lihlahisoa tsa boleng bo phahameng ka theko ea tlhōlisano. Netefatsa hore lintho tseo u li khethileng li finyella litekanyetso tsa boleng ba machaba 'me li fana ka boleng bo botle ba chelete. 5. Tlhahlobo ea tlholisano: Ithute ka linyehelo tsa bahlolisani ba lehae ho hloaea likarolo tse ka bang teng tsa lihlahisoa moo o ka ikhetholla ka ho fana ka ntho e ikhethang kapa e betere ho feta e fumanehang hajoale. 6. Tlhokahalo ea mose ho maoatle: Ela hloko litloaelo le litlhoko tsa lefats'e ha u ntse u khetha lihlahisoa tse romelloang kantle ho naha ho tsoa Turkey kaha li ka ama katleho ea bona le kantle ho naha. 7 . Boikamahanyo ba melao: Itloaetse melaoana ea thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha, litefiso tsa lekhetho, litlhoko tsa ho ngola, maemo a polokeho a mebaraka e reriloeng kaha tsena li ka ama tšebetso ea khetho ea sehlahisoa sa hau ka nepo; 8 . Theha likamano sebakeng sa heno : Theha litšebelisano le barekisi ba lehae ba tšepahalang ba utloisisang 'maraka oa lehae hantle; sena se ka u thusa ho sheba litšitiso tse ka bang teng ha u ntse u romela lihlahisoa tseo u li khethileng ka katleho. Ka ho latela mehato ena le ho lula u nchafalitsoe ka likhetho tsa bareki le mekhoa ea lefats'e, u tla ba boemong bo botle ba ho khetha thepa e rekisoang e rekisoang e rekisoang kantle ho naha 'marakeng oa Turkey.
Litšobotsi tsa bareki le tabo
Turkey, naha e fetang kontinenteng e ikaletseng ka bochabela ho Europe le Asia Bophirima, e na le litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa bareki le litloaelo tsa setso. Bareki ba Turkey ba tsebahala ka kamohelo ea bona ea baeti le mofuthu ho baeti. Ba motlotlo ka ho tšoara baeti ka tlhompho le ka seatla se bulehileng. Ha u etsa khoebo Turkey, lebella ho amoheloa ka cheseho le ho fuoa tee kapa kofi e le pontšo ea kamohelo ea baeti. Ho theha likamano ho bohlokoa moetlong oa khoebo oa Turkey. Likhokahano tsa motho ka mong li bohlokoa haholo, kahoo ho nka nako ea ho theha tšepo le likamano le bareki ba hau ba Turkey ho bohlokoa. Ho theha likamano tse matla ho ka lebisa likamanong tsa nako e telele. Bareki ba Turkey ba ananela puisano e tobileng empa hape ba ananela bolotsana ha ho tluoa tabeng ea ho buisana kapa ho buisana ka lihlooho tse tebileng. Ho ba mabifi kapa ho hatella ho ka baka ho se phutholohe, kahoo ho bohlokoa ho boloka botsitso pakeng tsa ho tiea le ho hlompha. Khopolo ea "nako" e ka nkoa ka tsela e fapaneng ke bareki ba Turkey ha ba bapisoa le litso tse ling. Ho boloka nako hoa ananeloa, empa hangata ho na le maemo a feto-fetohang ha ho tluoa ho kemiso kapa linako tse behiloeng ka lebaka la bohlokoa bo behiloeng likhokahanong tsa motho. Itokisetse liboka tse qalang ka morao ho nako kapa ho etsa liphetoho motsotsong oa ho qetela. Mabapi le litloaelo tsa setso, ke habohlokoa hore u se ke ua buisana ka litaba tsa lipolotiki ntle le haeba u hahile kamano e matla e thehiloeng ho tšepana moo lihlooho tse joalo li ka buisanoang ka bolokolohi ntle le khopiso. Bolumeli le bona bo nkoa bo le bobebe; qoba ho nyatsa kapa ho se hlomphe tumelo leha e le efe ea bolumeli. Ho phaella moo, ho bontša tlhompho ho baholo ho nkoa e le ea bohlokoa haholo sechabeng sa Turkey; ka hona, ho fana ka tlhompho ho bareki ba hōlileng nakong ea likopano ho ka bonoa e le pontšo ea mekhoa e metle. Qetellong, hopola hore ho noa joala hoa fapana har'a batho ka bomong ka lebaka la litumelo tsa bolumeli tse totobatsoang ke Islam e le bolumeli bo bongata Turkey - kahoo kamehla sebelisa masene ha u noa joala nakong ea lijo tsa mantsiboea kapa liketsahalo. Ho utloisisa litšobotsi tsena tsa bareki le litloaelo tsa setso ho tla u thusa ho tsamaea ka katleho ka litšebelisano tsa khoebo le balekane ba hau ba Turkey ha u ntse u hlompha litloaelo le meetlo ea bona.
Sistimi ea tsamaiso ea litloaelo
Turkey e na le tsamaiso e hlophisitsoeng hantle ea tsamaiso ea meetlo e tiisang ho phalla ha thepa le batho ho pholletsa le meeli ea eona. Ba boholong ho tsa lekhetho la Turkey ba na le boikarabello ba ho beha leihlo le ho laola ho romelloa, ho romelloa le ho tsamaisoa ha thepa ka har'a naha. Ha ba kena Turkey, baeti ba lokela ho ela hloko melao le melaoana e itseng e sebelisoang ke meetlo ea Turkey. Tsena li kenyelletsa: 1. Phatlalatso ea Litšenyehelo: Baeti ba kenang kapa ba tlohang Turkey ba tlameha ho tlatsa foromo ea phatlalatso ea lekhetho (e fumanehang boemafofaneng, boema-kepeng le libakeng tsa moeli oa naha) haeba ba nkile chelete e fetang li-Euro tse 10 000 kapa chelete e lekanang le eona licheleteng tse ling. 2. Lintho tse thibetsoeng: Lintho tse ling li tlas'a lithibelo kapa lithibelo ha u kena kapa u tsoa Turkey. Tsena li akarelletsa libetsa, lithethefatsi, thepa ea maiketsetso, lintho tsa khale tsa setso tse se nang litokomane tse nepahetseng, le ntho leha e le efe e nkoang e le kotsi bophelong ba sechaba. 3. Litsiane tsa mahala: Ho na le meeli ea palo ea thepa e sa lefelloeng e ka tlisoang Turkey. Litumello tsena li fapana ho latela mofuta oa sehlahisoa (joala, lihlahisoa tsa koae) le mokhoa oa lipalangoang (moea kapa mobu). Ke habohlokoa ho khomarela meeli ena ho qoba likotlo. 4. Ho se sebelisoe ha motho ka mong: Baeti ba ka tla le thepa ea botho e kang liaparo le lisebelisoa tsa elektronike bakeng sa tšebeliso ea bona ntle le ho lefa lekhetho kapa lekhetho hafeela li sa rereloa ho rekisoa. 5. Litheko tse thibetsoeng / li-export: Lintho tse ling li thibetsoe ka thata ho romelloa / ho romelloa ho tsoa Turkey ka lebaka la mathata a tšireletso kapa litumellano tsa machaba. Mehlala e kenyelletsa lithethefatsi, lik'hemik'hale tse itseng, lihlahisoa tsa mefuta e kotsing ea ho fela tse sirelelitsoeng tlas'a CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), joalo-joalo. 6. Litokelo tsa bapalami ba lifofane tsa sechaba le boikarabello ba tlhahisoleseling : Ka hona, maemo a thehiloeng ke melaoana a tla sebetsa maemong ao tahlehelo e bang teng nakong ea lipasepoto tse fanoeng ka mokhoa o hlakileng li tla ngoloa ka nepo. Ho khothalletsoa hore baeti ba itloaetse melao ena ea meetlo pele ba etela Turkey e le ho qoba liphello tse sa batleheng nakong ea leeto la bona.
Melao ea lekhetho e tsoang kantle ho naha
Leano la Turkey la litefiso tsa kantle ho naha ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea moralo oa eona oa khoebo. Naha e kentse tšebetsong mokhoa o tsoelang pele oa litefiso o ipapisitseng le likhoutu tsa Harmonized System (HS), tse arolang lihlahisoa ka lihlopha tse fapaneng ho latela sebopeho sa tsona le sepheo sa tšebeliso. Litefiso tsa litefiso tsa kantle ho naha tsa Turkey li tloha ho 0% ho isa ho 130%, ho latela sehlopha sa sehlahisoa. Lihlahisoa tse lekantsoeng ho se betere li kenyelletsa lintho tsa bohlokoa joalo ka meriana, libuka le lisebelisoa tse ling tse sebelisoang mekhoeng ea tlhahiso. Thepa ena e kena ka har'a naha ntle le moroalo ofe kapa ofe oa lekhetho. Ho sa le joalo, lihlahisoa tse ngata li hohela litekanyetso tse fapaneng tsa litefiso tse ipapisitseng le maemo a tsona a khoutu ea HS. Mohlala, mechini le lisebelisoa tsa theknoloji e phahameng li lefisoa litefiso tse tlase tsa kantle ho naha, athe thepa ea bareki joalo ka masela, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki le likoloi li na le litefiso tse holimo tse behiloeng ho tsona. Ho feta moo, Turkey e beha lekhetho la boleng bo ekelitsoeng (VAT) ho thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha ka sekhahla se tloaelehileng sa 18%. Lekhetho lena le baloa ho ipapisitsoe le theko ea litšenyehelo ho kenyelletsa inshorense le litefiso tsa thepa tse entsoeng ho fihlela thepa e fihla ho meetlo ea Turkey. Leha ho le joalo, likarolo tse ling tse ikhethileng li ka lefisoa litefiso tse fapaneng tsa VAT kapa ho lokolloa ho latela mofuta oa tsona kapa maano a mmuso. Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore Turkey e boetse e na le litumellano tsa khoebo ea linaha tse peli le linaha tse 'maloa tse fanang ka phekolo e khethehileng ho latela litefello tse fokolitsoeng kapa esita le phihlello ea mahala bakeng sa lihlahisoa tse itseng tse tšoanelehang tlas'a litumellano tsena. Litefiso tsena tse ikhethileng li ikemiselitse ho khothaletsa tšebelisano-mmoho moruong le ho matlafatsa likamano lipakeng tsa Turkey le balekane ba eona ba khoebo. Ka kakaretso, leano la Turkey la ditefiso tsa thepa e tswang kantle le ikemiseditse ho ba le tekatekano pakeng tsa ho tshireletsa diindaseteri tsa lehae le ho hodisa kgwebisano ya matjhaba ka ho netefatsa tlhodisano e hlokang leeme mmarakeng wa lefatshe.
Melao ea lekhetho ea kantle ho naha
Turkey, joalo ka naha e ntseng e tsoela pele, e sebelisitse maano a fapaneng a lekhetho ho khothaletsa indasteri ea eona ea kantle ho naha. Thepa e romelwang kantle ho naha ya naha e lefiswa lekgetho tlasa maemo le melawana e itseng. Turkey e latela mokhoa oa lekhetho la boleng bo eketsehileng (VAT) bakeng sa boholo ba thepa ea eona e tsoang kantle ho naha. Sekhahla se tloaelehileng sa VAT bakeng sa thepa e hlahisoang Turkey ke 18%. Leha ho le joalo, thepa e 'ngoe ea thepa e romelloang kantle e ka lokeloa ho fokotsoa litefiso kapa ho lokolloa ho latela mofuta oa tsona le moo li eang teng. Bakeng sa ho khothaletsa likhoebo tse shebaneng le kantle ho naha, Turkey e fana ka litšusumetso tse 'maloa tsa lekhetho le litokollo. Likhamphani tse sebetsanang le ho romela thepa kantle ho naha hangata ha li lefelle lekhetho la lekeno la lik'hamphani meputsong ea tsona ea kantle ho naha. Mohato ona o ikemiselitse ho matlafatsa tlholisano ea lihlahisoa tsa Turkey mebarakeng ea machabeng. Ho feta moo, Turkey e thehile libaka tsa khoebo tsa mahala (FTZs) ho pholletsa le naha tse fanang ka melemo e eketsehileng bakeng sa barekisi ba kantle ho naha. Li-FTZ tsena li fana ka tokollo lekhethong la lekhetho le VAT ho thepa e tala e tsoang kantle e sebelisoang tlhahisong bakeng sa ho romelloa kantle ho naha ka har'a libaka tsena. Sena se fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso, se etsa hore thepa e romelloang ntle e be le tlholisano lefatšeng ka bophara. Lekhetho la lekhetho ke karolo e 'ngoe ea leano la Turkey la lekhetho la kantle ho naha. Litefiso tsa lekhetho lia fapana ho ipapisitsoe le mofuta oa sehlahisoa se romelloang kantle ho naha le naha/tikoloho eo ho eang ho eona. Litefiso tsa meetlo li sebelisoa ho latela litumellano tsa machaba tse saennoeng ke Turkey kapa unilaterally ke 'muso oa Turkey. Ho feta moo, ho bohlokoa ho bolela hore litefiso li ka fetoha nako le nako ka lebaka la lipuisano tsa khoebo kapa liphetoho maemong a moruo oa lefatše. Ka hona, ho bohlokoa hore barekisi ba kantle ho naha ba ele hloko litefiso tse nchafalitsoeng tsa litefiso ha ba etsa khoebo le linaha tse fapaneng. Ka bokhuts'oane, Turkey e kenya ts'ebetsong mokhoa oa lekhetho o kenyellelitsoeng ka litokollo tse itseng le litefiso tse fokolitsoeng bakeng sa thomello ea eona kantle ho naha. 'Muso o fana ka likhothatso tse ling tse kang ho lokolloa lekhethong la khoebo bakeng sa lik'hamphani tse romellang thepa ntle le melemo e fanoang ka har'a libaka tsa khoebo e sa lefelloeng. Ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa litefiso tse khethehileng tsa lekhetho ho latela mofuta oa sehlahisoa le sebaka seo li eang ho sona ha u ntse u romelloa kantle ho naha ho tsoa Turkey ka lebaka la liphetoho tse ka bang teng tse bakoang ke ho fetoha ha litumellano tsa machaba kapa maemo a moruo.
Ho hlokahala litifikeiti bakeng sa ho romelloa kantle
Turkey ke naha e mateanong a litsela tsa Europe le Asia, e tsejoang ka nalane ea eona e ruileng le lefa la setso. Naha ena e na le moruo o fapaneng, o itšetlehileng haholo ka mesebetsi ea kantle ho naha ho khothaletsa kholo ea moruo. Turkey e kentse tšebetsong mekhoa e fapaneng ea setifikeiti sa kantle ho naha ho netefatsa boleng le boikamahanyo ba thepa ea eona e romelloang kantle ho naha. Setifikeiti se seng sa bohlokoa sa ho romella kantle ho naha Turkey ke Setifikeiti sa Turkey Standards Institution (TSE). Setifikeiti sena se tiisa hore sehlahisoa se kopana le litekanyetso tse ikhethileng tse behiloeng ke TSE, ho kenyeletsoa boleng, polokeho le litlhoko tsa tikoloho. TSE e etsa tlhahlobo le liteko lihlahisoa pele e fana ka setifikeiti sena, e fana ka tiisetso ho bareki ba machabeng hore thepa e romelloang kantle ho naha ea Turkey ke ea boleng bo holimo. Barekisi ba kantle ho naha ba Turkey le bona ba ka fumana setifikeiti sa ISO 9001, se bonts'ang boitlamo ba bona ba ho boloka sistimi e sebetsang ea taolo ea boleng. Setifikeiti sena se shebane le ho ntlafatsa khotsofalo ea bareki ka ho fihlela litlhoko tsa bona khafetsa. Ha e ntlafatse botšepehi ba barekisi ba kantle ho naha ba Turkey empa hape e bula mamati a menyetla ea khoebo lefatšeng ka bophara. Ho feta moo, Setifikeiti sa Halal se bile bohlokoa lilemong tsa morao tjena ka lebaka la tlhoko e ntseng e eketseha ea lihlahisoa tsa halal lefatšeng ka bophara. Setifikeiti sa Halal se netefatsa hore lihlahisoa tsa lijo li latela melao le melaoana ea lijo tsa Islamic. Bakeng sa linaha tse nang le Mamoseleme a mangata kapa libaka tse nang le baahi ba bangata ba Mamoseleme e le limmaraka tse ka bang teng bakeng sa thomello ea kantle ea Turkey, setifikeiti sena se fana ka monyetla oa tlholisano ho hohelang bareki. Ho feta moo, Litifikeiti tsa Compliance li bohlokoa bakeng sa liindasteri tse 'maloa tse amehang ho romelloeng kantle ho naha joalo ka makala a masela le liaparo ka lebaka la liphetoho tse lulang li le teng litlhokong tsa molao tse amanang le melaoana ea lileibole kapa meeli ea tšebeliso ea lintho tse thibetsoeng. Ka kakaretso, Turkey e beha khatello e kholo ho litifikeiti tsa kantle ho naha kaha li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa eseng feela ho nolofatseng khoebo empa hape le ho netefatsa khotsofalo le ts'epo ea bareki ho litekanyetso tsa boleng ba thepa e romelloang kantle.
Lisebelisoa tse khothalelitsoeng
Turkey ke naha e mateanong a litsela tsa Europe le Asia, e etsang hore e be sebaka se loketseng bakeng sa lits'ebeletso tsa thepa le lipalangoang. Ka boemo ba eona ba tikoloho, Turkey e sebetsa e le khoro lipakeng tsa lik'honthinente 'me e fana ka melemo e fapaneng ea thepa. Istanbul, toropo e kholo ka ho fetisisa Turkey, ke setsi se seholo sa lipalangoang se kopanyang Europe le Asia. E na le lifofane tse peli tsa machaba - Istanbul Airport le Sabiha Gökçen International Airport - tse tsamaisang limilione tsa thepa ea thepa selemo le selemo. Maemafofane ana a na le lits'ebeletso tse pharalletseng tsa thepa mme a fana ka lits'ebeletso tse sebetsang hantle tsa ho tsamaisa thepa ka sefofane ho ea libakeng tsa lefats'e ka bophara. Ntle le lipalangoang tsa sefofane, Turkey e boetse e na le marang-rang a matle a litsela a e hokahanyang le linaha tsa boahelani. Tsela e kholo ea E80, eo hape e tsejoang e le Trans-European Motorway kapa International System of Automobile Routes (E-road), e feta Turkey 'me e fana ka phihlello e bonolo ho ea linaheng tsa Europe Bophirimela joalo ka Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia le Romania. Lisebelisoa tsa maoatle tsa Turkey ke karolo e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ea indasteri ea eona ea thepa. E na le likou tse 'maloa tse kholo lebopong la eona tse sebetsanang le sephethephethe se seholo sa lijana. Boema-kepe ba Izmir Leoatleng la Aegean ke boema-kepe bo joalo bo tsejoang ka bokhoni ba bona bo ikhethang ba ho sebetsana le lijana. Likou tse ling tse hlokomelehang li kenyelletsa Kou ea Ambarli ea Istanbul le Mersin Port Leoatleng la Mediterranean. Bakeng sa lik'hamphani tse batlang lits'ebeletso tsa polokelo Turkey, ho na le libaka tse ngata tsa indasteri tse fumanehang ka har'a naha ka bophara tse fanang ka litsi tsa thepa tse nang le lisebelisoa tsa sejoale-joale tsa polokelo. Libaka tsena tsa polokelo li sebeletsa liindasteri tse fapaneng tse kang tsa likoloi, tsa elektroniki, tsa masela, tse lokisang lijo, joalo-joalo, li fana ka sebaka se lekaneng sa polokelo bakeng sa thepa e emetseng ho ajoa kapa ho romeloa kantle ho naha. Mmuso oa Turkey o ntse o tsetela ka mafolofolo ho ntlafatsa meaho ea ona ea thepa lilemong tsa morao tjena. Merero e kang kaho ea litsela tse kholo lipakeng tsa litoropo e matlafatsa khokahanyo ha lintlafatso tse kholo boemafofaneng li ikemiselitse ho eketsa bokhoni ba bapalami le lipalangoang tsa thepa. Ho feta moo, Turkey e fana ka maemo a matle a moruo joalo ka litšenyehelo tsa tlholisano ea basebetsi ha e bapisoa le linaha tse ling tsa Europe, e etsa hore e be sebaka se khahlang bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso kapa kabo ea thepa. theipi e khubelu le ho nolofatsa mekhoa ea khoebo. Ka sebaka sa eona se setle sa tikoloho, meaho ea sejoale-joale, le tikoloho e ntle ea khoebo, Turkey e fana ka mefuta e mengata ea likhetho bakeng sa likhoebo tse sebetsang sebakeng sena. Ebang ke thepa ea lifofane, lipalangoang tsa litsela, likepe tsa likepe kapa libaka tsa polokelo ea thepa, Turkey e na le lisebelisoa le litšebeletso tse hlokahalang ho finyella litlhoko tse fapaneng tsa thepa ka katleho.
Mecha ea ntlafatso ea bareki

Lipontšo tsa bohlokoa tsa khoebo

Turkey ke naha e fumanehang ka nepo mateanong a litsela tsa Europe le Asia. E fetohile setsi sa bohlokoa sa khoebo ea machaba 'me e hohela bareki ba bangata ba lefats'e le bo-ramatsete. Sengoliloeng sena se tla hlakisa tse ling tsa likanale tsa bohlokoa tsa nts'etsopele ea bareki ba machabeng le lipontšo tsa Turkey. 1. Istanbul Chamber of Commerce (ITO): ITO ke e 'ngoe ea likamore tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa khoebo Turkey, e sebetsang e le mohloli oa bohlokoa bakeng sa bareki ba machaba. E hlophisa liketsahalo tse fapaneng tsa marang-rang, linako tsa ho kopanya khoebo, le mesebetsi ea khoebo e hokahanyang barekisi ba lehae le bareki ba lefats'e. 2. Istanbul Exporters' Association (IEA): Joalo ka mokhatlo o emelang barekisi ba kantle ho naha ho tsoa makaleng a fapaneng, IEA e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho hokahanya baetsi ba Turkey le bareki ba machabeng. E hlophisa lipontšo, likopano tsa bareki le barekisi, le baemeli ba khoebo ho aha likhokahano tsa khoebo. 3. Lipolanete tsa Machaba tsa B2B: Mekhahlelo e mengata ea Marang-rang e nolofatsa litšebelisano tsa B2B lipakeng tsa barekisi ba Turkey le bareki ba lefats'e. Li-platform tsena li kenyelletsa mocha oa Turkey oa Alibaba.com, 'maraka oa Turkey oa TradeKey.com, kapa karolo e inehetseng ea Made-in-China bakeng sa barekisi ba Turkey. 4. Sehlopha sa Lipontšo sa Tuyap: Tuyap ke e mong oa bahlophisi ba lipontšo ba ka sehloohong Turkey bao selemo le selemo ba tšoarang lipontšo tse 'maloa tse tsebahalang lefatšeng ka bophara tse hohelang likete tsa baetsi ba lehae hammoho le bareki ba tsoang kantle ho naha. Tse ling tse hlokomelehang li kenyelletsa: - Zuchex: Pontšo e shebaneng le thepa ea ntlo, thepa ea ka tlung, lihlahisoa tsa masela a lapeng tse hohelang bankakarolo ba naha le ba machabeng. - Hostech ka Tusid: Pontšo ena e fana ka litsebi tse tsoang indastering ea kamohelo ea baeti tse bonts'ang lisebelisoa le mahlale a fapaneng a amanang le lihotele. - Istanbul Jewelry Show: E 'ngoe ea lipontšo tse etelletseng pele lefatšeng ka bophara tsa mabenyane moo barekisi ba lefats'e ba fanang ka mahakoe a boleng bo holimo, lisebelisoa hammoho le ho sibolla meralo e ikhethang. - Pontšo ea Ts'ireletso ea ISAF: Ketsahalo e inehetseng bakeng sa litsebi tsa indasteri ea ts'ireletso moo lihlahisoa tse ncha tsa ts'ireletso li hlahisoang ke lik'hamphani tsa lehae tsa Turkey hammoho le libapali tsa machabeng. 5. Izmir International Fair (IEF): E tsejoa e le "mokhatlo o moholo ka ho fetisisa o khethehileng oa toka" Turkey ho tloha 1923, IEF e hapa karolo e pharaletseng ea indasteri ho tloha ho likoloi ho ea ho mechine, lisebelisoa tsa motlakase tsa bareki ho ea lijong le lino. E fana ka sethala bakeng sa bareki ba machabeng ho hlahloba baetsi ba Turkey le ho theha litšebelisano tsa khoebo. 6. Antalya EXPO: E tšoaroa hang ka mor'a lilemo tse ling le tse ling tse hlano ho tloha ka 1998 Antalya, ona ke o mong oa lipontšo tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa khoebo tse hohelang bankakarolo ba tsoang mafapheng a fapaneng a kang kaho, temo, masela, tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, le tse ling. E fana ka menyetla e metle bakeng sa bareki ba machabeng ba batlang barekisi ba Turkey ho pholletsa le liindasteri tse ngata. Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ena ke mehlala e seng mekae feela har'a mesebetsi e mengata ea papatso ea khoebo e etsahalang Turkey ho pholletsa le selemo. Sebaka sa leano la naha le ho kenya letsoho ka mafolofolo khoebong ea lefats'e ho etsa hore e be sebaka se loketseng bareki ba machaba ba batlang baabi ba thepa ba tšepahalang le menyetla ea matsete.
Turkey, lienjineri tsa ho batla tse sebelisoang haholo ke: 1. Google (www.google.com.tr): Joalo ka linaheng tse ling tse ngata, Google ke enjine ea ho batla e tsebahalang haholo Turkey hape. E fana ka liphetho tse felletseng tsa lipatlisiso le mefuta e fapaneng ea lits'ebeletso joalo ka limmapa, phetolelo, litaba, le tse ling. 2. Yandex (www.yandex.com.tr): Yandex ke mochine oa ho batla oa Serussia o nang le boteng ba bohlokoa Turkey. E fana ka lipatlisiso tsa marang-rang hammoho le lits'ebeletso tse ling joalo ka lengolo-tsoibila, limmapa, lintlha tsa boemo ba leholimo, le tse ling. 3. E-Devlet (www.turkiye.gov.tr): E-Devlet ke sebaka sa semmuso sa mmuso oa Turkey se fanang ka litšebeletso tse fapaneng tsa inthanete ho baahi. Sethala sena se kenyelletsa enjene ea ho batla ho fana ka phihlello ea lisebelisoa tsa mmuso le tlhaiso-leseling mabapi le litsi tsa sechaba. 4. Bing (www.bing.com): Bing ea Microsoft e na le ts'ebeliso e ntle har'a basebelisi ba marang-rang ba Turkey empa ha e tuma joalo ka Google kapa Yandex. E fana ka ts'ebetso e akaretsang ea ho batla marang-rang hammoho le likarolo tse kang patlo ea litšoantšo le livideo. 5. Yahoo (www.yahoo.com.tr): Leha e ne e tumme lefatšeng ka bophara mehleng ea khale, Yahoo ha e sebelisoe haholo ke basebelisi ba marang-rang ba Turkey kajeno bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa tepo; leha ho le joalo, e ntse e na le bohlokoa bo itseng mabapi le imeile le lits'ebeletso tsa litaba. Tsena tse hlano ke tse ling tsa lienjineri tsa patlo tse etelletseng pele kapa tse sebelisoang khafetsa Turkey; Leha ho le joalo, ke habohlokoa ho bolela hore ho ka 'na ha e-ba le li-platform tse ling tsa lehae kapa lienjineri tse khethehileng tse sebetsanang le liindasteri tse itseng ka hare ho naha.

Maqephe a maholo a mosehla

Lihokela tsa mantlha tsa Yellow Pages tsa Turkey ke: 1. Yellow Pages Turkey: Ena ke bukana ea semmuso ea Yellow Pages ea Marang-rang e Turkey, e fanang ka lethathamo la likhoebo tse felletseng ho latela mekhahlelo e fapaneng. Aterese ea sebaka sa Marang-rang ke https://www.yellowpages.com.tr/. 2. Phone Book of Turkey: Bukana e tsebahalang e fanang ka lintlha tsa ho ikopanya le batho ka bomong le likhoebo ho pholletsa le Turkey. U ka e fumana ho https://www.phonebookofturkey.com/. 3. Saha İstanbul: Bukana ena ea Yellow Pages e shebane le likhoebo tsa Istanbul, e leng toropo e kholo ka ho fetisisa Turkey. E kenyelletsa mekhahlelo e fapaneng joalo ka likoloi, lireschorente, marobalo le tse ling. Webosaete ke http://www.sahaisimleri.org/. 4. Ticaret Rehberi: Bukana e 'ngoe e akaretsang moo u ka fumanang tlhahisoleseling mabapi le likhoebo tse sebetsang libakeng tse fapaneng tsa Turkey. E akaretsa likarolo tse ngata 'me e fana ka lintlha tsa puisano bakeng sa khoebo e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e thathamisitsoeng. E fihlelle ka http://ticaretrehberi.net/. 5. Gelirler Rehberi (Tlhahiso ea Lekeno): E etselitsoe ka ho khetheha ho thathamisa likhoebo tse kenyang chelete Turkey, bukana ena e thusa basebelisi ho fumana menyetla e ka bang teng ea matsete kapa tšebelisano 'moho ka ho arola liindasteri tse fapaneng le mabitso a bona. Ka kopo hlokomela hore li-directory tsena li ka fetoha ha nako e ntse e ea ka lebaka la lintlafatso le litlatsetso tse ncha 'marakeng; ka hona, kamehla ho eletsoa ho hlahloba boemo ba bona ba hona joale habeli pele u itšetleha feela ka bona bakeng sa lintlha tsa khoebo kapa tsa ho ikopanya.

Li-platform tse kholo tsa khoebo

Turkey, naha e fetang kontinenteng e fumanehang haholo Hloahloeng ea Anatolian e Asia Bophirima, e bone kholo e kholo ea li-platform tsa e-commerce lilemong tsa morao tjena. Tse ling tsa li-platform tsa e-commerce tse kholo Turkey li kenyelletsa: 1. Trendyol - Ke e 'ngoe ea li-platform tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tse tsebahalang haholo tsa mabenkele Turkey. Trendyol e fana ka lihlahisoa tse fapaneng ho pholletsa le mekhahlelo e fapaneng joalo ka feshene, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, botle, mekhabiso ea lapeng, le tse ling. Websaeteng: www.trendyol.com 2. Hepsiburada - E nkoa e le e mong oa bo-pula-maliboho ba ho reka Inthaneteng Turkey, Hepsiburada e fana ka mefuta e mengata ea lihlahisoa tse kenyeletsang lisebelisoa, lisebelisoa tsa elektronike, thepa ea feshene, thepa ea ka tlung, thepa ea ntlo le tse ling tse ngata. Webosaete: www.hepsiburada.com 3. Gittigidiyor - E tsejoa e le 'maraka oa pele oa marang-rang o thehiloeng Turkey morao koana ka 2001 pele o rekoa ke eBay Inc., Gittigidiyor e ntse e le e' ngoe ea liforomo tse hlaheletseng tsa e-commerce tse nang le barekisi ba fapaneng ba fanang ka lihlahisoa tse fapaneng. Websaeteng: www.gittigidiyor.com 4. n11 - Sethala se seng se thehiloeng hantle sa ho reka inthaneteng se nang le mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea lihlahisoa tse kenyelletsang lisebelisoa tsa feshene bakeng sa liaparo tsa banna le basali lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki lisebelisoa tsa ho bapala lisebelisoa tsa lapeng litlolo lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea motho joalo-joalo. Websaeteng: www.n11.com 5. Morhipo - Sethala sa e-commerce se shebaneng le feshene sa Boyner Group - e 'ngoe ea lik'hamphani tse ka sehloohong tsa mabenkele tsa Turkey tse sebetsanang le mefuta ea liaparo tsa banna le basali har'a lihlahisoa tse ling tse kang mabenyane a lisebelisoa tsa lieta joalo-joalo. Websaeteng: www.morhipo.com 6. Vatan Bilgisayar - Sethala sena se sebetsa haholo-holo ka lihlahisoa tse thehiloeng ho theknoloji ho tloha ho likhomphutha ho ea ho li-smartphone hammoho le mananeo a software ea lipapali tsa lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki joalo-joalo, ho fihlela litlhoko tsa bareki ho tloha ka 1983. Ka kopo hlokomela hore ena ke mehlala feela mme ho na le liforomo tse ling tse nyane empa tse hlokomelehang tse fumanehang ka har'a sebaka sa mmaraka sa dijithale sa Turkey.

Mecha ea litaba e kholo ea sechaba

Turkey e na le mefuta e mengata ea liforomo tsa litaba tsa sechaba tse tsebahalang har'a baahi ba eona. Tse ling tsa li-platform tsa litaba tsa sechaba tse sebelisoang haholo Turkey li kenyelletsa: 1. Facebook (www.facebook.com): Facebook ke e 'ngoe ea liwebsaete tse hloahloa tsa marang-rang lefatšeng ka bophara, hape e tumme haholo Turkey. E lumella basebelisi ho hokahana le metsoalle, ho arolelana liapdeite, linepe le livideo. 2. Twitter (www.twitter.com): Twitter ke sethala sa microblogging moo basebelisi ba ka romellang melaetsa e mekhutšoanyane e bitsoang "tweets." E sebelisoa haholo Turkey bakeng sa ho arolelana litaba, maikutlo, le ho kenya letsoho lipuisanong. 3. Instagram (www.instagram.com): Instagram ke sethala sa ho arolelana linepe le livideo moo basebelisi ba ka kenyang litšoantšo kapa livideo tse khutšoane hammoho le litlhaloso le li-hashtag. E tumme haholo har'a bacha ba Turkey. 4. LinkedIn (www.linkedin.com): LinkedIn ke sebaka sa marang-rang sa litsebi seo batho ba se sebelisang ho bontša phihlelo ea bona ea mosebetsi, ho ikopanya le basebetsi-'moho le bona kapa bao e ka bang bahiri, le ho hlahloba menyetla ea mesebetsi. 5. YouTube (www.youtube.com): YouTube ke sethala sa ho arolelana livideo moo basebelisi ba ka kenyang, ho shebella, ho rata kapa ho fana ka maikutlo ka livideo tse behiloeng ke ba bang. Baetsi ba litaba ba Turkey ba bangata ba se ba tumme ka sethala sena. 6. TikTok (www.tiktok.com): TikTok e bile le kholo e kholo ea botumo Turkey haufinyane; e lumella basebelisi ho theha le ho arolelana livideo tse khutšoane tse behiloeng 'mino kapa likotoana tsa molumo. 7. Snapchat: Le hoja ho se na websaete ea molao bakeng sa Snapchat kaha e sebelisoa haholo-holo e le sesebelisoa sa mohala; e tumme haholo har'a bacha ba Turkey ba e sebelisang ho romella linepe / livideo tse nyamelang kapa ho romella lipale tse nkang lihora tse 24. Tsena ke tse ling tsa liforomo tse ngata tsa litaba tsa sechaba tse fumanehang Turkey; leha ho le joalo, li sebelisoa haholo ke batho ba limilione ho pholletsa le lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa lilemo bakeng sa puisano, ho theha litaba / merero ea ho arolelana hammoho le ho lula u le haufi le liketsahalo tsa morao-rao le mekhoa ea naha le lefats'e ka bophara.

Mekhatlo e meholo ea indasteri

Turkey, naha e fetang kontinenteng e fumanehang haholo Hloahloeng ea Anatolian, e tsebahala ka moruo oa eona o fapaneng le khoebo e matla ea khoebo. Mona ke tse ling tsa mekhatlo e meholo ea indasteri ea Turkey hammoho le liaterese tsa bona tsa sebaka sa marang-rang: 1. Turkish Exporters Assembly (TIM) - TIM e emetse barekisi ba kantle ho naha ba Turkey mme e khothaletsa mesebetsi ea kantle ho naha mafapheng a fapaneng. Webosaete: http://www.tim.org.tr/en/ 2. Mokhatlo oa Basebetsi ba Liindasteri le Bakhoebo ba Turkey (TUSIAD) - TUSIAD ke mokhatlo o ka sehloohong o emelang boraliindasteri le borakhoebo ba Turkey. Websaeteng: https://www.tusiad.org/en 3. Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey (TOBB) - TOBB e sebetsa e le lentsoe le kopaneng bakeng sa likamore tsa khoebo, phapanyetsano ea thepa, le mekhatlo ea litsebi Turkey. Webosaete: https://www.tobb.org.tr/Sayfalar/AnaSayfa.aspx?lang=en 4. The Istanbul Chamber of Commerce (ITO) - ITO e tšehetsa lithahasello tsa barekisi, bo-raliindasteri, bafani ba litšebeletso, barekisi, lifeme, likhoebo tsa mabenkele Istanbul. Webosaete: https://www.ito.org.tr/portal/ 5. The Confederation of Turkish Tradesmen and Craftsmen (TESK) - TESK e emela bahoebi ba banyenyane le litsebi tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho ho pholletsa le likarolo tse fapaneng ho pholletsa le Turkey. Webosaete: http://www.tesk.org.tr/en/ 6. Mokhatlo oa Likarolo tsa Likoloi le Baetsi ba Likarolo (TAYSAD) - TAYSAD e emela baetsi ba likarolo tsa likoloi Turkey. Webosaete: http://en.taysad.org/ 7. Kaho ea Likonteraka Confederation Of Turkiye(MUSAİD)- MUSAİD e emetse borakonteraka ba kaho Turkey. Webosaete: http://musaid.gtb.gov.tr/tr 8.Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation(TETAŞ)-TETAŞ e beha leihlo mesebetsi ea phetiso ea motlakase naheng ka bophara sebaka sa marang-rang: https://tetas.teias.gov.tr/en/Pages/default.aspx 9. Mokhatlo oa Litsi tsa Maeto a Turkey(TÜRSAB) - TÜRSAB e emetse mekhatlo ea maeto le mekhatlo ea bohahlauli Turkey. Webosaete: https://www.tursab.org.tr/en 10. Federation of Food and Drink Industries (TGDF) - TGDF e sebetsa e le lentsoe la lik'hamphani tsa indasteri ea lijo le lino tse Turkey. Webosaete: http://en.ttgv.org.tr/ Ena ke mehlala e meng feela ea mekhatlo e tsebahalang ea indasteri Turkey. Naha e na le makala a fapaneng a fapaneng, le leng le le leng le na le mekhatlo ea lona e tsamaisanang le eona, a bonts'a maemo a khoebo a matla a naha.

Liwebsaete tsa khoebo le tsa khoebo

Turkey, naha e fetang kontinenteng e fumanehang haholo Hloahloeng ea Anatolian e Asia Bophirima le Boroa-bochabela Europe, e na le liwebosaete tse fapaneng tsa moruo le tsa khoebo tse sebetsanang le liindasteri tse fapaneng. Ka tlase ke tse ling tsa liwebsaete tse hlahelletseng tsa moruo le tsa khoebo tsa Turkey: 1. Tsetela Turkey: Webosaete ena ea semmuso e fana ka leseli la bohlokoa mabapi le menyetla ea matsete Turkey, ho kenyeletsoa mafapha a bohlokoa, likhothatso, melaoana le lipale tsa katleho. Webosaete: https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/ 2. Istanbul Chamber of Commerce: Webosaete ea Istanbul Chamber of Commerce e fana ka leseli le felletseng la khoebo mabapi le mebaraka ea Istanbul, lits'ebeletso tsa buka ea khoebo, almanaka ea liketsahalo, le menyetla ea khoebo ea machabeng. Webosaete: https://www.ito.org.tr/en/ 3. Turkish Exporters Assembly (TIM): TIM ke mokhatlo o emelang barekisi ba fetang likete tse 100 Turkey. Webosaete ea eona e fana ka lipalo-palo mabapi le thomello e tsoang Turkey hammoho le litlaleho tsa mebaraka bakeng sa linaha tse fapaneng. Webosaete: https://tim.org.tr/en 4. Board of Foreign Economic Relations Board (DEIK): DEIK e ikemiselitse ho kenya letsoho ntlafatsong ea likamano tsa moruo tsa kantle ho naha ea Turkey ka ho khothaletsa tšebelisano-'moho pakeng tsa lik'hamphani tsa lehae le tsa kantle ho naha ka likomiti tsa eona tse fapaneng. Webosaete: https://deik.org.tr/ 5. Lekala la Khoebo - Rephabliki ea Turkey: Sebaka sena sa marang-rang sa 'muso se arolelana litaba tse mabapi le maano a khoebo, melaoana e amanang le thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha ea Turkey, litlaleho tsa tlhahlobo ea mebaraka, le tse ling. Webosaete: http://www.trade.gov.tr/index.html 6. KOSGEB (Mokgatlo wa Ntshetsopele ya Dikgwebo tse Nyenyane le tse Mahareng): KOSGEB e tshehetsa dikgwebo tse nyane ka ho fana ka mananeo a ditjhelete bakeng sa merero ya boiqapelo mmoho le mananeo a kwetliso bakeng sa borakgwebo. Webosaete: http://en.kosgeb.gov.tr/homepage 7. Turkish Industry & Business Association (TUSIAD): TUSIAD ke mokhatlo o nang le tšusumetso o sa etseng phaello o emelang lekala la poraefete la Turkey naheng le machabeng; sebaka sa bona sa marang-rang se akaretsa lipampiri tsa bobuelli litabeng tsa moruo hammoho le litlaleho tsa indasteri. Webosaete: https://tusiad.us/news-archive/ 8.Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK): TUIK e fana ka lintlha tsa lipalo-palo makaleng a fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa temo, indasteri le lits'ebeletso. Webosaete ea bona e fana ka phihlello ea litlaleho tsa morao-rao tsa lipalo-palo le matšoao. Webosaete: https://turkstat.gov.tr/ Ka kopo hlokomela hore liwebsaete tsena li ka fetoha kapa tsa ntlafatsoa. Ho bohlokoa ho hlahloba liphetoho leha e le life liatereseng tsa sebaka sa marang-rang kapa sethala pele u li fumana.

Liwebosaete tsa lipotso tsa khoebo

Turkey ke e 'ngoe ea linaha tse ka sehloohong mabapi le khoebo ea machaba 'me e na le liforomo tse ngata tse tšepahalang tsa marang-rang ho fihlella lintlha tsa khoebo. Mona ke tse ling tsa marang-rang tse fanang ka leseli le felletseng mabapi le lipalopalo tsa khoebo tsa Turkey: 1. Setsi sa Lipalopalo sa Turkey (TurkStat) - Setsi sena sa molao se fana ka lintlha tse ngata tsa lipalo-palo, ho kenyelletsa le lipalo-palo tsa khoebo ea kantle ho naha. Sebaka sa Marang-rang se fana ka lintlha tse qaqileng mabapi le thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha, thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha, le tekanyo ea litefo. O ka fihlella polokelongtshedimosetso ya bona ho www.turkstat.gov.tr. 2. Turkish Exporters' Assembly (TIM) - TIM e emetse sechaba sa barekisi ba kantle ho naha Turkey mme e khothaletsa thomello ea Turkey lefatšeng ka bophara. Webosaete ea bona e na le lipalo-palo tsa khoebo, ho kenyeletsoa lintlha tse tobileng naha le ho putlama ha makala. Etela www.tim.org.tr bakeng sa lintlha tse ling. 3. Lekala la Khoebo - Sebaka sa Marang-rang sa Lekala se nolofaletsa ho fihlella ha bonolo mehloling e fapaneng e amanang le khoebo joalo ka lipalo tse tsoang kantle ho naha, litaba tsa naha, litlaleho tsa mebaraka le tlhahlobo ea indasteri ho www.trade.gov.tr. 4. Banka e Bohareng ea Rephabliki ea Turkey (CBRT) - Joaloka banka e bohareng ea naha, CBRT e fana ka matšoao a moruo le lipalo-palo tsa 'maraka oa lichelete tse ka thusang ho hlahloba ts'ebetso ea khoebo ea machaba ea Turkey. Sheba sebaka sa bona sa marang-rang www.tcmb.gov.tr ​​bakeng sa litlaleho tse nepahetseng. 5. World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) - E thehiloe ke Sehlopha sa Banka ea Lefatše, WITS e bokella lintlha ho tsoa mehloling e fapaneng ho fana ka lipalo-palo tse felletseng tsa khoebo ea machabeng bakeng sa linaha tse ngata ho kenyeletsoa Turkey. Ba fana ka tlhahlobo e qaqileng ea ho kenya / ho romela thepa ka li-filters tse ka khonehang ho https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/TUR. 6.Turkish Custom's Administration (TCA): TCA e laola lits'ebetso tsohle tsa meetlo Turkey.U ka fumana lipalo tse khethehileng tsa ho kenya / ho romela thepa ho latela mekhoa ea lihlahisoa, liheke joalo-joalo. U ka etela tcigmobilsorgu.gtb.gov.tr/eng/temsilciArama.jsf bakeng sa sebaka sa marang-rang sa TCA Hopola ho sebelisa liwebsaete tsena ka hloko ha u ntse u toloka datha kaha li ka ba le mekhoa e fapaneng kapa likarolo tse ka amang tlhahlobo ea hau.

Li-platform tsa B2b

Turkey ke naha e phetseng hantle e nang le moruo o ntseng o hola le li-platform tse ngata tsa B2B tse sebetsanang le liindasteri tse fapaneng. Tse ling tsa liforomo tse tsebahalang tsa B2B naheng ea Turkey li kenyelletsa: 1. Alibaba.com (https://turkish.alibaba.com/): Alibaba ke se seng sa libaka tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa B2B lefatšeng ka bophara, se kopanyang bareki le barekisi. E fana ka mefuta e mengata ea lihlahisoa le litšebeletso. 2. Tradekey.com (https://www.tradekey.com.tr/): TradeKey e fana ka phihlello ea menyetla ea khoebo ea lefats'e le ho thusa likhoebo ho hokahana le barekisi, bahlahisi le barekisi ba Turkey. 3. Europages (https://www.europages.co.uk/business-directory-Turkey.html): Europages ke bukana ea marang-rang e hokahanyang likhoebo ho pholletsa le Europe. E thusa lik'hamphani ho fumana balekane, barekisi le bareki Turkey. 4. Ekspermarket.com (http://www.ekspermarket.com/): Mmaraka oa Eksper o tsepamisitse maikutlo ho thepa ea indasteri joalo ka mechini, likarolo tsa makoloi, lisebelisoa tsa hardware, joalo-joalo, ho thusa likhoebo ho hokahana le barekisi ba loketseng Turkey. 5. TurkExim (http://turkexim.gov.tr/index.cfm?action=bilgi&cid=137&menu_id=80&pageID=40&submenu_header_ID=43799&t=Birlikte_iscilik_-_manufacturing_and_partsrkalfarth_ofrist_ofrist_efession/ &lng=en-gb): TurkExim e sebetsa e le setsi sa litaba bakeng sa barekisi ba kantle ho naha ba Turkey /ba tsoang kantle ho naha ho holisa likamano tsa bona tsa khoebo ea machabeng ka ho fana ka lisebelisoa tse molemo joalo ka litlaleho tsa tlhahlobo ea mebaraka le mesebetsi ea papatso. 6. OpenToExport.com (https://opentoexport.com/markets/turkey/buying/): OpenToExport e fana ka tlhahisoleseding ea bohlokoa bakeng sa likhoebo tse thehiloeng UK tse batlang ho romela lihlahisoa kapa litšebeletso ho Turkey ka ho fana ka tataiso mabapi le mekhoa ea ho kena 'marakeng. 7. TurkishExporter.net (https://www.turkishexporter.net/en/): Turkish Exporter e lumella basebelisi lefatšeng ka bophara ho fumana likamano tse ka bang teng tsa khoebo le barekisi ba Turkey ba kantle ho naha, ba sebetsanang le likarolo tse fapaneng tse kang temo, masela, mechini le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki. 8. Ceptes.com (https://www.ceptes.com.tr/): Ceptes e sebetsa ka ho khetheha ho e-commerce ea B2B bakeng sa indasteri ea kaho Turkey 'me e fana ka phihlelo ea lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa mohaho le lisebelisoa. Li-platform tsena li fana ka menyetla ea hore likhoebo li hokahane le bao e ka bang balekane ba bona, barekisi, bahlahisi le bareki ba lulang Turkey. Sethala se seng le se seng se na le likarolo tsa sona tse ikhethang le melemo ho basebelisi ba batlang litšebelisano tsa B2B.
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