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Izimakethe Eziyinhloko
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Ukubuka konke Kwezwe
I-Turkey, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi iRiphabhulikhi yaseTurkey, iyizwe elinqamula amazwekazi elitholakala ikakhulukazi eNhlonhlweni yase-Anatolian eNtshonalanga ye-Asia, elinengxenye encane eNhlonhlweni ye-Balkan eNingizimu-mpumalanga Yurophu. Inomlando ocebile futhi ohlukahlukene ohlanganisa izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Ihlanganisa indawo ecishe ibe ngamakhilomitha-skwele angama-780,580, iTurkey yabelana ngemingcele namazwe ayisishiyagalombili ahlanganisa iGreece, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq kanye neSyria. Izungezwe izilwandle ezintathu ezinkulu: iMedithera eningizimu, i-Aegean Sea ngasentshonalanga kanye noLwandle Olumnyama enyakatho. Njengoba kunabantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezingama-84 abahlanganisa izinhlanga nezinkolo ezahlukahlukene, iTurkey yaziwa ngokwehlukahlukana kwayo kwamasiko. Ulimi olusemthethweni isiTurkey kuyilapho kukhulunywa nezinye izilimi ezincane njengesiKurdish. I-Ankara isebenza njengenhloko-dolobha yaseTurkey kanti i-Istanbul iyidolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke. I-Istanbul inokubaluleka okukhulu komlando njengoba yake yaba inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso WaseByzantium nowase-Ottoman. Umnotho waseTurkey ubalwa namazwe angama-20 aphezulu emhlabeni ngokususelwa ku-GDP. Indawo yayo enamasu iyenze yaba isizinda esibalulekile sohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe phakathi kweYurophu ne-Asia. Ezokuvakasha zidlala indima ebalulekile emnothweni waseTurkey ngenxa yamagugu ayo acebile amasiko kanye nemvelo ebabazekayo yemvelo. Inikeza izivakashi inhlanganisela yamanxiwa asendulo njenge-Efesu neTroy kanye namabhishi amangalisayo ngasogwini lweMedithera. I-Turkish cuisine idume umhlaba wonke ngokudla okufana ne-kebabs, i-baklava, netiye lase-Turkish elengeza ekuthandeni kwakho ukudla. Nakuba ihlukaniswe ngokwendawo phakathi kwamazwekazi amabili, iTurkey yamukela amasiko avela e-Europea Middle East.
Imali Yezwe
Imali yaseTurkey yaziwa ngokuthi yi-Turkish lira (TRY). I-lira yaseTurkey iwuhlobo lwemali olusemthethweni lwaseTurkey, futhi ikhishwa futhi ilawulwa yiBhange Elikhulu laseRiphabhulikhi yaseTurkey. Ilokhu isakazwa kusukela ngo-1923 lapho iTurkey yesimanje yasungulwa. Izinga lokushintshana lamanje le-1 US dollar kuya ku-TRY cishe li-8.5 lira. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngenxa yezimo zezomnotho, izinga lokushintshisana lingashintshashintsha eTurkey. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, iTurkey ihlangabezane nezinselelo ezithile ngokukhuphuka kwamandla emali kanye nokuntengantenga kwenani lemali yayo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekushintshashintsheni kwezikhathi ezithile kanye nokwehla kwenani le-lira yaseTurkey uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zemali ezinkulu ezifana namadola ase-US noma ama-Euro. Uhulumeni nebhange elikhulu bathathe izinyathelo zokuzinzisa imali yabo ngokusebenzisa izinqubomgomo ezinjengokukhuphula inzalo, ukusebenzisa izinqubomgomo zezimali eziqinile, nokukhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe. Le mizamo ihlose ukugcina uzinzo ohlelweni lwabo lwezezimali nokuvikela inani le-lira yaseTurkey. Izivakashi ezivakashela eTurkey zingashintsha kalula izimali zazo zakwamanye amazwe zibe ama-liras aseTurkey emabhange, emahhovisi okushintshanisa imali, noma ngama-ATM ezweni lonke. Amabhizinisi amaningi futhi ayamukela inkokhelo ngezinye zezimali ezinkulu njengamadola ase-US noma ama-Euro ezindaweni ezidumile zezivakashi. Kafushane, imali yaseTurkey ibizwa nge-Turkish lira (TRY), iba nokuntengantenga ngezikhathi ezithile ngenxa yezimo zomnotho kodwa imizamo yenziwa iziphathimandla ukuyiqinisa. Izivakashi zingashintsha kalula imali yazo zibe yimali yendawo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene kulo lonke elaseTurkey.
Isilinganiso sokushintsha imali
Imali esemthethweni yaseTurkey yi-Turkish Lira (TRY). Ngokuqondene namazinga okushintshaniswa ngezinhlobo zemali zomhlaba ezinkulu, sicela uqaphele ukuthi lawa manani angase aguquguquke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngoSepthemba 2021, nanka amanani okushintshanisa alinganiselwe: I-US Dollar (USD) = 8.50 I-Turkish Lira (TRY) I-Euro eyi-1 (EUR) = 10.00 I-Turkish Lira (TRY) I-British Pound (GBP) = 11.70 Turkish Lira (TRY) 1 Yen YaseJapane (JPY) = 0.08 I-Turkish Lira (TRY) Sicela ukhumbule ukuthi lezi zilinganiso zingase zishintshe futhi kuyatuseka ukuthi uhlole amanani amanje uma kudingeka.
Amaholide Abalulekile
I-Turkey, izwe elihlukahlukene elise-Europe ne-Asia, ligubha amaholide amaningana abalulekile unyaka wonke. Lawa maholide awabonisi nje kuphela amagugu acebile aseTurkey kodwa futhi anokubaluleka okujulile kubantu bakhona. Elinye lamaholide abaluleke kakhulu eTurkey yi-Republic Day, egujwa ngo-Okthoba 29. Lolu suku luphawula ukusungulwa kweRiphabhulikhi yaseTurkey ngo-1923 ngaphansi kobuholi bukaMustafa Kemal Atatürk. Kuyiholidi lezwe lapho izakhamuzi zihlangana ndawonye ukuze zikhumbule lo mcimbi oyingqopha-mlando ngamapharadesi, imibukiso yeziqhumane, nemidlalo yamasiko. Elinye iholide elibalulekile yi-Eid al-Fitr, ephawula ukuphela kweRamadan - inyanga engcwele yokuzila e-Islam. Igujwa amaSulumane emhlabeni wonke, i-Eid al-Fitr eTurkey ihlanganisa imithandazo ekhethekile kuma-mosque elandelwa amadili ahlanganyelwa nomndeni nabangane. Imigwaqo ihlotshiswe ngemihlobiso emibalabala kuyilapho izingane zithola izipho namaswidi njengengxenye yalesi senzakalo esijabulisayo. Usuku Lokuzimela lwaseTurkey lugujwa ngoMashi 18th ukuhlonipha labo abalwela inkululeko yabo phakathi neMpi Yenkululeko YaseTurkey (1919-1922). Ibaluleke kakhulu njengoba ifanekisela ubumbano nokuzigqaja phakathi kwezakhamizi zaseTurkey. Imikhosi yesikhumbuzo yenzeka ezweni lonke, okuhlanganisa nemikhosi yokubeka ama-wreath ezikhumbuzo ezinikezelwe ku-Atatürk kanye nemibuthano egqamisa ukushisekela izwe. I-Kurban Bayramı noma i-Eid al-Adha ngomunye umkhosi omkhulu wenkolo ogujwa amaSulumane eTurkey. Ngokuvamile kwenzeka ezinyangeni ezimbili ngemva kuka-Eid al-Fitr, kuhlonipha ukuzimisela kuka-Ibrahim ukunikela ngendodana yakhe njengesenzo sokuzinikela kuNkulunkulu. Imindeni ibuthana ukuze imikhuleko emasontweni ngaphambi kokunikela ngezilwane ezinjengezimvu noma izinkomo ezilandela amasiko amaSulumane. Inyama yale mihlatshelo ibe isihlukaniselwa izihlobo futhi yabelwa labo abampofu. Okokugcina, imikhosi kaNcibijane idlala indima ebalulekile ekhalendeni lamaholide laseTurkey. Nakuba kungase kubhekwe njengomkhosi wezwe emhlabeni wonke, abantu baseTurkey bahlanganyela ngentshiseko emisebenzini ehlukahlukene njengamaphathi asemgwaqweni, imibukiso yeziqhumane, nezidlo zakusihlwa ezikhethekile. I-Istanbul, nesibhakabhaka sayo esiyisakhiwo sodumo nomoya ophilayo, iyindawo ethandwayo kubo bobabili abantu bendawo kanye nezivakashi ukuthi bangene onyakeni omusha. Lawa maholide abonisa ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko okucebile kwaseTurkey, ukubekezelelana kwezenkolo, nokubaluleka komlando. Bahlanganisa abantu ndawonye ukuze bagubhe amanani okwabelwana ngawo kuyilapho behlonipha amasiko abo ahlukile- bebonisa kahle ingqikithi yezwe.
Isimo Sohwebo Lwangaphandle
I-Turkey iyizwe elitholakala ezimpambanweni zemigwaqo ye-Europe ne-Asia, okulenza libe isizinda sohwebo esinamasu. Inomnotho oxubile nomkhakha wezolimo, wezimboni, kanye nezinsizakalo ezifaka isandla kakhulu kwi-GDP yayo. Mayelana nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, iTurkey inezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo ehlanganisa izindwangu, izingxenye zezimoto, imishini, izinto zikagesi, nokudla okugayiwe. Abalingani abakhulu bohwebo bokuthunyelwa kweTurkey kwamanye amazwe bahlanganisa iJalimane, i-Iraq, i-United Kingdom, i-Italy, ne-France. Imikhiqizo yezindwangu ibaluleke kakhulu kubhasikidi waseTurkey othunyelwa kwamanye amazwe njengoba ingenye yabakhiqizi bendwangu abakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Ngasohlangothini lokungenisa, iTurkey ithenga kakhulu izimpahla ezifana nemishini yemishini nezingxenye zomkhakha wayo wezimboni. Okunye okubalulekile okuthengisiwe kwamanye amazwe kubandakanya imikhiqizo kaphethiloli, amakhemikhali, imikhiqizo yensimbi nensimbi. Abalingani bayo abakhulu bohwebo bokuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe yiChina, i-European Union okuhlanganisa iJalimane neRussia. Eminyakeni edlule, iTurkey iphishekele ngentshiseko izivumelwano zokuhwebelana ngenkululeko namazwe ahlukahlukene ukuze ithuthukise uhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.ITurkey iyilungu lezivumelwano zohwebo lwamahhala ezimbalwa njengeCustoms Union ne-European Union, ukuthuthukisa ukufinyelela kwayo ezimakethe zaseYurophu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iTurkey nayo ilwela ukukhulisa amabhizinisi emazweni aseMpumalanga Ephakathi, e-Afrika nase-Asia ngezivumelwano zamazwe amabili. Naphezu kwalezi zici ezinhle, iTurkey ibhekene nezinselelo ezithile emkhakheni wayo wezohwebo. Ukuntengantenga kwe-lira yaseTurkey kungase kuthinte izindleko zokungenisa/ukuthumela ngaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungezwani kwezombusazwe, okufana nezingxabano namazwe angomakhelwane noma izinguquko ezimisweni zikahulumeni, kungase kuphazamise ukweqa imingcele. Ukwengeza, ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 lube nomthelela omubi ekuhwebeni komhlaba wonke, futhi iTurkey yafana, nokho, yaqala kabusha imisebenzi yezomnotho kancane kancane ngokusebenzisa izinyathelo zokuphepha. Sekukonke, indawo yaseTurkey ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo ze-Europe, Middle East, kanye ne-Asia, iyinikeza ithuba lokuhwebelana komhlaba wonke. Intuthuko izoncika ekutheni iTurkey ibhekana kanjani nezinselelo zasekhaya ngesikhathi iqhubeka nokuzibandakanya namathuba ezimakethe zomhlaba.
Amathuba Okuthuthukisa Imakethe
ITurkey, esezimpambanweni zemigwaqo yeYurophu ne-Asia, inethuba elikhulu lokuthuthukisa imakethe yayo yokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe. Isu lokuma kwezwe lenza kube ukuxhumana okubalulekile phakathi kwezifunda nezimakethe ezahlukahlukene. Okokuqala, iTurkey yaziwa ngezinhlobonhlobo zayo zemikhiqizo emikhakheni eyahlukene. Ijabulela inzuzo yokuncintisana ezimbonini ezifana nezindwangu, ezezimoto, eze-electronics, nezolimo. Ngabasebenzi abanamakhono kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, izinkampani zaseTurkey zinamandla okukhiqiza izimpahla ezisezingeni eliphezulu ngamanani ancintisanayo. Okwesibili, indawo enenzuzo yaseTurkey inikeza ukufinyelela okulula ezimakethe ezibalulekile njenge-Europe, Russia, Central Asia, Middle East, kanye ne-Afrika. Lokhu kuvumela abathumeli bangaphandle baseTurkey ukuthi bangene ezisekelweni ezinkulu zabathengi kulezi zifunda futhi bakhe amanethiwekhi okuhweba aqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iTurkey isungule izivumelwano zokuhwebelana ezikhethwayo namazwe ambalwa noma izifunda ezifana nesivumelwano se-European Union Customs Union esihlanganisa amazwe angama-30. Okwesithathu, iTurkey ibilokhu ithuthukisa ingqalasizinda yayo ngokuqhubekayo okuhlanganisa izikhumulo zezindiza izikhumulo zezindiza izikhungo zezokuthutha ujantshi onguthelawayeka onegalelo ekuthuthukisweni kokuxhumana phakathi kwezwe kanye nasemazweni angaphandle elungiselela ezokuthutha ezisebenza kahle ezithuthukisa ukuncintisana kwamanye amazwe nokuheha ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iTurkey inikezela ngezinxephezelo zokutshalwa kwezimali okuhlanganisa ukukhululwa enteleni izinzuzo zentela yangokwezifiso izinzuzo zesilinganiso senzalo uxhaso lokwabiwa komhlaba lusekela ukuqashwa okukhuthaza amathuba kumabhizinisi omhlaba ukuze asungule ubukhona bawo ngaleyo ndlela akhuthaze imisebenzi yezomnotho. Okokugcina, uhulumeni waseTurkey uphinde uqinise imizamo yokwandisa izivumelwano zamazwe amabili ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi yokuphromotha njengokuhlela imibukiso yezohwebo ekhombisa ama-pPoducts aseTurkey ahambela imibukiso yamazwe ngamazwe ebazuzisa ngokufinyeleleka okwengeziwe kudala intshisekelo phakathi kosomabhizinisi bangaphandle abakhuthaza ubudlelwano. Sengiphetha, amathuba okuthuthukiswa kwemakethe yohwebo lwangaphandle yaseTurkey asezindaweni zayo eziqinile zezimboni ezahlukene uhla lwemikhiqizo esezingeni elifanele indawo ekahle yendawo ethuthukisa izakhiwo zengqalasizinda ezikhangayo izikhuthazo zokutshala izimali ezivumelana nezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni Lezi zinto zihlangene zenza kube indawo ekhangayo ezinkampanini ezifuna ukwandisa amabhizinisi azo ukufinyelela emhlabeni jikelele.
Imikhiqizo edayiswayo eshisayo emakethe
Uma kuziwa ekukhetheni imikhiqizo edayiswa kakhulu ezothunyelwa emakethe yaseTurkey, kunezici ezimbalwa ezibalulekile okufanele zicatshangelwe. ITurkey isendaweni ekahle ezimpambanweni zemigwaqo yase-Europe nase-Asia, okuyenza ibe isikhungo sokuhweba esikahle. Inomnotho ohlukahlukene onemikhakha eqinile yokukhiqiza okuhlanganisa izimboni zezimoto, zendwangu, zikagesi, nezimboni ezilungisa ukudla. Ukuze uhlonze imikhiqizo engase idayise kakhulu ukuze ithunyelwe eTurkey, nazi izinyathelo ongazilandela: 1. Cwaninga imakethe: Yenza ucwaningo olunzulu lwemakethe ukuze uqonde okuthandwa ngabathengi namathrendi. Lokhu kungenziwa ngemibiko evela ezinhlanganweni zezohwebo, izinhlaka zikahulumeni, noma ngokuhambela imibukiso yezohwebo kanye nemibukiso. 2. Thola amathuba e-niche: Bheka izikhala emakethe ezingagcwaliswa ngemikhiqizo eyingqayizivele noma ekhethekile. Isibonelo, abathengi baseTurkey babonise intshisekelo eyengeziwe emikhiqizweni yokudla okuphilayo noma izinto zemfashini eziqhubekayo. 3. Cabangela izici zamasiko: I-Turkey iyizwe elihlukene ngokwesiko elinamathonya avela kokubili emasikweni aseMpumalanga nawaseNtshonalanga. Qonda amasiko namasiko endawo lapho ukhetha imikhiqizo ezothunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ihambisana namanani omthengi. 4. Ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi: Abathengi baseTurkey bazisa imikhiqizo yekhwalithi ephezulu ngamanani ancintisanayo. Qinisekisa ukuthi izinto ozikhethile zihlangabezana nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe futhi zinikeza inani elihle lemali. 5. Ukuhlaziya okuncintisanayo: Fundisisa ukunikezwa kwezimbangi zendawo ukuze uhlonze izigaba zomkhiqizo ezingaba khona lapho ungazihlukanisa khona ngokunikeza okuthile okuhlukile noma okungcono kunalokhu okutholakalayo njengamanje. 6. Isidingo saphesheya kwezilwandle: Cabangela amathrendi nezimfuno zomhlaba jikelele ngenkathi ukhetha imikhiqizo ezothunyelwa ngaphandle evela eTurkey njengoba lokhu kungaba nomthelela omkhulu empumelelweni yabo naphesheya. 7 . Ukuthobela imithetho: Zijwayeze nemithethonqubo yokungenisa, imisebenzi yentela, izidingo zamalebula, amazinga okuphepha ezimakethe eziqondiwe njengoba lokhu kungase kube nomthelela enqubweni yokukhetha umkhiqizo wakho ngokufanele; 8 . Yakha ubudlelwano endaweni : Yakha ubudlelwano nabahlinzeki bendawo abathembekile abayiqonda kahle imakethe yasekhaya; lokhu kungasiza ukuzulazula kwizithiyo ezingaba khona ngenkathi ukhipha imikhiqizo oyikhethile ngempumelelo. Ngokulandela lezi zinyathelo nokuhlala unolwazi mayelana nezintandokazi zamakhasimende namathrendi omhlaba, uzokwazi ukukhetha okuthengiswayo okushisayo ozothunyelwa emakethe yaseTurkey.
Izici zekhasimende kanye ne-taboo
I-Turkey, izwe elinqamula amazwekazi elizulazula eMpumalanga Yurophu naseNtshonalanga ye-Asia, inezici zamakhasimende ezihlukile kanye nezinkolelo-ze zamasiko. Amakhasimende aseTurkey aziwa ngomoya wawo wokungenisa izihambi nokufudumala ezivakashini. Bayaziqhenya ngokuphatha izivakashi ngenhlonipho nangokuphana. Lapho wenza ibhizinisi eTurkey, lindela ukubingelelwa ngentshiseko futhi unikezwe itiye noma ikhofi njengophawu lokungenisa izihambi. Ukwakha ubudlelwano kubalulekile esikweni lebhizinisi laseTurkey. Ukuxhumana komuntu siqu kubaluleke kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukuthatha isikhathi sokusungula ukwethembana nobudlelwano namakhasimende akho aseTurkey kubalulekile. Ukwakha ubudlelwano obuqinile kungaholela ebudlelwaneni besikhathi eside. Amakhasimende aseTurkey ayakwazisa ukuxhumana okuqondile kodwa futhi ayakwazisa ubuqili uma kukhulunywa ngokuxoxisana noma ukuxoxa ngezihloko ezibucayi. Ukuba nolaka noma ukuphoqa kungase kudale ukungakhululeki, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukugcina ukulingana phakathi kokugomela kanye nenhlonipho. Umqondo "wesikhathi" ungabonwa ngendlela ehlukile ngamakhasimende aseTurkey uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amasiko. Ukugcina isikhathi kuyancomeka kodwa kuvame ukuguquguquka uma kuziwa kumashejuli noma izinsuku eziwumnqamulajuqu ngenxa yokubaluleka okubekwe ekuxhumekeni komuntu siqu. Lungiselela imihlangano eqala sekwephuzile noma wenze izinguquko ngomzuzu wokugcina. Ngokwamasiko, kubalulekile ukuthi ungaxoxi ngezindaba zezepolitiki ngaphandle uma wakhe ubudlelwano obuqinile obusekelwe ekwethembeni lapho izihloko ezinjalo zingaxoxwa ngokukhululekile ngaphandle kokucasula. Inkolo nayo ibhekwa njengokuzwela; gwema ukugxeka noma ukungahloniphi noma yiziphi izinkolelo zenkolo. Ukwengeza, ukubonisa inhlonipho kubantu abadala kwaziswa kakhulu emphakathini waseTurkey; ngakho-ke, ukunikeza ukuhlonipha amaklayenti amadala phakathi nemihlangano kungabonakala njengophawu lokuziphatha okuhle. Okokugcina, khumbula ukuthi uphuzo oludakayo luyahlukahluka phakathi kwabantu ngenxa yezinkolelo zenkolo ezigcizelelwa i-Islam njengenkolo eningi eTurkey - ngakho sebenzisa ubuhlakani ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho uphuza utshwala ngesikhathi sokudla kwebhizinisi noma imicimbi. Ukuqonda lezi zici zekhasimende kanye nezithiyo zamasiko kuzokuvumela ukuthi uzulazule ngempumelelo ngokusebenzisana kwebhizinisi nozakwabo baseTurkey kuyilapho uhlonipha amasiko namasiko abo.
Uhlelo lokuphathwa kweCustoms
I-Turkey inohlelo olusungulwe kahle lokuphatha amasiko oluqinisekisa ukuhamba kahle kwezimpahla nabantu ngaphesheya kwemingcele yayo. Iziphathimandla zaseTurkey zeCustoms zinesibopho sokuqapha nokulawula ukungeniswa, ukuthekelisa, kanye nokuthuthwa kwezimpahla ngaphakathi kwezwe. Lapho bengena eTurkey, abahambi kufanele baqaphele imithetho nemithethonqubo ethile ephoqelelwa amasiko aseTurkey. Lokhu kubandakanya: 1. Isimemezelo seCustoms: Abahambi abangena noma abaphuma eTurkey kufanele bagcwalise ifomu lesimemezelo sentela (elitholakala ezikhumulweni zezindiza, ezikhumulweni zemikhumbi, nasezindaweni eziwela umngcele wezwe) uma bephethe imali engaphezu kwama-Euro angu-10,000 noma okulingana nayo kwezinye izinhlobo zemali. 2. Izinto ezikhawulelwe: Izinto ezithile zingaphansi kwemikhawulo noma ukuvinjelwa lapho ungena noma uphuma eTurkey. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izikhali, izidakamizwa, izimpahla zomgunyathi, izinto zobuciko zamasiko ezingenazo imibhalo efanele, nanoma iyiphi into ethathwa njengeyingozi empilweni yomphakathi. 3. Izibonelelo zamahhala: Kunemikhawulo enanini lezimpahla zamahhala ezingalethwa eTurkey. Lezi zibonelelo ziyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lomkhiqizo (utshwala, imikhiqizo kagwayi) kanye nendlela yokuthutha (umoya noma umhlaba). Kubalulekile ukunamathela kule mikhawulo ukuze ugweme izinhlawulo. 4. Ukukhululwa ekusebenziseni komuntu siqu: Izivakashi zingaletha impahla yomuntu siqu njengezingubo nemishini kagesi ukuze zizisebenzisele yona ngaphandle kokukhokha intela noma izintela inqobo nje uma zingahloselwe ukudayiswa. 5. Ukungenisa/ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okunqatshelwe: Ezinye izinto zivinjelwe ngokuqinile ukuthi zingeniswe/zithunyelwe zisuka eTurkey ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokuphepha noma izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi izidakamizwa, amakhemikhali athile, imikhiqizo yezilwane ezisengozini evikelwe ngaphansi kwe-CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), njll. 6. Amalungelo kanye nezibopho zolwazi lwabagibeli bezindiza zomphakathi :Ngakho-ke, imibandela esungulwe yimithethonqubo izosebenza ezimeni lapho ukulahleka komonakalo okuhlangenwe nakho ngesikhathi kudlula emigwaqweni yamaphasiphothi enikezwe ngokucacile izobhalwa ngokufanele. Kunconywa ukuthi abahambi bazijwayeze le mithethonqubo yamasiko ngaphambi kokuvakashela eTurkey ukuze bagweme noma yimiphi imiphumela engadingeki phakathi nohambo lwabo.
Izinqubomgomo zentela zokungenisa
Inqubomgomo yaseTurkey yentela yokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe iyingxenye ebalulekile yohlaka lwayo lwezohwebo. Izwe seliqalise uhlelo lwentela oluqhubekayo olusekelwe kumakhodi e-Harmonized System (HS), oluhlukanisa imikhiqizo ngamaqembu ahlukene ngokwemvelo nenjongo yayo yokusetshenziswa. Amazinga entengo yokungenisa eTurkey asukela ku-0% kuye ku-130%, kuye ngesigaba somkhiqizo. Imikhiqizo enesilinganiso esingu-Zero ihlanganisa izinto ezibalulekile njengomuthi, izincwadi, nezinto ezithile zokusetshenziswa ezisetshenziswa ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza. Lezi zimpahla zingena ezweni ngaphandle komthwalo wentela owengeziwe. Ngaleso sikhathi, imikhiqizo eminingi iheha amazinga ahlukahlukene entengo asuselwa ekuhlukaniseni kwawo amakhodi e-HS. Isibonelo, imishini nemishini yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ikhonjelwe emithelweni ephansi yokungenisa, kuyilapho izimpahla zabathengi njengendwangu, izinto zikagesi, nezimoto zinezindleko eziphezulu ezibekwe phezu kwazo. Ukwengeza, i-Turkey ibeka intela ye-value-added (VAT) ezimpahleni ezingenisiwe ngenani elijwayelekile elingu-18%. Le ntela ibalwa ngokusekelwe enanini lezindleko ezihlanganisa umshwalense nezindleko zempahla ezitholiwe kuze kube yilapho izimpahla zifika kumasiko aseTurkey. Nokho, ezinye izigaba ezithile zingase zibe ngaphansi kwezilinganiso ze-VAT ezihlukile noma ukukhululwa kuye ngohlobo lwazo noma izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-Turkey futhi inezivumelwano zokuhwebelana phakathi kwamazwe amabili namazwe amaningana anikeza impatho ekhethekile ngokwemibandela yezindleko ezincishisiwe noma ukufinyelela ngaphandle kwentela kwemikhiqizo ethile efanelekile ngaphansi kwalezi zivumelwano. Lawa mazinga akhethekile ahlose ukukhuthaza ukubambisana kwezomnotho kanye nokuqinisa ubudlelwano phakathi kweTurkey nozakwethu bokuhweba. Sekukonke, inqubomgomo yaseTurkey yentela yentengo yokuthenga kwamanye amazwe ihlose ukulingana phakathi kokuvikela izimboni zasekhaya kanye nokukhuthaza ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe ngokuqinisekisa ukuncintisana okufanelekile ezimakethe zomhlaba.
Thumela izinqubomgomo zentela
I-Turkey, njengezwe elisathuthuka, isebenzise izinqubomgomo zentela ezihlukahlukene ukuze kuthuthukiswe imboni yayo yokuthumela ngaphandle. Izimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zezwe zingaphansi kwentela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile nemithethonqubo. I-Turkey ilandela uhlelo lwe-value-added tax (VAT) kokuningi kokuthekelisa kwayo. Izinga le-VAT elijwayelekile lezimpahla ezikhiqizwa eTurkey ngu-18%. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zingafaneleka ukuthola amanani ancishisiwe noma ukukhululwa kuye ngohlobo lwazo nendawo okuyiwa kuzo. Ukuze kugqugquzelwe amabhizinisi agxile ekuthumeleni, i-Turkey inikeza izinxephezelo ezimbalwa zentela kanye nokukhululwa. Izinkampani ezihweba ngokuthumela izimpahla ngaphandle ngokuvamile azikhokhi intela yemali engenayo yebhizinisi emalini engenayo ephumayo. Lesi sinyathelo sihlose ukukhulisa ukuncintisana kwemikhiqizo yaseTurkey ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iTurkey isungule izindawo zohwebo lwamahhala (ama-FTZ) ezweni lonke ezihlinzeka ngezinzuzo ezengeziwe kwabathumela ngaphandle. Lawa ma-FTZ anikeza ukukhululwa ekuthengisweni kwempahla kanye ne-VAT ezintweni ezingavuthiwe ezivela kwamanye amazwe ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ngokukhethekile ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwalezi zindawo. Lokhu kunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza, okwenza ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kuqhudelane kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Imisebenzi yentela ingenye ingxenye yenqubomgomo yentela yokuthekelisa yaseTurkey. Izindleko zezimpahla ezithengiswayo ziyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lomkhiqizo othunyelwayo kanye nezwe/isifunda okuyiwa kuso. Intela yempahla isetshenziswa ngokusekelwe ezivumelwaneni zamazwe ngamazwe ezisayinwe yiTurkey noma ngokuhlanganyela uhulumeni waseTurkey. Ukwengeza, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi amanani entengo angashintsha ngezikhathi ezithile ngenxa yezingxoxo zohwebo noma izinguquko ezimweni zezomnotho zomhlaba. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi abadayisi bangaphandle baqaphele amanani entengo abuyekeziwe lapho benza ibhizinisi namazwe ahlukene. Kafushane, i-Turkey isebenzisa isistimu yentela eyengeziwe enokukhululwa okuthile kanye namazinga ancishisiwe okuthunyelwa kwayo kwamanye amazwe. Uhulumeni uhlinzeka ngezikhuthazo ezengeziwe ezifana nokukhululwa enteleni yemali engenayo yezinkampani zezinkampani ezithumela ngaphandle kanye nezinzuzo ezinikezwa ngaphakathi kwezindawo zohwebo lwamahhala. Ukuqonda imisebenzi ethile yentela ngokohlobo lomkhiqizo nendawo oya kuyo kubalulekile ngenkathi uthumela usuka eTurkey ngenxa yokuguquguquka okungaba khona okubangelwa ukushintsha kwezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe noma izimo zomnotho.
Kudingeka izitifiketi zokuthekelisa
I-Turkey iyizwe elitholakala ezimpambanweni zemigwaqo yeYurophu ne-Asia, elaziwa ngomlando walo ocebile namagugu amasiko. Izwe linomnotho ohlukahlukene, othembele kakhulu emisebenzini yokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe ukugqugquzela ukukhula komnotho. I-Turkey isebenzise izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zesitifiketi sokuthumela ngaphandle ukuze iqinisekise ikhwalithi nokuhambisana kwezimpahla zayo ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Isitifiketi esisodwa esibalulekile sokuthekelisa eTurkey Isitifiketi Se-Turkish Standards Institution (TSE) Isitifiketi. Lesi sitifiketi siqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uhlangabezana namazinga athile abekwe yi-TSE, okuhlanganisa ikhwalithi, ukuphepha, nezimfuneko zemvelo. I-TSE yenza ukuhlolwa nokuhlola emikhiqizweni ngaphambi kokunikeza lesi sitifiketi, inikeze isiqinisekiso kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi izimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zaseTurkey zisezingeni eliphezulu. Abathumeli bangaphandle baseTurkey bangathola nesitifiketi se-ISO 9001, okubonisa ukuzibophezela kwabo ekugcineni uhlelo lokuphatha ikhwalithi olusebenzayo. Lesi sitifiketi sigxile ekuthuthukiseni ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende ngokuhlangabezana nezidingo zabo ngokungaguquki. Akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukwethembeka kwabathumeli bangaphandle baseTurkey kodwa futhi kuvula iminyango yamathuba ebhizinisi emhlabeni wonke. Ukwengeza, Isitifiketi Se-Halal sesizuze ukubaluleka eminyakeni yamuva ngenxa yokwanda kwesidingo semikhiqizo ye-halal emhlabeni jikelele. I-Halal Certification iqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo yokudla ithobela imithetho nezimiso zokudla zamaSulumane. Emazweni aneningi lamaSulumane noma izifunda ezinabantu abaningi abangamaSulumane njengezimakethe ezingaba khona zokuthunyelwa kwe-Turkey, lesi sitifiketi sinikeza umkhawulo wokuncintisana ekuheheni abathengi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Izitifiketi Zokuthobelana zibalulekile ezimbonini ezimbalwa ezithintekayo ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe njengemikhakha yendwangu nezingubo ngenxa yezinguquko eziqhubekayo ezidingweni zomthetho ezihlobene nemithetho yokulebula noma imikhawulo yokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezivinjelwe. Sekukonke, i-Turkey igcizelela kakhulu izitifiketi zokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe njengoba zidlala indima ebalulekile hhayi kuphela ekwenzeni uhwebo lube lula kodwa futhi nokuqinisekisa ukwaneliseka kwabathengi kanye nokwethemba amazinga ekhwalithi yezimpahla ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
Ukuhanjiswa okunconyiwe
I-Turkey yizwe elitholakala ezimpambanweni zemigwaqo ye-Europe ne-Asia, okulenza libe indawo ekahle yezokuthutha kanye nezinsiza zokuhamba. Ngokuma kwayo kwezindawo, iTurkey isebenza njengesango phakathi kwamazwekazi futhi inikeza izinzuzo ezihlukahlukene zokuhlela. I-Istanbul, idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke eTurkey, iyindawo enkulu yezokuthutha ehlanganisa iYurophu ne-Asia. Inezikhumulo zezindiza ezimbili zamazwe ngamazwe - i-Istanbul Airport kanye neSabiha Gökçen International Airport - ezisingatha izigidi zokuthunyelwa kwempahla minyaka yonke. Lezi zikhumulo zezindiza zinezindawo ezibanzi zokuthwala impahla futhi zinikeza izinsiza ezisebenzayo zokuthutha ngendiza eziya ezindaweni emhlabeni jikelele. Ngaphezu kwezokuhamba ngendiza, iTurkey nayo inoxhaxha lwemigwaqo oluhle kakhulu oluxhumanisa namazwe angomakhelwane. Umgwaqo omkhulu u-E80, owaziwa nangokuthi iTrans-European Motorway noma i-International System of Automobile Routes (E-road), unqamula eTurkey futhi unikeza ukufinyelela okulula emazweni aseNtshonalanga Yurophu njengeGreece, Bulgaria, Serbia, kanye neRomania. Ingqalasizinda yasolwandle yaseTurkey ingenye ingxenye ebalulekile yemboni yezokuthutha. Inamachweba amakhulu amaningana ngasogwini lwayo aphatha umthamo omkhulu wethrafikhi yamabhokisi. Ichweba lase-Izmir oLwandle i-Aegean lingelinye elinjalo elaziwa ngamakhono alo akhethekile okuphatha iziqukathi. Amanye amachweba aphawulekayo ahlanganisa i-Ambarli Port yase-Istanbul kanye neMersin Port oLwandle iMedithera. Ezinkampanini ezifuna izindawo zokugcina izimpahla eTurkey, kunezindawo zezimboni eziningi ezibekwe kahle ezweni lonke ezihlinzeka ngezikhungo ezihlome ngezokuthutha ezinezindawo zokugcina zesimanje. Lezi zindawo zokugcina impahla zibhekelela izimboni ezahlukahlukene njengezezimoto, eze-elekthronikhi, izindwangu, ukucubungula ukudla, njll., ezihlinzeka ngendawo enkulu yokugcina impahla elinde ukusatshalaliswa noma ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle. Uhulumeni waseTurkey ubelokhu etshala imali ekuthuthukiseni ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha eminyakeni yamuva nje. Amaphrojekthi afana nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu phakathi kwamadolobha athuthukisa ukuxhumana kuyilapho ukuthuthukiswa okubalulekile ezikhumulweni zezindiza kuhloswe ukukhuphula umthamo wabo bobabili abagibeli kanye nokuthuthwa kwempahla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iTurkey inikeza izimo zezomnotho ezivumayo njengezindleko zokuncintisana zabasebenzi uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe aseYurophu, okuyenza ibe indawo ekhangayo yokukhiqiza noma yokusabalalisa imisebenzi. i-red tape kanye nokwenza lula izinqubo zohwebo. Ngendawo yayo yamasu ezindawo, ingqalasizinda yesimanje, nendawo yebhizinisi evumayo, iTurkey ihlinzeka ngohlu lwezinketho zezokuthutha zamabhizinisi asebenza kulesi sifunda. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yizimpahla zokuthutha emoyeni, ezokuthutha emgwaqeni, ezokuthutha zasolwandle noma izindawo zokugcina impahla, iTurkey inezindawo nezinsizakalo ezidingekayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezihlukahlukene zezinto ngendlela efanele.
Iziteshi zokuthuthukisa umthengi

Imibukiso yokuhweba ebalulekile

I-Turkey iyizwe elisendaweni ekahle ezimpambanweni zemigwaqo ye-Europe ne-Asia. Isiphenduke isizinda esibalulekile sohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe futhi iheha abathengi abaningi bomhlaba kanye nabatshalizimali. Lesi sihloko sizochaza ezinye zeziteshi ezibalulekile zokuthuthukisa abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe nemibukiso eTurkey. 1. I-Istanbul Chamber of Commerce (ITO): I-ITO ingelinye lamagumbi amakhulu kakhulu ezohwebo eTurkey, esebenza njengesisetshenziswa esibalulekile sabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe. Ihlela imicimbi eyahlukene yokuxhumana, izikhathi zokufanisa ibhizinisi, kanye nemishini yohwebo exhumanisa abahlinzeki bendawo nabathengi bomhlaba. 2. I-Istanbul Exporters' Association (IEA): Njengenhlangano emele abathumeli bangaphandle abavela emikhakheni eyahlukene, i-IEA idlala indima ebalulekile ekuxhumaniseni abakhiqizi baseTurkey nabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe. Ihlela imibukiso, imihlangano yabathengi nabathengisi, kanye nezithunywa zezohwebo ukuze kwakhiwe ukuxhumana kwebhizinisi. 3. I-International B2B Platform: Izinkundla ezimbalwa ze-inthanethi zisiza ukusebenzisana kwe-B2B phakathi kwabahlinzeki baseTurkey nabathengi bomhlaba wonke. Lezi zinkundla zifaka isiteshi saseTurkey se-Alibaba.com, indawo yemakethe yaseTurkey ye-TradeKey.com, noma isigaba esizinikele se-Made-in-China sabahlinzeki baseTurkey. 4. Iqembu le-Tuyap Exhibition: I-Tuyap ingomunye wabahleli bombukiso abahamba phambili eTurkey ababa minyaka yonke imibukiso yohwebo ehlonishwa umhlaba wonke eheha izinkulungwane zabakhiqizi bakuleli kanye nabathengi bangaphandle. Ezinye eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa: - I-Zuchex: Umbukiso ogxile ezimpahleni zasendlini, ifenisha, imikhiqizo yendwangu yasekhaya eheha abahlanganyeli bakazwelonke nabamazwe ngamazwe. - I-Hostech ka-Tusid: Lo mbukiso ubhekelela ochwepheshe abavela embonini yezokuvakasha ababukisa ngemishini ehlukahlukene nobuchwepheshe obuhlobene namahhotela. - I-Istanbul Jewelry Show: Omunye wemibukiso yobucwebe ehamba phambili emhlabeni lapho abathengisi bomhlaba wonke bethola amagugu ekhwalithi ephezulu, izesekeli kanye nokuthola imiklamo eyingqayizivele. - Umbukiso Wokuphepha we-ISAF: Umcimbi ozinikele wochwepheshe bemboni yezinhlelo zokuphepha lapho imikhiqizo emisha yezokuphepha ikhonjiswa yizinkampani zasendaweni zaseTurkey kanye nabadlali bamazwe ngamazwe. 5. I-Izmir International Fair (IEF): Yaziwa "njengenhlangano enkulu ekhethekile enobulungiswa" eTurkey kusukela ngo-1923, i-IEF ithwebula ukubamba iqhaza okubanzi kwemboni kusuka kwezezimoto kuye kwemishini, izinto zikagesi zabathengi kuya ekudleni nesiphuzo. Inikeza inkundla yabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe ukuhlola abakhiqizi baseTurkey futhi benze ukusebenzisana kwebhizinisi. 6. I-Antalya EXPO: Ebanjwa kanye njalo eminyakeni emihlanu kusukela ngo-1998 e-Antalya, lona omunye wemibukiso yezohwebo emikhulu kakhulu eheha abahlanganyeli abavela emikhakheni eyahlukene njengokwakha, ezolimo, izindwangu, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, nokunye. Inikeza amathuba amahle kakhulu kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe abafuna abahlinzeki baseTurkey kuzo zonke izimboni eziningi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa phakathi kwemisebenzi embalwa yokukhuthaza ezohwebo eyenzeka eTurkey unyaka wonke. Indawo ekahle yezwe nokubamba iqhaza okubonakalayo ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe kuyenza ibe indawo ekahle kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe abafuna abahlinzeki abathembekile namathuba okutshala izimali.
E-Turkey, izinjini zokusesha ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yilezi: 1. I-Google (www.google.com.tr): Njengakwamanye amazwe amaningi, i-Google iyinjini yokusesha edume kakhulu eTurkey. Inikeza imiphumela yosesho ebanzi kanye nebanga lezinsizakalo ezifana namamephu, ukuhumusha, izindaba, nokuningi. 2. I-Yandex (www.yandex.com.tr): I-Yandex iyinjini yokusesha yaseRussia ephinde ibe nokuba khona okubalulekile eTurkey. Ihlinzeka ngosesho lwewebhu kanye nezinsiza ezengeziwe njenge-imeyili, amamephu, izibuyekezo zesimo sezulu, nokuningi. 3. I-E-Devlet (www.turkiye.gov.tr): I-E-Devlet ingosi esemthethweni kahulumeni wase-Turkey enikezela ngezinsizakalo ezahlukahlukene ze-inthanethi kuzakhamizi. Le nkundla ihlanganisa injini yokusesha ukuze inikeze ukufinyelela ezinsizeni zikahulumeni nolwazi oluphathelene nezikhungo zomphakathi. 4. I-Bing (www.bing.com): I-Bing ye-Microsoft isetshenziswa ngendlela ehloniphekile phakathi kwabasebenzisi be-inthanethi baseTurkey kodwa ayidumile njenge-Google noma i-Yandex. Ihlinzeka ngokusebenza kokusesha kwewebhu okujwayelekile kanye nezici ezifana nokusesha kwesithombe nevidiyo. 5. I-Yahoo (www.yahoo.com.tr): Ngaphandle kokuduma kwayo emhlabeni wonke ngezikhathi zangaphambili, i-Yahoo ayisetshenziswa kakhulu abasebenzisi be-inthanethi baseTurkey namuhla ekusesheni iwebhu; kodwa-ke, isenokubaluleka okuthile ngokwemibandela ye-imeyili nezinsizakalo zezindaba. Lezi ezinhlanu ziphakathi kwezinjini zokusesha ezihamba phambili noma ezivame ukusetshenziswa eTurkey; kodwa-ke, kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi kungase kube nezinye izinkundla zendawo noma izinjini ezikhethekile ezisebenzela izimboni ezithile ngaphakathi ezweni.

Amakhasi amakhulu aphuzi

Imibhalo eyinhloko ye-Yellow Pages yaseTurkey yilezi: 1. I-Yellow Pages Turkey: Lolu uhla lwemibhalo olusemthethweni oluku-inthanethi lwe-Yellow Pages eTurkey, oluhlinzeka ngohlu lwamabhizinisi olubanzi olusekelwe ezigabeni ezihlukene. Ikheli lewebhusayithi lithi https://www.yellowpages.com.tr/. 2. Incwadi Yefoni YaseTurkey: Uhlu lwemibhalo oludumile olunikeza imininingwane yokuxhumana yabantu ngabanye namabhizinisi kulo lonke elaseTurkey. Ungayithola ku-https://www.phonebookofturkey.com/. 3. I-Saha İstanbul: Lolu hlu lwemibhalo lwe-Yellow Pages lugxile emabhizinisini ase-Istanbul, idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke eTurkey. Kubandakanya izigaba ezahlukahlukene njengezezimoto, izindawo zokudlela, indawo yokuhlala, nokunye. Iwebhusayithi ithi http://www.sahaisimleri.org/. 4. I-Ticaret Rehberi: Olunye uhla lwemibhalo oluphelele lapho ungathola khona ulwazi mayelana namabhizinisi asebenza ezifundeni ezahlukene eTurkey. Ihlanganisa imikhakha eminingi futhi inikeza imininingwane yokuxhumana yebhizinisi ngalinye esohlwini. Yifinyelele nge-http://ticaretrehberi.net/. 5. U-Gelirler Rehberi (Umhlahlandlela Wemali Engenayo): Idizayinelwe ngokuqondile ukufaka kuhlu amabhizinisi angenisa imali e-Turkey, lolu hlu lwemibhalo lusiza abasebenzisi ukuthi bathole amathuba angaba khona okutshala imali noma ubudlelwano ngokuhlukanisa izimboni ezihlukene kanye noxhumana nabo abahlukahlukene. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lezi zinkomba zingashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yezibuyekezo nezengezo ezintsha emakethe; ngakho-ke, kuhlale kululeka ukuthi uhlole kabili isimo sabo samanje ngaphambi kokuthembela kubo kuphela ngebhizinisi noma imininingwane yokuxhumana.

Izinkundla ezinkulu zezentengiselwano

I-Turkey, izwe elinqamula izwekazi elitholakala ikakhulukazi eNhlonhlweni yase-Anatolian eNtshonalanga ye-Asia, ibone ukukhula okuphawulekayo kumapulatifomu e-e-commerce eminyakeni yamuva nje. Amanye amapulatifomu amakhulu e-e-commerce eTurkey afaka: 1. I-Trendyol - Ingenye yezinkundla ezinkulu nezidume kakhulu zokuthenga ku-inthanethi eTurkey. I-Trendyol inikezela ngemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene kuzo zonke izigaba ezahlukahlukene njengemfashini, izinto zikagesi, ubuhle, okokuhlobisa ikhaya, nokunye. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.trendyol.com 2. I-Hepsiburada - Ibhekwa njengenye yezingqalabutho zokuthenga ku-inthanethi eTurkey, i-Hepsiburada inikeza ukukhethwa okukhulu kwemikhiqizo ehlanganisa izinto zikagesi, izinto zikagesi, izinto zemfashini, ifenisha, impahla yasendlini nokunye okuningi. Iwebhusayithi: www.hepsiburada.com 3. I-Gittigidiyor - Yaziwa njengendawo yokuqala yemakethe eku-inthanethi eyasungulwa eTurkey emuva ngo-2001 ngaphambi kokutholwa yi-eBay Inc., i-Gittigidiyor isengenye yezinkundla ezivelele ze-e-commerce ezifaka abathengisi abahlukahlukene abahlinzeka ngemikhiqizo ehlukene. Iwebhusayithi: www.gittigidiyor.com 4. n11 - Enye inkundla eyakhiwe kahle yokuthenga ku-inthanethi enezinhlobo eziningi zezigaba zomkhiqizo ezihlanganisa izinsiza zemfashini zezimpahla zabesilisa nabesifazane zokugqoka izinto zikagesi amagajethi amathoyizi izinto zikagesi zasekhaya izimonyo imikhiqizo yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu njll. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.n11.com 5. I-Morhipo - Inkundla ye-e-commerce egxile emfashinini ephethwe yi-Boyner Group - enye yezinkampani ezihamba phambili zokudayisa zase-Turkey ezisebenza ngemikhiqizo yezingubo zabesilisa nabesifazane phakathi kweminye imikhiqizo efana nobucwebe bezinsiza zezicathulo njll. Iwebhusayithi: www.morhipo.com 6. I-Vatan Bilgisayar - Le nkundla igxile kakhulu emikhiqizweni esekelwe kubuchwepheshe kusukela kumakhompuyutha kuya kuma-smartphone eduze nezinhlelo zesofthiwe yemidlalo yamagajethi kagesi njll., ehlangabezana nezidingo zobuchwepheshe zamakhasimende kusukela ngo-1983. Sicela wazi ukuthi lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa nje futhi kukhona ezinye izinkundla ze-e-commerce ezincane kodwa eziphawulekayo ezitholakala ngaphakathi kwendawo yemakethe yedijithali yaseTurkey.

Izinkundla zokuxhumana ezinkulu

I-Turkey inenqwaba yezinkundla zokuxhumana ezidumile phakathi kwabantu bakhona. Ezinye zezinkundla zokuxhumana ezisetshenziswa kakhulu eTurkey zifaka: 1. I-Facebook (www.facebook.com): I-Facebook ingenye yezingosi zokuxhumana ezihamba phambili emhlabeni wonke, futhi idume kakhulu naseTurkey. Ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi baxhumane nabangane, babelane ngezibuyekezo, izithombe, namavidiyo. 2. I-Twitter (www.twitter.com): I-Twitter iyinkundla ye-microblogging lapho abasebenzisi bangathumela khona imilayezo emifushane ebizwa ngokuthi "ama-tweets." Isetshenziswa kakhulu eTurkey ukwabelana ngezindaba, imibono, kanye nokuzibandakanya ezingxoxweni. 3. I-Instagram (www.instagram.com): I-Instagram iyinkundla yokwabelana ngezithombe namavidiyo lapho abasebenzisi bengalayisha khona izithombe noma amavidiyo amafushane kanye namagama-ncazo nama-hashtag. Ithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwentsha yaseTurkey. 4. I-LinkedIn (www.linkedin.com): I-LinkedIn iyisizindalwazi sokuxhumana nabantu esisetshenziswa abantu ukuze babonise ulwazi lwabo lomsebenzi, ukuxhumana nozakwabo noma abangaba abaqashi, futhi bahlole namathuba emisebenzi. 5. I-YouTube (www.youtube.com): I-YouTube iyinkundla yokwabelana ngamavidiyo lapho abasebenzisi bengalayisha khona, babuke, bathande noma baphawule ngamavidiyo athunyelwe abanye. Abadali abaningi bokuqukethwe baseTurkey bathole ukuduma ngale nkundla. 6. I-TikTok (www.tiktok.com): I-TikTok ihlangabezane nokukhula okuphawulekayo kokuduma eTurkey muva nje; ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhe futhi babelane ngamavidiyo amafushane asethelwe kumculo noma iziqeshana zomsindo. 7. I-Snapchat: Nakuba ingekho iwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-Snapchat njengoba ngokuyinhloko isetshenziswa njengohlelo lokusebenza lweselula; idume kakhulu entsheni yaseTurkey eyisebenzisela ukuthumela izithombe/amavidiyo anyamalalayo noma ukuthumela izindaba ezihlala amahora angama-24. Lezi ezinye zezinkundla zokuxhumana eziningi ezitholakala eTurkey; kodwa-ke, asetshenziswa kakhulu izigidi zabantu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zeminyaka yobudala ukuxhumana, ukudala okuqukethwe/izinjongo zokwabelana kanye nokuhlala unolwazi ngemicimbi yamanje namathrendi ezweni nasemhlabeni jikelele.

Izinhlangano ezinkulu zezimboni

I-Turkey, izwe elinqamula izwekazi elitholakala ikakhulukazi eNhlonhlweni yase-Anatolian, yaziwa ngomnotho wayo ohlukahlukene kanye nomphakathi wamabhizinisi onempilo. Nazi ezinye zezinhlangano ezinkulu zemboni yaseTurkey kanye namakheli abo ewebhusayithi: 1. I-Turkish Exporters Assembly (TIM) - I-TIM imele abathumeli bangaphandle baseTurkey futhi ikhuthaza imisebenzi yokuthekelisa kuyo yonke imikhakha ehlukahlukene. Iwebhusayithi http://www.tim.org.tr/en/ 2. Inhlangano Yezimboni ZaseTurkey Nosomabhizinisi (TUSIAD) - I-TUSIAD iyinhlangano ehamba phambili emele osozimboni nosomabhizinisi eTurkey. Iwebhusayithi https://www.tusiad.org/en 3. I-Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges yaseTurkey (TOBB) - I-TOBB isebenza njengezwi elihlangene lamakamelo okuhweba, ukushintshana kwempahla, nezinhlangano eziqeqeshiwe eTurkey. Iwebhusayithi: https://www.tobb.org.tr/Sayfalar/AnaSayfa.aspx?lang=en 4. I-Istanbul Chamber of Commerce (ITO) - I-ITO isekela izintshisekelo zabathengisi, osozimboni, abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo, abadayisi, izimboni, amabhizinisi okudayisa e-Istanbul. Iwebhusayithi http://www.ito.org.tr/portal/ 5. I-Confederation of Turkish Tradesmen and Craftsmen (TESK) - I-TESK imele abadayisi abancane nezingcweti emikhakheni eyahlukene kulo lonke elaseTurkey. Iwebhusayithi http://www.tesk.org.tr/en/ 6. I-Association of Automotive Parts & Components Manufacturers(TAYSAD)- I-TAYSAD imele abakhiqizi bezingxenye zezimoto eTurkey. Iwebhusayithi http://en.taysad.org/ 7. I-Confederation Of Turkiye(MUSAİD)- I-MUSAİD imele osonkontileka bokwakha eTurkey. Iwebhusayithi http://musaid.gtb.gov.tr/tr 8.Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation(TETAŞ)-TETAŞ iqapha imisebenzi yokudluliswa kukagesi ezweni lonke Iwebhusayithi: https://tetas.teias.gov.tr/en/Pages/default.aspx 9. Inhlangano Yezinkampani Zokuvakasha ZaseTurkey(TÜRSAB) - I-TÜRSAB imele izinhlangano zezokuvakasha nezinhlangano zezokuvakasha eTurkey. Iwebhusayithi http://www.tursab.org.tr/en 10. I-Federation of Food and Drink Industries (TGDF) - I-TGDF isebenza njengezwi lezinkampani zemboni yokudla neziphuzo eTurkey. Iwebhusayithi http://en.ttgv.org.tr/ Lezi ezinye nje zezibonelo zezinhlangano ezivelele zezimboni eTurkey. Izwe linemikhakha eyahlukene, ngayinye inenhlangano yayo ehambisanayo, ekhombisa isimo sebhizinisi esiguqukayo sezwe.

Amawebhusayithi ebhizinisi nokuhweba

I-Turkey, izwe elinqamula amazwekazi elitholakala ikakhulukazi eNhlonhlweni yase-Anatolian eNtshonalanga ye-Asia naseNingizimu-mpumalanga Yurophu, inamawebhusayithi ahlukahlukene ezomnotho nezohwebo ahlinzekela izimboni ezahlukene. Ngezansi amanye amawebhusayithi avelele ezomnotho nezohwebo eTurkey: 1. Tshala imali eTurkey: Le webhusayithi esemthethweni inikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana namathuba okutshala imali eTurkey, okuhlanganisa imikhakha eyinhloko, izinxephezelo, imithethonqubo, nezindaba zempumelelo. Iwebhusayithi http://www.invest.gov.tr/en/ 2. I-Istanbul Chamber of Commerce: Isizindalwazi se-Istanbul Chamber of Commerce sinikeza ulwazi olunzulu lwezohwebo mayelana nezimakethe zase-Istanbul, izinsiza zenkomba yebhizinisi, ikhalenda lemicimbi, namathuba ebhizinisi lamazwe ngamazwe. Iwebhusayithi http://www.ito.org.tr/en/ 3. I-Turkish Exporters Assembly (TIM): I-TIM yinhlangano emele abathumeli ngaphandle kwezinkulungwane eziyi-100 eTurkey. Iwebhusayithi yayo ihlinzeka ngezibalo zokuthekelisa okuvela eTurkey kanye nemibiko yemakethe yamazwe ahlukahlukene. Iwebhusayithi http://tim.org.tr/en 4. Ibhodi Lezobudlelwano Bomnotho Wangaphandle (DEIK): I-DEIK ihlose ukufaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni kobudlelwano bezomnotho bangaphandle baseTurkey ngokugqugquzela ukubambisana phakathi kwezinkampani zasekhaya nezangaphandle ngamakomiti ayo ahlukahlukene. Iwebhusayithi https://deik.org.tr/ 5. Umnyango Wezohwebo - IRiphabhulikhi yaseTurkey: Le webhusayithi esemthethweni kahulumeni yabelana ngezibuyekezo zezindaba ngezinqubomgomo zezohwebo, imithethonqubo ehlobene nokungenisa/ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle eTurkey, imibiko yokuhlaziywa kwezimakethe, nokuningi. Iwebhusayithi http://www.trade.gov.tr/index.html 6. I-KOSGEB (Inhlangano Ethuthukisa Amabhizinisi Amancane Naphakathi): I-KOSGEB isekela amabhizinisi amancane ngokunikeza izinhlelo zokuxhasa ngezimali imiklamo emisha kanye nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha osomabhizinisi. Iwebhusayithi http://en.kosgeb.gov.tr/homepage 7. Inhlangano Yezimboni Nezamabhizinisi YaseTurkey (TUSIAD): I-TUSIAD iyinhlangano enomthelela engenzi nzuzo emele umkhakha ozimele waseTurkey kuzwelonke nakwamanye amazwe; iwebhusayithi yabo ihlanganisa amaphepha okumela ezindabeni zezomnotho kanye nemibiko yezimboni. Iwebhusayithi https://tusiad.us/news-archive/ 8.Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK): I-TUIK inikeza idatha yezibalo emikhakheni eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa ezolimo, izimboni, kanye nezinsizakalo. Iwebhusayithi yabo inikeza ukufinyelela kumibiko yakamuva yezibalo nezinkomba. Iwebhusayithi: https://turkstat.gov.tr/ Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lawa mawebhusayithi angaphansi kokushintshwa noma ukubuyekezwa. Kutuswa ukuthi uhlole noma yiziphi izinguquko kumakheli ewebhusayithi noma izinkundla ngaphambi kokuzifinyelela.

Amawebhusayithi ombuzo wedatha yokuhweba

I-Turkey ingelinye lamazwe abalulekile ngokohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe futhi inezinkundla eziningi ezithembekile ze-inthanethi zokufinyelela idatha yohwebo. Nawa amanye amawebhusayithi ahlinzeka ngolwazi olubanzi ngezibalo zokuhweba zaseTurkey: 1. I-Turkey Statistical Institute (TurkStat) - Lesi sikhungo esisemthethweni sihlinzeka ngemininingwane eminingi yezibalo, okuhlanganisa nezibalo zohwebo lwangaphandle. Iwebhusayithi inikeza ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, kanye nebhalansi yezinkokhelo. Ungangena kusizindalwazi sabo ku-www.turkstat.gov.tr. 2. I-Turkish Exporters' Assembly (TIM) - I-TIM imele umphakathi othumela ngaphandle eTurkey futhi ikhuthaze ukuthunyelwa kweTurkey kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni jikelele. Iwebhusayithi yabo iqukethe izibalo zezohwebo, okuhlanganisa imininingwane yezwe elithile kanye nokuwohloka komkhakha. Vakashela ku-www.tim.org.tr ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe. 3. Umnyango Wezohwebo - Isizindalwazi esisemthethweni soMnyango senza kube lula ukufinyelela ezinsizeni ezahlukene ezihlobene nezohwebo njengezibalo zokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe, amaphrofayili ezwe, imibiko yezimakethe, nokuhlaziywa kwezimboni ku-www.trade.gov.tr. 4. IBhange Elikhulu LaseRiphabhulikhi YaseTurkey (CBRT) - Njengebhange elikhulu lezwe, i-CBRT inikeza izinkomba zomnotho kanye nezibalo zemakethe yezezimali ezingasiza ekuhlaziyeni ukusebenza kohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe eTurkey. Bheka iwebhusayithi yabo ethi www.tcmb.gov.tr ​​ukuthola imibiko efanele. 5. I-World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) - Ithuthukiswe iQembu LeBhange Lomhlaba, i-WITS iqoqa imininingwane emithonjeni ehlukene ukuze inikeze izibalo zohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe eziphelele zamazwe amaningi kuhlanganise neTurkey. Bahlinzeka ngokuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kokungenisa/ukuthekelisa ngezihlungi ozenza ngokwezifiso ku-https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/TUR. 6.Turkish Custom's Administration(TCA): I-TCA ilawula yonke imisebenzi yamasiko eTurkey.Ungathola izibalo ezithile zokungenisa/ukuthekelisa ngokusekelwe kumakhodi omkhiqizo,amasango njll. Ungavakashela ku-tcigmobilsorgu.gtb.gov.tr/eng/temsilciArama.jsf ukuze uthole iwebhusayithi ye-TCA Khumbula ukusebenzisa lawa mawebhusayithi ngokucophelela ngenkathi utolika idatha njengoba engase abe nezindlela ezahlukene noma izigaba ezingase zibe nomthelela ekuhlaziyeni kwakho.

Amapulatifomu e-B2b

I-Turkey iyizwe elinempilo elinomnotho okhulayo kanye nezinkundla eziningi ze-B2B ezihlinzeka ngezimboni ezihlukahlukene. Amanye amapulatifomu e-B2B adumile eTurkey afaka: 1. I-Alibaba.com (https://turkish.alibaba.com/): I-Alibaba ingenye yezinkundla ezinkulu ze-B2B emhlabeni jikelele, exhuma abathengi nabahlinzeki. Inikeza anhlobonhlobo imikhiqizo namasevisi. 2. Tradekey.com (https://www.tradekey.com.tr/): I-TradeKey inikeza ukufinyelela kumathuba ohwebo omhlaba futhi isiza amabhizinisi ukuthi axhumane nabaphakeli, abakhiqizi, nabasabalalisi baseTurkey. 3. Europages (https://www.europages.co.uk/business-directory-Turkey.html): I-Europages iwuhlu lwemibhalo oluku-inthanethi oluxhumanisa amabhizinisi kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Isiza izinkampani ukuthi zithole ozakwethu, abahlinzeki, namakhasimende eTurkey. 4. I-Ekspermarket.com (http://www.ekspermarket.com/): I-Eksper Market igxile ezimpahleni zezimboni ezifana nemishini, izingxenye zezimoto, amathuluzi ehardware, njll., ukusiza amabhizinisi ukuxhumana nabahlinzeki abafanelekayo eTurkey. 5. I-TurkExim (http://turkexim.gov.tr/index.cfm?action=bilgi&cid=137&menu_id=80&pageID=40&submenu_header_ID=43799&t=Birlikte_iscilik_-_manufacturing_and_partsrkalfarth_ofrist_ofrist_efession_ &lng=en-gb): I-TurkExim isebenza njengehabhu yolwazi yabathumeli bangaphandle baseTurkey /abangenisa kwamanye amazwe ukuze banwebe ubudlelwano babo bokuhwebelana namazwe ngamazwe ngokunikeza izinsiza eziwusizo njengemibiko yokuhlaziywa kwezimakethe nemisebenzi yokukhangisa. 6. I-OpenToExport.com (https://opentoexport.com/markets/turkey/buying/): I-OpenToExport inikeza ulwazi olubalulekile lwamabhizinisi azinze e-UK abheke ukuthekelisa imikhiqizo noma amasevisi eTurkey ngokunikeza isiqondiso ngamasu okungena emakethe. 7. I-TurkishExporter.net (https://www.turkishexporter.net/en/): I-Turkish Exporter ivumela abasebenzisi emhlabeni wonke ukufinyelela ebudlelwaneni bebhizinisi obungaba khona nabathumeli bangaphandle baseTurkey, okuhlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene njengezolimo, izindwangu, imishini, kanye nogesi. 8. I-Ceptes.com (https://www.ceptes.com.tr/): I-Ceptes igxile kakhulu kwi-e-commerce ye-B2B yemboni yezokwakha eTurkey futhi inikeza ukufinyelela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto zokwakha kanye nemishini. Lezi zinkundla zinikeza amathuba okuba amabhizinisi axhumane nabangase babe ozakwethu, abahlinzeki, abakhiqizi, nabathengi abazinze eTurkey. Inkundla ngayinye inezici zayo ezihlukile nezinzuzo zabasebenzisi abafuna ukusebenzisana kwe-B2B.
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