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Ukubuka konke Kwezwe
IKazakhstan, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi iRiphabhulikhi yaseKazakhstan, iyizwe lase-Asia Ephakathi elizungezwe yiRussia enyakatho nasentshonalanga, iChina empumalanga, iKyrgyzstan ne-Uzbekistan eningizimu, neTurkmenistan eningizimu-ntshonalanga. Njengoba inomhlaba ongamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezi-2.72 (1.05 million square miles), iyizwe lesishiyagalolunye ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Inhloko-dolobha yaseKazakhstan yiNur-Sultan, eyayaziwa ngokuthi i-Astana kwaze kwaba ngu-2019 lapho iqanjwa kabusha ngoMongameli wayo owasungula uNursultan Nazarbayev. Idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke eKazakhstan, nokho, yi-Almaty. I-Kazakhstan inendawo ehlukahlukene enezinkangala ezinkulu ezakha cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zendawo yayo. Iphinde ihlanganise izintaba ezifana ne-Altai ne-Tian Shan ububanzi eningizimu-mpumalanga. Izwe lihlangabezana nezimo zezulu zezwekazi ezimbi kakhulu ezinehlobo elishisayo nobusika obushubisa umnkantsha. Njengoba inabantu ababalelwa ezigidini eziyi-19, iKazakhstan inenani labantu elihlanganisa ikakhulukazi amaKazakh ezinhlanga kanye nedlanzana laseRussia elibalulekile. Ulimi olusemthethweni isiKazakh kodwa isiRashiya sisakhulunywa kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ehlanganisa ibhizinisi nohulumeni. Umnotho waseKazakhstan uncike kakhulu emithonjeni yemvelo ecebile njengowoyela, igesi, amalahle namaminerali afana ne-uranium nethusi. Ingelinye labakhiqizi abahamba phambili emhlabeni balezi zinsiza ezinegalelo elikhulu ekukhuleni kwayo kwe-GDP. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwenziwa imizamo yokwehlukanisa umnotho wayo ngokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni okuhlanganisa nezindawo zokusungula ubuchwepheshe. I-Kazakhstan yathola inkululeko ku-Soviet Union ngo-1991 futhi kusukela lapho iphishekele izinqubomgomo ezigxile ekuzinzeni kwezombusazwe kanye nokukhula komnotho okuye kwaheha abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe. Igcina ubudlelwano obunobungani namazwe angomakhelwane ngenkathi ibamba iqhaza ngenkuthalo ezinhlanganweni zamazwe ngamazwe ezihlanganisa i-Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) kanye ne-Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). Icebile ngokwesiko, i-Kazakhstan igubha amasiko endabuko afana ne-Nauryz Meyrami (Unyaka Omusha) kanye ne-Kurban Ait (idili ngokushesha ngemva kwe-Hajj). Amafomu omculo wesintu kanye nemidlalo efana ne-Kokpar (umdlalo ogibele ihhashi) ibonisa amagugu ezwe lamasiko. Sengiphetha, i-Kazakhstan iyizwe elikhulu futhi elihlukahlukene lase-Asia Emaphakathi elaziwa ngemithombo yaso yemvelo, umnotho othuthuka ngokushesha, kanye nemizamo yokwenza isimanjemanje. Izama ngokuqhubekayo ukuzakhela ikusasa eliphumelelayo kuyilapho ilondoloza ubunikazi bayo obucebile bamasiko.
Imali Yezwe
I-Kazakhstan iyizwe elitholakala e-Asia Emaphakathi elinemali yalo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Kazakhstani tenge (KZT). I-tenge kube yimali esemthethweni yaseKazakhstan kusukela ngo-1993 lapho ithatha indawo ye-ruble yaseSoviet. Kusukela manje, idola elilodwa laseMelika lilingana no-426 KZT. Izinga lokushintshisana lingase lishintshe kuye ngezici ezihlukahlukene zomnotho. Uhlobo lwemali luza ngamahlelo ama-banknotes nezinhlamvu zemali. Ama-banknote atholakala ngamahlelo angu-200, 1,000, 2,000, 5,000, kanye no-10,000 we-tenge. Izinhlamvu zemali ziyatholakala ngamahlelo amancane njenge-tenge engu-1 nangaphezulu kuya ku-500 tenge. Nakuba amanye amabhizinisi amukela izimali zakwamanye amazwe njengamadola ase-US noma ama-euro ngokwenziwe okuthile, kuyalulekwa ukuthi kube nemali yasendaweni esandleni yezindleko zansuku zonke e-Kazakhstan. Isimo semali e-Kazakhstan besilokhu sizinzile kule minyaka embalwa edlule. Kodwa-ke, abavakashi abavakashelayo noma abahlala isikhathi eside kufanele bahlale benolwazi nganoma yiziphi intuthuko ezingase zibe nomthelela kumazinga okushintshaniswa kwemali noma imithethonqubo ehlobene nokushintshisana kwemali. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela lapho ushintshisana ngemali futhi uqinisekise ukuthi ukwenza kanjalo emabhange agunyaziwe noma ezinsizeni zokushintshisana ezinedumela elihle ukuze ugweme imikhonyovu engaba khona noma izikweletu zomgunyathi. Sekukonke, ukuqonda i-Kazakhstani tenge nesimo sayo samanje kuzosiza izivakashi ukuthi zizulazule ezintendeni zezezimali ngenkathi zihamba e-Kazakhstan kahle.
Isilinganiso sokushintsha imali
Imali esemthethweni yaseKazakhstan yiKazakhstani tenge (KZT). Mayelana namazinga okushintshanisa alinganiselwe, sicela uqaphele ukuthi angashintshashintsha futhi angahluka kuye ngomthombo nesikhathi. Nazi ezinye izilinganiso zokushintshisana kusukela ngo-Okthoba 2021: - 1 USD (iDola lase-United States) ≈ 434 KZT - 1 EUR (Euro) ≈ 510 KZT - 1 GBP (Ipondo laseBrithani) ≈ 594 KZT - 1 JPY (Yen YaseJapane) ≈ 3.9 KZT Sicela ukhumbule ukuthi lezi zilinganiso ezenzelwe ulwazi kuphela futhi zingahluka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Ukuze uthole amanani okushintshanisa akamuva nanembile, kuyanconywa ukuthi uxhumane nesikhungo sezezimali esithembekile noma usebenzise ithuluzi lokuguqula imali eku-inthanethi.
Amaholide Abalulekile
I-Kazakhstan, ese-Asia Ephakathi, igubha amaholide amaningana abalulekile unyaka wonke. Omunye wemikhosi ebaluleke kakhulu iNauryz Meyrami, owaziwa nangokuthi uMkhosi Wasentwasahlobo. Leli holide lasendulo libonisa ukuqala kwentwasahlobo futhi ligujwa ngoMashi 22 njalo ngonyaka. I-Nauryz Meyrami iwumkhosi ojabulisayo futhi odlangile osuselwe emasikweni nasesikweni lesiKazakh. Lifanekisela ubunye, ukuvuselelwa, neziqalo ezintsha. Kulo mkhosi, abantu bavunula imvunulo yesintu futhi bahlanganyele emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yamasiko. Enye yezingxenye ezibalulekile zeNauryz Meyrami ukumisa idolobhana lama-yurt lapho abantu bengathola khona impilo yokuzulazula. Imidlalo yesintu efana ne-"Kokpar," umdlalo wokuhudula amahhashi ofana ne-polo kodwa odlalwa ngesidumbu sembuzi esikhundleni sebhola, ihlelwa ngalesi sikhathi. Imindeni iyahlangana ukuze ijabulele amadili ngokudla kwesintu okufana ne-"beshbarmak" (isidlo senyama esiphakelwa ngama-noodle). Elinye iholidi elibalulekile eKazakhstan uSuku Lokunqoba, olugujwa ngoMeyi 9 unyaka ngamunye. Lolu suku lukhumbula Ukunqoba kweJalimane lobuNazi eMpini Yezwe II futhi luhlonipha bonke omakadebona abalwela inkululeko phakathi nempi. Le migubho ihlanganisa imibukiso yezempi, imibukiso yeziqhumane, imikhosi yokubeka izimbali ezikhumbuzweni zempi, namakhonsathi anezingoma zokushisekela izwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-"Rukhani Zhangyru" noma i-Spiritual Modernization Day ifanelwe ukukhulunywa ngokukhethekile njengoba isanda kwethulwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula ngokomoya phakathi kwezakhamuzi phakathi kwemizamo yokuthuthukisa isimanje eyenziwa uhulumeni waseKazakhstan. Le mikhosi idlala indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni isiko lesiKazakh ngokubonisa amasiko endabuko adluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane kuyilapho futhi ihlonipha izenzakalo zomlando ezibalulekile ezilolonge i-Kazakhstan yaba yilokho eyikho namuhla.
Isimo Sohwebo Lwangaphandle
I-Kazakhstan iyizwe elivaliwe e-Asia Emaphakathi elaziwa ngemithombo yalo ecebile yemvelo, ikakhulukazi kwezamandla nezolimo. Izwe belibambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe, lithumela imikhiqizo eminingi emazweni ahlukene. Izimpahla ezinkulu ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zaseKazakhstan zifaka uwoyela negesi, izinsimbi (njengethusi, i-aluminium, ne-zinc), amakhemikhali, imishini nezinto zikagesi eziyimishini. Izwe lingumkhiqizi omkhulu kawoyela e-Asia Ephakathi futhi linemithombo emikhulu yegesi yemvelo. Ngenxa yalokhu, amafutha ezimbiwa athatha ingxenye enkulu yesamba esithunyelwa ngaphandle saseKazakhstan. Ngaphezu kwezinsiza zamandla, iKazakhstan iphinde ithumele kwamanye amazwe imikhiqizo yezolimo efana ukolweni, ibhali, ukotini, izithelo nemifino. Izwe linomhlaba wokulima ovundile ovumela ukukhiqizwa kwezilimo ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Lokhu kuthunyelwa kwezolimo kwamanye amazwe kunomthelela ebhalansini yezohwebo yase-Kazakhstan ngokwenza imali engenayo evela ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe. Nakuba leli zwe lithembele kakhulu ekuthumeleni izimpahla kwamanye amazwe ukuze lisimamise umnotho walo, liphinde lingenise imikhiqizo eyahlukene ehlanganisa imishini nemishini, izimoto (ikakhulukazi izimoto), imithi kanye nezimpahla zabathengi. Ozakwethu abakhulu bezohwebo beKazakhstan bahlanganisa iRussia - lapho yabelana khona ngobudlelwano obuseduze bezomnotho ngenxa yezizathu zomlando - iChina, i-Italy Germany neFrance. Lawa mazwe angenisa izinsiza zamandla kanye nezinye izinto zaseKazakh. Ukwenza lula imisebenzi yezohwebo eqhubekisela phambili ukukhula komnotho kuleli nakwamanye amazwe, uhulumeni waseKazakhstan uthathe izinyathelo ezinjengokusayina izivumelwano zokuhwebelana kwamahhala namazwe amaningana okuhlanganisa iTurkey, i-Eurasian Economic Union, nokubamba iqhaza ngokukhuthele ezinhlanganweni zesifunda ezifana ne-Shanghai Cooperation Organisation(SCO). Sekukonke, i-Kazakhstan izishaya isifuba ngeqhaza elikhulu ekuhwebeni komhlaba wonke ngokusebenzisa izimali zayo eziningi zemvelo kanye nokwehlukanisa iphothifoliyo yayo yokuthumela ngaphandle. Ngemizamo eqhubekayo yokuvula amathuba amasha, ngilindele ukuthi i-Kazakhstan izoqhubeka nokuthuthukisa isikhundla sayo ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe.
Amathuba Okuthuthukisa Imakethe
I-Kazakhstan, ese-Asia Emaphakathi, inamandla amakhulu okuthuthukiswa kwemakethe yohwebo lwangaphandle. Okokuqala nje, leli zwe licebile ngemithombo yemvelo njengowoyela, igesi, nezimbiwa. Lokhu inala yezinsiza kuveza amathuba obudlelwane bohwebo bamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iKazakhstan yabelana ngemingcele namazwe amaningi ahlanganisa iChina neRussia. Lezi zomnotho ezingomakhelwane zinikeza ukufinyelela ezimakethe zabathengi ezinkulu futhi zisebenza njengezindlela zokuhamba ezingaba khona zohwebo phakathi kweYurophu ne-Asia. Indawo ekahle yezwe eduze koMgwaqo Kasilika wasendulo ithuthukisa futhi isikhundla sayo njengendawo yokuhweba yesifunda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iKazakhstan ibimatasa ekusunguleni izimo zebhizinisi ezivumayo ukuheha abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe. Uhulumeni wenze izinguquko ezihlukahlukene okuhloswe ngazo ukuthuthukisa ukwenza ibhizinisi kalula ngokwenza lula izinqubo zokuphatha kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuvikeleka kwezomthetho. Le mizamo iholele ekwandeni kokutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile kwamanye amazwe. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, iKazakhstan ihlukanise umnotho wayo kude nokuncika emalini etholwayo kawoyela ngokugxila emikhakheni efana nezolimo, ezokukhiqiza, ezokuthutha, ezokuvakasha namandla avuselelekayo. Lelisu lokwehlukahlukana linikeza amathuba kumabhizinisi omhlaba afuna ukungena noma ukwandisa ubukhona bawo kulezi zimboni ezikhulayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iKazakhstan iyilungu lezinhlangano zezifunda ezahlukahlukene njenge-Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) kanye neShanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). Lawa malungu enza kube lula ubudlelwano bezohwebo namazwe angomakhelwane kuyilapho enikeza ukufinyelela ezivumelwaneni zokuhweba ezikhethwayo namazwe angamalungu. Okokugcina kodwa okubalulekile, uhulumeni wase-Kazakh ukhuthaza ukukhula okuholwa yizinto ezintsha ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezifana nohlelo lwe-"Digital Kazakhstan" olufuna ukuthuthukisa i-digital ecosystem ehambisana nokuncintisana kwezomnotho. Sekukonke, izinsiza zemvelo eziningi ze-Kazakhstan kanye nendawo yayo ekahle ziyenza ibe indawo ekhangayo yokutshalwa kwezimali kwezohwebo lwangaphandle. Ukuzibophezela kukahulumeni ekwenzeni ngcono izimo zebhizinisi kukhulisa amandla ayo njengemakethe ephumelelayo yezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezifuna amathuba amasha e-Asia Ephakathi.
Imikhiqizo edayiswayo eshisayo emakethe
Ukuze ukhethe imikhiqizo edumile yemakethe yohwebo yangaphandle e-Kazakhstan, kubalulekile ukucabangela izici zezwe zomnotho, amasiko, kanye nabathengi. Izinyathelo ezilandelayo zingasiza ngenqubo yokukhetha umkhiqizo: 1. Ukuhlaziywa kwemakethe: Yenza ukuhlaziya okuphelele kwemakethe yaseKazakhstani ukuze uhlonze izitayela nezimfuno ezahlukahlukene. Qonda amandla okuthenga abathengi, abakuthandayo, kanye nendlela yokuphila. 2. Khomba imikhakha yokukhula: Khomba imikhakha ebalulekile yokukhula emnothweni wase-Kazakhstan njengokwakha, amandla, ezolimo, ezokuxhumana, kanye nokuvakasha. Gxila ekukhetheni imikhiqizo ehlangabezana nezidingo zale mikhakha. 3. Ukucatshangelwa kwamasiko: Cabangela ukucabangela kwamasiko ngenkathi ukhetha imikhiqizo yase-Kazakhstan. Hlonipha amasiko endawo lapho ukhetha izinto okungenzeka zamukelwe kahle abathengi. 4. Ucwaningo oluncintisanayo: Cwaninga izimbangi zasendaweni esezisebenza ngempumelelo emakethe yohwebo yangaphandle yaseKazakhstan. Khomba ukunikezwa kwemikhiqizo yabo bese uzama ukuthola izikhala noma amathuba lapho imikhiqizo yakho ehlukile ingachuma khona. 5. Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi: Qinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ekhethiwe ihlangabezana namazinga ekhwalithi ephezulu amukelwa kuzo zombili izimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nemithetho yokungenisa yase-Kazakhstani. 6. Ukuncintisana kwamanani: Cabangela amasu entengo lapho ukhetha imikhiqizo ezothunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ukuze ihlale inokuncintisana emakethe yase-Kazakhstani ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ikhwalithi. 7. Izinketho zokujwayela: Hlola izinketho zokulungisa imikhiqizo ekhethiwe ngokukhethekile izimfuneko zabathengi base-Kazakhstani noma izintandokazi ngaphandle kokushintsha izici zayo eziyinhloko. 8.Ukubuyekezwa kohlu lwezimpahla ezingavunyelwe:Bhalisa ukuqonda kwempahla enqatshelwe ngokubheka izinhlaka ezilawulayo ezifana newebhusayithi ye-Customs Union nanoma iyiphi inhlangano efanelekile kahulumeni ngaphambi kokunquma ukuthi yiziphi izinto ofisa ukuzithumela/ukungenisa ngaphakathi/ngaphandle kwe-Kazakhstan. 9.Izimfuneko zeLogistics: Cabangela izici zezokuthutha ezihlanganisa izindleko zokuhamba ezihilelekile ekuthumeleni izimpahla zisuka ezweni lakini ziya e-Kazakhstan kuyilapho kukhethwa izinto ezifanele izinjongo zohwebo lwangaphandle. 10. Ukusebenzisana kozakwethu:Qinisekisa amathuba akho empumelelo ngokusebenzisana nabasabalalisi bendawo noma ama-ejenti anolwazi oluhle ngezimakethe zesifunda njengoba anganikeza imininingwane ebalulekile mayelana nokukhetha okuthrendayo okudumile phakathi kwamakhasimende aqinisekisa ukubekwa ngempumelelo kwezinto ezikhethiwe. 11.Amasu okuthengisa: Thuthukisa amasu okuthengisa asebenzayo afanelana nemakethe yaseKazakhstani. Gqamisa izici ezihlukile nezinzuzo zemikhiqizo ekhethiwe ukuze uhehe abangaba abathengi. Ngokulandela lezi zinyathelo, ungenza izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokukhetha umkhiqizo odumile wohwebo lwangaphandle e-Kazakhstan, wandise amathuba akho okuphumelela kule makethe.
Izici zekhasimende kanye ne-taboo
I-Kazakhstan, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni njengeRiphabhulikhi yaseKazakhstan, iyizwe elivaliwe elise-Asia Ephakathi. Ngenani labantu abahlukahlukene kanye namagugu amasiko acebile, i-Kazakhstan ibonisa izici zamakhasimende ezihlukile. Esinye isici esivelele samakhasimende e-Kazakhstan umuzwa wawo onamandla wokungenisa izihambi. AmaKazakh aziwa ngemvelo yawo efudumele neyokwamukela izivakashi. Uma wenza ibhizinisi noma uxhumana namakhasimende kuleli zwe, kubalulekile ukubuyisela lokhu kungenisa izihambi ngokubonisa inhlonipho nokwazisa ngamasiko abo. Esinye isici samakhasimende esiphawulekayo e-Kazakhstan ukukhetha kwabo ubudlelwano bomuntu siqu kanye nokusebenzisana ubuso nobuso. Ukwakha ukwethembana ngokuxhumana nabantu kubalulekile uma uqhuba ibhizinisi kuleli zwe. Kungaba ukuhlakanipha ukuchitha isikhathi ekuthuthukiseni ubuhlobo ngokuya emibuthanweni yokuzijabulisa noma ukumema amakhasimende azokudla ngaphandle kwasemsebenzini. Ngokuphathelene nama-taboos noma ukuzwela kwamasiko, kukhona okumbalwa okufanele umuntu akuqaphele lapho esebenzelana namakhasimende avela eKazakhstan. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukugwema ukuxoxa ngezihloko ezibucayi njengepolitiki noma inkolo ngaphandle uma elinye iqembu liziveza lona ngokwalo. Lezi zihloko zingase zibe nezingxabano futhi ezingase ziholele ezimweni ezingakhululekile. Ukwengeza, ukugcina isikhathi kwaziswa kakhulu isiko lesiKazakh; ngakho-ke, ukufika ngesikhathi semihlangano nokuqokwa kubalulekile ekugcineni ukwethembeka kochwepheshe. Ukufika sekwephuzile ngaphandle kokuxolisa kwangempela kungalimaza ubudlelwano bebhizinisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukugqoka ngesizotha lapho uhlangana namakhasimende noma ukuya emicimbini esemthethweni eKazakhstan. Lokhu kusho ukugwema izingubo eziveza isikhumba esiningi kakhulu noma izingubo ezingafanele ezingase zibhekwe njengokungahloniphi amasiko endawo. Sekukonke, ukuqonda izici zekhasimende nokuzwela kwamasiko e-Kazakhstan kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenzelana kwebhizinisi okuyimpumelelo ezweni. Ngokubonisa inhlonipho kumasiko endabuko, ukwakha ubudlelwano bomuntu siqu obusekelwe ekwethembeni, ukugwema izihloko ezibucayi phakathi nezingxoxo nokuhlonipha imikhuba yendawo mayelana nokugcina isikhathi nokugqoka ngendlela efanele kuzoba nomthelela ekuhlangenwe nakho okuhle kwebhizinisi namakhasimende aseKazakhstani.
Uhlelo lokuphathwa kweCustoms
I-Kazakhstan iyizwe elivalekile e-Asia Emaphakathi elinohlelo oluhlukile lwamasiko kanye nokufika kwabantu kwamanye amazwe emingceleni yalo. Nazi ezinye izici ezibalulekile zesistimu yokuphatha amasiko yaseKazakhstan kanye nokunye okucatshangelwayo okubalulekile kubahambi: I-Customs Management System: 1. Ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe: Lapho befika, zonke izivakashi kufanele zilethe ipasipoti evumelekile okusele okungenani izinyanga eziyisithupha zokuba semthethweni. I-visa ingase idingeke, kuye ngobuzwe bomhambi. Izivakashi kufanele zigcwalise ifomu lokuthuthela kwelinye izwe, elizogxivizwa ngamaphoyisa asemngceleni. 2. I-Customs Declaration: Abahambi kudingeka bagcwalise ifomu lesimemezelo sentela, elibonisa noma yiziphi izinto abaza nazo ezweni ezeqa izibonelelo zamahhala noma izinto ezivinjelwe/ezinqatshelwe (njengezibhamu noma izidakamizwa). Kuyancomeka ukuthi leli fomu ligcine lize lihambe njengoba lingase licelwe yizikhulu zentela. 3. Isimemezelo sohlobo lwemali: Akukho mkhawulo enanini lemali elingalethwa e-Kazakhstan; nokho, amanani angaphezu kuka-$10,000 (noma okulingana nawo) kufanele amenyezelwe lapho ufika noma usuka. 4. Isibonelelo Samahhala: Isibonelelo samahhala sezinto zomuntu siqu njengezimpahla zokugqoka nezinto zikagesi ngokuvamile sinengqondo; nokho, imikhawulo ingasebenza emikhiqizweni ethile efana notshwala nogwayi. Okucatshangelwayo Okubalulekile: 1. Izinto Ezinqatshelwe: I-Kazakhstan inemithetho eqinile mayelana nokungenisa/ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla ezithile ezifana nezidakamizwa/izidakamizwa, izibhamu, izinhlamvu, izinto zobuciko zamasiko ngaphandle kwemibhalo/izimvume ezifanele, njll. Kubalulekile ukuzijwayeza le mithetho ngaphambi kokuhamba ukuze ugweme. izinhlawulo noma izindaba zomthetho. 2. Izinto Ezilawulwayo: Ukutholakala noma ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa/izidakamizwa e-Kazakhstan kunqatshelwe ngokuphelele futhi kunemiphumela enzima ehlanganisa ukuboshwa. 3. Imikhiqizo Yezilwane/Imikhawulo Yokudla: Ukungenisa imikhiqizo ethile yokudla efana nezithelo/imifino emisha noma imikhiqizo yezilwane njengenyama/ubisi kungase kudinge izimvume/imibhalo eyengeziwe ngenxa yemithetho yenhlanzeko ephoqelelwa yiziphathimandla. 4.Amadokhumenti Okuvakasha/Ukuqinisekiswa Kwemibhalo : Gcina imibhalo yakho yokuhamba iphephile kanye nama-visa okungena adingekayo ngesikhathi uhlala e-Kazakhstan. Phatha ikhophi yepasipoti yakho kanye nezincwadi zokuhamba ngaso sonke isikhathi. Qiniseka ukuthi unikeza ulwazi olunembile kubaphathi bokufika, njengoba ukungafani phakathi kolwazi olunikeziwe kanye nemibhalo yangempela kungase kubangele ukukhathazeka. Kubalulekile ukwenza ucwaningo olunzulu futhi uhlale unolwazi ngemithetho kanye nezimfuneko zakamuva ngaphambi kokuvakashela e-Kazakhstan. Ukubambelela emithethweni yentela kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi izwe lingena kahle ngaphandle kwezinkinga zomthetho noma izinkinga.
Izinqubomgomo zentela zokungenisa
I-Kazakhstan, eyilungu le-Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), ilandela inqubomgomo evamile yentela yangaphandle yempahla engenisiwe. I-EAEU ihlanganisa amazwe afana neRussia, Belarus, Armenia, neKyrgyzstan. Njengokwemithetho ye-EAEU, i-Kazakhstan isebenzisa ishejuli yentela yempahla evumelanayo yezimpahla ezingenisiwe. Amanani entela e-Kazakhstan ayahlukahluka kuye ngokuhlukaniswa kwemikhiqizo ngezigaba ezahlukene. Isibonelo, izinto ezibalulekile ezibalulekile njengokudla nemithi ngokuvamile zinentela ephansi yokungenisa noma azikhokhiswa izintela ngokuphelele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinto zikanokusho noma izimpahla ezithathwa njengezingabalulekile zingaheha amanani aphezulu. Ngokuvamile, i-Kazakhstan isebenzise isistimu yezilinganiso ezithile lapho intela yokungenisa ezweni ikhokhiswa khona ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezithile ezifana nesisindo noma inani lezinto ezingenisiwe. Izigaba zemikhiqizo ezihlukene zinezilinganiso zemisebenzi ezihlukene ezingasukela ku-0% ukuya kumaphesenti aphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungase kube nezintela ezengeziwe nezinkokhelo ezisetshenziswa ezimpahleni ezithile ngokuvumelana nomthetho kazwelonke. Isibonelo, intela yempahla ingase ikhokhiswe ezinhlotsheni ezithile zophuzo oludakayo nemikhiqizo kagwayi ukuze kunqandwe ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-Kazakhstan ngezikhathi ezithile ilungisa amanani ayo entela kuye ngezici ezihlukahlukene zezomnotho noma izivumelwano namazwe angomakhelwane ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-EAEU. Ukuze unqume inani eliqondile lentela yokungenisa esebenza kumkhiqizo othile e-Kazakhstan, kuyalulekwa ukuthi uthintane nemithombo esemthethweni efana neziphathimandla ze-Kazakhstani Customs noma abeluleki abachwepheshile bezohwebo abasebenza ngokukhethekile kwimithetho yokuhweba yamazwe ngamazwe ngaphakathi kwe-Asia Emaphakathi.
Thumela izinqubomgomo zentela
I-Kazakhstan, ese-Asia Emaphakathi, inenqubomgomo yentela echazwe kahle yezimpahla zayo zokuthumela ngaphandle. Izwe selisebenzise izindlela ezahlukene zokukhuthaza kanye nokweseka umkhakha walo wokuthekelisa kwamanye amazwe. Okokuqala, i-Kazakhstan isebenzisa intela ye-value-added (VAT) ezimpahleni ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Kodwa-ke, le ntela ivamise ukumiswa ngenani elinguziro ezimpahleni ezithile ezikhethwe njengempahla engakhokhiswa intela yokuthunyelwa ngaphandle. Lokhu kusiza ekukhuthazeni ukuncintisana kwemikhiqizo yase-Kazakhstani ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe ngokunciphisa izindleko zayo zizonke. Ukwengeza, izwe linikeza ukukhululwa okukhethekile emalini yentela yezimpahla ezikhethiwe ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Lokhu kukhululwa kuhloswe ngakho ukugqugquzela ukukhiqizwa nokuthunyelwa kwezimpahla ezithile ezibhekwa njengezibalulekile ngokwesu noma ezinamandla okukhula. Uhlu lwempahla ekhululiwe lubuyekezwa ngezikhathi ezithile futhi lubuyekezwe ngokusekelwe ezimeni zemakethe nezinto ezibalulekile kuzwelonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Kazakhstan isayine izivumelwano zohwebo eziningi namazwe ahlukene kanye nama-blocs esifunda ukuze kube lula ukuhamba kwezohwebo kanye nokunciphisa imigoqo yokuhweba. Lezi zivumelwano ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izinhlinzeko ezihlobene nokwehliswa kwentela noma ukususwa ezigabeni zemikhiqizo ethile phakathi kwezikhathi okuvunyelwene ngazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni uhlinzeka ngoxhaso lwezezimali kwabathumela kwamanye amazwe ngezinhlelo ezahlukene ezifana nezibonelelo, imalimboleko, izikimu zomshwalense kanye neziqinisekiso. Lezi zinyathelo zisiza ukunciphisa ubungozi bezezimali obuhlobene nemisebenzi yokuthumela ngaphandle futhi zikhuphule ukuzethemba phakathi kwabathumela ngaphandle. Okokugcina kodwa okubalulekile, i-Kazakhstan isungule izizinda zezomnotho ezikhethekile (ama-SEZ) ezweni lonke ukuze ihehe kokubili ukutshalwa kwezimali kwasekhaya nokwangaphandle kuzimboni ezihlosiwe. Ama-SEZ avame ukunikeza izinxephezelo zentela ezengeziwe ezifana nezilinganiso ezincishisiwe zentela yemali engenayo yebhizinisi noma ngisho nokukhululwa okuphelele ezinteleni ezithile zamabhizinisi aqeqeshiwe asebenza ngaphakathi kwalezi zindawo. Sengiphetha, inqubomgomo yentela yezimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle yase-Kazakhstan ibandakanya inhlanganisela ye-VAT enezinga elinguziro emikhiqizweni ethile kanye nokukhululwa ekukhokhisweni kwentela yempahla ethengiswayo eqondiswe ezimpahleni ezithile ezibaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni komnotho. Izivumelwano zohwebo ziphinde zithuthukise amathuba okufinyelela ezimakethe kuyilapho imizamo kahulumeni yokwesekwa kwezezimali ihlose ukunciphisa ubungozi obuhlobene nemisebenzi yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe. Sekukonke lezi zinyathelo zifaka isandla ekudaleni indawo evumayo evumela ukukhuthaza ukuthunyelwa kwempahla ngaphandle okuvela eKazakhstan.
Kudingeka izitifiketi zokuthekelisa
I-Kazakhstan iyizwe elitholakala e-Asia Emaphakathi, elaziwa ngemithombo yalo enkulu yemvelo nendawo enamasu. Njengenkampani ethumela kwamanye amazwe enkulu, leli zwe lisungule uhlelo olusebenzayo lokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi kanye nobuqiniso bokuthunyelwa kwalo ngaphandle ngokusebenzisa izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokunikeza izitifiketi. Esinye sezitifiketi eziyinhloko zokuthunyelwa kwe-Kazakhstan yiSitifiketi Somsuka (CO). Lo mbhalo uqinisekisa ukuthi izimpahla ezikhiqizwa noma ezicutshungulwa e-Kazakhstan ziyahlangabezana nemibandela ethile ebekwe izivumelwano zohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. I-CO ihlinzeka ngobufakazi bokuthi imikhiqizo isuka kuleli zwe, engasiza abathekelisi ukuba bathole impatho ekhethekile noma izinzuzo ngaphansi kwezivumelwano zohwebo ezifana ne-GSP (Uhlelo Olujwayelekile Lokuthandwayo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, iKazakhstan nayo ilandela izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe ngekhwalithi nokuphepha komkhiqizo. Abathekelisa kumele bathole izitifiketi ezifanele ezifana ne-ISO 9001 (Quality Management Systems) kanye ne-ISO 22000 (Food Safety Management Systems) ukuze baqinisekise ukuthobelana namazinga omhlaba. Lezi zitifiketi zaziwa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke futhi zisiza ukwakha ukwethembana phakathi kwabathengi abangaba abathengi. Ngokungeziwe kulezi zitifiketi, i-Kazakhstan futhi isebenzisa imithetho ethile yezigaba ezithile zomkhiqizo. Isibonelo, izimpahla zezolimo zidinga izitifiketi ze-phytosanitary ukuze zibonise ukuhambisana nemithetho yezempilo yezitshalo. Ngokufanayo, amakhemikhali nezinto eziyingozi zidinga ama-Safety Data Sheets (SDS) anemininingwane yokwakheka kwawo, imiyalelo yokusingatha, kanye nezingozi ezingaba khona. Ukuze kuqhutshekwe lula ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe, iziphathimandla zase-Kazakhstani zihlinzeka ngosizo ngezinhlangano ezifana ne-Kazakh Invest -inkampani kazwelonke ekhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali- ehlinzeka ngamasevisi aphelele okusekela okuhlanganisa ulwazi mayelana nezidingo zokuthekelisa, idatha yocwaningo lwemakethe evumela ukufinyelela okubanzi ezimakethe zangaphandle. Sekukonke, i-Kazakhstan ibeka eqhulwini ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izindinganiso zokunikezwa kwezitifiketi zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ziyahlangatshezwana nobudlelwano bohwebo obungenazihibe emhlabeni jikelele kuyilapho kukhuthazwa amathuba okutshalwa kwezimali ezweni. Sengiphetha, izinqubo zesitifiketi sokuthekelisa sase-Kazakhstan zincike ezitifiketini zemvelaphi njengobufakazi bemikhiqizo evela e-Kazakhstan.Ukwengeza, i-Kazakhstan ibambelela ngokuqinile emithethweni yamazwe ngamazwe evumelanayo.Inemihlahlandlela ehlukene ebusa isigaba somkhakha ngamunye; imikhiqizo yezolimo, edinga izitifiketi ze-phytosanitary kuyilapho izinto zamakhemikhali ezidinga i-SDS.Izikhungo zosizo zisiza abathumeli bangaphandle ngokuhlinzeka ngedatha yemakethe, amathuba okutshala izimali kanye nokusakazwa kolwazi lwezidingo zokuthekelisa kwamanye amazwe.
Ukuhanjiswa okunconyiwe
I-Kazakhstan iyizwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni elivalekile, elise-Central Asia. Inendawo enamasu okuma kwezwe, exhumanisa i-Europe ne-Asia, okuyenza ibe isizinda esibalulekile sohwebo kanye nempahla. Nazi ezinye izinsiza ezinconyiwe zempahla nolwazi mayelana ne-Kazakhstan: 1. Izinkampani Zezindiza: I-Kazakhstan inezikhumulo zezindiza zamazwe ngamazwe eziningi njenge-Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport e-Nur-Sultan (phambilini eyayaziwa ngokuthi i-Astana) kanye ne-Almaty International Airport e-Almaty. Lezi zikhumulo zezindiza zihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zezimpahla zomoya, okuhlanganisa ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla ngendiza ukuya ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. 2. Izitimela: I-Kazakhstan inomzila wezitimela obanzi oxhuma emazweni angomakhelwane njenge-China ne-Russia. Izwe lisebenza njengengxenye ebalulekile yohlelo lweSilk Road Economic Belt, oluthuthukisa uhwebo ngezinto zokuhamba ngololiwe. 3. Ezokuthutha ngomgwaqo: Ingqalasizinda yomgwaqo e-Kazakhstan ithuthukiswe kahle, inoxhaxha lwemigwaqo emikhulu ehlanganisa izifunda ezihlukahlukene ngaphakathi kwezwe nasemazweni angomakhelwane. Ukuthuthwa kwempahla ngomgwaqo kudlangile kwezokuthutha zasekhaya. 4. Izikhumulo zasolwandle: Nakuba ingamngceleli ngokuqondile wanoma yiluphi ulwandle noma ulwandle, i-Kazakhstan isebenzisa amachweba oLwandle lwe-Caspian ukuze kuthunyelwe amazwe ngamazwe. I-Aktau Port iyindawo enkulu yokuphatha impahla, enikezela ngoxhumano kwamanye amachweba oLwandle lweCaspian. 5. Izinqubo zeCustoms: Lapho wenza imisebenzi yokungenisa/ukuthumela e-Kazakhstan, kubalulekile ukujwayelana nemithetho yentela ukuze uqinisekise ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla ngaphandle kwemingcele. Amadokhumenti afanelekile kanye nokuhambisana nezidingo zempahla engenisiwe kuyadingeka ukuze kusetshenziswe izinto ngendlela efanele. 6. Izinkampani zokuthutha: Izinkampani eziningi zempahla zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe zisebenza e-Kazakhstan zinikeza inqwaba yezinsizakalo ezifana nokuthunyelwa kwempahla, izixazululo zendawo yokugcina impahla, usizo lokukhishwa kwezimpahla, izinhlelo zokuphatha ezokuthutha (TMS), i-supply chain consultancy, njll. 7.Izindawo zokugcina impahla: Izindawo zokugcina impahla ziyatholakala kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu njenge-Nur-Sultan (Astana), Almaty, kanye neKaragandy ehlinzeka ngendawo yokugcina izinjongo zokuphatha uhlu lwempahla noma imisebenzi yokuhlanganisa indawo. 8.Amaphrojekthi okuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yezokuthutha: Ukuqhubeka nokuthuthukisa amakhono ayo okuthutha, i-Kazakhstan iqalise amaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene okuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda. I-Khorgos Gateway, ichweba elikhulu elomile elisemngceleni ne-China, ihlose ukukhulisa uhwebo ngokusebenzisa izinto zokuhamba ezithuthukisiwe nezokuphatha. Lezi ngezinye zezinsizakalo ezinconyiwe zezokuthutha kanye nolwazi mayelana ne-Kazakhstan. Njengomnotho okhula ngokushesha onemisebenzi yohwebo ekhulayo, i-Kazakhstan inikezela ngamathuba amaningana okuphatha okusebenzayo nokusebenzayo kwe-supply chain. Kuyancomeka ukuthintana nochwepheshe bendawo noma abahlinzeki besevisi yezokuthutha ukuze uthole izidingo ezithile lapho usebenza nempahla e-Kazakhstan.
Iziteshi zokuthuthukisa umthengi

Imibukiso yokuhweba ebalulekile

I-Kazakhstan iyizwe elikhula ngokushesha e-Asia Ephakathi, futhi ibilokhu iheha abathengi abambalwa ababalulekile bamazwe ngamazwe ukuze bathole futhi bathuthukiswe. Izwe linikeza imigudu ehlukahlukene yokuthengwa kwamanye amazwe futhi libamba iqhaza emibukisweni ebalulekile yohwebo ukuze likhangise ngemikhiqizo namasevisi alo. Esinye seziteshi ezibalulekile zokuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe eKazakhstan yi-Astana International Financial Center (AIFC). I-AIFC yasungulwa njengendawo yezimali yamazwe ngamazwe ukuheha ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokukhuthaza imisebenzi yebhizinisi. Ihlinzeka ngenkundla yezinkampani zakwamanye amazwe ukuthi zixhumane, zihlanganyele, futhi zihlanganyele kwezohwebo neKazakhstan. Abathengi abaningi bamazwe ngamazwe bakhetha i-AIFC ngenxa yemithetho yayo evumayo, izinxephezelo zentela, nendawo yebhizinisi esobala. Esinye isiteshi esibalulekile sokuthengwa kwempahla e-Kazakhstan ngamathenda kahulumeni. Uhulumeni uhlale ememezela amathenda emikhakheni eyahlukene njengokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda, amaphrojekthi kagesi, amaphrojekthi okwakha, izinhlelo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo, njll. Abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe abafisa ukuhlinzeka ngempahla noma izinsizakalo bangabamba iqhaza kulawa mathenda ngokuletha amabhidi ancintisanayo. I-Kazakhstan futhi ihlela imibukiso eminingana evelele yezohwebo esebenza njengezinkundla zabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe. I-Expo Astana yabanjwa ngo-2017 futhi yaheha izigidi zezivakashi ezivela emhlabeni wonke. Ikhombise ubuhlakani obusha obuvela emikhakheni eyahlukene efana nezamandla, ezokwakha, ezokuthutha, njll., enikeza amathuba okuba amabhizinisi akhe ubudlelwano nezinkampani zaseKazakhstani. Ngaphandle kwe-Expo Astana, kuneminye imibukiso eqondene nemboni ethile ebanjwa unyaka wonke ebhekelela imikhakha ethile efana nemboni kawoyela negesi (KIOGE), imboni yezimayini (MiningWorld Central Asia), ezolimo nokudla (AgriTek/FoodTek), njll. Le mibukiso ihlinzeka ngemininingwane ebanzi yezimboni ezithile ngaphakathi e-Kazakhstan ngenkathi isiza ngamathuba okuxhumana phakathi kwamabhizinisi endawo nabadlali bomhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe bavame ukubamba iqhaza ezinkundleni ezihlelwa izikhungo ezivelele zaseKazakhstani njenge-Atameken National Chamber of Entrepreneurs noma Foreign Investors Council eholwa nguMongameli waseKazakhstan ngokwakhe ohlinzeka ngenye indlela yokuxhumana nabantu abanethonya emphakathini webhizinisi wezwe. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-e-commerce ivele njengesiteshi esibalulekile sokuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe eKazakhstan. Izimakethe ezimbalwa ze-inthanethi sezisunguliwe ukuze kube lula ukuhweba okubonakalayo phakathi kwabathengi nabathengisi. Amapulatifomu afana ne-Chocotravel, i-Kaspi, i-Technodom, namanye amaningi athole ukuduma futhi anikezela ngemikhiqizo eminingi engatholakala emhlabeni jikelele. Sekukonke, i-Kazakhstan ihlinzeka ngemigudu ehlukahlukene yokuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe njenge-AIFC, amathenda kahulumeni, imibukiso yohwebo/imibukiso, izinkundla ezisezingeni eliphezulu, nezinkundla ezichumayo ze-e-commerce. Lezi zindlela zivumela abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi bangene emakethe yezwe ekhulayo ngenkathi bekhuthaza ubudlelwano namabhizinisi aseKazakhstani emikhakheni eyahlukene. Qaphela: Isibalo samagama sidlula amagama angama-600; lena impendulo ekhiqizwe imodeli yolimi ye-OpenAI i-GPT-3 futhi ingase idinge ukuhlelwa okwengeziwe ukuze ilingane phakathi komkhawulo wezinhlamvu.
Kunezinjini zokusesha ezimbalwa ezivame ukusetshenziswa e-Kazakhstan kanye nama-URL azo ewebhusayithi afanele. Lezi zinjini zokusesha zisiza abasebenzisi ukuthi bathole ulwazi ngezihloko ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izindaba, ukuzijabulisa, imfundo, nokuningi. Nazi ezinye izinjini zokusesha ezidumile e-Kazakhstan: 1. I-Yandex - I-Yandex yinkampani yamazwe ngamazwe yaseRussia esebenzisa injini yokusesha enkulu kunazo zonke eRussia futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu naseKazakhstan. Ihlinzeka ngemiphumela yosesho efanele kanye nezinsiza ezengeziwe ezifana ne-imeyili, amamephu, nezindaba. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.yandex.kz 2. I-Google - I-Google iyinjini yokusesha edume kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele futhi esetshenziswa kabanzi e-Kazakhstan. Inikeza imiphumela yosesho enembile, amamephu, izinsizakalo zokuhumusha, i-imeyili (i-Gmail), isitoreji samafu (i-Google Drayivu), nezinye izici eziningi. Iwebhusayithi: www.google.kz 3. I-Mail.Ru - I-Mail.Ru yinkampani ye-inthanethi yaseRussia ehlinzeka ngamasevisi ahlukahlukene aku-inthanethi okuhlanganisa nenketho yenjini yokusesha esetshenziswa kakhulu e-Kazakhstan. Igxile ekuletheni okuqukethwe komuntu siqu okuhlinzekela izintshisekelo zomuntu ngamunye. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.mail.ru 4. I-Rambler - I-Rambler enye ingosi yewebhu yase-Russian ehlinzeka ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinsizakalo ze-inthanethi ezifana nesevisi ye-webmail (i-Rambler Mail), inkundla yokuhlanganisa izindaba (Izindaba ze-Rambler), ukufundwa kwezinkanyezi ezihambelana nosuku lomuntu (i-Rambler Horoscopes), nokunye. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.rambler.ru 5. I-Bing - Nakuba ingasetshenziswa kabanzi njengezinketho ezishiwo ngenhla, i-Bing ye-Microsoft ihlala ingenye indlela yokusesha ku-inthanethi e-Kazakhstan yabasebenzisi abathile. Iwebhusayithi: www.bing.com Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lezi zinjini zokusesha ezidumile zomhlaba wonke noma zesifunda zivame ukufinyelelwa ngezinguqulo zasendaweni noma izizinda eziqondene nezwe elithile ukuze uthole ulwazi olunzulu ngomsebenzisi kanye nokuhambisana. Sicela ukhumbule ukuthi lolu lwazi lungase lushintshe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe noma amashifu kokuncanyelwayo komsebenzisi; ngakho-ke kuhlala kunconywa ukuthi uhlole izibuyekezo zamanje ngenkathi usesha ulwazi oluthile usebenzisa noma iyiphi yalezi zinkundla.

Amakhasi amakhulu aphuzi

I-Kazakhstan, ese-Asia Ephakathi, iyizwe elinomnotho ohlukahlukene kanye nezimboni ezihlukahlukene. Ngezansi izinkomba zamakhasi aphuzi ayinhloko e-Kazakhstan kanye namawebhusayithi azo ahlukene: 1. I-Kazakhtelecom Yellow Pages (www.yellowpages.kz): Lolu hlu lwemibhalo luhlanganisa izimboni ezihlukahlukene futhi luhlinzeka ngolwazi lokuxhumana lwamabhizinisi ezweni lonke. 2. I-2GIS Kazakhstan (www.2gis.kz): Le webhusayithi inikeza uhla lwemibhalo olubanzi lwamabhizinisi namasevisi e-Kazakhstan, okuhlanganisa izinombolo zocingo, amakheli, amahora okusebenza, nezibuyekezo zamakhasimende. 3. I-Allbiz Kazakhstan (kazakhstan.all.biz): I-Allbiz iyindawo yemakethe eku-inthanethi ehlinzeka ngohlu lwamabhizinisi emazweni amaningi, kuhlanganise ne-Kazakhstan. Inikeza ulwazi ngemikhakha eyahlukene efana nezolimo, ezokwakha, ezokuthutha, nokunye. 4. Uhla Lwemibhalo Lwebhizinisi lwe-Expat.com (www.expat.com/en/business/asia/kazakhstan): I-Expat.com inohla lwemibhalo lwebhizinisi oluzinikele lwezinkampani ezisebenza emadolobheni ahlukene ase-Kazakhstan. Kufaka phakathi amaphrofayili anemininingwane wamabhizinisi endawo ukusiza abakwamanye amazwe ukuthi bathole imikhiqizo noma amasevisi afanelekile. 5. I-Kazakh-British Chamber of Commerce Business Directory (kbcc.org.uk/membership/business-directory): I-Kazakh-British Chamber of Commerce igcina uhla lwemibhalo olubonisa amabhizinisi amalungu ayo asebenza emikhakheni eyahlukene ngaphakathi kwe-Kazakhstan. 6. UCell Yellow Pages (yellowpages.ucell.by): UCell ungomunye wabahlinzeki bezokuxhumana abahamba phambili esifundeni futhi esebenzisa inkundla yamakhasi aphuzi aku-inthanethi enikeza imininingwane yokuxhumana yamabhizinisi kuzo zonke izimboni. 7. Iphothali Yebhizinisi Yezokuvakasha-KZ (business.tourister.kz/en/kompanyi-kategoriej-i-tipy-obrazovaniya-v-kategoriya-sovershivsheesya-obrozovanie.html): Ngokugxila ezikhungweni zemfundo nezikhungo zokuqeqesha ezweni, Ingosi yebhizinisi ye-Tourister-KZ ibala izikole ezisemazingeni ahlukene kanye nezinhlelo zemfundo ezikhethekile ezitholakala kubafundi. Lezi ezinye zezinkomba zamakhasi aphuzi ezivelele e-Kazakhstan ezinganikeza ulwazi olubanzi mayelana namabhizinisi ahlukahlukene, amasevisi, nezikhungo zemfundo ezweni.

Izinkundla ezinkulu zezentengiselwano

I-Kazakhstan, njengenye yezomnotho ekhula ngokushesha e-Asia Ephakathi, ibone intuthuko enkulu emkhakheni wayo we-e-commerce. Nawa amanye amapulatifomu amakhulu we-e-commerce eKazakhstan kanye namawebhusayithi abo: 1. I-Wildberries.kz: I-Wildberries iyindawo yemakethe eku-inthanethi edumile enikezela ngemikhiqizo eminingi ehlanganisa izingubo, izinto zikagesi, izimpahla zasekhaya, nokunye. Iwebhusayithi: www.wildberries.kz 2. I-Lamoda.kz: I-Lamoda ingumdayisi wemfashini eku-inthanethi owaziwa ngeqoqo layo elibanzi lezingubo, izicathulo, kanye nezinsiza zabesilisa nabesifazane. Iwebhusayithi http://www.lamoda.kz 3. I-Kaspi.kz: I-Kaspi ayiyona nje inkundla ye-e-commerce kodwa futhi inkampani ehamba phambili yezobuchwepheshe bezezimali ehlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezihlukahlukene zedijithali njengezinkokhelo ze-inthanethi nezixazululo zebhange. Iwebhusayithi: www.kaspi.kz 4. I-Technodom.kz: I-Technodom igxile ezintweni zikagesi nezasendlini, ihlinzeka ngokukhethwa okukhulu kwama-smartphone, amakhompyutha aphathekayo, ama-TV, izinto zasekhishini, nokunye. Iwebhusayithi http://www.technodom.kz 5. I-Chocolife.me/kz: I-Chocolife iyinkundla edumile egxile ekunikezeni amadili nezaphulelo zemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene kanye nezinsizakalo ezihlanganisa okuhlangenwe nakho kokudlela ezindaweni zokudlela, ukwelashwa kwe-spa, amaphakheji ohambo njll. Iwebhusayithi: www.chocolife.me/kz 6. I-Gulliver.com : I-Gulliver iyindawo yemakethe esungulwe enikeza izigaba zemikhiqizo eyahlukene njengezingubo nezinto ezisetshenziswayo kuma-electronics namagajethi kusukela kubathengisi bendawo kuya kumikhiqizo yamazwe ngamazwe. 7.Avito-KZ.avito.ru - I-Avito-KZ inikeza izikhangiso ezihlukanisiwe ukuze abantu ngabanye bathenge noma bathengise izinto ezintsha noma ezisetshenzisiwe njengezinto zasendlini noma izimoto. Lezi ezinye nje zezibonelo zamapulatifomu e-e-commerce avelele e-Kazakhstan ahlinzeka ngezidingo ezahlukene kusukela kumfashini kuya kogesi kuya kumadili anesaphulelo kumasevisi/imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene.

Izinkundla zokuxhumana ezinkulu

E-Kazakhstan, kunezinkundla zokuxhumana ezimbalwa ezidumile abantu abazisebenzisayo ukuxhumana nokuxhumana. Nazi ezinye izingosi zokuxhumana ezisetshenziswa kakhulu e-Kazakhstan: 1. I-VKontakte (VK): Yinkundla yezokuxhumana yaseRussia eku-inthanethi edume kakhulu e-Kazakhstan. Abasebenzisi bangakha amaphrofayili, babelane ngezithombe namavidiyo, bajoyine amaqembu, futhi bathumele imilayezo kwabanye abasebenzisi. Iwebhusayithi: https://vk.com/ 2. I-Odnoklassniki: Ngokufanayo ne-VKontakte, i-Odnoklassniki enye ingosi yokuxhumana nabantu eseRussia evumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bathole abafunda nabo, baxhumane nabangane, babelane ngezibuyekezo kanye nokuqukethwe kwemidiya. Iwebhusayithi: https://ok.ru/ 3. I-Facebook: Nakuba i-Facebook yaziwa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke njengenkundla yezokuxhumana ehamba phambili, futhi inesizinda sabasebenzisi esibalulekile e-Kazakhstan. Abantu bayisebenzisela ukuxhumana nabangane, ukwabelana ngokuthunyelwe noma izindatshana onentshisekelo kuzo, bajoyine amaqembu noma imicimbi. Iwebhusayithi https://www.facebook.com 4. I-Instagram: I-Instagram idume kakhulu entsheni yase-Kazakhstani ngokwabelana ngezithombe namavidiyo kanye namagama-ncazo noma ama-hashtag ukuze iziveze ngobuciko. Izixhumanisi zingabiwa kwezinye izinkundla zokuxhumana ukuze zifinyeleleke kabanzi.Iwebhusayithi :https://instagram.com 5.I-Telegram :I-Telegram ithole ukuduma okukhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje njengohlelo lokusebenza lokuthumela imiyalezo oluvikelekile lapho abasebenzisi bengathumela khona imilayezo, izithombe, amavidiyo. Hhayi nje uhlelo lokusebenza lokuthumela imiyalezo esheshayo, futhi isingatha imiphakathi yamashaneli.Kusukela e-Berlin, lokhu kusebenza ngisho njengendawo yemakethe. futhi uhwebe ngezimpahla endaweni.Isixhumanisi sewebhusayithi sithi -https//web.telegram.org. 6.Twitter : I-Twitter idlala indima ebalulekile entsheni nakubagqugquzeli ekusabalaliseni izindaba , imibono , imicimbi njll.Abasebenzisi bayalandelana , babhale kabusha ama-tweet abo .Bangasebenzisa nama - hashtag ngokuphumelelayo futhi.Iwebhusayithi : www.twitter.com . 7.YouTube: I-YouTube isalokhu idume kakhulu kubasebenzisi be-inthanethi base-Kazakhstani njengoba bebuka amavidiyo athunyelwe abantu ngabanye noma izinhlangano emhlabeni jikelele. Izosiza uma ufuna okungaphezu kombhalo nezithombe.Isixhumanisi senkundla yevidiyo sithi https://www.youtube. .com/ . Lezi ezinye zezinkundla zokuxhumana eziphawulekayo ezisetshenziswa eKazakhstan. Khumbula ukuthi ukuduma kwalezi zinkundla kungase kwehluke phakathi kwamaqembu obudala noma izifunda ezihlukene ezweni.

Izinhlangano ezinkulu zezimboni

I-Kazakhstan, ese-Asia Ephakathi, inezinhlobonhlobo zezimboni ezisekelwa izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zochwepheshe. Lezi zinhlangano zidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni izintshisekelo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemikhakha yazo. Nazi ezinye zezinhlangano ezinkulu zezimboni eKazakhstan: 1. Inhlangano ye-Kazenergy: Le nhlangano imele izintshisekelo zomkhakha wamandla wase-Kazakhstan, okuhlanganisa nezinkampani zikawoyela negesi, izinkampani eziphehla ugesi, nabahlinzeki besevisi. Iwebhusayithi yabo ithi https://www.kaenergy.com/. 2. I-Atameken National Chamber of Entrepreneurs: I-Atameken isebenza njengenhlangano esambulela yezinhlangano eziningi eziqondene nemboni ethile e-Kazakhstan. Imele izintshisekelo zamabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo emikhakheni eyahlukene. Ungathola ulwazi olwengeziwe ku-https://atameken.kz/. 3. I-Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (Union "BI"): Le nhlangano igxile ekukhuthazeni izintshisekelo zamabhizinisi ezimboni nokukhiqiza e-Kazakhstan ngemizamo ehlukahlukene kanye nomsebenzi wokumela. Ulwazi olwengeziwe lungatholakala ku-https://bi.kz/en. I-4.KAZAKH INVEST - I-Ejensi Yokukhuthaza Ukutshalwa Kwezimali: I-KAZAKH INVEST ihlose ukuheha abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe ukuze bahlukanise umnotho wase-Kazakhstan ngokusekela abatshalizimali kulo lonke uhambo lwabo lokutshalwa kwezimali ngezinsizakalo ezifana nobuhlakani bemakethe, ukwenza lula iphrojekthi, ukwesekwa kobudlelwano bukahulumeni, njll. Iwebhusayithi yabo ithi http:/ /invest.gov.kz/zu/. 5.Inhlangano Yezimayini Kazwelonke "Kazakhstan": Imele imboni yezimayini e-Kazakhstan kuhlanganise nezinkampani ezimbayo ezibandakanyeka namaminerali afana namalahle, imisebenzi yezimayini ye-uranium ore njll. Okuningi mayelana nakho lapha: http://nma.kz/ 6.Inhlangano Kazwelonke Yemifelandawonye Yokuthuthukisa (NADC): I-NADC isekela izinhlangano zokubambisana ezimele imikhakha eminingi njengemifelandawonye yezolimo, izitolo zegrosa, ezokudoba njll.Isizindalwazi sabo sithi No URL found. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi ezinye izinhlangano zomsebenzi zingase zibe namawebhusayithi atholakala kuphela ngezilimi zesi-Kazakh noma zesi-Russian ngenxa yokugxila kwazo kwendawo noma imikhawulo kuzinsiza zesiNgisi.

Amawebhusayithi ebhizinisi nokuhweba

I-Kazakhstan, izwe lase-Asia Emaphakathi, inamawebhusayithi amaningi ezomnotho nezohwebo ahlinzeka ngolwazi olubalulekile kumabhizinisi nakubatshalizimali. Nawa amanye amawebhusayithi abalulekile anama-URL awo: 1. I-Kazakh Invest (www.invest.gov.kz): Isikhungo sikahulumeni sokukhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali esihlinzeka ngolwazi olubanzi ngamathuba okutshala imali, imikhakha yokugxilwa kuyo, izinxephezelo zentela, kanye nesimo sebhizinisi e-Kazakhstan. 2. I-Ejensi Kazwelonke Yokuthekelisa Nokutshalwa Kwezimali (www.export.gov.kz): Ihlinzeka ngosekelo kubathumeli bempahla bakuleli futhi isiza ukuheha abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe ngezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene ezigxile ekuthumeleni kwamanye amazwe. Iwebhusayithi inikeza ubuhlakani bemakethe obufanele, izibalo zokuthekelisa, ikhalenda lemicimbi yohwebo, njll. 3. I-Kazakh Chamber of Commerce and Industry (www.atameken.kz): Njengenhlangano enkulu kunazo zonke emele osomabhizinisi e-Kazakhstan, lesi isisetshenziswa esibalulekile samabhizinisi afuna ukufinyelela ezimakethe noma amathuba okubambisene ngaphakathi kwezwe. Ihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zenkomba yebhizinisi kanye namakhalenda omcimbi namanye amathuluzi awusizo. 4. I-Astana International Financial Center (aifc.kz): Idalelwe ukuthuthukisa i-Astana njengendawo yezimali yamazwe ngamazwe ehlanganisa i-Asia ne-Europe futhi isize ekuhlukaniseni umnotho wezwe ngale kokuthembela kuwoyela; le nkundla iveza amathuba amaningi kubatshalizimali abanentshisekelo emikhakheni ehlobene nezezimali. 5. I-Ministry of Trade and Integration (miti.gov.kz/zu): Umnyango kahulumeni obhekele ukusungula izinqubomgomo zohwebo, uqhubekisele phambili imisebenzi yohwebo lwangaphandle ngenkathi uvikela izintshisekelo zezimboni zasekhaya ngemithethonqubo eyahlukene; isiza abahwebi ngolwazi olufanele ngemithetho/imithethonqubo ephathelene nokungenisa/ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe. 6. I-Atameken Union (atameken.org/zu): Inhlangano egxile ekuthuthukisweni kwama-SME e-Kazakhstan ngokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokweluleka ezihlobene nezamabhizinisi emikhakheni eminingi: izimboni zezolimo nezokulungisa ukudla ziphakathi kwazo; iwebhusayithi isingatha izinsiza/amathuluzi amaningi awusizo kubanikazi bamabhizinisi/abatshalizimali ngokufanayo. 7. KAZAKHSTAN Industrialization Map 2025 (industrializationmap2015.com): Le nkundla iveza izindawo ezibalulekile ezihlonzwe uhulumeni njengengxenye yesu lakhe lokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kuze kube ngu-2025; ihlinzeka ngemininingwane ngamaphrojekthi okutshalwa kwezimali, izindawo, kanye nezikhuthazo zokuheha abatshalizimali. Lawa mawebhusayithi anikezela ngohlu olubanzi lolwazi nezisetshenziswa ezihlobene namathuba okutshala imali, izinqubomgomo zohwebo, imininingwane yemakethe, nemithetho yebhizinisi e-Kazakhstan. Kutuswa ukuhlola inkundla ngayinye ngokusekelwe ezidingweni ezithile noma imikhakha enentshisekelo kuyo ukuze uthole ulwazi olufanele kakhulu.

Amawebhusayithi ombuzo wedatha yokuhweba

Kunamawebhusayithi ambalwa emibuzo yedatha yokuhweba atholakalayo e-Kazakhstan. Nazi ezimbalwa zazo kanye namakheli azo ewebhusayithi: 1. I-Kazakhstan National Trade Repository (CNTR): Le webhusayithi esemthethweni ihlinzeka ngezibalo zohwebo eziphelele kanye nolwazi mayelana nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, amanani entengo, kanye nemithethonqubo. Iphethwe uMnyango Wezohwebo Nokuhlanganiswa. Iwebhusayithi http://www.cntr.kz 2. I-World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) - Kazakhstan: I-WITS iwuhlelo lweBhange Lomhlaba olunikeza ukufinyelela ezibalweni zohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nedatha yentela yangokwezifiso. Isizindalwazi sabo sihlanganisa imininingwane enemininingwane mayelana nezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, abalingani abahwebayo, nokunye. Iwebhusayithi: https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/KAZ 3. I-GlobalTrade.net - Ingosi ye-Kazakhstan Import-Export: I-GlobalTrade.net iyinkundla ye-inthanethi esiza izinkampani ekutholeni amathuba ebhizinisi lamazwe ngamazwe. Ingosi ihlinzeka ngezinsiza eziwusizo emithethweni yokungenisa-ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, imibiko yocwaningo lwemakethe, imicimbi yohwebo, noxhumana nabo bemboni ethile. Iwebhusayithi: www.globaltrade.net/expert-guides/country-profile/Kazakhstan/Market-Access 4. I-Trading Economics - Ibhalansi Yezohwebo yase-Kazakhstan: Le webhusayithi igxile ekunikezeni izinkomba zomnotho ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene okuhlanganisa nedatha yebhalansi yezohwebo yaseKazakhstan futhi. Ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bahlole amathrendi omlando kanye nokuhlaziya izibikezelo zokungeniswa nokuphuma kwezwe kwezwe. Iwebhusayithi: https://tradingeconomics.com/kazakhstan/balance-of-trade Lawa mawebhusayithi angakusiza ukuthi uthole ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nokugeleza kohwebo kwe-Kazakhstan njengabalingani bayo abaphezulu bohwebo, izimpahla ezinkulu ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, amanani entengo asetshenziswa emikhiqizweni ethile noma emikhakheni ethile, kanye nezibalo zebhalansi yokuhweba iyonke. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukutholakala kwedatha kungase kwehluke kuzo zonke lezi zingxenyekazi ngenxa yamazinga ahlukene okubika noma imvamisa yezibuyekezo ezinikezwa imithombo efanele. Ngakho-ke kuyanconywa ukuthi udlulise izinkomba emithonjeni eminingi ngenkathi wenza noma yiluphi ucwaningo oluhlobene nohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe e-Kazakhstan

Amapulatifomu e-B2b

I-Kazakhstan iyizwe elise-Asia Emaphakathi futhi inezinkundla ezimbalwa ze-B2B ezibhekelela izimboni ezahlukahlukene. Nazi ezinye izinkundla ezivelele ze-B2B e-Kazakhstan kanye namakheli abo ewebhusayithi: 1. I-Alibaba: Le nkundla ye-B2B yomhlaba wonke ixhuma abathengi nabahlinzeki abavela ezimbonini ezihlukene emhlabeni wonke, okuhlanganisa nezinkampani ezisebenza e-Kazakhstan. Iwebhusayithi: www.alibaba.com 2. I-TradeKey: I-TradeKey iyindawo yemakethe ye-B2B eku-inthanethi yamazwe ngamazwe eqhuba uhwebo phakathi kwabathumeli bangaphandle nabangenisayo emhlabeni jikelele, okuhlanganisa namabhizinisi ase-Kazakhstan. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.tradekey.com 3. EC21: Le nkundla inikeza uhla olubanzi lwemikhiqizo namasevisi kubathengi nabathengisi emhlabeni wonke, exhumanisa amabhizinisi asebenza e-Kazakhstan nabangaba ozakwethu emhlabeni wonke. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.ec21.com 4. Imithombo Yomhlaba Wonke: Imithombo Yomhlaba Wonke ihlinzeka ngohlu olubanzi lwezisombululo ngendawo yayo yemakethe eku-inthanethi, igqugquzela ukuhwebelana phakathi kwabathengi nabahlinzeki emhlabeni jikelele, kuhlanganise nalabo abazinze e-Kazakhstan. Iwebhusayithi: www.globalsources.com 5. I-Made-in-China.com: Njengenye yezinkundla ezihamba phambili ze-B2B e-China, i-Made-in-China.com ixhuma izinkampani zase-Kazakhstani nabahlinzeki abavela e-China ezimbonini eziningi. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.made-in-china.com 6. I-HKTDC (Umkhandlu Wokuthuthukiswa Kwezohwebo wase-Hong Kong): I-HKTDC isingathe inkundla ye-inthanethi yokufuna ibhizinisi-kuya-ibhizinisi exhumanisa osomabhizinisi base-Kazakhstani nabahlinzeki bekhwalithi abavela e-Hong Kong nakwezinye izifunda emhlabeni jikelele. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.hktdc.com 7. I-ECVV (Yenziwe e-China): I-ECVV enye inkundla evelele yaseShayina ye-B2B ehlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokuhweba zomhlaba wonke zezinkampani ezizinze emazweni afana ne-Kazakhstan. Iwebhusayithi: en.ecvv.co.kr. 8.MachineryZone – 专注于工程、建筑和农业行业的平台。链接：www.machineryzone.cn/ 這些是Kazakhstan的一些知名的B2B平台，可以帮助当地企业与国内外潜在合作伙伴建立联系，七进远远台进台进远远远远台进台进台。的网址可能会有变化，请查证后使用.
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