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Ukubuka konke Kwezwe
I-China, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi i-People's Republic of China, iyizwe elikhulu eliseMpumalanga ye-Asia. Njengoba inabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.4, iyisizwe esinabantu abaningi kakhulu emhlabeni. Inhloko-dolobha yiBeijing. I-China inomlando ocebile osukela ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka futhi ithathwa njengenye yempucuko endala kakhulu emhlabeni. Ibe negalelo elikhulu emikhakheni ehlukahlukene njengefilosofi, isayensi, ubuciko, kanye nemibhalo. Ngokuya nge-geography, i-China ihlanganisa indawo ehlukahlukene kusukela ezintabeni nasezintabeni kuya ezingwadule namathafa asogwini. Izwe lihlanganyela imingcele namazwe angu-14 angomakhelwane, okuhlanganisa iRussia, India, kanye neNyakatho Korea. Njengesizinda esinamandla kwezomnotho, iShayina ikhule ngokushesha kusukela yenze izinguquko ezigxile ezimakethe ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970. Manje isingeyesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni wonke nge-GDP ngegama futhi ihola ezimbonini ezimbalwa ezifana nezokukhiqiza nobuchwepheshe. Uhulumeni waseShayina ulandela uhlelo lwepolitiki yezenhlalakahle eholwa yiCommunist Party of China (CPC). Ilawula imikhakha ebalulekile yomnotho kodwa futhi isivulele ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe kanye nobudlelwano bohwebo. Isiko lamaShayina lamukela amasiko agxilile kubuConfucian kuyilapho lihlanganisa izici ezivela kubuBuddha nobuTao. Leli gugu lamasiko lingabonwa ngokudla kwalo - okudume umhlaba wonke ngezitsha ezifana namadombolo kanye nedada lasePeking - kanye nobuciko bendabuko obufana ne-calligraphy, ukupenda, i-opera, ubuciko bokulwa (Kung Fu), kanye nemikhosi yetiye yamaShayina. I-China ibhekene nezinselelo ezinjengokungcoliswa kwemvelo ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kanye nokungafani kwezenhlalo nezomnotho phakathi kwezindawo zasemadolobheni ezithuthuke kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezifunda zasemakhaya. Kodwa-ke, imizamo yenziwa nguhulumeni ekufezeni izinhloso zentuthuko esimeme egxile ezinhlelweni zokuguqula amandla aluhlaza. Eminyakeni yakamuva ngaphansi kobuholi bukaMongameli uXi Jinping (kusukela ngo-2013), i-China iye yaphishekela izinhlelo ezifana ne-Belt & Road Initiative yokuthuthukisa ukuxhumana namanye amazwe emigwaqweni yokuhweba eyingqophamlando ngenkathi iphinde iqinisekisa ithonya layo ezinkundleni zokuxhumana zomhlaba jikelele njengeZizwe Ezihlangene. Sekukonke, okuhlanganisa umlando ocebile, ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko, namandla ezomnotho, iShayina idlala indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni izindaba zomhlaba futhi iyaqhubeka nokwenza igxathu ekuthuthukisweni kwezenhlalo nezomnotho.
Imali Yezwe
Isimo semali yaseShayina sibonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwe-Renminbi (RMB) njengohlobo lwemali olusemthethweni. Iyunithi ye-akhawunti ye-RMB yi-Yuan, evame ukumelwa yi-CNY noma i-RMB ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe. I-People's Bank of China (PBOC) inegunya lokukhipha nokulawula inqubomgomo yezimali yezwe. I-Renminbi iye yakhululeka kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okuvumela ukuhwebelana okukhulu kwamanye amazwe kanye nokukhula okuguquguqukayo esilinganisweni sayo sokushintshaniswa. Ngo-2005, i-China yasebenzisa umthetho wezinga lokushintshanisa elintantayo olawulwayo, oxhumanisa i-Yuan nobhasikidi wezinhlobo zemali esikhundleni sokuqhathanisa ne-USD. Lesi sinyathelo sihlose ukunciphisa ukuthembela ku-USD nokukhuthaza uzinzo ekuhwebeni kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela ngo-2016, i-China ibithatha izinyathelo zokufaka imali yayo kubhasikidi Wamalungelo Akhethekile Okudweba Wesikhwama Semali (IMF) (i-SDR) eduze kwezimali ezinkulu njenge-USD, GBP, EUR, kanye ne-JPY. Lokhu kufakwa kukhombisa ukukhula kwezomnotho kweChina emhlabeni jikelele. Mayelana nokulawulwa kokuhwebelana, nakuba kusenemikhawulo ethile yokungena nokuphuma kwezimali eShayina ngenxa yokulawulwa kwezimali okwenziwa iziphathimandla zaseShayina mayelana nokukhathazeka mayelana nokuzinza kwezezimali kanye nekhono lokuphatha umnotho omkhulu; imizamo yenziwe maqondana nokukhululeka kancane kancane. Ukulawula ukusebenza okuhlelekile kohlelo lwayo lwezezimali kanye nokulawula inqubomgomo yezimali ngempumelelo kakhudlwana ngemva kokubhekana nezinguquko zokuxegiswa kwemikhawulo emazingeni enzalo anikezwa amabhange entengiso ngo-2013 ngaphambi kwalokhu wonke amanani enzalo abekwe phakathi nendawo yi-PBOC manje angaphansi kwenqubo yezinguquko kuyilapho i-Systemically Important Foreign Foreign rates. -Amabhange atshaliwe athola inkululeko eyengeziwe ngokuqhathaniswa nezimali ze-yuan eziphathelene nokusebenza kwawo ngaphakathi kwe-Mainland China Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwethulwa izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene ezimayelana nezinguquko ezigxile emakethe okuhlanganisa nokwenza ngcono imisebenzi yemakethe yokuhwebelana yangaphandle kuyilapho kunikezwa amathuluzi engeziwe okulawula ubungozi/uthango ngaphakathi kohlaka oluvunyelwe ngaphandle kwezinye izindlela zokuphumula ezikhulayo ezivumela ukuguqulwa okuqondile phakathi kwe-yuan nempahla efanelekile evunyelwe. ngokwezinjongo zezimali eziwela imingcele noma ukutshalwa kwezimali nakho okunomthelela ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kwamazwe ngamazwe kwe-Renminbi. Sekukonke, isimo semali yaseShayina sihlala sishintsha njengoba izwe liqhubeka livula izimakethe zalo zezezimali, libhekana nokulawulwa kokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe, futhi liqhubeka nemizamo yalo yokwazisa iRenminbi kwamanye amazwe.
Isilinganiso sokushintsha imali
Imali yaseShayina esemthethweni yi-Chinese Yuan, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Renminbi (RMB). Ngokuqondene nezilinganiso zokushintshanisa ngemali eshisiwe yezinhlobo zemali zomhlaba ezinkulu, sicela uqaphele ukuthi lezi zibalo zingahluka futhi kuhlale kuhle ukuthi uhlole amanani amanje emakethe. Nazi izibonelo zezilinganiso zokushintshisana cishe: I-USD eyi-1 (iDola lase-United States) ≈ 6.40-6.50 CNY 1 EUR (Euro) ≈ 7.70-7.80 CNY 1 GBP (Ipondo laseBrithani) ≈ 8.80-9.00 CNY 1 JPY (Yen YaseJapane) ≈ 0.06-0.07 CNY 1 AUD (iDola lase-Australia) ≈ 4.60-4.70 CNY Sicela ukhumbule ukuthi lawa manani ayahlawumbisela futhi angashintsha ngenxa yezici ezihlukahlukene emakethe yokushintshiselana ngemali yangaphandle njengezimo zezomnotho, izimo zezombusazwe, njll.
Amaholide Abalulekile
I-China inemikhosi eminingana ebalulekile yendabuko, ebonisa amagugu ayo acebile namasiko. Omunye wemikhosi ebaluleke kakhulu e-China uMkhosi Wasentwasahlobo, owaziwa nangokuthi uNyaka Omusha WaseShayina. Lo mkhosi ugujwa ngesasasa elikhulu futhi uphawula ukuqala konyaka omusha wenyanga. Unyaka Omusha WaseShayina uvamise ukuwela phakathi kokuphela kukaJanuwari nasekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari futhi uhlala izinsuku eziyishumi nanhlanu. Ngalesi sikhathi, abantu benza imisebenzi eyahlukene njengemibuthano yomndeni, ukuzitika ngokudla okumnandi, ukushintshisana ngezimvilophu ezibomvu ezinemali, ukukhanyisa iziqhumane, nokubuka imidanso yesintu kadrako. Omunye umkhosi omkhulu eChina uMkhosi Wamaphakathi Nekwindla, owaziwa nangokuthi uMkhosi weNyanga. Lo mkhosi wenzeka ngosuku lwe-15 lwenyanga yesishiyagalombili (ngokuvamile ngo-September noma ngo-October) lapho inyanga isigcwele ngokugcwele. Abantu bagubha ngokunikeza umndeni nabangane ama-mooncakes kuyilapho bejabulela imisebenzi yangaphandle efana nemibukiso yelambu. Iholide Losuku Lwesizwe lingesinye isenzakalo esibalulekile esiyisikhumbuzo sokusungulwa kweShayina yesimanje ngo-Okthoba 1, 1949. Phakathi naleli holidi lesonto lonke elibizwa ngokuthi i-Golden Week (Okthoba 1-7), abantu bathatha amaholide noma bavakashele izindawo zezivakashi ezidumile kulo lonke elaseShayina ukuze bagubhe ukuzigqaja ngobuzwe. Ngaphandle kwale mikhosi emikhulu, kuneminye imigubho ephawulekayo efana ne-Qingming Festival (Usuku Lwethuna Lokushanela), I-Dragon Boat Festival (Duanwu), I-Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao), phakathi kwabanye. Le mikhosi ikhombisa izici ezihlukene zesiko lamaShayina njengezinkolelo zamaConfucian noma amasiko ezolimo. Sengiphetha, i-China inemikhosi eminingi ebalulekile ebamba ukubaluleka kwamasiko okujulile kubantu bayo. Le micimbi ihlanganisa imindeni, ikhuthaze umuzwa wobumbano phakathi kwezakhamizi ngamaholide ezwe njengoSuku Lukazwelonke Lwesonto Legolide futhi inikeza amathuba kuwo wonke umuntu ukuthi azibandakanye emasikweni namasiko amadala unyaka wonke.
Isimo Sohwebo Lwangaphandle
I-China, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni nge-People's Republic of China (PRC), ibambe iqhaza elikhulu emkhakheni wezohwebo emhlabeni jikelele. Ivele ngokushesha njengomthengisi omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni futhi ongenisa impahla ngaphandle kwesibili ngobukhulu. Imboni yezohwebo yaseShayina ibone ukukhula okumangalisayo emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, iqhutshwa ikakhulukazi amandla ayo okukhiqiza kanye nabasebenzi ababiza kancane. Izwe seliziguqule laba umnotho ogxile ekuthengiseni kwamanye amazwe, ligxile ekukhiqizeni izinhlobonhlobo zezimpahla ezithengwayo, izinto zikagesi, imishini, izindwangu nokunye. Mayelana nezindawo ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, i-China ithumela imikhiqizo yayo cishe kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba. Abalingani bayo abakhulu kakhulu bokuhweba bahlanganisa i-United States, amazwe e-European Union afana neJalimane neFrance, amazwe ase-ASEAN afana ne-Japan neNingizimu Korea. Lezi zimakethe zenza ingxenye enkulu yokuthunyelwa kwe-China kwamanye amazwe. Ngasohlangothini lokungenisa, iShayina ithembele kakhulu ezintweni ezifana nowoyela, insimbi, ithusi, ubhontshisi wesoya ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zayo ezikhulayo zezimboni. Abahlinzeki abakhulu ngamazwe afana ne-Australia (yensimbi yensimbi), iSaudi Arabia (yamafutha), iBrazil (yobhontshisi wesoya), njll. Imali enqwabelene yohwebo yaseShayina (umehluko phakathi kokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe nokuphuma kwamanye amazwe) isalokhu inkulu kodwa ibonise izimpawu zokuncipha eminyakeni yamuva nje ngenxa yezici ezihlukahlukene njengokukhuphuka kwezindleko zokukhiqiza kanye nokwenyuka kokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya. Izwe liphinde libhekane nezinselelo ezifana nezingxabano zohwebo namanye amazwe ezingase zibe nomthelela ekuhwebeni kwazo esikhathini esizayo. Uhulumeni wase-China uye walandela ngenkuthalo izinqubomgomo zokukhuthaza ukuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezifana ne-Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) okuhloswe ngayo ukuthuthukisa ukuxhumana kwengqalasizinda namazwe angabambisene kuzo zonke izifunda zase-Asia-Europe-Afrika. Sengiphetha, iShayina iphuma njengombambeli obalulekile kwezohwebo emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yamakhono ayo okukhiqiza kuyilapho ingumthumeli omkhulu wamazwe ngamazwe kanye nomthengisi. Umkhankaso wayo wokudidiyela umnotho wamazwe ngamazwe uyaqhubeka ngezinhlelo ezithuthukisa amathuba okutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe kumabhizinisi asekhaya kuyilapho kuqiniswa ubudlelwano bamazwe amabili nabalingani abakhulu bokuhweba emhlabeni wonke.
Amathuba Okuthuthukisa Imakethe
I-China, njengezwe elithumela kwamanye amazwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni futhi lingelesibili ngobukhulu, linamandla amakhulu okuthuthukisa imakethe yohwebo lwangaphandle. Kunezici ezimbalwa ezinomthelela emathembeni aqinile eChina kule ndawo. Okokuqala, indawo yase-China iyinikeza isikhundla esihle njengendawo yokuhweba yomhlaba wonke. Itholakala eMpumalanga Asia, isebenza njengesango phakathi kwezimakethe zaseNtshonalanga neMpumalanga. Inethiwekhi yayo enkulu yengqalasizinda yezokuthutha, okuhlanganisa namachweba kanye nojantshi besitimela, ivumela ukusatshalaliswa kahle kwezimpahla kuleli nasemazweni angaphandle. Okwesibili, iChina inemakethe enkulu yabathengi enabantu abangaphezu kwezigidigidi eziyi-1.4. Lesi sidingo sasekhaya sihlinzeka ngesisekelo esihle kakhulu sokwanda kwezohwebo lwangaphandle njengoba kunikeza amathuba kukho kokubili ukungenisa kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Isigaba esimaphakathi esikhulayo e-China siveza isisekelo samakhasimende esiguqukayo esilangazelela imikhiqizo yekhwalithi ephezulu evela emhlabeni wonke. Okwesithathu, i-China yenze imizamo emikhulu yokuthuthukisa isimo sayo sebhizinisi ngokusebenzisa izinguquko ezihlukahlukene kanye nezinqubomgomo zokukhulula. Imizamo efana ne-Belt and Road Initiative idale imigudu yezomnotho emisha exhumanisa i-Asia ne-Europe kanye ne-Afrika, okugqugquzela ubudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kwamazwe abandakanyekayo kule miklamo yengqalasizinda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-China iziqhayisa ngezinsizakusebenza eziningi ezifana nabasebenzi abanamakhono ngezindleko ezincintisanayo eziheha izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe ezibheke ukukhipha izinqubo zazo zokukhiqiza noma ukusungula izisekelo zokukhiqiza ngaphakathi kwezwe. Amakhono ayo athuthukile ezobuchwepheshe nawo ayenza ibe indawo ekhangayo ezimbonini ezifuna ukubambisana noma amathuba okutshala imali. Ukwengeza, amabhizinisi aseShayina abelokhu esebenza ngokuqhubekayo ekwandiseni ubukhona bawo emhlabeni jikelele ngokutshalwa kwezimali phesheya kwezilwandle noma ukutholwa. Lo mkhuba ugqamisa isifiso sabo sokungena ezimakethe ezintsha kuyilapho benikeza abangaba ozakwethu ithuba lokufinyelela imakethe yase-China ngokusebenzisana noma ukusebenzisana. Sengiphetha, imakethe yezohwebo yangaphandle yaseShayina kulindeleke ukuthi iqhubeke idlondlobala ngenxa yendawo yayo enenzuzo, isisekelo esikhulu sabathengi basekhaya, izinhlelo eziqhubekayo zezinguquko zebhizinisi kanye nensada yezinsiza ezitholakalayo ngaphakathi kwemingcele yayo. Lezi zinto zihlangene ziveza amathuba amakhulu kumabhizinisi emhlabeni wonke ahlose ukuhlola amathuba angaphakathi kwale makethe eguquguqukayo yamathemba okukhula amakhulu.
Imikhiqizo edayiswayo eshisayo emakethe
Uma kuziwa ekukhetheni imikhiqizo edayiswa kakhulu yemakethe yohwebo yangaphandle yaseChina, kunezici ezimbalwa okufanele zicatshangelwe. Nazi ezinye iziphakamiso zokuthi ungakhetha kanjani le mikhiqizo: 1. Ucwaningo lwemakethe: Qala ngokwenza ucwaningo olunzulu lwemakethe ukuze uhlonze izitayela zakamuva kanye nezimfuno emkhakheni wezohwebo lwangaphandle waseShayina. Hlaziya izintandokazi zamanje zabathengi namaphethini okuthenga, unake izimboni ezisafufusa nezigaba zemikhiqizo ezikhombisa amandla. 2. Hlaziya ukuncintisana: Bukisisa okunikezwayo izimbangi zakho emakethe yaseShayina. Thola izikhala noma izindawo lapho ungahlukanisa khona imikhiqizo yakho kulokho osekuvele kutholakala. Lokhu kuhlaziya kuzokusiza uqonde ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zemikhiqizo ezinesidingo esikhulu futhi lapho kunesikhala sabangenayo. 3. Qonda okuthandwayo kwamasiko: Yazi ukuthi i-China inezintandokazi zayo zamasiko ezihlukile kanye nokuziphatha kwabathengi. Cabangela ukushintshanisa noma ukulungisa ukukhetha komkhiqizo wakho ngendlela efanele ukuze uhlangabezane nokuthandwa kwasendaweni, amasiko, namasiko. 4. Ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi: Abathengi baseShayina baya ngokuya bekwazisa kakhulu imikhiqizo yekhwalithi ephezulu nethembekile. Naka izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi njengezitifiketi zomkhiqizo, amazinga okuphepha, izinketho zewaranti, njll., uqinisekise ukuthi izinto ezikhethiwe ziyahlangabezana noma zidlule lokho okulindelekile. 5. Amandla we-E-commerce: Ngokukhula okusheshayo kwe-e-commerce e-China, beka kuqala ukukhetha imikhiqizo enamandla okuthengisa aku-inthanethi amahle kanye namathuba okuthengisa ungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi. 6.Ukusebenza kahle kwe-Supply chain: Hlola ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthola izinto ezikhethiwe ngokuphumelelayo ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yakho ye-supply chain kuyilapho ugcina amanani okuncintisana ngaphandle kokuyekethisa kumazinga ekhwalithi. 7.Izinketho ezisimeme noma ezilungele imvelo: Njengoba ukuqwashisa ngemvelo kukhula phakathi kwabathengi baseShayina, cabanga ukuhlanganisa izinqubo ezisimeme enqubweni yokukhetha umkhiqizo wakho ngokunikeza izinketho ezivumelana nemvelo noma nini lapho kunokwenzeka. 8.Ukuhlola imakethe & ukuzivumelanisa nezimo: Ngaphambi kokwenza izinsiza ngokugcwele ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi noma ekuthengeni, yenza ukuhlola kwemakethe elinganiselwe ngezinga elincane (isb., amaphrojekthi wokuhlola) ngemikhiqizo ekhethwe ngokucophelela emele izigaba ezahlukene ngaphakathi kwengxube yephothifoliyo yakho engase ibe khona. Ngokucabangela lezi zici ngenkathi kwenziwa ukuhlaziya imakethe kanye nezinqubo zokuthatha izinqumo eziqhutshwa ucwaningo ngendlela ehlelekile, amabhizinisi afanelekile angakhuphula amathuba awo okukhetha imikhiqizo edayiswa kakhulu yemakethe yohwebo yangaphandle yaseShayina futhi azuze impumelelo kule makethe enkulukazi nenenzuzo enkulu.
Izici zekhasimende kanye ne-taboo
I-China iyizwe elikhulu futhi elihlukahlukene elinezici ezihlukile uma kuziwa ekuziphatheni kwamakhasimende. Ukuqonda lezi zici nama-taboos kungasiza kakhulu ekusunguleni ubudlelwano bebhizinisi obuphumelelayo: Izici Zekhasimende: 1. Ukugcizelela kakhulu ubudlelwano bomuntu siqu: Amakhasimende aseShayina akwazisa ukwethenjwa nokwethembeka, ngokuvamile ancamela ukwenza ibhizinisi nabantu ababaziyo noma abanconywe kubo. 2. Ukubaluleka kobuso: Ukugcina isithombe esihle nesithunzi kubalulekile esikweni lamaShayina. Amakhasimende angase ahambe ibanga elide ukuze azigcinele ubuso noma alondolozele ozakwethu bebhizinisi. 3. Ukuqaphela amanani: Nakuba amakhasimende aseShayina ejabulela ikhwalithi, nawo ayazwela amanani futhi ngokuvamile afuna inani elingcono kakhulu lemali yawo. 4. Amazinga aphezulu okusebenzelana ku-inthanethi: Ngenani elikhulu labasebenzisi bama-smartphone, amakhasimende aseShayina angabathengi abaku-inthanethi abashisekayo abacwaninga kabanzi ngemikhiqizo futhi bafunde ukubuyekezwa kwamakhasimende ngaphambi kokwenza izinqumo zokuthenga. I-Taboos yekhasimende: 1. Gwema ukulahlekelwa ubuso: Ungalokothi ugxeke noma uphoxe ikhasimende laseShayina esidlangalaleni, njengoba lokhu kungase kubangele ukulahlekelwa ubuso obubhekwa kakhulu ngokwesiko. 2. Izipho kufanele zifaneleke: Qaphela lapho unikeza izipho, njengoba ukuthinta okungafanele kungase kubonakale kubi noma ngokungekho emthethweni ngenxa yemithetho emelene nokufumbathisa. 3. Hlonipha izikhundla kanye neminyaka yobudala: Bonisa inhlonipho kubantu abadala eqenjini ngokukhuluma nabantu abadala kuqala phakathi nemihlangano noma ukuxoxisana. 4. Izimpawu ezingasho lutho zibalulekile: Naka izimpawu ezingasho lutho ezifana nomzimba, iphimbo, nesimo sobuso njengoba zinencazelo ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni kwesiShayina. Ngokuqonda lezi zici zekhasimende nokugwema izithiyo ngenkathi ziqhuba ibhizinisi e-China, izinkampani zingakha ubudlelwano obuqinile nozakwabo baseShayina okuholela ekubambisaneni okuphumelelayo nokwanda kwamathuba okuthengisa.
Uhlelo lokuphathwa kweCustoms
I-China inohlelo oluphelele lokuphathwa kwempahla edayiswayo ukuze lilawule ukuthuthwa kwempahla emingceleni yayo. Iziphathimandla zentela ziye zabeka izinyathelo nemithethonqubo ehlukahlukene ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhamba kahle kwezohwebo kuyilapho futhi kuvikelwe ukuphepha kwezwe kanye nezintshisakalo zezomnotho. Nazi ezinye izici ezibalulekile zohlelo lokuphathwa kwempahla yaseShayina kanye nezinto ezibalulekile okufanele uzikhumbule: 1. Izinqubo zeCustoms: Wonke umuntu noma inkampani engenisa noma ethumela izimpahla kwamanye amazwe kumele ilandele izinqubo ezimisiwe zentela engenayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukugcwalisa amadokhumenti adingekayo, ukukhokha imisebenzi nezintela ezifanele, kanye nokuthobela imithethonqubo efanele. 2. Izimemezelo zeCustoms: Bonke abangenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe nabathumela kwamanye amazwe kudingeka ukuthi balethe izimemezelo ezinembile neziphelele zamasiko ezinikeza ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nohlobo lwezimpahla, inani lazo, inani, imvelaphi, indawo, njll. 3. Imisebenzi kanye Nezintela: I-China ibeka izintela ezimpahleni ezingeniswa kwamanye amazwe ngokusekelwe ekuhlukaniseni kwazo ngokweKhodi Yesistimu Evumelanisiwe (HS). Ukwengeza, intela ye-value-added (VAT) ikhokhiswa ezimpahleni eziningi ezingenisiwe ngenani elijwayelekile elingu-13%. 4. Izimpahla Ezinqatshelwe Futhi Ezikhawulelwe: Izinto ezithile zinqatshelwe noma zivinjelwe ukuthunyelwa noma ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle ngenxa yokukhathazeka kokuphepha noma imikhawulo yezomthetho. Lokhu kubandakanya izidakamizwa, izikhali, imikhiqizo yezilwane ezisengozini, izinto zomgunyathi, njll. 5. I-Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): I-China ithatha ukuvikela impahla yengqondo njengento ebalulekile emingceleni yayo. Ukungenisa imikhiqizo ewumgunyathi kungaholela ezijezisweni ezifana nokuthathwa kwezimpahla noma izinhlawulo. 6. Ukuhlolwa Kwempahla Ethengiswayo: Ukuqinisekisa ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho neziqondiso, iziphathimandla zentela zinelungelo lokuhlola ukuthunyelwa kwempahla ngokungahleliwe noma lapho zisola noma yikuphi ukwephulwa. 7. Izibonelelo Zabavakashi: Lapho ungena eShayina njengomhambi ngamunye ngaphandle kwezinhloso zentengiso, inani elithile lempahla yomuntu siqu njengezingubo, imithi ingalethwa ngaphandle kokukhokha imisebenzi. Kodwa kungase kube nemingcele yezinto ezibalulekile njengezinto ezisebenza ngogesi, ubucwebe, notshwala, ukugwema izinhloso ezingaba zokushushumbisa. Kuhlale kuhle kubantu abahambela amazwe ngamazwe ukuze bazijwayeze nezidingo ezithile zamasiko zezwe okuyiwa kulo. Ukwehluleka ukuthobela imithetho yase-China yamasiko kungaholela ezinhlawulweni, ekubambezelekeni, noma ekuthathweni kwezimpahla.
Izinqubomgomo zentela zokungenisa
I-China iqalise inqubomgomo ephelele yentela yokungenisa kwamanye amazwe ukuze ilawule ukukhokhiswa kwentela yempahla engenisiwe ezweni. Izimali zokungenisa kuleli zikhokhiswa ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene zezimpahla futhi zisebenzisa izinjongo eziningi njengokuvikela izimboni zasekhaya, ukulawula ukuhamba kohwebo, kanye nokungenisa imali kuhulumeni. Imisebenzi yokungenisa e-China ngokuyinhloko isekelwe oHlelweni Lokusetshenziswa Kwentela Yempahla, oluhlukanisa imikhiqizo kumakhodi entela ahlukene. Lezi zindleko zihlukaniswa ngaphansi kwezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: amanani ajwayelekile kanye namazinga akhethwayo. Amanani avamile asebenza ekuthengisweni okuningi kwamanye amazwe kuyilapho amanani akhethwayo enikezwa amazwe i-China esungule nawo izivumelwano zohwebo. Isakhiwo sentela yokungenisa elizweni jikelele siqukethe izigaba ezimbalwa ezisukela ku-0% ukuya ngaphezulu kuka-100%. Izimpahla ezibalulekile ezifana nokudla okuyisisekelo, izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko, nezinto ezithile zobuchwepheshe zijabulela amanani entengo aphansi noma ayiziro. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimpahla zikanokusho nezinto ezingase zisongele ukuphepha kwezwe noma impilo yomphakathi zingakhokhiswa amanani aphezulu. I-China iphinde isebenzise intela ye-value-added tax (VAT) ezimpahleni ezingenisiwe ngenani elijwayelekile elingu-13%. I-VAT ibalwa ngokusekelwe enanini eliphelele lomkhiqizo ongenisiwe okuhlanganisa nentela yempahla (uma ikhona), izindleko zokuhamba, izimali zomshwalense, kanye nanoma yiziphi ezinye izindleko ezitholwe ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa. Ukwengeza, kukhona ukukhululwa noma ukuncishiswa okutholakalayo ezigabeni ezithile ezifana nemikhiqizo ehlobene nezolimo, imfundo, ucwaningo lwesayensi, izinhlelo zokushintshisana ngamasiko noma imizamo yokusiza abantu. Kubalulekile ukuthi abangenisa impahla ngaphandle bahambisane nemithetho yaseShayina mayelana nokumenyezelwa kwezimpahla ezingenayo ngokunembayo. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungase kuphumele ekujezisweni noma ekuthathweni kwezimpahla. Kafushane, inqubomgomo yaseShayina yentela yempahla engaphandle ihlose ukuvikela izimboni zasekhaya kuyilapho ilinganisa ubudlelwano bohwebo bamazwe ngamazwe. Iqinisekisa ukuncintisana okunobulungiswa phakathi kwabakhiqizi basekhaya ngokunqanda ukuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe okungahle kubukele phansi ukuncintisana kwabo.
Thumela izinqubomgomo zentela
I-China isebenzise izinqubomgomo zentela ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ukuze ilawule imboni yayo yokuthumela impahla ngaphandle futhi ikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa komnotho. Izwe lamukela uhlelo lwe-value-added tax (VAT) ezimpahleni zalo eziningi ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Okuthengiswayo okuvamile, inqubomgomo yokubuyiselwa kwe-VAT yokuthekelisa ivumela abathekelisi ukuthi bafune ukubuyiselwa i-VAT ekhokhwe ezintweni ezingavuthiwe, izingxenye, nokunye okokufaka okusetshenziswe enqubweni yokukhiqiza. Lokhu kusiza ukunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza futhi kuthuthukise ukuncintisana ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe. Izilinganiso zokubuyiselwa kwemali ziyahlukahluka ngokuya ngesigaba somkhiqizo, ngamanani aphezulu anikezwa izinto ezifana nezingubo, izindwangu, nezinto zikagesi. Kodwa-ke, imikhiqizo ethile ayifaneleki ukubuyiselwa i-VAT noma kungenzeka ibe nezilinganiso ezincishisiwe zokubuyiselwa kwemali ngenxa yokukhathazeka kwemvelo noma imithetho kahulumeni. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu noma izimpahla ezingcolisa kakhulu zingabhekana nezintela ezikhushuliwe njengesinyathelo sokukhuthaza izinqubo ezizinzile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-China iphinde ibeke imisebenzi yokuthekelisa kwamanye amazwe ezimpahleni ezithile ezifana nemikhiqizo yensimbi, amalahle, amaminerali omhlaba angavamile, neminye imikhiqizo yezolimo. Inhloso wukulawula ukuphakelwa kwasekhaya kanye nokugcina uzinzo kulezi zimboni. Ukwengeza, i-China isungule Izindawo Zokuhweba Ezikhululekile (ama-FTZ) lapho izinqubomgomo ezithile eziphathelene nentela zisetshenziswa ngokuhlukile uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izifunda zezwe. Ama-FTZ anikeza amanani entela akhethekile noma ukukhululwa ezimbonini ezithile njengengxenye yemizamo yokuheha abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe kanye nokukhuthaza ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe. Kubalulekile ukuthi abathumeli bempahla e-China bazigcine benolwazi ngezinguquko kuzinqubomgomo zentela njengoba zingase zilungiswe ngezikhathi ezithile nguhulumeni ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zezomnotho nezimo zomhlaba. Sengiphetha, umsebenzisi)+(s), indlela yaseShayina emayelana nentela yokuthekelisa ngaphandle ihlose ukuxhasa izimboni zasekhaya kuyilapho igcina ukuncintisana kwamanye amazwe ngokubuyiswa kwe-VAT yezimpahla ezijwayelekile kanye nemisebenzi ethile ebekwe ezimpahleni ezithile.
Kudingeka izitifiketi zokuthekelisa
I-China, njengomunye weminotho emikhulu emhlabeni, inohlelo oluzinzile lokunikeza izitifiketi zokuthekelisa. Izwe liyakuqonda ukubaluleka kokuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo yalo ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ihlangabezana nezindinganiso nemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe. Inqubo yesitifiketi sokuthekelisa eChina ibandakanya izinyathelo nezimfuneko ezahlukahlukene. Okokuqala, abathumeli bangaphandle badinga ukuthola Ilayisensi Yokuthekelisa ekhishwe iziphathimandla zikahulumeni ezifanele ezifana ne-General Administration of Customs (GAC) noma uMnyango Wezohwebo. Le layisensi ibavumela ukuthi bahlanganyele emisebenzini yokuthekelisa. Ukwengeza, izitifiketi ezithile zomkhiqizo zingadingeka kuye ngohlobo lwezimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Isibonelo, uma kuthunyelwa ngaphandle imikhiqizo yokudla, abathumeli bangaphandle kufanele bathobele imithetho yokuphepha kokudla ebekwe ama-ejensi afana ne-China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA), ekhipha izitifiketi zenhlanzeko zokuthunyelwa kokudla ngaphandle. Abathumeli abavela kwamanye amazwe kufanele futhi bathobele izindinganiso zokulawula ikhwalithi ezisungulwe ama-ejensi afana ne-China Certification & Inspection Group (CCIC), eqhuba ukuhlola ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imikhiqizo ihlangabezana nezidingo zekhwalithi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Isitifiketi Somsuka singadingeka ukufakazela ukuthi izimpahla zikhiqizwa noma zikhiqizwa eShayina. Lesi sitifiketi siqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ethunyelwe isuka emithonjeni yase-China futhi sinquma ukuthi iyafaneleka yini ukuthola izivumelwano zokuhweba ezincanyelwayo noma ukuncishiswa kwentela ngaphansi kwe-Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). Ukuzulazula kulezi zinqubo ngokushelela, abathumeli bangaphandle abaningi bafuna usizo kubasebenzeli abangochwepheshe abasebenza ngokukhethekileyo ekuphatheni amaphepha nezinqubo ezihlobene nesitifiketi sokuthekelisa. Lawa ma-ejenti anolwazi olubanzi mayelana nemithetho yokungenisa/yokuthekelisa futhi angasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthotshelwa kwawo wonke amadokhumenti adingekayo. Sengiphetha, i-China ibeka ukubaluleka okubalulekile ekutholeni isitifiketi sokuthekelisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izimpahla zayo ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ziyahlangabezana namazinga omhlaba. Ukulandela imihlahlandlela eqinile ebekwe iziphathimandla ezifana ne-GAC kanye nokuthola izitifiketi eziqondene nomkhiqizo othile njengezimvume ze-CFDA kunomthelela ekwenzeni ubudlelwano bokuhwebelana obushelelezi namanye amazwe emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukuhanjiswa okunconyiwe
I-China, njengezwe elithuthuke kakhulu ngokwengqalasizinda yezokuthutha, ihlinzeka ngezinsiza eziningi ezisebenza kahle nezithembekile. Okokuqala, ngezidingo zokuthunyelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezidingo zokuthunyelwa kwempahla, izinkampani ezifana ne-Cosco Shipping Lines ne-China Shipping Group zinikeza izinketho ezinhle kakhulu. Lezi zinkampani zisebenzisa inqwaba yemikhumbi futhi zinikeza izinsiza eziphelele zokuthutha impahla emhlabeni wonke. Ngenethiwekhi yabo exhunywe kahle yamachweba kanye nabasebenzi abazinikele, baqinisekisa ukulethwa ngesikhathi kanye nenkonzo yamakhasimende ephakeme. Okwesibili, ezokuthutha zasekhaya ngaphakathi kwendawo enkulu yaseChina, kunezinkampani ezimbalwa ezihlonishwayo zezokuthutha. Enye yezinkampani ezinjalo yi-China Railways Corporation (CR), esebenza ngoxhaxha lwezitimela ezihlanganisa cishe wonke amagumbi ezwe. Ifakwe ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe njengezitimela ezinesivinini esikhulu, i-CR iqinisekisa ukulethwa okuphephile nokusheshayo ukusuka kwelinye idolobha ukuya kwelinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezidingo zokuthutha izimpahla zomgwaqo phakathi kwezwe laseChina noma emazweni angomakhelwane ngokusebenzisa imizila yasemhlabeni efana neBelt and Road Initiative (BRI), iSinotrans Limited inikeza izinsizakalo ezinokwethenjelwa. Njengoba inqwaba yayo yamaloli ifakwe izinhlelo zokulandela i-GPS nabashayeli abanolwazi abajwayele imizila eyahlukene, iSinotrans iqinisekisa ukuthutha okuphumelelayo ngisho nasezindaweni ezikude. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kukhulunywa ngezixazululo zempahla yezimpahla zomoya e-China noma emhlabeni jikelele ezikhumulweni zezindiza zase-China njenge-Beijing Capital International Airport noma i-Shanghai Pudong International Airport njll., i-Air China Cargo ibonakala iyisinqumo esithembekile. Le nkampani yezindiza inezindiza ezithutha kahle ezithutha izimpahla kuwo wonke amazwekazi kuyilapho zinikeza ukuphathwa okuphephile kuyo yonke inqubo yezokuthutha. Ngaphezu kwezinsiza zokuthutha ezihlinzekwa yizinkampani ezinkulu ezishiwo ngenhla; kukhona futhi ukuthambekela okuvela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana ze-e-commerce ezibandakanya imisebenzi yazo yempahla. Izinkampani ezifana ne-JD.com zisebenzisa amanethiwekhi azo okusabalalisa ezweni lonke ezihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokulethwa okusheshayo kuyo yonke imakethe enkulu yase-China. Sekukonke, uma kubhekwa idumela lomhlaba wonke ngobuchule bayo bokukhiqiza obuhlangene nokukhula komnotho okusheshayo; akumangazi ukuthi i-China isungule uhlelo olubanzi lwe-ecosystem ehlinzeka ngezidingo ezahlukahlukene ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Ukuthi udinga izinketho zokuthumela zamazwe ngamazwe noma izixazululo zokuphatha uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwasekhaya; izinkampani ezingenakubalwa zezokuthutha e-China zikulungele ukusebenza ngezinhlelo zazo ezithuthuke kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe, amanethiwekhi aphelele, nokuzibophezela ekwaneliseni amakhasimende.
Iziteshi zokuthuthukisa umthengi

Imibukiso yokuhweba ebalulekile

I-China iyizwe elithuthuka ngokushesha elinomnotho odlondlobalayo, eliheha abathengi nabatshalizimali abaningi bamazwe ngamazwe. Lokhu sekuholele ekusungulweni kwemigudu ehlukahlukene ebalulekile yokuthengwa kwempahla yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nemibukiso yezohwebo. Enye yezinkundla eziyinhloko zokuthengwa kwamanye amazwe e-China yi-Canton Fair, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-China Import and Export Fair. Kwenzeka kabili ngonyaka e-Guangzhou futhi kukhombisa izinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo evela ezimbonini ezahlukene. Umbukiso uheha abathengi abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba abafuna imikhiqizo yekhwalithi ngamanani ancintisanayo. Enye inkundla ebalulekile yokutholwa kwamazwe ngamazwe yi-Alibaba.com. Le ndawo yemakethe eku-inthanethi ixhuma abathengi bomhlaba nabahlinzeki abavela e-China abahlinzeka ngohlu olubanzi lwemikhiqizo kuzo zonke izimboni ezihlukahlukene. I-Alibaba.com ivumela amabhizinisi ukuthi aseshe imikhiqizo ethile, axhumane ngqo nabakhiqizi, aqhathanise amanani, futhi abeke ama-oda kalula. Ngokungeziwe kulezi zinkundla ezijwayelekile, kukhona nemibukiso yezohwebo eqondene nemboni ethile ebanjelwe e-China eheha abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe abafuna imikhiqizo noma amasevisi akhethekile. Ngokwesibonelo: 1. I-Auto China: Lo mbukiso oba minyaka yonke e-Beijing, ungomunye wemidlalo emikhulu yezimoto emhlabeni jikelele. Ibonisa intuthuko yakamuva ezimotweni futhi iheha abadlali abavelele abavela kuzo zombili izimakethe zasekhaya nezangaphandle. 2. I-CIFF (I-China International Furniture Fair): Lo mbukiso owenziwa kabili ngonyaka obubanjelwe e-Shanghai ugxile ezimbonini zefenisha yasekhaya nezikhiqiza ifenisha. Ihlinzeka ngamathuba okuxhumana nabakhiqizi, abathengisi bezitolo, abathengisi, abaklami, abaklami bezakhiwo, njll., ukufuna izixazululo zefenisha ezintsha. 3. I-PTC Asia (Ukudluliswa Nokulawula Amandla): Lo mbukiso oba minyaka yonke e-Shanghai kusukela ngo-1991, ubonisa izinto ezintsha zemboni yokudluliswa kwamandla kagesi njengamagiya, amabheringi, amamotho kanye nezinhlelo zokushayela eziheha abakhiqizi bamazwe ngamazwe abafuna ubambiswano noma abahlinzeki bempahla abavela eChina. 4.Canton Beauty Expo: Ngokugxila emikhakheni yezimonyo nobuhle; lo mcimbi obanjwa minyaka yonke uhlinzeka izinkampani ezisebenza emhlabeni wonke okuhlanganisa nemikhiqizo edumile ithuba lokubonisa imigqa yazo yakamuva ye-skincare noma amaqoqo okunakekelwa kwezinwele ngenkathi zixhumene nabasabalalisi/abangenisi baseShayina befuna amadili okukhethekile. Ngaphandle kwalezi zinhlelo zohwebo ezizinikele ezibhekele izimboni ezithile; amadolobha amakhulu afana ne-Shanghai, i-Beijing, ne-Guangzhou ngokuvamile isingatha imicimbi ehlukahlukene yohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ekhuthaza ukuxhumana phakathi kwabakhiqizi baseShayina nabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe emikhakheni eyahlukene. Ukuvela kweShayina njengendawo yokukhiqiza emhlabeni wonke kuholele ngokwemvelo ekwakhiweni kwamashaneli ahlukahlukene abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe abafuna ukuthola imikhiqizo noma ukusungula ubambiswano. Lezi zinkundla azihlinzeki nje kuphela ngamathuba okuhweba kodwa futhi zisiza ekuthuthukiseni izinto ezintsha, ukushintshana ngolwazi nokwakha ubudlelwano obuhlala njalo bebhizinisi.
I-China, njengezwe elikhulu elinabantu abaningi kanye nomkhakha wezobuchwepheshe okhula ngokushesha, isungule izinjini zayo zokusesha ezidumile. Nazi ezinye izinjini zokusesha ezivame ukusetshenziswa e-China kanye nama-URL azo: 1. I-Baidu (www.baidu.com): I-Baidu iyinjini yokusesha esetshenziswa kakhulu e-China, evamise ukuqhathaniswa ne-Google mayelana nokusebenza nokuduma. Inikeza amakhasi ewebhu, izithombe, amavidiyo, izindatshana zezindaba, amamephu, nezinye izici ezahlukahlukene. 2. I-Sogou (www.sogou.com): I-Sogou enye injini yokusesha yaseShayina enkulu ehlinzeka kokubili ukusesha okusekelwe emibhalweni kanye nokwesithombe. Yaziwa ngesofthiwe yayo yokufaka ulimi namasevisi okuhumusha. 3. I-360 Search (www.so.com): Iphethwe yi-Qihoo 360 Technology Co., Ltd., le njini yokusesha igxile ekuvikelekeni kwe-inthanethi kuyilapho ihlinzeka ngokusebenza kokusesha kwewebhu okuvamile. 4. I-Haosou (www.haosou.com): Eyaziwa nangokuthi "i-Haoso", i-Haosou izethula njengengosi ephelele ehlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezihlukahlukene ezifana nokusesha iwebhu, ukuhlanganisa izindaba, ukuzulazula kwamamephu, izinketho zokuthenga njll. 5. I-Shenma (sm.cn): Ithuthukiswe isigaba sesiphequluli seselula se-Alibaba Group Holding Limited i-UCWeb Inc., i-Shenma Search igxile ekusesheni kweselula ngaphakathi kwe-alibaba ecosystem. 6. I-Youdao (www.youdao.com): Umnikazi wayo i-NetEase Inc., i-Youdao igxile kakhulu ekuhlinzekeni ngamasevisi okuhumusha kodwa futhi ihlanganisa amakhono ajwayelekile okusesha iwebhu. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukusebenzisa lezi zinjini zokusesha zesiShayina kungase kudinge ukuhumusha mathupha noma usizo lomhumushi wesi-Mandarin uma ungajwayelene nolimi noma izinhlamvu ezisetshenziswa kulawa mawebhusayithi.

Amakhasi amakhulu aphuzi

I-China iyizwe elikhulu elinamabhizinisi amaningi anikeza inhlobonhlobo yezinsizakalo nemikhiqizo. Imibhalo eyinhloko yamakhasi aphuzi e-China ihlanganisa okulandelayo: 1. I-China Yellow Pages (中国黄页) - Lena enye yezinkomba zamakhasi aphuzi ezibanzi kakhulu e-China, ezihlanganisa izimboni nemikhakha eyahlukene. Isizindalwazi sabo sithi: www.chinayellowpage.net. 2. I-Chinese YP (中文黄页) - I-YP yesiShayina inikeza uhla lwemibhalo lwamabhizinisi ikakhulukazi asebenzela umphakathi wamaShayina emhlabeni jikelele. Ingatholakala ku: www.chineseyellowpages.com. 3. 58.com (58同城) - Nakuba kungeyona inkomba yamakhasi aphuzi kuphela, i-58.com ingenye yezinkundla ezinkulu ezihlukaniswa ku-inthanethi e-China, efaka ukufakwa kuhlu kwamasevisi ahlukahlukene nemikhiqizo ezifundeni ezahlukene. Iwebhusayithi yabo ithi: www.en.58.com. 4. I-Baidu Maps (百度地图) - I-Baidu Maps ayinikezi nje kuphela amamephu nezinkonzo zokuzulazula kodwa futhi inikeza ulwazi ngezigidi zamabhizinisi endawo yonkana e-China, esebenza njengohla lwemibhalo olusebenzayo lwamakhasi aphuzi ku-inthanethi. Iwebhusayithi yabo ingatholakala kokuthi: map.baidu.com. 5. I-Sogou Yellow Pages (搜狗黄页) - I-Sogou Yellow Pages ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi baseshe amabhizinisi endawo ngokusekelwe endaweni kanye nesigaba somkhakha phakathi kwezwe lase-China, banikeze imininingwane yokuxhumana nolwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokufakwa kuhlu kwebhizinisi ngalinye. Ungafinyelela kuyo nge-: huangye.sogou.com. I-6.Telb2b Yellow Pages(电话簿网)- I-Telb2b inikezela ngemininingwane ebanzi yezinkampani ezivela ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene ezweni laseChina. I-URL yewebhusayithi yabo ithi: www.telb21.cn Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi amanye amawebhusayithi angase asebenze ngesi-Mandarin Chinese; kodwa-ke, bavame ukuba nezinguqulo zesiNgisi noma izinketho zokuhumusha ezitholakalayo ukuze zihlinzekele abasebenzisi bamazwe ngamazwe noma izivakashi ezifuna ulwazi mayelana namabhizinisi noma amasevisi ngaphakathi kwezwe.

Izinkundla ezinkulu zezentengiselwano

I-China yaziwa ngomkhakha wayo okhulayo we-e-commerce ohlinzeka ngamapulatifomu anhlobonhlobo ahlinzeka ngezidingo ezahlukahlukene zabathengi. Amanye amapulatifomu amakhulu e-e-commerce e-China afaka: 1. Iqembu le-Alibaba: I-Alibaba Group isebenzisa amapulatifomu amaningana adumile, okuhlanganisa: - I-Taobao (淘宝): Inkundla yomthengi-kuya-umthengi (C2C) enikeza uhla olukhulu lwemikhiqizo. - Tmall (天猫): Inkundla yebhizinisi-kuya-umthengi (B2C) enemikhiqizo yegama lomkhiqizo. - I-Alibaba.com: Inkundla ye-B2B yomhlaba wonke exhuma abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe nabaphakeli. Iwebhusayithi: www.alibaba.com 2. JD.com: I-JD.com ingenye yabathengisi be-inthanethi abakhulu be-B2C base-China, ehlinzeka ngokukhethwa okubanzi kwemikhiqizo ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene. Iwebhusayithi: www.jd.com 3. I-Pinduoduo (拼多多): I-Pinduoduo inkundla yezokuxhumana ye-e-commerce ekhuthaza abasebenzisi ukuthi bahlangane futhi bathenge imikhiqizo ngamanani anesaphulelo ngokuthenga ngamaqembu. Iwebhusayithi: www.pinduoduo.com 4. Suning.com (苏宁易购): I-Suning.com ingumthengisi omkhulu we-B2C ohlinzeka ngezinto zikagesi ezahlukahlukene, izimpahla zasekhaya, izimonyo, neminye imikhiqizo yabathengi. Iwebhusayithi: www.suning.com 5. I-Vipshop (唯品会): I-Vipshop igxile kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwe-flash futhi inikeza amanani ehlisiwe ezimpahleni ezinophawu, izesekeli, nempahla yasekhaya. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.vipshop.com 6. Meituan-Dianping (美团点评): I-Meituan-Dianping iqale njengenkundla yokuthenga iqembu eliku-inthanethi kodwa iye yanda ekuhlinzekeni ngezinsizakalo ezinjengokulethwa kokudla, ukubhukha amahhotela, nokuthenga amathikithi emuvi. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.meituan.com/en/ 7. Xiaohongshu/RED(小红书): I-Xiaohongshu noma i-RED iyinkundla yezokuxhumana eqanjiwe lapho abasebenzisi babelana ngokubuyekezwa kwemikhiqizo, okokuzizwisa ngokuvakasha, namathiphu endlela yokuphila. Isebenza futhi njengendawo yokuthenga. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.xiaohongshu.com 8. I-Alibaba's Taobao Global (淘宝全球购): I-Taobao Global iyinkundla ekhethekile ngaphakathi kwe-Alibaba, ehlinzeka ngezixazululo ze-e-commerce eziwela umngcele kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe abathanda ukuthenga eChina. Iwebhusayithi: world.taobao.com Lawa amanye amapulatifomu amakhulu e-e-commerce e-China, futhi ahlinzeka abathengi ngendlela elula yokuthenga imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene kusukela ezimpahleni zabathengi kuye kwezikagesi nangale kwalokho.

Izinkundla zokuxhumana ezinkulu

I-China iyizwe elinezinhlobonhlobo zezinkundla zokuxhumana ezihlinzeka ngezidingo nezintandokazi ezahlukene. Lezi zinkundla zokuxhumana zithole ukuthandwa okukhulu phakathi kwezakhamizi zakhona. Ake sihlole ezinye zezinkundla zokuxhumana ezinkulu e-China: 1. I-WeChat (微信): Ithuthukiswe ngu-Tencent, i-WeChat ingenye yezinhlelo zokusebenza zemiyalezo ezidume kakhulu e-China. Ayinikezi kuphela imiyalezo yombhalo neyezwi kodwa futhi inezici ezifana ne-Moments (efana ne-Facebook News Feed), izinhlelo ezincane, izinkokhelo zeselula, nokuningi. Iwebhusayithi: https://web.wechat.com/ 2. I-Sina Weibo (新浪微博): Evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-Twitter yaseChina," i-Sina Weibo ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthumela imilayezo emifushane noma ama-microblogs, kanye nezithombe namavidiyo. Isiphenduke inkundla ebalulekile yokubuyekezwa kwezindaba, inhlebo yosaziwayo, izitayela, nezingxoxo ngezihloko ezahlukahlukene. Iwebhusayithi: https://weibo.com/ 3. I-Douyin/ TikTok (抖音): Le yaziwa ngokuthi i-Douyin e-China, lolu hlelo lokusebenza lwevidiyo emfushane olunegciwane okuthiwa i-TikTok ngaphandle kwase-China seluzuze ukuthandwa emhlabeni wonke muva nje. Abasebenzisi bangakha futhi babelane ngamavidiyo amasekhondi ayi-15 asethelwe emculweni noma emisindweni. Iwebhusayithi http://www.douyin.com/about/ 4. I-QQ空间 (QZone): Umnikazi wayo u-Tencent, i-QQ空间 ifana nebhulogi yomuntu siqu lapho abasebenzisi bangakwazi khona ukwenza ngokwezifiso indawo yabo ye-inthanethi ngokuthunyelwe kwebhulogi, ama-albhamu ezithombe, idayari kuyilapho bexhumana nabangane ngemiyalezo esheshayo. Iwebhusayithi http://qzone.qq.com/ 5. I-Douban (豆瓣): I-Douban isebenza njengengosi yokuxhumana nabantu kanye nenkundla ye-inthanethi yabasebenzisi abathanda izincwadi/amamuvi/umculo/ubuciko/amasiko/indlela yokuphila—ihlinzeka ngezincomo ezisuselwe kuzintshisekelo zabo. Iwebhusayithi http://www.douban.com/ 6.Bilibili(哔哩哔哩): I-Bilibili igxile kokuqukethwe okuhlobene nokugqwayiza okuhlanganisa i-anime, i-manga, nemidlalo. Abasebenzisi bangalayisha, babelane, futhi babeke amazwana kumavidiyo kuyilapho bexhumana nomphakathi. Iwebhusayithi: https://www.bilibili.com/ 7. I-XiaoHongShu (小红书): Ivamise ukubizwa ngokuthi "Incwadi Ebomvu Encane," le nkundla ihlanganisa inkundla yezokuxhumana ne-e-commerce. Abasebenzisi bangathumela izincomo noma izibuyekezo mayelana nezimonyo, izinhlobo zemfashini, izindawo zokuvakasha kuyilapho benenketho yokuthenga imikhiqizo ngokuqondile ngaphakathi kohlelo lokusebenza. Iwebhusayithi https://www.xiaohongshu.com/ Lezi ezimbalwa nje zezinkundla zokuxhumana eziningi ezitholakala eChina. Inkundla ngayinye inezinjongo ezahlukahlukene futhi inezici zayo ezihlukile ezinikeza izethameli nezintshisekelo ezahlukahlukene.

Izinhlangano ezinkulu zezimboni

I-China inezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlangano zezimboni ezidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni nasekumele imikhakha eyahlukene yomnotho. Nazi ezinye zezinhlangano ezinkulu zemboni yaseShayina kanye namawebhusayithi azo afanele: 1. I-China Federation of Industrial Economics (CFIE) - I-CFIE iyinhlangano enamandla emele amabhizinisi ezimboni e-China. Iwebhusayithi http://www.cfie.org.cn/e/ 2. I-All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce (ACFIC) - I-ACFIC imele amabhizinisi okungewona okahulumeni kanye nosomabhizinisi kuzo zonke izimboni. Iwebhusayithi http://www.acfic.org.cn/ 3. Inhlangano Yase-China Yesayensi Nobuchwepheshe (CAST) - I-CAST ihlose ukukhuthaza ucwaningo lwesayensi, ukusungula izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, nokubambisana kobuhlakani. Iwebhusayithi http://www.cast.org.cn/english/index.html 4. UMkhandlu WaseShayina Wokukhuthaza Ukuhwebelana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe (CCPIT) - I-CCPIT isebenza ukuthuthukisa uhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukutshalwa kwezimali, kanye nokubambisana kwezomnotho. Iwebhusayithi http://en.ccpit.org/ 5. I-China Banking Association (CBA) - I-CBA imele umkhakha wamabhange e-China, okuhlanganisa namabhange okuhweba, amabhange ezinqubomgomo, nezinye izikhungo zezezimali. Iwebhusayithi https://eng.cbapc.net.cn/ 6. I-Chinese Institute of Electronics (CIE) - I-CIE yinhlangano yobungcweti egxile ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi. Iwebhusayithi http://english.cie-info.org/cn/index.aspx 7. I-Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society (CMES) - I-CMES ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kobunjiniyela bemishini ngokwenza ucwaningo kanye nokwabelana ngolwazi phakathi kochwepheshe. Iwebhusayithi https://en.cmestr.net/ 8. Inhlangano Yamakhemikhali YaseShayina (CCS) - I-CCS izinikele ekuthuthukiseni ucwaningo lwesayensi yamakhemikhali, imfundo, ukudluliswa kobuchwepheshe, kanye nokukhuthaza ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ngaphakathi kwemboni yamakhemikhali. Iwebhusayithi: https://en.skuup.com/org/chinese-chemical-society/1967509d0ec29660170ef90e055e321b I-9.China Iron & Steel Association (CISA) - I-CISA iyizwi lemboni yensimbi nensimbi e-China, ekhuluma ngezindaba eziphathelene nokukhiqiza, ukuhweba, kanye nokukhathazeka kwemvelo. Iwebhusayithi http://en.chinaisa.org.cn/ 10. Inhlangano Yezokuvakasha YaseChina (CTA) - I-CTA imele futhi yeseke ababambiqhaza abahlukahlukene embonini yezokuvakasha, ibambe iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwayo okusimeme. Iwebhusayithi http://cta.cnta.gov.cn/en/index.html Lezi yizibonelo ezimbalwa nje zezinhlangano ezinkulu zemboni yaseShayina, ezihlanganisa imikhakha efana nezomnotho zezimboni, ezohwebo nokukhuthazwa kwezohwebo, isayensi nobuchwepheshe, amabhange nezezimali, ubunjiniyela bezogesi, ubunjiniyela bemishini, amaqembu alwela ucwaningo ngamakhemikhali.

Amawebhusayithi ebhizinisi nokuhweba

I-China, njengoba ingelinye lamazwe ahamba phambili kwezomnotho emhlabeni, inenqwaba yamawebhusayithi ezomnotho nezohwebo abhekelela izimboni nemikhakha eyahlukene. Naba abavelele kanye namakheli abo esizindalwazi: 1. Iqembu le-Alibaba (www.alibaba.com): Le yinhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe egxile kwezentengiselwano, ukuthengisa, izinsiza ze-inthanethi, kanye nobuchwepheshe. Ihlinzeka ngenkundla yokuthi amabhizinisi axhumane emhlabeni jikelele. 2. I-Made-in-China.com (www.made-in-china.com): Iwuhlu lwemibhalo yebhizinisi eku-inthanethi oluxhuma abathengi nabahlinzeki abavela e-China ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene ezifana nezokukhiqiza, izindwangu, izinto zikagesi, nokunye. 3. Imithombo Yomhlaba Wonke (www.globalsources.com): Indawo yemakethe eku-inthanethi ye-B2B eqhuba uhwebo phakathi kwabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe nabaphakeli baseShayina. Ihlanganisa izigaba eziningi zemikhiqizo efana ne-electronics yabathengi, imishini, izingubo zokugqoka, njll. 4. I-Tradewheel (www.tradewheel.com): Inkundla yokuhweba yomhlaba wonke egxile ekuxhumaniseni abangenisi bomhlaba wonke nabakhiqizi abathembekile baseShayina noma abathumela kwamanye amazwe emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ehlanganisa izingxenye zezimoto, imikhiqizo yokunakekelwa kwezempilo, izinto zokupakisha. 5. I-DHgate (www.dhgate.com): Iwebhusayithi ye-e-commerce ehlinzekela amabhizinisi amancane kuya kwamaphakathi afuna imikhiqizo ethengisa izinto ezithengiswayo ngamanani ancintisanayo avela kubathengisi base-China kuzo zonke izigaba ezihlukene njengezisetshenziswa zemfashini nezingubo. 6. I-Canton Fair - I-China Import & Export Fair (www.cantonfair.org.cn/en/): Njengomunye wemibukiso yezohwebo emikhulu kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele eba kabili ngonyaka edolobheni lase-Guangzhou ebonisa imikhiqizo eminingi yabakhiqizi baseShayina ezimbonini eziningi ezifana nemishini kagesi; amathuluzi e-hardware; izinto zokuhlobisa ekhaya; njll., le webhusayithi ihlinzeka ngolwazi mayelana neshejuli yombukiso kanye nemininingwane yombukisi. 7.TradeKeyChina(https://en.tradekeychina.cn/):Isebenza njengomxhumanisi phakathi kwabathengi bomhlaba wonke nabaphakeli baseShayina ngokuhlinzeka ngohlu olubanzi lwemikhiqizo ehlanganisa impahla yendwangu yendwangu izingxenye zezimoto amakhemikhali impahla kagesi imikhiqizo yokudla ifenisha izipho zezandla zezimboni izingxenye zemishini izimbiwa izinsimbi izinto zokupakisha izinto zokuphrinta izimpahla zokuzijabulisa ezemidlalo impahla yokuxhumana ngocingo amathoyizi ezokuthutha izimoto. Lawa mawebhusayithi asebenza njengezinsiza ezibalulekile kubantu nezinkampani ezifuna ukuzibandakanya ebhizinisini noma ukuhweba neChina. Bahlinzeka ngohlu oluphelele lwemikhiqizo, ulwazi lwabahlinzeki, izibuyekezo zemibukiso yezohwebo, namathuluzi ahlukahlukene ukuze kube lula ukuxhumana nokuthengiselana phakathi kwamabhizinisi emhlabeni jikelele.

Amawebhusayithi ombuzo wedatha yokuhweba

Kunamawebhusayithi ambalwa emibuzo yedatha yokuhweba atholakalayo e-China. Nalu uhlu lwabanye abakhulu kanye namakheli abo ewebhusayithi: 1. I-China Customs (Ukuphathwa Okujwayelekile Kwempahla Ethengiswayo): https://www.customs.gov.cn/ 2. I-Global Trade Tracker: https://www.globaltradetracker.com/ 3. Ukuhlolwa Kwempahla kanye Nenethiwekhi Yolwazi Lwe-Quarantine: http://q.mep.gov.cn/gzxx/English/index.htm 4. Isizindalwazi Sokungeniswa Kwempahla YamaShayina (CEID): http://www.ceid.gov.cn/english/ 5. Chinaimportexport.org: http://chinaimportexport.org/ 6. Uhlelo lwedatha ye-Alibaba International Trade: https://sts.alibaba.com/en_US/service/i18n/queryDownloadTradeData.htm 7. ETCN (China National Import-Export Commodity Net): http://english.etomc.com/ 8. Ucwaningo lwe-HKTDC: https://hkmb.hktdc.com/en/1X04JWL9/market-reports/market-insights-on-china-and-global-trade Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukutholakala nokunemba kwedatha kungase kuhluke kuwo wonke lawa mawebhusayithi, ngakho-ke kuyalulekwa ukuthi uhlole ulwazi oluvela emithonjeni eminingi ukuze uthole imiphumela ethembeke kakhudlwana.

Amapulatifomu e-B2b

I-China yaziwa ngezinkundla zayo ezichumayo ze-B2B ezisiza ukuhwebelana kwebhizinisi phakathi kwezinkampani. Nazi ezinye izinkundla ezivelele kanye namawebhusayithi abo: 1. I-Alibaba (www.alibaba.com): Yasungulwa ngo-1999, i-Alibaba ingenye yezinkundla ezinkulu emhlabeni ze-B2B ezixhuma abathengi nabathengisi abavela emhlabeni wonke. Ihlinzeka ngemikhiqizo namasevisi anhlobonhlobo, okuhlanganisa i-Alibaba.com yohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. 2. I-Global Sources (www.globalsources.com): Yasungulwa ngo-1971, i-Global Sources ixhumanisa abathengi emhlabeni wonke nabahlinzeki ikakhulukazi abavela e-China nakwamanye amazwe ase-Asia. Inikeza izixazululo zokuthola izimboni ezahlukahlukene, imibukiso, nezimakethe eziku-inthanethi. 3. I-Made-in-China (www.made-in-china.com): Iqalwe ngo-1998, i-Made-in-China igxile ekuxhumaniseni abathengi bomhlaba wonke nabakhiqizi nabahlinzeki baseShayina kuzo zonke izimboni eziningi. Inikeza uhla lwemibhalo olubanzi lwemikhiqizo kanye nezixazululo ezenziwe ngezifiso. 4. I-DHgate (www.dhgate.com): I-DHgate iyinkundla ye-e-commerce egxile ekuhwebeni okuwela imingcele phakathi kwabahlinzeki baseShayina kanye nabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe kusukela yasungulwa ngo-2004. Ihlinzeka ngezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo ngamanani ancintisanayo. 5. I-EC21 (china.ec21.com): I-EC21 isebenza njengendawo yemakethe ye-B2B yomhlaba wonke evumela amabhizinisi ukuthi axhumane nomhlaba wonke ngezinjongo zokuhweba kusukela yethulwa ngo-2000. Nge-EC21 China, kugxilwe ngokukhethekile ekukhuthazeni ubudlelwano bohwebo phakathi kwemakethe yaseShayina. 6.Iqembu le-Alibaba ezinye izinsiza: Ngaphandle kwe-Alibaba.com okukhulunywe ngayo ekuqaleni, leli qembu lisebenzisa ezinye izinkundla ze-B2B ezahlukahlukene njenge-AliExpress - ezihloselwe amabhizinisi amancane; I-Taobao - igxile ebhizinisini lasekhaya; I-Tmall - ukugxila ezimpahleni ezinophawu; kanye ne-Cainiao Network - enikelwe ezisombululweni ze-logistics. Lezi ezinye nje zezibonelo eziphawulekayo phakathi kwamapulatifomu amaningi e-B2B asebenza ngaphakathi kwendawo yedijithali yaseChina namuhla.
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