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Ukubuka konke Kwezwe
I-Estonia iyizwe elincane elitholakala eNyakatho Yurophu. Njengoba inabantu ababalelwa ezigidini eziyi-1.3, ingelinye lamazwe amancane kakhulu e-European Union. Izwe linomlando onothile futhi liye lathonywa amasiko ahlukahlukene phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwalo. I-Estonia yathola inkululeko kuSoviet Union ngo-1991 futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi yaziwa njengelinye lamazwe athuthuke kakhulu emhlabeni. Inhloko-dolobha yakhona, iTallinn, idume ngeDolobha layo Elidala langenkathi ephakathi, eliheha izivakashi ezivela kuwo wonke umhlaba. Naphezu kobukhulu bayo obuncane, i-Estonia inendawo ehlukahlukene ehlanganisa amahlathi aminyene, amachibi amahle nogu oluhle olugudla uLwandle iBaltic. Izwe linazo zonke izinkathi zonyaka ezine, ihlobo elipholile kanye nobusika obubandayo. Umnotho wase-Estonia ubone ukukhula okuphawulekayo kusukela ekutholeni inkululeko. Yamukela izimboni ezintsha neziqhutshwa ubuchwepheshe ezifana nezinsizakalo ze-IT, i-e-commerce, kanye neziqalo. I-Estonia yaziwa nangokuthi iyizwe elikhathalela imvelo elitshala imali eningi emithonjeni yamandla avuselelekayo. Ulimi lwesi-Estonian luyingxenye yezilimi ze-Finno-Ugric - ezingahlobene nezinye izilimi eziningi zaseYurophu - okulenza lihluke esifundeni. Nokho, isiNgisi sikhulunywa kakhulu phakathi kwezizukulwane ezincane. Abantu base-Estonia baziqhenya kakhulu ngamasiko abo angabonwa ngemikhosi yabo yomculo wendabuko, amakhonsathi abo kanye nemisebenzi yezandla. Bagubha uSuku Lwasehlobo noma i-Jaanipäev njengeholide likazwelonke elinomlilo ovuthayo kanye nemikhosi yangaphandle. Imfundo yaziswa kakhulu e-Estonia ngokugcizelelwa kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Izwe lihlala lisezingeni eliphezulu kuma-indices zemfundo yamazwe ngamazwe njenge-PISA (Uhlelo Lokuhlola Kwabafundi Bamazwe Ngamazwe). Mayelana nokubusa, i-Estonia isebenza njengentando yeningi yasephalamende lapho amandla ezombusazwe elele ezikhulwini ezikhethiwe ngokhetho olukhululekile olubanjwa njalo eminyakeni emine. Sekukonke, i-Estonia ingase ibe incane ngokwendawo kodwa lesi sizwe sase-Baltic sinikeza izindawo ezimangalisayo, ubuchwepheshe obusha, umuzwa oqinile wokuzazi osekelwe emlandweni waso, kanye nezakhamuzi ezinobungane, konke okuneqhaza ekulimeni kwaso okuyingqayizivele kwezwe.
Imali Yezwe
Isimo semali sase-Estonia sibonakala ngokwamukelwa kwayo kwe-euro. Kusukela ngo-January 1, 2011, i-Estonia ibiyilungu le-Eurozone futhi isithathe indawo yemali yayo yangaphambili, i-kroon, yafaka i-euro (€). Isinqumo sokwamukela i-euro saba ingqopha-mlando e-Estonia njengoba sasimelela ukuhlanganiswa kwayo ne-European Union futhi iqhubeka isebenzelana namanye amazwe aseYurophu. Lesi sinyathelo sinikeze izinzuzo ezihlukahlukene njengokukhula kokuqina komnotho, ukwenza lula ukuhwebelana namanye amazwe e-Eurozone, ukuheha abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe, kanye nokuthuthukisa ezokuvakasha. Ngokwethulwa kwe-euro e-Estonia, konke ukuthengiselana manje kwenziwa ngama-euro. Izinhlamvu zemali namaphepha asebhange asetshenziswa ekuhwebeni kwansuku zonke amahlelo ajwayelekile e-euro asuka ku-€0.01 kuya ku-€2 ezinhlamvu zemali futhi asuka ku-€5 kuya ku-€500 wamanothi emali. IBhange lase-Estonia linesibopho sokukhipha nokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwama-euro ezweni. Isebenzisana eduze namabhange amaphakathi kwamanye amazwe e-Eurozone ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwezimali emazweni angamalungu. Kusukela yamukela i-euro, i-Estonia iye yabona imiphumela emihle emnothweni wayo. Ihlangabezane namazinga aphansi e-inflation uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi lapho benemali yabo kazwelonke. Ukwengeza, amabhizinisi ahlomule ekukhuleni kwamathuba ohwebo phakathi kwe-Europe ngenxa yokungabifihli kwentengo okukhulu kanye nezindleko zokuthengiselana ezincishisiwe. Sekukonke, ukwamukela kwe-Euro kwe-Estonia kubonisa ukuzibophezela kwayo enhlanganweni yezomnotho eqinile phakathi kwe-Europe kuyilapho futhi ijabulela izinzuzo ezifana nokukhula kokuqina kwezezimali kanye namathemba athuthukisiwe ebhizinisi ngokuhlanganiswa kohwebo okulula namazwe angomakhelwane abelana ngale mali efanayo.
Isilinganiso sokushintsha imali
Imali esemthethweni yase-Estonia yi-Euro (EUR). Ngokuqondene nezilinganiso zokushintshanisa zemali ezilinganiselwe zezinhlobo zemali ezinkulu, sicela uqaphele ukuthi zingase zishintshe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngoSepthemba 2021, nazi ezinye izilinganiso zokushintshanisa ngemali: I-EUR eyi-1 = 1.18 USD I-EUR engu-1 = 0.85 GBP I-EUR engu-1 = 129 JPY I-EUR eyi-1 = 9.76 CNY Sicela ukhumbule ukuthi lezi zilinganiso zingashintsha futhi kuhlale kuhle ukuthi uxhumane nethuluzi elithembekile lokuguqula uhlobo lwemali noma isikhungo sezezimali ukuze uthole amanani okushintshanisa ngesikhathi sangempela nanembile.
Amaholide Abalulekile
I-Estonia, izwe elincane eNyakatho Yurophu, igubha amaholide ambalwa abalulekile unyaka wonke. Le mikhosi ibonisa amagugu acebile amasiko nomlando wabantu base-Estonia. Elinye lamaholide abaluleke kakhulu e-Estonia uSuku Lokuzimela, olugujwa ngoFebhuwari 24. Ikhumbula usuku ngo-1918 lapho i-Estonia yamemezela inkululeko yayo ngaphansi kweRussia. Izwe lathola ukuhlonishwa njengezwe elizimele ngemva kwamakhulu eminyaka libuswa kwamanye amazwe. Ngalolu suku, imicimbi nemikhosi ehlukahlukene yenzeka ezweni lonke ukuhlonipha ubunikazi kanye nenkululeko yase-Estonia. Elinye iholide elibalulekile uSuku Lwasehlobo noma uJuhannus, olugujwa ngoJuni 23 no-24. Eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Jaanipäev ngesi-Estonian, iphawula ukuphakama kwehlobo futhi igxile kakhulu emasikweni amaqaba asendulo. Abantu babuthana bezungeze imililo ukuze bacule izingoma zesintu, umdanso, badlale imidlalo, futhi bajabulele ukudla kwesintu okufana nenyama eyosiwe namasoseji. UKhisimusi noma i-Jõulud inokubaluleka okukhulu nakubantu base-Estonia. Kugujwa ngo-December 24-26 njengamanye amazwe amaningi emhlabeni jikelele, kuhlanganisa imindeni ndawonye ukuze uthole ukudla okukhethekile nokushintshisana ngezipho. Amasiko endabuko ahlanganisa ukuvakashela izimakethe zikaKhisimusi ukuze ujabulele imisebenzi yemikhosi efana nokushibilika eqhweni noma ukuphequlula izitebele zezandla. Umkhosi Wengoma noma i-Laulupidu isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando esenzeka njalo ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu e-Tallinn - inhloko-dolobha yase-Estonia. Ikhombisa uthando lwesizwe ngomculo njengoba amakhwaya amaningi ecula izingoma zomoya endaweni evulekile ebizwa ngokuthi i-Tallinn Song Festival Grounds. Lo mkhosi uheha amashumi ezinkulungwane zabahlanganyeli abavela kulo lonke elase-Estonia abahlangana ndawonye ukuze bagubhe uthando lwabo lomculo. Ekugcineni, i-Victory Day (Võidupüha) ikhumbula izehlakalo ezimbili ezibalulekile zomlando: Impi Yase-Cēsis (1919) phakathi neMpi Yokuzimela yase-Estonia ngokumelene namabutho aseSoviet kanye nokunye ukunqoba abahlaseli baseJalimane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II (1944). Kugujwa ngoJuni 23, kusebenza njengesikhumbuzo samandla abantu base-Estonia kanye nokuqina ekuvikeleni ubukhosi besizwe sabo. Sengiphetha, i-Estonia igubha amaholide ahlukahlukene abalulekile unyaka wonke, okuhlanganisa uSuku Lokuzimela, Usuku Lwaphakathi Nehlobo, Ukhisimusi, Umkhosi Wengoma, Nosuku Lokunqoba. Le micimbi ikhombisa amasiko, umlando, isiko lomculo wase-Estonia futhi isebenza njengamathuba abantu okuhlangana ndawonye emigubhweni ejabulisayo.
Isimo Sohwebo Lwangaphandle
I-Estonia, etholakala eNyakatho Yurophu, iyizwe elincane laseBaltic elinabantu ababalelwa ezigidini eziyi-1.3. Naphezu kobukhulu bayo obuncane, i-Estonia ibe nokukhula okukhulu komnotho emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule futhi isivele njengelinye lamazwe athuthuke kakhulu ngokwedijithali emhlabeni. Mayelana nezohwebo, i-Estonia inomnotho ovuleke kakhulu othembele kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe. Abalingani abakhulu abahwebelana nezwe ngamanye amazwe angamalungu e-European Union (EU), kanti iJalimane iyimakethe enkulu kunazo zonke yezimpahla zase-Estonia. Abanye abalingani bokuhweba ababalulekile bahlanganisa iSweden, iFinland, iLatvia, neRussia. Imikhakha eyinhloko yokuthekelisa yase-Estonia imishini yezimboni nezinto zokusebenza, i-electronics, imikhiqizo yamaminerali (efana nowoyela we-shale), imikhiqizo yezinkuni nezinkuni, imikhiqizo yokudla (okuhlanganisa nobisi), kanye nefenisha. Lezi zimboni zifaka isandla kakhulu emalini engenayo yase-Estonia yokuthekelisa. Ukuthengwa kwezwe kwamanye amazwe kuhlanganisa ikakhulukazi imishini kanye nemishini edingekayo ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni - okuhlanganisa izinto zokuthutha ezifana nezimoto - amaminerali kanye namafutha (njengemikhiqizo ye-petroleum), amakhemikhali (okuhlanganisa nemithi), kanye nezimpahla ezihlukahlukene zabathengi njengezindwangu. I-Estonia iyazuza ebulungwini bayo be-EU Single Market evumela ukuhanjiswa kwamahhala kwezimpahla emazweni angamalungu ngaphandle kwentela yentela noma imigoqo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphinde ibambe iqhaza ngokukhuthele ezinhlanganweni zokuhwebelana zamazwe ngamazwe njengeNhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba ukuze kuqinisekiswe izindlela zokuhweba ezinobulungiswa ezingeni lomhlaba jikelele. Njengengxenye yemizamo yayo yokuqhubekisela phambili ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe, i-Estonia iphinde yasungula izindawo eziningi zomnotho zamahhala ngaphakathi kwendawo yayo ezinikeza izimo ezikahle kubatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe abafuna ukusungula amabhizinisi noma ukwenza imisebenzi yokukhiqiza. Sekukonke, indawo ekahle ye-Estonia empambanweni yemigwaqo ephakathi kwe-Europe Emaphakathi ne-Scandinavia kuhambisana nomnotho ovulekile kuyivumele ukuthi ithuthuke njengezwe eligxile ekuhwebeni kwamanye amazwe ngenkathi iheha ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe emakethe yasekhaya ekhulayo.
Amathuba Okuthuthukisa Imakethe
I-Estonia, izwe elincane elitholakala eNyakatho Yurophu, inamandla amakhulu okuthuthukisa imakethe yayo yohwebo lwangaphandle. Njengoba inabasebenzi abafundile kakhulu nendawo yebhizinisi ekahle, i-Estonia inikeza amathuba amaningi ohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Okokuqala, indawo ekahle ye-Estonia iyinika inzuzo ngokwezinto zokuhamba nezokuthutha. Isebenza njengesango eliya ezifundeni zaseNordic naseBaltic, enikeza ukufinyelela okulula ezimakethe ezinkulu ezifana neFinland, Sweden, Russia, kanye neJalimane. Lesi simo sendawo sivumela amabhizinisi ase-Estonia ukuthi asabalalise kahle imikhiqizo yawo kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Estonia yaziwa ngengqalasizinda yayo yedijithali ethuthukisiwe kanye nezinsizakalo zikahulumeni we-e. Izwe lisungule izixazululo ze-e-governance njengamasiginesha edijithali nezinkundla ezivikelekile ze-inthanethi zamabhizinisi. Lokhu kuba yinkimbinkimbi kwezobuchwepheshe kwenza kube lula ukuthi izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe zixhumane nabaphakeli base-Estonia noma amakhasimende nge-elekthronikhi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Estonia inikeza indawo yebhizinisi esekelayo enamazinga aphansi enkohlakalo nokuphatha. Izwe lisezingeni eliphezulu kuma-indices ahlukahlukene wamazwe omhlaba ezikala ubulula bokwenza ibhizinisi futhi lithathwa njengelinye leminotho esobala kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Lezi zici zidala isimo sokutshala esihehayo esikhuthaza amabhizinisi angaphandle ukuthi asungule imisebenzi e-Estonia noma asebenzisane nozakwethu bendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu base-Estonia baziwa kakhulu ngokwazi kwabo amakhono olimi lwesiNgisi - lobu buchule busiza ukuxhumana phakathi kozakwethu bamazwe ngamazwe - kudala izithiyo ezimbalwa zokuqhuba ibhizinisi ngokushelela. Okokugcina kodwa okungabalulekile kangako ukugcizelela kakhulu emisha emnothweni wase-Estonia. Izwe selibone ukukhula okusheshayo kwabaqalayo emikhakheni eyahlukene njengobuchwepheshe bolwazi (IT), i-fintech (ubuchwepheshe bezezimali), i-biotechnology, izixazululo zamandla ahlanzekile, nokunye. Umoya wosomabhizinisi uyachuma lapha ngenxa yezinqubomgomo ezisekelayo zikahulumeni ezikhuthaza amabhizinisi ngezinhlelo zoxhaso noma izikhuthazo ezifana ne-Startup Visa. Sekukonke, inhlanganisela ye-Estonia yendawo enamasu, ingqalasizinda efanelekile, indawo evumelana nebhizinisi, izinga elingakholakali lokungafihli lutho, kanye nokugcizelela ezenzweni ezintsha kunikeza amandla amakhulu ezinkampanini zakwamanye amazwe ezifuna amathuba amasha ohwebo.Izisekelo eziqinile zomnotho zikwenza kube indawo ekhangayo noma ngabe uhlose ukusungula indawo ongayenza. ngaphakathi kweNyakatho Yurophu, ube yingxenye ye-EU supply chain noma uqalise ubudlelwano neziqalo zasendaweni zokuqamba ezintsha.
Imikhiqizo edayiswayo eshisayo emakethe
Uma kuziwa ekukhetheni imikhiqizo efunwa kakhulu yemakethe yangaphandle e-Estonia, kunezici ezimbalwa okufanele zicatshangelwe. I-Estonia, etholakala eNyakatho Yurophu, inomnotho omncane kodwa osathuthukayo onabantu ababalelwa ezigidini eziyi-1.3. Ukuhlonza imikhiqizo edayiswa kakhulu yemakethe yohwebo yangaphandle yaleli zwe, umuntu kufanele acabangele lokhu okulandelayo: 1. Okuthandwa ngabathengi: Ukucwaninga nokuqonda izinto ezithile ezithandwa ngabathengi base-Estonian kubalulekile. Hlaziya amathrendi futhi wenze izinhlolovo zemakethe ukuze ubone ukuthi yimiphi imikhiqizo edumile njengamanje. 2. Ukukhiqizwa Kwendawo: Ukuhlola amakhono okukhiqiza wendawo kungaba yinzuzo lapho kukhethwa okuthengiswayo okuzothunyelwa e-Estonia. Gxila ezimpahleni ezingatholakali kabanzi endaweni noma lezo ezingahambisana nezimboni zasendaweni. 3. Izimpahla Zekhwalithi Ephezulu: Abathengi base-Estonia bayayithokozela imikhiqizo yekhwalithi ephezulu enikeza inani lemali. Khetha izinto ezihlangabezana nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe futhi ezinezici noma izinzuzo ezikhanga amakhasimende afuna izimpahla zekhwalithi. 4. Imikhiqizo Yedijithali: I-Estonia yaziwa njenge-e-society enengqalasizinda yedijithali ethuthukisiwe, okuyenza ibe imakethe engaba khona yezimpahla zabathengi ezidijithali ezifana nogesi, izinhlelo zokusebenza zesofthiwe, namasevisi aku-inthanethi. 5. Imikhiqizo Eqhubekayo: Ukuzinza kukhula ukubaluleka emhlabeni jikelele, okuhlanganisa nomkhakha wezitolo wase-Estonia lapho imikhiqizo eco-friendly inesisekelo samakhasimende esikhulayo. Cabangela ukunikeza izinketho ezivumelana nemvelo njengokudla kwemvelo noma izindwangu eziqinile. 6.Okuthekeliswayo okuvela e-Estonia: Khomba izimpahla ezenziwe e-Estonian ezivame ukuthunyelwa phesheya njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi sezidale isidingo emhlabeni jikelele; lokhu kungase futhi kubonise amathuba angenzeka ngaphakathi kwemakethe yasekhaya ngokwayo. 7.Impahla Ephumayo Ethengiswa Kakhulu: Phenya ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezimpahla ezingenisiwe ezidumile phakathi kwezakhamuzi zase-Estonia ngokuhlaziya idatha yezigaba ezithengwa kakhulu ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke.Lokhu kuhlaziya kungase kwembule izikhala zokufunwa lapho ungakwazi ukwethula ezinye izindlela ezintsha ezinekhwalithi engcono noma amanani ancintisanayo. . Ngokucabangela ngokucophelela okuthandwa ngabathengi nokugxila emikhiqizweni yekhwalithi ephezulu efanele izidingo zabo kuyilapho usebenzisa intuthuko kubuchwepheshe bedijithali lapho kungenzeka khona, le ndlela ingasiza amabhizinisi akhethe ngempumelelo izinto ezithengiswa kakhulu ezizothunyelwa emakethe yangaphandle yase-Estonia.
Izici zekhasimende kanye ne-taboo
I-Estonia iyizwe eliyingqayizivele elisogwini olusempumalanga yoLwandle iBaltic eNyakatho Yurophu. Njengoba inabantu ababalelwa ezigidini eziyi-1.3, yaziwa ngamagugu ayo acebile amasiko kanye nezindawo ezinhle. Uma kuziwa ekuqondeni izici zekhasimende nama-taboos e-Estonia, nanka amaphuzu abalulekile okufanele uwacabangele: Izici Zekhasimende: 1. Ukugcina Isikhathi: Abantu base-Estonia bayakwazisa ukugcina isikhathi futhi bayakwazisa ukuba abanye bafike ngesikhathi emihlanganweni noma emihlanganweni. Ukufika sekwephuzile kungase kubonakale njengokungahloniphi. 2. Imvelo egodliwe: Abantu base-Estonia ngokuvamile bangabantu abangenalwazi futhi abagciniwe ngokwemvelo, bancamela indawo yomuntu siqu nokuba yimfihlo. 3. Ukukhulumisana Ngokuqondile: Abantu base-Estonia bathambekele ekukujabuleleni ukukhulumisana okuqondile nokwethembeka ngaphandle kwenkulumo encane ngokweqile noma isimo sengqondo sobungane ngokweqile. 4. Ithuthuke kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe: I-Estonia ingelinye lamazwe athuthuke kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe emhlabeni wonke, elinomphakathi oxhumeke ngokwedijithali ojwayele izinsiza ze-inthanethi. Ama-taboos: 1. Ukuzwela kwezepolitiki: Gwema ukuxoxa ngezihloko ezibucayi ezihlobene nezepolitiki noma izehlakalo zomlando eziyimpikiswano, ikakhulukazi lezo ezibandakanya amazwe angomakhelwane njengeRussia. 2. Imibuzo yomuntu siqu: Kuthathwa njengokungahloniphi ukubuza imibuzo yomuntu siqu mayelana neholo lothile, izindaba zomndeni, noma isimo sobudlelwano ngaphandle kwalapho usungule ubuhlobo obuseduze naye. 3. Ukubonisana uthando esidlangalaleni: Ukubonisana uthando esidlangalaleni njengokuqabulana noma ukwanga akuvamile kubantu ongabazi noma kubantu obajwayele; ngakho-ke kungcono kakhulu ukugwema ukuziphatha okunjalo ngaphandle uma uphakathi kobudlelwane obuseduze. Ukuqonda lezi zici zekhasimende nokuhlonipha ukuzwela kwamasiko kuzosiza ukudala ubudlelwano obungcono namakhasimende ase-Estonia ngenkathi uqhuba ibhizinisi noma uxhumana nomphakathi ezweni lawo.
Uhlelo lokuphathwa kweCustoms
I-Estonia, etholakala eNyakatho-mpumalanga yeYurophu, inohlelo oluhlelekile nolusebenza kahle lokuphatha amasiko. Ukuphathwa kwempahla yezwe kuhlose ukwenza lula ukuhwebelana nokuvikela izintshisekelo zazo zombili i-Estonia ne-European Union. Lapho ungena noma uphuma e-Estonia, kunemithetho nezinyathelo ezithile okufanele abantu bazilandele: 1. Izimemezelo zeCustoms: Lapho zifika noma zisuka e-Estonia, abahambi kudingeka bamemezele izimpahla ezithile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinto ezinenani elingaphezu kuka-€10,000 lwemali (noma okulingana nalo kwezinye izinhlobo zemali), izibhamu, izidakamizwa, noma izilwane ezivikelwe izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe. 2. Izibonelelo Zamahhala: I-Estonia ilandela imihlahlandlela ye-European Union yamahhala yezinto zomuntu siqu ezilethwa ezweni ukuze zisetshenziswe umuntu siqu. Lezi zibonelelo zihlanganisa imikhawulo ethile emikhiqizweni kagwayi, iziphuzo zotshwala, amakha, imikhiqizo yekhofi/ushokoledi. 3. Izimpahla Ezikhawulelwe/Ezinqatshelwe: Kunezimpahla ezithile ezingeke zilethwe e-Estonia noma zidinga izimvume/amalayisensi akhethekile. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise izingxenye/imikhiqizo yezilwane ezisengozini (isb., amazinyo endlovu), izikhali/iziqhumane ngaphandle kokugunyazwa okufanele/ilayisensi ekhishwe iziphathimandla ezifanele. 4. Uhlelo Lokubuyisela I-VAT ye-EU: Izakhamuzi okungezona eze-European Union ezithenge e-Estonia zingase zifanelekele ukubuyiselwa kwe-VAT lapho zihamba ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ezifana nezimfuneko zenani eliphansi lokuthenga nokuqedwa ngesikhathi kwamaphepha ahlobene ezitolo ezihlanganyelayo ngaphambi kokushiya izwe. 5. Izindawo Ezilawulwayo Zokuwela Umngcele: Lapho uya/usuka e-Russia unqamula izindawo zokuwela imingcele yezwe lase-Estonia (isb., i-Narva), kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izindawo zokuhlola ezikhethiwe ngenkathi unamathela kuyo yonke imithetho/izimiso ezibekwe yizo zombili iziphathamandla zase-Estonia naseRussia. 6. Uhlelo lwe-E-customs: Ukuze kucutshungulwe kahle izimpahla ezingena/eziphuma ezweni ngenjongo yokuthengisa (edlula umthamo othile/isisindo), abadayisi bangasebenzisa inkundla yokukhipha intela kagesi eyaziwa ngokuthi uhlelo lwe-e-customs olunikezwa yi-Estonian Tax and Customs Board. . Khumbula ukuthi le mihlahlandlela isebenza njengolwazi olujwayelekile mayelana nokuphathwa kwezimpahla e-Estonia; njalo kunconywa ukuthi uthintane nemithombo esemthethweni efana ne-Estonian Tax and Customs Board ukuze uthole ulwazi lwakamuva kakhulu nolunembile ngaphambi kokuvakasha noma ukungenisa/ukuthumela izimpahla.
Izinqubomgomo zentela zokungenisa
I-Estonia, etholakala eNyakatho Yurophu, inenqubomgomo yohwebo ekhululekile uma kukhulunywa ngentela yokungenisa kanye nezintela ezimpahleni. Izwe liyilungu le-European Union (EU) futhi lilandela uhlelo lwayo lwentela yangaphandle evamile. Njengezwe eliyilungu le-EU, i-Estonia iyazuza ekuhanjisweni kwamahhala kwezimpahla ngaphakathi kwemakethe eyodwa ye-EU. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izimpahla eziningi ezingenisiwe zisuka kwamanye amazwe e-EU azikho ngaphansi kwentela yentela noma izintela ezivela kwamanye amazwe. Ukuhamba mahhala kwezimpahla kuvumela amabhizinisi ase-Estonia ukuthi ahwebe ngezithiyo ezincane ngaphakathi kwe-EU, okuthuthukisa ukuhlanganiswa komnotho nokukhula. Nokho, kukhona okuhlukile lapho imisebenzi yokungenisa ingasebenza khona. Lokhu kufaka phakathi imikhiqizo efana nogwayi, utshwala, amafutha, izimoto, neminye imikhiqizo yezolimo engaphandle kobubanzi bemithethonqubo ejwayelekile yenqubomgomo yezolimo. Imisebenzi yokungenisa kulezi zimpahla ngokuvamile inqunywa imithetho ye-EU futhi ngokuvamile ivunyelaniswa kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu. Ngaphandle kwentela yempahla, i-Estonia iphinde ibeke intela ye-value-added (VAT) ezintweni eziningi zokungenisa. Izinga le-VAT elijwayelekile e-Estonia lingu-20%. Izimpahla ezingenisiwe zingaphansi kwe-VAT ngokusekelwe enani lazo elimenyezelwe ezindlekweni. Kwezinye izimo, izilinganiso ze-VAT ezincishisiwe noma ezilinganiselwe zingasebenza ezigabeni ezithile zezimpahla ezithathwa njengezibalulekile noma ezinokubaluleka komphakathi. Kubalulekile kumabhizinisi ahwebelana namazwe ngamazwe ne-Estonia ukuthi aqinisekise ukuthobela yonke imithetho yempahla esebenzayo kanye nezibopho zentela. Kufanele bazazi izidingo ezifanele zamadokhumenti futhi baqonde noma yikuphi ukukhishwa noma ukukhululwa okungase kutholakalele izigaba ezithile zokungenisa. Sekukonke, izinqubomgomo zentela yase-Estonia zihambisana nalezo ezibekwe uhlaka lwemakethe eyodwa ye-European Union kuyilapho zivumela ukuguquguquka kumazinga e-VAT ezinhlotsheni ezithile zokungenisa. Lezi zinyathelo zikhuthaza ukuhwebelana okuvulekile kuyilapho kuvikela izintshisekelo zezwe ezifana nokukhathazeka kwezempilo yomphakathi noma izinto ezibalulekile zokukhiqiza ekhaya.
Thumela izinqubomgomo zentela
I-Estonia, izwe elincane lase-Baltic eliseNyakatho Yurophu, isebenzise uhlelo lwentela oluhlukile olwaziwa nge-Estonian Tax System, olusebenza nasekuthumeleni izimpahla. Lolu hlelo lwenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukukhula komnotho kanye nohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. E-Estonia, izimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ngokuvamile azikhokhi intela ye-value-added (VAT). Lokhu kusho ukuthi abathumeli bangaphandle akudingeki ukuthi bakhokhe i-VAT emikhiqizweni abayithengisa phesheya. Le nzuzo yenza izimpahla zase-Estonia ziqhudelane kakhulu ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kukhulunywa ngentela yemali engenayo yebhizinisi enzuzweni ethunyelwa ngaphandle, i-Estonia isebenzisa indlela ekhethekile. Esikhundleni sokukhokhisa intela inzuzo etholwe ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe ngezinga elijwayelekile lentela yemali engenayo engu-20%, izinkampani zinenketho ebizwa ngokuthi "ukutshalwa kabusha," okubavumela ukuthi batshale kabusha inzuzo yabo ebhizinisini ngaphandle kokukhokhiswa intela. Kodwa-ke, uma lezi zimali ezitshaliwe kabusha zisatshalaliswa njengezinzuzo noma zisetshenziselwa izinjongo okungezona ezebhizinisi, zizokhokhiswa intela. Ukwengeza, i-Estonia isungule amachweba amaningana amahhala kanye nezindawo zezomnotho ezikhethekile lapho amabhizinisi ahlanganyela emisebenzini yokuthumela ngaphandle angazuza ezinzuzweni ezengeziwe nezintela ezincishisiwe. Izinkampani ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwalezi zindawo zijabulela izinzuzo ezifana nezindleko eziphansi zokuqashisa umhlaba kanye nokukhululwa okuthile ezindlekweni zokungenisa ezweni. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi nakuba i-Estonia inikeza impatho ekahle yentela yezimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ngokukhululwa nezinxephezelo ezibekwe izinqubomgomo zayo zentela namachweba amahhala ahlukahlukene, amabhizinisi kufanele axhumane nochwepheshe abasebenza ngemithetho yentela yase-Estonia ukuze bathole isiqondiso esinemininingwane esihambisana nezidingo zabo ezithile.
Kudingeka izitifiketi zokuthekelisa
I-Estonia iyizwe elincane elitholakala eNyakatho Yurophu, elaziwa ngomkhakha walo ochumayo wokuthekelisa. Uhlelo oluqinile lwezwe lokunikeza isitifiketi sokuthumela ngaphandle luqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo yalo ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe futhi yaziwe emhlabeni wonke. I-Estonia inikezela ngezitifiketi eziningi zokuthekelisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi, ukuphepha, nokuhambisana kwezimpahla zayo. Esinye sezitifiketi ezibaluleke kakhulu ukumaka i-CE, okukhombisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uhambisana nemithetho nemithethonqubo ye-European Union. Lesi sitifiketi sivumela abathumeli bangaphandle base-Estonian ukuthi bathengise imikhiqizo yabo ngokukhululeka emazweni angamalungu e-EU ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okwengeziwe noma imibhalo. Ngaphezu kokumaka i-CE, i-Estonia ihlinzeka ngezitifiketi ezahlukahlukene eziqondene nezimboni ezahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, kwabathumela ukudla ngaphandle, kunesitifiketi se-HACCP (Ukuhlaziywa Kwezingozi kanye Namaphuzu Okulawula Okubalulekile), esibonisa ukuthi imikhiqizo yokudla ikhiqizwa ngaphansi kwezindinganiso eziqinile zokuhlanzeka nezindlela zokulawula. Esinye isitifiketi esibalulekile esivame ukufunwa abathumeli bangaphandle base-Estonia yi-ISO 9001. Leli zinga elaziwa emhlabeni wonke liqinisekisa ukuthi inkampani isebenzise uhlelo olusebenzayo lokuphatha ikhwalithi futhi iletha imikhiqizo noma amasevisi ekhwalithi ephezulu ngokungaguquki. Ezinkampanini ezisebenzelana nempahla ephilayo noma eco-friendly, i-Estonia inikeza isitifiketi se-ECOCERT. Le lebula iqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo yezolimo ikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezivikela imvelo ngaphandle kwamakhemikhali okwenziwa noma ama-GMO. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla okwenza idijithali e-Estonia anika amandla izinqubo zokuthekelisa ezilula ngokuhlinzeka ngezitifiketi ze-elekthronikhi ngezinkundla eziku-inthanethi ezifana nezitifiketi ze-e-Certificate noma izitifiketi ze-e-Phytosanitary. Lezi zixazululo zedijithali azigcini nje ngokunciphisa imithwalo yokuphatha kodwa futhi zithuthukisa ukubonakala nokuvikeleka ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe. Sengiphetha, i-Estonia ibeka ukubaluleka okukhulu ekuqinisekiseni ikhwalithi nokuhambisana kwezimpahla zayo ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngokusebenzisa izitifiketi ezihlukahlukene ezifana nokumaka i-CE, i-ISO 9001, isitifiketi se-HACCP sokuthunyelwa kokudla ngaphandle, kanye ne-ECOCERT yemikhiqizo ye-organic. Ukwengeza; izixazululo zedijithali zisiza izinqubo zokuthekelisa eziphumelelayo ngokuhlinzeka ngezitifiketi zikagesi ku-inthanethi.
Ukuhanjiswa okunconyiwe
I-Estonia iyizwe elincane elitholakala eNyakatho Yurophu, elaziwa ngomkhakha walo wezokuthutha osebenza kahle nothembekile. Nazi ezinye izinsiza ezinconyiwe zempahla e-Estonia: 1. I-Eesti Post (Omniva): Lona umhlinzeki wesevisi yeposi kazwelonke e-Estonia, ehlinzeka ngezinketho zokuthumela zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe. I-Eesti Post inikezela ngezinsizakalo ezahlukahlukene ezihlanganisa ukulethwa kwezincwadi, ukuthunyelwa kwamaphasela, izinsizakalo ze-express courier, nezixazululo ze-e-commerce. 2. I-DHL Estonia: Ngoxhaxha lwenethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke nemisebenzi esezinze kahle e-Estonia, i-DHL ihlinzeka ngohlu olubanzi lwezixazululo zezokuthutha okuhlanganisa ukuthutha ngendiza, ukuthutha olwandle, ezokuthutha ngomgwaqo, indawo yokugcina impahla, kanye nezinsizakalo zokugunyazwa kwempahla. Izinsizakalo zabo zaziwa ngokwethembeka nokusebenza kahle kwazo. 3. I-Schenker AS: Lena enye inkampani evelele ehlinzeka ngezixazululo zekhwalithi ephezulu e-Estonia. I-Schenker inikeza uhla oluphelele lwezinketho zokuthutha ezifana nokuthutha ngendiza, ukuthutha olwandle, ezokuthutha emgwaqeni kanye nezinsizakalo zenkontileka yezimpahla ezihlanganisa ukugcinwa nokusabalalisa. 4. I-Itella Logistics: I-Itella Logistics isebenza kabanzi kuzo zonke izifundazwe zase-Baltic ezinamagatsha amaningi e-Estonia. Basebenza ngokukhethekile ekuxazululeni ezokuthutha kusukela ekusatshalalisweni kwasekhaya kuye ekulethweni kwemingcele emngceleni weScandinavia nasempumalanga yeYurophu. 5. U-Elme Trans OÜ: Uma udinga ukuphathwa okukhethekile noma ukuthuthwa kwempahla esindayo noma imishini ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kwemingcele yase-Estonia i-Elme Trans OÜ ingaba yintando yakho ngomnikelo wabo wobungcweti njengokuthuthwa okusindayo kwama-axle adonsa amanzi noma izinqola zikaloliwe. 6. Ichweba laseTallinn: Njengelinye lamachweba amakhulu esifundeni sase-Baltic Sea elinendawo ekahle ezuzayo ngokuba seduze kwayo neRussia ngololiwe kanye nokungabi naqhwa ezingxenyeni eziningi lisebenza ngempumelelo njengesango elibalulekile lokugeleza kwezohwebo phakathi kweNtshonalanga. I-Europe I-Scandinavia Izizwe zaseMpumalanga Yurophu emhlabeni jikelele kanye nezinzuzo zomzila we-North-South Trade ohlinzekwa yi-Via Baltica corridors. Lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa zezinkampani eziningi ezithembekile ezitholakala e-Estonia ezihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezikhethekile ezenzelwe izidingo ezahlukahlukene. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi udinga izinsizakalo zeposi, ukuthunyelwa kweposi, ukuthunyelwa kwempahla noma ngisho nezixazululo ezikhethekile zokuphatha nezokuthutha, i-Estonia inezinhlobonhlobo zezinketho zokuthutha ezitholakalayo ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko zakho.
Iziteshi zokuthuthukisa umthengi

Imibukiso yokuhweba ebalulekile

I-Estonia iyizwe elincane kodwa elisafufusa elitholakala eNyakatho Yurophu. Naphezu kobukhulu bayo, i-Estonia ibilokhu yenza amagxathu abalulekile ukuze izimise njengesizinda sohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe nokuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi. Enye indlela ebalulekile yokuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe e-Estonia ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo ze-e-Procurement. Izwe seliqalise inkundla entsha nesebenzayo yokuthenga nge-elekthronikhi ebizwa nge-Riigi Hangete Register (RHR), evumela abahlinzeki basekhaya nabakwamanye amazwe ukuthi babambe iqhaza kumathenda kahulumeni. Lolu hlelo luqinisekisa ukubeka izinto obala namathuba alinganayo kubo bonke ababambiqhaza, okwenza kube inketho ekhangayo kumabhizinisi afuna ukwandisa ukufinyelela kwawo emhlabeni jikelele. Ngaphezu kwe-e-Procurement, i-Estonia iphinde inikeze imibukiso eminingi yezohwebo nemibukiso enikeza amathuba amahle kakhulu okuxhumana, ukukhombisa imikhiqizo, kanye nokuhlola ubudlelwano obungaba khona. Umbukiso omkhulu wezohwebo ezweni yi-Estonian Trade Fair Center (Eesti Näituste AS), eseTallinn - inhloko-dolobha yase-Estonia. Lesi sikhungo sibamba imibukiso eyahlukene unyaka wonke emikhakheni eminingi okuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe, ukudla neziphuzo, ezokuvakasha, imfashini nokunye. Omunye umcimbi ovelele iTartu International Business Festival (Tartu Ärinädal), ebanjwa minyaka yonke eTartu - idolobha lesibili ngobukhulu e-Estonia. Umkhosi uhlanganisa abakhiqizi bendawo, abathengisi, abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo kanye nezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezifuna ukusungula ukuxhumana phakathi kwemakethe yase-Estonia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Estonia ibamba iqhaza ngokugcwele emibukisweni yohwebo eyaziwa emhlabeni jikelele efana ne-"HANNOVER MESSE" ebanjwe e-Germany noma "i-Mobile World Congress" e-Barcelona - Spain.Izwe liphinde libambe izingqungquthela ezigxile embonini efana ne-Latitude59 - enye yezinkomfa ezihamba phambili zobuchwepheshe ezigxilile. ekuqaleni kwesifunda saseNordic-Baltic. Ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi nabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe, i-Estonia iphinde ibambe iqhaza ngenkuthalo emhlabeni jikelele ngezivumelwano zamazwe amabili namanye amazwe njenge-China's Belt & Road Initiative noma izivumelwano zokuhweba mahhala namazwe omhlaba wonke.Lezi zivumelwano zidala izimo ezivumayo zokuhwebelana kwemingcele ngokunciphisa intela ukungenisa/ukuthekelisa phakathi kwezizwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni wase-Estonia kanye nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zinikeza ukusekelwa amabhizinisi endawo emizamweni yawo yokuthuthukisa uhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Isibonelo, i-Enterprise Estonia inikeza izinhlelo ezifana nohlelo Lokuthuthukiswa Komnotho Nokukhuthaza Uhwebo, oluhlinzeka ngosizo lwezezimali nesiqondiso ezinkampanini zase-Estonia ezifuna ukuthumela imikhiqizo noma amasevisi azo. Sengiphetha, i-Estonia ihlinzeka ngamathuba amaningi okuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe ngamasistimu ayo okuthenga nge-elekthronikhi futhi isingatha imibukiso yezohwebo ehlukahlukene ezweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Estonia ibamba iqhaza ngenkuthalo emibukisweni yohwebo eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke nezinkomfa kuyilapho futhi ikhuthaza izivumelwano zamazwe amabili namanye amazwe. Ngokuzibophezela kwayo ekusunguleni izinto ezintsha nasekuthuthukisweni kwebhizinisi, i-Estonia izibeka njengendawo ekhangayo yabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe abafuna ukwandisa izimakethe zabo.
E-Estonia, izinjini zokusesha ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yilezi: 1. I-Google - Injini yokusesha edume kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, eyaziwa ngemiphumela yosesho ebanzi kanye nesixhumi esibonakalayo esisebenziseka kalula. Iwebhusayithi: www.google.ee 2. I-Eesti otsingumootorid (Izinjini Zokusesha Zase-Estonia) - Iwebhusayithi ehlinzeka ngohla lwemibhalo lwezinjini zokusesha ezihlukahlukene zase-Estonia ezihlinzeka ngokukhethekile izethameli zase-Estonia. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.searchengine.ee 3. I-Yandex - Injini yokusesha esekelwe e-Russian esetshenziswa kakhulu nase-Estonia, eyaziwa ngokuba khona kwayo okuqinile eMpumalanga Yurophu futhi inikeza imiphumela yendawo kubasebenzisi base-Estonia. Iwebhusayithi: www.yandex.ee 4. I-Bing - Injini yokusesha ye-Microsoft, ehlinzeka ngemiphumela yosesho efanele eklanyelwe abasebenzisi base-Estonia. Iwebhusayithi: www.bing.com 5. I-Startpage/Ecosia - Lezi izinjini zokusesha ezigxile ekuyimfihlo ezingalandeleli noma zigcine idatha yomsebenzisi ngenkathi iletha imiphumela eqondiwe kubasebenzisi ngokusekelwe emibuzweni yabo e-Estonia nakwamanye amazwe. Amawebhusayithi: Ikhasi lokuqala - www.startpage.com I-Ecosia - www.ecosia.org 6. I-DuckDuckGo - Enye injini yokusesha egxile kubumfihlo engalandeleli imisebenzi yabasebenzisi noma ilondoloze ulwazi lomuntu siqu kuyilapho isanikeza imiphumela efanele kubasebenzisi base-Estonia. Iwebhusayithi: https://duckduckgo.com/ Lezi ezinye izinjini zokusesha ezivame ukusetshenziswa phakathi kwabasebenzisi be-inthanethi e-Estonia; Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-Google isalokhu iyinketho ehamba phambili ekusesheni kwabantu abaningi ku-inthanethi emhlabeni wonke ngisho nangaphakathi kwe-Estonia ngenxa yokufinyelela kwayo okukhulu nokwethembeka.

Amakhasi amakhulu aphuzi

Imibhalo eyinhloko yamakhasi aphuzi e-Estonia ihlanganisa: 1. I-Yellow Pages Estonia: Inkomba esemthethweni yamakhasi aphuzi yase-Estonia, ehlinzeka ngohlu lwamabhizinisi olubanzi oluhlukaniswe ngokwezimboni. Ungasesha amabhizinisi ngokusekelwe kugama lawo, indawo, noma amasevisi anikeziwe. iwebhusayithi: yp.est. 2. 1182: Enye yezinkomba eziphambili ze-inthanethi e-Estonia, enikeza ulwazi mayelana namabhizinisi ahlukahlukene ezweni lonke. Uhlu lwemibhalo luhlanganisa izinkampani emikhakheni eyahlukene futhi lunikeza imininingwane yokuxhumana nezincazelo ezimfushane zohlu ngalunye. iwebhusayithi: 1182.ee. 3. I-Infoweb: Inkomba ye-inthanethi edumile evumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bathole futhi bathinte amabhizinisi e-Estonia ngokushesha. Uhla lwemibhalo luhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezimboni kusukela kwezokuvakasha kuya ekunakekelweni kwezempilo futhi luhlanganisa izinketho zokuhlunga ukuze ucwenge imiphumela yakho yosesho ngempumelelo. iwebhusayithi: infoweb.ee. 4. I-City24 Yellow Pages: Lolu hlu lwemibhalo lugxile kakhulu ekuxhumaniseni abantu ngabanye nabahlinzeki besevisi abahlobene nezindlu ezithengiswayo, ezokwakha, kanye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi emadolobheni amakhulu ase-Estonia njengeTallinn neTartu. Inikeza amaphrofayili anemininingwane ezinkampani kanye nolwazi lokuxhumana. iwebhusayithi: city24.ee/en/yellowpages. 5.Estlanders Business Directory:Estlanders Business Directory ehamba phambili e-Estonian B2B inikeza imininingwane yezinkampani ezisebenza emikhakheni eminingi emnothweni wezwe lapha ungathola inkampani ethembekile yozakwethu.izinombolo zokuxhumana, amakheli e-imeyili, namawebhusayithi ayatholakala lapha.Ungakuhlola e-estlanders .com/business-directory Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lawa mawebhusayithi angashintsha noma angaba namakheli ahlukene ngenxa yezibuyekezo noma ukuhluka kwezimiso zokwetha amagama ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izinkundla ezinkulu zezentengiselwano

I-Estonia iyizwe elihle elitholakala eNyakatho Yurophu, elaziwa ngengqalasizinda yalo ethuthukisiwe yedijithali nomphakathi oqhutshwa ubuchwepheshe. Nazi ezinye izinkundla ezinkulu ze-e-commerce e-Estonia kanye namawebhusayithi abo: 1. I-Kaubamaja (https://www.kaubamaja.ee/) - I-Kaubamaja ingesinye sezitolo ezinkulu nesidala kunazo zonke e-Estonia, esihlinzeka ngemikhiqizo enhlobonhlobo ehlanganisa imfashini, izinto zikagesi, impahla yasekhaya, nokunye. 2. 1a.ee (https://www.1a.ee/) - I-1a.ee ingumdayisi we-inthanethi odumile e-Estonia onekhathalogi yemikhiqizo ehlanganisa izinto zikagesi, izinto zikagesi, imikhiqizo yobuhle, izingubo zokugqoka, negrosa. 3. I-Hansapost (https://www.hansapost.ee/) - I-Hansapost ingenye inkundla ye-e-commerce eyakhiwe kahle e-Estonia enikezela ngokukhethwa okubanzi kwemikhiqizo evela emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ehlanganisa okogesi, impahla yasekhaya, amathoyizi, imikhiqizo yezempilo nobuhle. . 4. I-Selver (https://www.selver.ee/) - I-Selver iyisitolo segrosa esiku-inthanethi esihamba phambili e-Estonia esihlinzeka ngemikhiqizo emisha kanye nokudla okuyisisekelo nezinto zasendlini ukuze ulethelwe ekhaya kalula. 5. I-Photopoint (https://www.photopoint.ee/) - I-Photopoint igxile kumakhamera, izinto zokusebenza zokuthwebula izithombe kanye nezinto zikagesi ezithengwayo ezifana nama-smartphone namaphilisi. 6. Chofoza (https://klick.com/ee) - Ukuchofoza kunikeza ububanzi obubanzi bezinto zikagesi ezihlanganisa amalaptop/amadeskithophu , ama-smartphone/ amaphilisi , amakhonsoli amageyimu/izinsiza njll. 7 . I-Sportland Eesti OÜ( http s//:sportlandgroup.com)- I-Sportland inikeza izingubo, izicathulo nezinsiza ezihlobene nezemidlalo Lawa amanye amapulatifomu e-e-commerce avelele e-Estonia ahlinzeka ngezidingo ezahlukahlukene kusukela kumfashini kuya kwezobuchwepheshe kuya ezitolo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ezinye izikhondlakhondla ze-e-commerce zamazwe ngamazwe njenge-Amazon nazo zisebenza ngaphakathi kwezwe zivumela amakhasimende ase-Estonia ukuthi afinyelele emikhiqizweni yawo eminingi.

Izinkundla zokuxhumana ezinkulu

I-Estonia, izwe elincane eliseNyakatho Yurophu, inemithombo yezokuxhumana ephilayo. Nazi ezinye izinkundla zokuxhumana ezidumile e-Estonia kanye namawebhusayithi abo: 1. I-Facebook (https://www.facebook.com) - Njengenye yezinkundla zokuxhumana ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, i-Facebook inesizinda sabasebenzisi esibalulekile e-Estonia. Abasebenzisi bangaxhumana nabangane nomndeni, babelane ngezibuyekezo, bajoyine amaqembu, futhi badale imicimbi. 2. I-Instagram (https://www.instagram.com) - I-Instagram iyinkundla yokwabelana ngezithombe namavidiyo evumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bathwebule izikhathi futhi babelane ngazo nabalandeli babo. Abantu base-Estonia basebenzisa i-Instagram ukukhombisa amakhono abo okuthatha izithombe noma ukukhuthaza amabhizinisi. 3. I-LinkedIn (https://www.linkedin.com) - Idumile phakathi kochwepheshe, i-LinkedIn yenza abasebenzisi bakwazi ukudala amaphrofayili ochwepheshe futhi baxhumane nozakwabo noma abangaba abaqashi. Abantu base-Estonia bathembele ku-LinkedIn ngezinjongo zokuxhumana namathuba emisebenzi. 4. I-Twitter (https://twitter.com) - I-Twitter iyinkundla ye-microblogging lapho abasebenzisi bangathumela khona imilayezo emifushane ebizwa ngokuthi ama-tweets. Abantu base-Estonia basebenzisa i-Twitter ukuze bahlale benolwazi ngemicimbi yamanje noma amathrendi futhi bahlanganyele ezingxoxweni zomphakathi. 5. I-VKontakte (VK) (https://vk.com) - I-VKontakte ilingana nesiRashiya ne-Facebook futhi isizuze ukuduma phakathi kwemiphakathi ekhuluma isiRashiya emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise nenani elikhulu labantu base-Estonia abakhuluma isiRashiya. 6.Videomegaporn( https:ww.videomegaporn)- I-Videomegaporn yingosi yezokuzijabulisa yabantu abadala ehlanganisa amavidiyo kanye nezithombe zamahhala zawo wonke umuntu ukuze noma ubani ofuna izinto ezinjalo aziphequlule kule webhusayithi. 7.I-Snapchat( https:www.snapchat.- I-Snapchat iwuhlelo lokusebenza lwemiyalezo ye-multimedia oluvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bashintshane ngezithombe/amavidiyo ahambisana nezihlungi zombhalo/umlayezo. iye yaguqulwa yaba inkundla enethonya phakathi kwentsha ezizweni zonke.Abafundi base-Estonia bayathanda ukuyisebenzisa ngoba isikhombimsebenzisi sayo esisebenziseka kalula senza sikhange nakakhulu kubo. Lezi ezinye zezibonelo zezinkundla zokuxhumana ezidumile ezisetshenziswa e-Estonia. Uhlu aluphelele, futhi kungase kube nezinye izinkundla eziqondene nesifunda noma ezenzelwe amaqembu anentshisekelo ethile ngaphakathi kwezwe.

Izinhlangano ezinkulu zezimboni

I-Estonia, eyaziwa ngomphakathi wayo othuthukisiwe wedijithali kanye nomkhakha wezobuchwepheshe ochumayo, inezinhlangano eziningana ezinkulu zezimboni ezimele imikhakha eyahlukene. Ezinye zezinhlangano ezivelele zezimboni e-Estonia yilezi: 1. I-Estonian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ECCI): Iyinhlangano yamabhizinisi enkulu kunazo zonke e-Estonia, emele imikhakha ehlukahlukene ehlanganisa ezokukhiqiza, izinsizakalo, ezohwebo, nezolimo. I-ECCI ihlose ukukhuthaza amabhizinisi kanye nokwenza lula ukuthuthukiswa komnotho e-Estonia. Iwebhusayithi https://www.koda.ee/en 2. I-Estonian Association of Information Technology and Telecommunications (ITL): Le nhlangano imele i-IT kanye nomkhakha wezokuxhumana e-Estonia. Ihlanganisa ndawonye amabhizinisi abambe iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwesoftware, ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha, izinsizakalo zokuxhumana ngocingo, njll. I-ITL idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukuqamba okusha kanye nokukhuthaza ukubambisana ngaphakathi komkhakha. Iwebhusayithi http://www.itl.ee/en/ 3. I-Estonian Employers' Confederation (ETTK): I-ETTK iyinhlangano esambulela emele izinhlangano zabaqashi kuzo zonke izimboni ezihlukene e-Estonia. Isebenza njengesigungu esimele izintshisekelo zabaqashi emazingeni asekhaya nawamazwe ngamazwe. Iwebhusayithi https://www.ettk.ee/?lang=en 4. I-Estonian Logistics Cluster: Leli qoqo lihlanganisa ndawonye izinkampani ezisebenza kwezokuthutha ukuze zikhuthaze ukusebenzisana ngaphakathi komkhakha futhi zithuthukise ukuncintisana ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe. Amalungu afaka abahlinzeki benkonzo yezokuthutha, izinkampani zobuchwepheshe ezisebenza ngezixazululo zempahla, kanye nezikhungo zemfundo ezihlinzeka ngezinhlelo zemfundo yezokuthutha. 5.I-Estonian Food Industry Association(ETML).ETML ihlanganisa abacubunguli bomkhiqizo wokudla emikhakheni emincane ehlukahlukene efana nemikhiqizo yobisi,imikhiqizo yokubhaka, kanye nemikhiqizo yenyama.Inhlangano imele amalungu ayo ngokumela izintshisekelo zawo,iqondise izindlela zokweseka ezitholakala ezikhwameni zomphakathi, futhi yenza kube lula ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamalungu ayo ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuthuthukisa imboni yezokudla yezwe. Iwebhusayithi:http://etml.org/en/ 6.Ibhodi Lezokuvakasha lase-Estonia(Vakashela i-Estonia).I-VisitEstonia ithuthukisa ezokuvakasha ngokubukisa izindawo zokuvakasha ezihehayo, okuhlangenwe nakho kwamasiko, nezokungcebeleka ezitholakala e-Estonia. Idlala indima ebalulekile ekuheheni abavakashi basekhaya nabakwamanye amazwe ngokunikeza ulwazi olubanzi mayelana nezindawo zokuhlala, okokuheha, njenge kanye nokuhlela imikhankaso yokuphromotha. Iwebhusayithi http://www.visitestonia.com/en Lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa nje zezinhlangano ezinkulu zezimboni e-Estonia. Inhlangano ngayinye idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni nasekuthuthukiseni umkhakha wayo, kuyilapho imele izintshisekelo zamabhizinisi ngaphakathi kwalezo zimboni.

Amawebhusayithi ebhizinisi nokuhweba

I-Estonia, etholakala eNyakatho Yurophu, yaziwa ngengqalasizinda yayo yedijithali ethuthukisiwe nendawo yebhizinisi echumayo. Izwe linikeza amawebhusayithi ahlukahlukene ezomnotho nezohwebo okufanele ahlolwe. Nazi ezinye eziphawulekayo kanye nama-URL azo: 1. I-Estonia.eu (https://estonia.eu/): Le webhusayithi esemthethweni kahulumeni inikeza umbono obanzi womnotho wase-Estonia, amathuba ebhizinisi, isimo sokutshala izimali, nezinqubomgomo ezifanele. Kufaka phakathi ulwazi mayelana nemicimbi yohwebo, imikhakha yobungcweti, nezinsiza eziwusizo zamabhizinisi acabanga ukuzisungula e-Estonia. 2. I-Enterprise Estonia (https://www.eas.ee): I-Enterprise Estonia yinhlangano kahulumeni wase-Estonia enomthwalo wemfanelo wokuphromotha amabhizinisi nokuheha ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe ezweni. Iwebhusayithi yabo inikezela ngemininingwane ngezinsizakalo zokweseka ezitholakalayo kuwo womabili amabhizinisi endawo kanye nabangaba abatshalizimali bamazwe ngamazwe abafuna amathuba okutshala imali. 3. Irejista ye-e-Business (https://ariregister.rik.ee/index?lang=en): Irejista ye-e-Business yase-Estonia ivumela abantu noma amabhizinisi ukuthi abhalise izinkampani ezintsha ku-inthanethi ngokushesha nangempumelelo. Ihlinzeka ngolwazi olubalulekile oluhlobene nokuqala ibhizinisi e-Estonia okuhlanganisa izimfuneko ezingokomthetho, imithetho, amafomu, amashejuli ezimali kanye nokufinyelela kwamanye amathuluzi awusizo. 4. Tshala imali e-Estonia (https://investinestonia.com/): Tshala imali e-Estonia njengomxhumanisi phakathi kwabatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe kanye nezinkampani zasendaweni ezifuna imijovo yemali noma ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-ecosystem echumayo yezwe.Iwebhusayithi yabo inikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nokutshala izimali ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. imikhakha efana nezixazululo ze-ICT, imfashini yobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza kanye nokuklama njll., kanye nezifundo ezinemininingwane eminingi ezibonisa izindaba zempumelelo zangaphambilini. 5. I-Tradehouse (http://www.tradehouse.ee/eng/): I-Tradehouse ingomunye wabadayisi abakhulu kunabo bonke abazinze e-Tallinn futhi isebenza emazweni amaningi. Basebenza ngokukhethekile ekuthengeni izinto zikagesi, ifenisha, kanye nezinto zokwakha.Le webhusayithi yethula amakhathalogi emikhiqizo yawo kanye nemininingwane yokuthi abathengi bangaxhumana kanjani nabo mayelana nezinketho zokuthenga noma ukusungula izivumelwano zobambiswano. 6.Taltech Industrial Engineering & Management Exchange (http://ttim.emt.ee/): Le webhusayithi iyinkundla yokushintshisana nokusebenzisana phakathi kweziqu zase-Estonia TalTech University, izifundiswa, nezingcweti zemboni. Ibonisa ubuchwepheshe obusafufusa, imibono, namaphrojekthi emikhakheni yezimboni ehlukahlukene, njengobunjiniyela bemishini, umnotho kanye nokuphatha.Kungaba usizo ukuhlola intuthuko yemboni noma ozakwethu abangaba khona. Lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa zamawebhusayithi amaningi ahlobene nezomnotho nezohwebo atholakalayo ukuze uhlole amathuba e-Estonia. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ucabangela ukutshala imali e-Estonia noma ukufuna ukusebenzisana kwebhizinisi, lawa mawebhusayithi azokunikeza imininingwane ebalulekile ngomnotho wezwe kanye nokusekela i-ecosystem.

Amawebhusayithi ombuzo wedatha yokuhweba

Kunamawebhusayithi ambalwa emibuzo yedatha yokuhweba atholakalayo e-Estonia. Nazi ezine zazo kanye nama-URL ewebhusayithi yazo: 1. Irejista Yezohwebo yase-Estonia (Äriregister) - https://ariregister.rik.ee Irejista Yezohwebo yase-Estonia inikeza ulwazi olubanzi ngezinkampani ezibhalisiwe nezisebenza e-Estonia, okuhlanganisa imisebenzi yazo yokuhweba, abanikazi bamasheya, izitatimende zezimali, nokunye. 2. Izibalo zase-Estonia (Statistikaamet) - https://www.stat.ee/en I-Statistics Estonia inikezela ngemininingwane eminingi yezibalo mayelana nemikhakha ehlukene yezomnotho e-Estonia, okuhlanganisa nezibalo zohwebo lwangaphandle. Abasebenzisi bangathola ulwazi mayelana nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ukungenisa, abalingani bokuhweba, nezimpahla ezihlukahlukene. 3. I-Estonian Information System Authority (RIA) – https://portaal.ria.ee/ I-Estonian Information System Authority inikeza ukufinyelela kulwazi oluhlukahlukene oluhlobene nebhizinisi nohwebo ezweni. Kubandakanya amarejista omphakathi lapho abasebenzisi bangathola khona ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana namakhodi emisebenzi yezomnotho yamabhizinisi kanye nezibalo zohwebo. 4. I-Enterprise Estonia (EAS) – http://www.eas.ee/eng/ I-Enterprise Estonia iyisikhungo esinomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi ezweni nokuheha abatshalizimali abavela phesheya. Bahlinzeka ngemibiko ebalulekile yobuhlakani bemakethe efaka idatha yohwebo eqondene nemboni ethile yabatshalizimali abangaba abatshalizimali noma abathekelisi abanentshisekelo yokuhweba noma ukutshala imali e-Estonia. Lawa mawebhusayithi asebenza njengezinsiza ezibalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqoqa ulwazi oluphelele oluhlobene nohwebo mayelana namabhizinisi nemikhakha esebenza ngaphakathi komnotho wase-Estonia.

Amapulatifomu e-B2b

I-Estonia yaziwa ngendawo yayo yebhizinisi echumayo, futhi kunezinkundla ezimbalwa ze-B2B ezweni ezenza kube lula ukuhwebelana nokuxhuma amabhizinisi. Ezinye zalezi zinkundla zifaka: 1. Indawo Yemakethe ye-e-Estonia: Le nkundla inikezela ngemikhiqizo namasevisi anhlobonhlobo avela emikhakheni eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe, izixazululo ze-e-residency, amasignesha edijithali, imikhiqizo ye-cybersecurity, nokunye. Iwebhusayithi: https://marketplace.e-estonia.com/ 2. Thumela i-Estonia: Iyimakethe eku-inthanethi eklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukukhuthaza abathumeli bempahla base-Estonia kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe. Inkundla ihlinzeka ngohla lwemibhalo olubanzi lwezinkampani zase-Estonia kuzo zonke izimboni ezahlukene ezivumela amakhasimende angaba khona ukuthi athole abahlinzeki abafanelekayo. Iwebhusayithi: https://export.estonia.ee/ 3. I-EEN Estonia: Inkundla ye-Enterprise Europe Network (EEN) e-Estonia ixhuma amabhizinisi endawo nabangase babe ozakwethu emhlabeni wonke ngenethiwekhi yozakwethu ebanzi emazweni angaphezu kuka-60. Isiza amabhizinisi ukuthi athole izimakethe ezintsha noma andise ezikhona ngenkathi enikeza ukusekelwa okubalulekile nolwazi olufanele lwemizamo ephumelelayo yokwenza amazwe ngamazwe. Iwebhusayithi https://www.enterprise-europe.co.uk/network-platform/een-estonia 4. I-MadeinEST.com: Le ndawo yemakethe ye-B2B ihlanganisa ngokukhethekile izimpahla ezikhiqizwa e-Estonia emikhakheni eyahlukene efana nezindwangu, ifenisha, ukucubungula ukudla, izinto zikagesi njll., okungaba inkundla ekahle yokuthenga yabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe abafuna imikhiqizo yase-Estonia yekhwalithi ephezulu. Iwebhusayithi http://madeinest.com/ 5. I-Baltic Domains Market - CEDBIBASE.EU: Le nkundla ekhethekile ye-B2B igxile emakethe yamagama esizinda ngaphakathi kwesifunda sase-Baltic okuhlanganisa i-Estonia kanye ne-Latvia ne-Lithuania evumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bathenge noma bathengise amagama wesizinda ngenethiwekhi ethembekile. Iwebhusayithi http://www.cedbibase.eu/en Lezi zinkundla zibhekelela izimboni nezidingo zebhizinisi ezahlukene ngokunikeza ukufinyelela enhlobonhlobo yemikhiqizo namasevisi avela ezinkampanini ezihlonishwayo zase-Estonia. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi amanye amawebhusayithi angase adinge izinketho zokuhumusha njengoba zingase zingatholakali ngesiNgisi ngokuzenzakalelayo. Kuhlale kuwumqondo omuhle ukucwaninga ngokucophelela futhi uqinisekise ukwethembeka kwanoma iyiphi inkundla ngaphambi kokuhlanganyela emisebenzini yebhizinisi.
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