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Izimakethe Eziyinhloko
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Ukubuka konke Kwezwe
I-Western Sahara iyindawo ebangwayo etholakala eNyakatho Afrika. Inesibalo sabantu abalinganiselwa ku-600,000. Izwe ngokuyinhloko liwugwadule, elibonakala ngodedangendlale bamathafa ogwadule namadwala. Le ndawo ngokomlando bekuhlala kuyo izizwe ezingomakhelwane njengamaSahrawi. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yendawo yayo eqondile ogwini lwe-Atlantic kanye nemithombo yemvelo efana nediphozithi ye-phosphate, iWestern Sahara ibe yindaba yezingxabano zendawo iminyaka eminingi. Lesi sifunda sathathwa yiSpain ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kwaze kwaba ngu-1975 lapho ihoxisa ukuphatha kwayo. Lokhu kuhoxiswa kwaholela ekungabini kwamandla okuphatha kanye nokungqubuzana okwalandela phakathi kwe-Morocco ne-Polisario Front, eyayifuna inkululeko ye-Western Sahara. Kusukela lapho, i-Morocco ifuna ubukhosi phezu kwengxenye enkulu ye-Western Sahara ngenkathi i-Polisario Front yasungula i-Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) ngokusekelwa yi-Algeria. IZizwe Ezihlangene zithatha le ndawo njengendawo engazimele elinde ukuqedwa kobukoloni. Seyenziwe imizamo yokuthola isisombululo ngezingxoxo eziholwa yi-UN ngaphansi kwezinhlelo ezahlukene zokuthula. Nokho, asikho isivumelwano sokugcina osekufinyelelwe kuso kuze kube manje. Mayelana nomnotho, iWestern Sahara ithembele kakhulu ezimbonini zokudoba nezimayini ze-phosphate. Iphinde ibe nemisebenzi elinganiselwe yezolimo ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezivundile noma ezindaweni lapho imithombo yamanzi itholakala khona. Ukukhathazeka kwamalungelo abantu kuye kwaphakanyiswa mayelana nezindawo ezilawulwa yiMoroccan kanye namakamu ababaleki eTindouf lapho kuhlala khona abantu baseSahrawi. Lokhu kukhathazeka kubandakanya imingcele yenkululeko yokukhuluma nokunyakaza kanye nemibiko yokungaphathwa kahle ngesikhathi sokubhikishela ukubusa kweMoroccan noma izimfuno zokuzibusa. Sengiphetha, iWestern Sahara isalokhu iyinsimu ephikisanayo enokungezwani kwezepolitiki okuqhubekayo phakathi kweMorocco namaqembu alwela inkululeko njengePolisario Front efuna ukuzibusa kwabantu bayo.
Imali Yezwe
I-Western Sahara iyindawo ebangwayo eNyakatho Afrika, esogwini olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Eqashelwa ngokusemthethweni iZizwe Ezihlangene njengendawo engazibusa, iWestern Sahara inesimo esiyinkimbinkimbi sezombangazwe nezomnotho esithinta kakhulu imali yayo. Kusukela ngo-1975, iWestern Sahara ibifunwa yiMorocco kanye neSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), efuna ukuzimela. Le ngxabano yendawo iholele ekulawuleni okuhlukene ezindaweni ezahlukene zaseWestern Sahara. I-Morocco ilawula iningi lesifunda, okuhlanganisa namadolobha amakhulu afana ne-El Aaiún, kuyilapho i-SADR ilawula ezinye izindawo kanye namakamu ababaleki aseSahrawi e-Algeria. Ngenxa yalokhu kungqubuzana okuqhubekayo kanye nokuntuleka kokuqashelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-SADR njengezwe elizimele, ayikho imali ethile ehlotshaniswa ne-Western Sahara. Kunalokho, isebenzisa izinhlobo zemali zamazwe angomakhelwane bayo. I-Moroccan dirham (MAD) isasetshenziswa kabanzi futhi yamukelwa kuzo zonke izindawo ezilawulwa yi-Moroccan eNtshonalanga yeSahara. Lokhu kungenxa yobukhona beMorocco obuqinile kwezokuphatha nomnotho kule mikhakha. Ukwengeza, amabhizinisi amaningi endawo akhetha ukwenza ukuthengiselana esebenzisa i-MAD ngezizathu zokuzinza. Emakamu ababaleki e-Sahrawi alawulwa yi-SADR, i-Algerian dinar (DZD) ivamise ukusetshenziswa kanye nezinye izinhlobo zemali ezifana ne-Mauritanian ouguiya (MRU). Lezi zimali zivame ukutholwa ngohwebo noma ngosizo oluvela emazweni angomakhelwane njengoba amakamu athembele osizweni lwangaphandle ukuze aziphilise. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukufinyelela ezinsizeni zamabhange zamazwe ngamazwe kungase kukhawulelwe noma kungabi khona ezingxenyeni ezithile ze-Western Sahara ngenxa yesimo sayo esiyingxabano nezindawo ezikude. Ngenxa yalokho, ezinye izinhlelo ezifana nokudluliswa kwemali okungakahleleki noma ukuhwebelana kungase kwande phakathi kwabantu bendawo. Sekukonke, uma kubhekwa isimo sayo sezombangazwe esiyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokuntula ukuhlonishwa okuphelele kobukhosi emhlabeni jikelele; I-Western Sahara ayinalo uhlelo lwemali oluhlanganisiwe kuyo yonke indawo yayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-dirham yase-Moroccan kuvame kakhulu phakathi kwezifunda ezilawulwa yi-Moroccan kuyilapho ezinye izinhlobo zemali zesifunda zisetshenziswa kuye ngezimo ezithile ezindaweni ezahlukene.
Isilinganiso sokushintsha imali
Imali esemthethweni yaseWestern Sahara Dirham yaseMorocco (MAD). Kodwa-ke, sicela uqaphele ukuthi isimo se-Western Sahara sisaphikiswana, kanti i-Morocco inolawulo lwangempela kuleyo ndawo. Ngokuphathelene namazinga okushintshanisa alinganiselwe ngezinhlobo zemali ezinkulu kusukela ngo-Okthoba 2021: I-1 USD (iDola lase-United States) cishe ilingana no-9.91 MAD. I-Euro eyi-1 (i-Euro) icishe ilingane ne-11.60 MAD. 1 GBP (British Pound Sterling) cishe ilingana no-13.61 MAD. Sicela ukhumbule ukuthi lezi zilinganiso zokushintshanisa zingashintshashintsha futhi kuhlale kuhle ukuthi uhlole amanani abuyekeziwe ngaphambi kokwenza noma yikuphi ukuthengiselana.
Amaholide Abalulekile
I-Western Sahara iyindawo ebangwayo etholakala enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika. Ngenxa yezingxabano zayo zezombusazwe nezendawo eziqhubekayo, ayinawo amaholide ezwe asemthethweni noma imikhosi ebalulekile egujwa emhlabeni wonke izakhamuzi zakhona. Kodwa-ke, abantu baseWestern Sahara bakhumbula izinsuku ezibalulekile ezihlobene nomlando wabo nomzabalazo wokuzibusa: 1. Usuku Lokuzimela: Umhla zingama-20 kuNhlaba uphawula ukumenyezelwa kokuzimela kweSpain ngo-1973 yiSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). Lolu suku lugujwa njengophawu lwezifiso zabo ngesizwe esizimele. 2. UMashi Okhazimulayo: NgoNovemba 6, amaSahrawi akhumbula ukuqala kwemashi yokubhikisha enokuthula eyayihlelwe izinkulungwane zababaleki ababaleka eNtshonalanga Sahara ngemva kokuhoxa kweSpain ngo-1975. Le mashi yayihlose ukubuyela ezweni lakubo kodwa yahlangatshezwana nezingxabano ezinodlame. 3. Usuku Lwababaleki: Ngomhla zingama-20 kuJuni uqaphela usizi lwababaleki baseSahrawi abahlala emakamu eduze kwase-Tindouf, e-Algeria kusukela ekuqaleni kwengxabano. Lolu suku luqwashisa ngezimo zabo zokuphila ezinzima futhi lufuna ukunakwa nokusekelwa ngamazwe ngamazwe. 4. Umgubho Wokuqedwa Kwezikhali: Umhla zingama-27 kuNhlolanja uphawula ukusayinwa kwesivumelwano sokuyeka ukulwa phakathi kweMorocco nePolisario Front (inhlangano eyinhloko yenhlangano yenkululeko yaseSahrawi) ngaphansi kwenhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene ngo-1991. Nakuba kwaletha ukuthula kwesikhashana, akukafinyelelwa esivumelwaneni unomphela. Lezi zinsuku ezibalulekile zisebenza njengezikhumbuzo zabo bobabili abaseSahrawis ngaphakathi kwe-Western Sahara uqobo kanye nalabo abahlala njengababaleki phesheya, ezigqamisa umzabalazo wabo oqhubekayo wokuzibusa kanye nokuhlonishwa ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe.
Isimo Sohwebo Lwangaphandle
I-Western Sahara iyindawo ebangwayo etholakala enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika. Ngenxa yezingxabano eziqhubekayo phakathi kweMorocco nabantu baseSahrawi, isimo sohwebo saseWestern Sahara sihlukile. Uzakwethu oyinhloko wohwebo weWestern Sahara yi-Morocco, ephethe ngokweqiniso endaweni enkulu. I-Morocco ingenisa impahla ehlukahlukene evela kwamanye amazwe bese inikezela ngeWestern Sahara. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iWestern Sahara ithumela ngokuyinhloko amaminerali e-phosphates ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe. I-Phosphates ingumthombo wemvelo oyinhloko otholakala eNtshonalanga yeSahara, okwenza ibe yimpahla ebalulekile yohwebo. Lezi zimbiwa zisetshenziswa kakhulu njengomanyolo kwezolimo, okunomthelela omkhulu ekukhiqizweni kokudla emhlabeni jikelele. Amazwe afana neBrazil kanye neNew Zealand angenisa lawa ma-phosphates evela eNtshonalanga yeSahara. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yemvelo ephikiswayo yesimo sayo sobukhosi, kube nezingxabano ezithinta ukuba semthethweni nezimiso zokuziphatha zokuhweba ne-Western Sahara. Amazwe amaningi akubona njengokungekho emthethweni ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini yezentengiso nezinhlangano ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwendawo ngaphandle kwemvume ye-Sahrawi. Ngo-2016, isinqumo senkantolo ye-European Union sathi izivumelwano zezolimo phakathi kwe-EU ne-Morocco azikwazanga ukufaka imikhiqizo evela ezindaweni ezidliwe njenge-Western Sahara ngaphandle kwemvume ethile evela e-Sahrawis engabanikazi balezi zinsiza. Ngenxa yalokhu kukhathazeka okungokomthetho nokucatshangelwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha okuphakanyiswe izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu mayelana nokuxhashazwa kwezinsiza ezindaweni ezithathiwe ngaphandle kokuzuzisa abantu bendawo, ezinye izinkampani ziye zamisa ubudlelwano bazo bezohwebo noma zanciphisa ukungenisa kwazo okuvela eNtshonalanga Sahara. Sekukonke, nakuba ama-phosphates esebenza njengokuthunyelwa okubalulekile kwamanye amazwe emnothweni wezohwebo waleli zwe elibangwayo, libhekene nezinselelo ngenxa yokungezwani kwezombusazwe mayelana nesimo salo sobukhosi kanye nezingxabano ezingokomthetho ezikhawulela ukufinyelela kwayo ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe. (Amazwi: 261)
Amathuba Okuthuthukisa Imakethe
I-Western Sahara iyindawo ebangwayo etholakala eNyakatho Afrika. Ngenxa yokungazinzi kwezombusazwe kanye nezingxabano zezindawo ezingaxazululiwe, amandla okuthuthukiswa kwemakethe yohwebo lwangaphandle kulesi sifunda anomkhawulo okwamanje. Nakuba iWestern Sahara inemithombo yemvelo eminingi, okuhlanganisa izindawo zokudoba nama-phosphates, ukuntuleka kokuqashelwa kwamanye amazwe kuphazamisa amandla ayo okuthekelisa ngaphandle. Ingxabano yendawo phakathi kwe-Morocco ne-Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) idala ukungaqiniseki okubalulekile kunoma yimiphi imisebenzi yohwebo lwangaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo yaseWestern Sahara ibeka izinselelo zokwanda kwezohwebo. Iyindawo ewugwadule ikakhulukazi enengqalasizinda elinganiselwe kanye nezinsiza zokuthutha. Lezi zithiyo zenza kube nzima ukusungula amanethiwekhi okusebenza asebenzayo adingekayo ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukungabikho kwezinhlaka ezicacile zomthetho ezilawula imisebenzi yezentengiselwano nakho kudikibalisa ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe emnothweni waseWestern Sahara. Abatshalizimali bayanqikaza ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngamalungelo empahla kanye nezindaba ezingakaxazululwa zobukhosi. Ukwengeza, ubukhulu bemakethe yaseWestern Sahara buhlala buncane uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe angomakhelwane esifundeni. Isibalo sabantu bale ndawo ebangwayo sincane, sinciphisa umthamo wokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya kanye namathuba emakethe amabhizinisi angaphandle. Sengiphetha, nakuba iWestern Sahara iphethe izinsiza zemvelo ezibalulekile ezingase zisetshenziswe ekukhuleni komnotho ngokuthuthukiswa kohwebo lwangaphandle, izingxabano zezombusazwe eziqhubekayo kanye nokuntuleka kokuqashelwa kuphazamisa ikhono layo lokusebenzisa lezi zinsiza ngokugcwele. Ukwengeza, izinselele ezihlobene nobuthaka bengqalasizinda kanye nokungaqiniseki kwezomthetho kuphinde kuthuntubeze amathuba okwanda kwezohwebo.
Imikhiqizo edayiswayo eshisayo emakethe
Lapho ucubungula ukukhethwa komkhiqizo emakethe yohwebo lwangaphandle eNtshonalanga Sahara, kubalulekile ukunaka izici ezihlukile nezimfuno zalesi sifunda esithile. Nazi ezinye iziphakamiso zokukhetha imikhiqizo edayiswa kakhulu: 1. Ezolimo Nemikhiqizo Yokudla: I-Western Sahara inomnotho wezolimo ikakhulukazi onesidingo esikhulu semikhiqizo yokudla. Khetha izinto ezingathengwa endaweni noma zingeniswe kalula kwamanye amazwe, njengokusanhlamvu, ama-pulses, izithelo, imifino, imikhiqizo yobisi, inyama nenhlanzi. 2. Imikhiqizo Yamandla Avuselelekayo: Njengesifunda esomile, iWestern Sahara ifuna izixazululo ezisimeme ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zayo zamandla. Cabangela ukunikeza amaphaneli elanga, izinjini zomoya, noma ezinye izinhlelo zamandla avuselelekayo ukuze uhlangabezane nesidingo esikhulayo sezinye izindlela zamandla ahlanzekile. 3. Izinto Zokwakha: Imboni yezokwakha eNtshonalanga Sahara ikhula ngokushesha ngenxa yokukhula kwamadolobha kanye nemiklamo yokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda. Nikeza ngezinto zekhwalithi ephezulu njengosimende, izinsimbi zensimbi, izitini, amathayela noma izakhiwo ezenziwe ngaphambilini ezihambisana nemithetho yendawo kanye nezindinganiso zokwakha. 4. Izindwangu Nezingubo Zokugqoka: Kunethuba elikhulu lemakethe lezimpahla zokugqoka nezindwangu eNtshonalanga yeSahara ngenxa yokwanda kwenani labantu kanye nokukhuphuka kwemali engenayo etholakalayo phakathi kwezakhamuzi zakhona. Gxila ekuhlinzekeni ngezinketho zezingubo ezithengekayo kodwa ezisemfashinini kuyilapho ucabangela okuthandwayo kwamasiko. 5. Imisebenzi yezandla: Imisebenzi yezandla yendabuko ibaluleke kakhulu esikweni laseNyakatho Afrika; ngakho-ke ukukhuthaza imisebenzi yezandla eyenziwe endaweni efana ne-ceramics, impahla yesikhumba (izikhwama/amabhande), omata/amacansi abalukiweyo noma ubucwebe bendabuko kungaveza amathuba amahle kakhulu okuthengisa. 6.Amadivayisi Obuchwepheshe: Ngokukhula kwedijithali phakathi kwabantu abasha kulesi sifunda kuza ukwanda kwesidingo samadivayisi zobuchwepheshe afana nama-smartphone/amaphilisi/amalaptop/izinsiza zedijithali njll., ezindaweni zentengo ezithengekayo ezifanele amandla abo okuthenga. 7.Imikhiqizo Yobuhle Nokunakekela Umuntu: Izimonyo nezinto zokunakekela abantu zibaluleka kakhulu njengoba ukwanda kokuqwashisa ngobuhle ezweni; hlinzeka ngemikhiqizo ye-skincare/ukunakekelwa kwezinwele okubalulekile/imigqa yezimonyo elungiselela ngokukhethekile ithoni/ukwakheka/okuthandwayo okuhlukahlukene. Sengiphetha, ukubeka kuqala ukudla/ezolimo, amandla avuselelekayo, izingubo nezindwangu ezikhethwe ngokucophelela, izinto zokwakha, imisebenzi yezandla, izisetshenziswa zobuchwepheshe, kanye nemikhiqizo yobuhle/yokunakekela komuntu siqu kungasiza ekukhetheni izinto ezithengiswayo ezishisayo zemakethe yohwebo yangaphandle yaseWestern Sahara. Kubalulekile ukuqonda okuthandwayo namandla okuthenga abathengi bendawo ngenkathi uqinisekisa ukuthobela imithethonqubo kanye nokuzwela kwamasiko.
Izici zekhasimende kanye ne-taboo
I-Western Sahara iyindawo ebangwayo etholakala eNyakatho Afrika. Kubalulekile ukuqonda amasiko nezinkolelo-ze lapho usebenzisana namakhasimende noma ozakwethu bebhizinisi abavela kulesi sifunda. Okokuqala, umuntu kufanele aqaphele ukuthi inkolo yamaSulumane iyinkolo ehamba phambili eNtshonalanga yeSahara, futhi lokhu kudlala indima enkulu ekulolongeni isiko nokuziphatha kwabantu bayo. Amaklayenti avela eNtshonalanga Sahara angase alandele amasiko athile amaSulumane, njengokugcina imithandazo yansuku zonke nokuzila ukudla phakathi neRamadan. Kubalulekile ukuhlonipha izinkolelo zabo ngokungahleli imihlangano noma imicimbi ngezikhathi zomthandazo noma ukunikeza ukudla neziphuzo ngezikhathi zokuzila. Mayelana nesitayela sokuxhumana, abantu abavela eNtshonalanga Sahara bayayazisa inhlonipho nenhlonipho. Ukubingelela kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuxhumana nabantu, ngakho kuyisiko ukubingelela amaklayenti ngokufudumele ngokuxhawula. Ukubheka emehlweni kufanele kugcinwe lapho ukhuluma, njengoba kusho ukulalelisisa nokwethembeka. Ukwengeza, ukugcina isikhathi kubaluleke kakhulu - ukufika sekwephuzile emihlanganweni noma ama-aphoyintimenti kungabhekwa njengokungahloniphi. Lapho uxoxisana namakhasimende avela eNtshonalanga yeSahara, kubalulekile ukubonisa ukuzwela ezihlokweni ezithile ezingase zibacasule. Udaba lwesimo sezepolitiki saseWestern Sahara kufanele lubhekwe ngokucophelela njengoba imibono ingase yehluke kubantu ngabanye ngenxa yesimo sayo esiphikisanayo. Kufanele kugxilwe kakhulu ezindabeni zebhizinisi esikhundleni sokungena ezingxoxweni ezibucayi zezepolitiki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphuza utshwala kungase kungamukeleki kakhulu emphakathini wendabuko wamaSahrawi ngenxa yezinkolelo zenkolo; nokho, lokhu kungahluka kuye ngokuthandwa komuntu kanye namagugu aphethwe abantu ngabanye. Kungaba ukuhlakanipha ukungacabangi noma iyiphi indlela ngaphandle kokwazi kusengaphambili noma ukuqonda isimo sengqondo somuntu mayelana nokuphuza utshwala. Ngakho-ke, kuhle ukuba uyeke ukunikeza uphuzo oludakayo ngaphandle kwalapho ucelwe ngokuqondile amakhasimende akho. Sengiphetha, indlela enenhlonipho ngamasiko amaSulumane, ukuthembela ekuxhumaneni okunesizotha, nokuqapha mayelana nezihloko ezibucayi kuzothuthukisa ubudlelwano bebhizinisi ngenkathi isebenza namakhasimende avela eNtshonalanga Sahara.
Uhlelo lokuphathwa kweCustoms
Uhlelo lokuphatha amasiko kanye nemihlahlandlela yaseWestern Sahara ibaluleke kakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhamba kahle kwezimpahla nokuvikela imingcele. Izwe lilandela isethi yezinqubo zokulawula izimpahla ezingenayo neziphumayo kuyilapho kugcinwa ezokuphepha. Uhlelo lokuphatha amasiko eWestern Sahara lubandakanya izici ezimbalwa ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, bonke abahambi abangena noma abaphumayo ezweni kumele balethe imibhalo yomazisi efanele, njengamaphasipoti noma ama-visa. Kubalulekile ukuphatha la maphepha ngaso sonke isikhathi ngesikhathi uhlala eWestern Sahara. Okwesibili, kunemikhawulo ethile ezintweni ezingavunyelwe okungafanele zingeniswe noma zikhishwe ngaphandle kwezwe. Lezi zinto ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izikhali, izidakamizwa, iziqhumane, nanoma yiziphi ezinye izinto ezithengiswayo. Kubalulekile ukuthi izivakashi zizijwayeze le mithetho kusengaphambili ukuze zigweme izinkinga ezingokomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasiko aseWestern Sahara aphinde asebenzise imithetho yokungenisa nokuthekelisa elawula imisebenzi yohwebo ngaphakathi kwemingcele yayo. Iziphathimandla zingase zidinge ukuthi abantu ngabanye noma amabhizinisi ahilelekile ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi agcwalise amafomu afanelekile esimemezelo aphathelene nemvelaphi nenani lezimpahla zabo. Phakathi nezinqubo zokungena ezweni eliwela imingcele noma ezikhumulweni zezindiza, abahambi bangase bahlolwe izikhulu eziqinisekisa ukuthi ziyayithobela le mithetho. Lokhu kuhlola akuhlosile nje kuphela ukuvimbela ukushushumbiswa kodwa futhi nokugcina ukuphepha kwezwe ngokuhlonza izingozi ezingaba khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyatuseka ukuthi izivakashi ezingena eNtshonalanga Sahara zivela emazweni angomakhelwane ngokusebenzisa imizila yomhlaba ukuze zibuze nganoma yiziphi izimfuneko zesifunda ezibekwe iziphathimandla zezizwe zombili ezihililekile ezinqubweni zokulawula imingcele. Sengiphetha, ukuhambisana nohlelo lokuphathwa kwempahla eNtshonalanga Sahara kubalulekile uma uletha izimpahla ezweni noma unqamula imingcele yalo. Ukuzijwayeza nemithetho yokungenisa nokuthekelisa kanye nezinto ezinqatshelwe kungasiza ekugwemeni izinkinga ezingokomthetho ngenkathi kuqinisekisa ukuwela ngokuphephile kulesi sizwe.
Izinqubomgomo zentela zokungenisa
I-Western Sahara iyindawo ebangwayo etholakala eNyakatho Afrika. Njengoba okwamanje ingaphansi kokulawulwa yi-Morocco, izinqubomgomo zentela yokungenisa ezweni ezisetshenziswa eNtshonalanga Sahara zithonywa kakhulu yimithetho yase-Morocco. Izintela zokungenisa eNtshonalanga Sahara zincike kakhulu ohlotsheni nenani lezimpahla ezingeniswayo. Ngokuvamile, imisebenzi yokungenisa ezweni isetshenziswa ezigabeni ezehlukene zemikhiqizo, okuhlanganisa kodwa okungagcini nje ngogesi, izimoto, izindwangu, nezinto zokudla. Amanani entela ezimpahla ezingenisiwe asukela kumaphesenti anguziro kuye kumaphesenti aphezulu asekelwe ekuhlukaniseni ngekhodi Yesistimu Evumelanisiwe (HS). Ezinye izinto ezibalulekile njengokudla okuyisisekelo zingase zikhululeke noma zehlise amanani entengo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukufinyeleleka nokufinyeleleka. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi njengoba isimo sezombusazwe saseWestern Sahara sisalokhu singaqinisekile futhi singaphansi kwezingxabano eziqhubekayo phakathi kwe-Morocco nenhlangano yenkululeko ye-Polisario Front, kungase kube nezinye izingqinamba ezizungezile izinqubomgomo zezohwebo kulesi sifunda. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okuvela noma ukungenisa ezweni okuya eNtshonalanga Sahara kungase kubhekane nokucutshungulwa ngenxa yezingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nobukhosi. Njengoba izimo ezizungeze i-Western Sahara zithuthuka ngokuqhubekayo, kunconywa ukuthi amabhizinisi axhumane neziphathimandla ezifanele noma ochwepheshe bezohwebo ukuze bathole ulwazi lwakamuva lwezinqubomgomo zentela yokungenisa eziqondene nalesi sifunda. Ukwengeza, ukufuna isiqondiso somthetho mayelana nanoma yiziphi izingcuphe ezingaba khona ezihlobene nokuhweba ngaphakathi kwezindawo ezinengxabano kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthobela umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Thumela izinqubomgomo zentela
I-Western Sahara iyindawo ebangwayo eNyakatho Afrika, futhi izinqubomgomo zayo zentela yokuthekelisa zingaphansi kwengxabano nokungavumelani phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezihlukene ezihililekile. Nokho, ngingakunikeza ulwazi olujwayelekile. Njengombuso ongaqashelwanga, uhlelo lwentela lwaseWestern Sahara aluqashelwa ngokusemthethweni amazwe amaningi. Noma kunjalo, isebenzise izinqubomgomo ezithile zokulawula ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe endaweni yayo. Omunye wemikhiqizo esemqoka ethunyelwa usuka eNtshonalanga Sahara idwala le-phosphate. Izimayini ze-Phosphate ziyimboni ebalulekile esifundeni njengoba iWestern Sahara inezindawo zokulondoloza i-phosphate ezinkulu. Kodwa-ke, i-Morocco nayo ifuna ubukhosi phezu kwendawo futhi ilawula iningi lalezi zinsiza. Njengamanje, i-Morocco ibeka intela ekuthengisweni kwe-phosphate evela eNtshonalanga Sahara njengengxenye yezinqubomgomo zabo zohwebo. Le mali yentela inomthelela emnothweni waseMorocco kodwa ihlangabezane nokugxekwa njengoba abaningi bethi kufanele kube ngeyabantu baseSahrawi abahlala eWestern Sahara. Ngaphezu kwamatshe e-phosphate, imikhiqizo efana nemikhiqizo yokudoba evela ogwini lwe-Atlantic nayo ithunyelwa isuka eNtshonalanga yeSahara. Kodwa-ke, ulwazi olubanzi mayelana nezinqubomgomo ezithile zentela zalezi zimpahla zikhawulelwe ngenxa yezingxabano eziqhubekayo mayelana nokulawulwa kwendawo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe njengeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene zicele ukuba kuxazululwe le ngxabano ngezingxoxo ezinokuthula phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezithintekayo. Kuze kube yilapho kukhona ukuvumelana ngesimo sezombusazwe kanye nokuzikhethela kwabantu baseWestenr Saharawi, ukunquma izinqubomgomo zentela yokuthumela ngaphandle ezicacile nezimfishane kungase kuhlale kuyinselele noma/futhi kuphikiswana.
Kudingeka izitifiketi zokuthekelisa
I-Western Sahara iyindawo ebangwayo etholakala eNyakatho Afrika. Njengamanje ithathwa yiNhlangano Yezizwe njengendawo engazibusa yona. Ngenxa yesimo sayo sepolitiki esiyimpikiswano, iWestern Sahara ayinalo igunya lokukhipha izitifiketi ezisemthethweni zokuthumela ngaphandle eziqashelwa izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe. Kusukela ngo-1975, iWestern Sahara ibe yindaba yombango wendawo phakathi kweMorocco nePolisario Front (esekelwa yi-Algeria). I-Morocco ifuna ubukhosi kuso sonke isifunda, kuyilapho i-Polisario Front ifuna ukuzikhethela kubantu baseSahrawi. Ukuntuleka kokulawula ukuphatha kwabo siqu kuvimbe amandla eNtshonalanga yeSahara ukusungula uhlelo oluzimele lokunikeza izitifiketi zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ngenxa yalokho, amabhizinisi asebenza ngaphakathi kweWestern Sahara avame ukubhekana nezinselele uma kuziwa ekuqinisekiseni imvelaphi noma ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yawo ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ezimpahleni ezikhiqizwe eNtshonalanga Sahara, abathumeli kwamanye amazwe bangase bathembele kumadokhumenti afana nama-invoyisi ezentengiselwano nohlu lokupakisha ukunikeza ubufakazi bokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kusukela kulesi sifunda. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi izinkampani ezihwebayo noma ezithengayo zisuka eNtshonalanga Sahara ziqaphele izinkinga zomthetho nezepolitiki ezingaba khona ezihlobene nesimo sayo esiyingxabano. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lolu lwazi lungase lushintshe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yezimo zezombusazwe eziguqukayo noma izivumelwano zamanxusa. Ngakho-ke, kuyanconywa ukuthi abahwebi namabhizinisi abandakanyekayo emisebenzini yokungenisa/yokuthekelisa ehlobene ne-Western Sahara ukuze bahlale benolwazi ngemithetho yamanje futhi baxhumane nochwepheshe bezomthetho abajwayelene nomthetho wokuhweba wamazwe ngamazwe ukuze bathole isiqondiso esinembile.
Ukuhanjiswa okunconyiwe
I-Western Sahara, indawo ephikisanayo etholakala eNyakatho Afrika, iveza izinselelo eziyingqayizivele namathuba okusebenza kwempahla. Njengoba lesi sifunda singenakho ukuqashelwa emhlabeni jikelele njengezwe elizimele, sibhekene nezingqinamba ezithile zokuhlela okudingeka zibhekwe lapho kuhlelwa ezokuthutha kanye nokuphathwa kwe-supply chain. Isici esisodwa esibalulekile okufanele sicatshangelwe ingqalasizinda elinganiselwe eNtshonalanga yeSahara. Uxhaxha lwemigwaqo aluthuthukisiwe kakhulu, kunemizila emikhulu exhuma amadolobha amakhulu namadolobhana. Izindawo ezingaphandle kwemigwaqo ziletha izinselele ezengeziwe kwezokuthutha, okwenza kube semqoka ukusebenzisa izimoto ezifanele kanye nezinto zokusebenza. Uma kubhekwa lezi zimo, ukuthuthwa emoyeni kungase kube indlela yokuthutha ephumelela kakhulu. Izikhumulo zezindiza zamazwe ngamazwe njenge-Dakhla Airport noma i-El Aaiun Hassan I Airport zisebenza njengamasango abalulekile okuletha izimpahla noma ukuthutha impahla ngaphandle kwesifunda. Ukusebenzisa izindiza ezithwala impahla ezinolwazi olusebenza ezindaweni eziyinselele kunganikeza ukuxhumana okuthembekile phakathi kwe-Western Sahara nezindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba jikelele. Uma ukhetha abahlinzeki bezokuthutha ukuze bathumele izimpahla eziya noma ezisuka e-Western Sahara, kuyalulekwa ukusebenzisana nezinkampani ezinolwazi lokuphatha izimo zemingcele eziyinkimbinkimbi. Njengoba ubukhosi be-Western Sahara buhlala buphikisana phakathi kwe-Morocco ne-Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), ukuqonda imithelela engase ibe khona yezomthetho kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinqubo zokugunyazwa kwempahla ephumayo. Ukusebenzisana eduze nabathengi bendawo abajwayelene nemithethonqubo emayelana nokungenisa nokuthekelisa kungenza kube lula ukusebenza emingceleni. Banolwazi lwezidingo ezithile ezihlobene nokubhala imibhalo ngokunembile ngenkathi bezulazula kunoma yiziphi izinkinga zezombusazwe ezingase ziphakame. Indawo yokugcina impahla ephakathi nendawo ebekwe endaweni ekahle ngaphakathi kwesifunda iphinde isekele ukusatshalaliswa kwempahla ngokuphumelelayo ngaphakathi kweWestern Sahara ngokwayo. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuthembela ekuthuthweni okude ngenkathi kunika amandla izikhathi zokuphendula ngokushesha lapho ugcwalisa ama-oda endawo noma ubuyisela kabusha izitolo zezitolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlakulela ubudlelwano nabahlinzeki bendawo obusekelwe ezindaweni eziqashelwa yizo zombili izinhlangothi ezithintekayo engxabanweni yendawo kungathuthukisa izinqubo zokuthenga ngaphakathi kwemingcele yaseWestern Sahara. Sengiphetha, lapho kwenziwa imisebenzi yezokuthutha eNtshonalanga yeSahara, kufanele kuqashelwe izimo zayo zendawo ezihlukile ezivela esimweni sayo esingaxazululiwe njengezwe elizimele. Ukuthutha ngendiza kufanele kucatshangelwe ngenxa yengqalasizinda elinganiselwe yesifunda. Ukusebenzisana nabahlinzeki bezokuthutha abanolwazi kanye nabathengisi bezimpahla kunikela ekweqeni imingcele okushelelayo, kuyilapho inqolobane yendawo ithuthukisa amandla okusabalalisa ngaphakathi kwendawo. Ngokuqonda nokusebenzisa lezi zinto ezicatshangelwayo, izinkampani zingakwazi ukuzulazula ku-logistics landscape yaseWestern Sahara ngempumelelo.
Iziteshi zokuthuthukisa umthengi

Imibukiso yokuhweba ebalulekile

IWestern Sahara, okuyisizinda esinezingxabano eNyakatho ne-Afrika, ibhekene nezinselelo mayelana nentuthuko yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokuhwebelana ngenxa yesimo sayo sezepolitiki. Kodwa-ke, kusenemigudu ebalulekile yokuthengwa kwempahla yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nemibukiso yezohwebo engasiza ukukhulisa imisebenzi yezomnotho esifundeni. 1. Iziteshi Zokuthenga Zamazwe Ngamazwe: Ngaphandle kwesimo sayo esibucayi kwezepolitiki, iWestern Sahara iyabaheha abathengi bamanye amazwe ngezinsiza zayo zemvelo. Iziteshi ezinkulu zokuthenga zihlanganisa: a. Imboni yePhosphate: IWestern Sahara yaziwa ngamadiphozithi ayo acebile e-phosphate, abalulekile kumanyolo wezolimo nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni. Izinkampani eziningi zamazwe ngamazwe zihlanganyela ekuthengeni okuqondile kubahlinzeki basekhaya. b. Imboni Yokudoba: Imithombo eminingi yasolwandle yaseWestern Sahara iheha izinkampani zokudoba zakwamanye amazwe ezifuna ukuthenga imikhiqizo yezinhlanzi njenge-tuna ekheniwe noma amasardine. c. Imisebenzi yezandla: Izingcweti zendawo zikhiqiza imisebenzi yezandla yendabuko efana nokhaphethi nezitsha zobumba ezinemiklamo ehlukile yaseSahrawi. Le mikhiqizo inezimakethe ezingaba khona emazweni ahlukahlukene anentshisekelo kwezobuciko zangempela zase-Afrika. 2. Imibukiso yezohwebo kanye nemibukiso: Ukubamba iqhaza emibukisweni yezohwebo kuvumela amabhizinisi aseWestern Sahara ukuthi abonise imikhiqizo yawo kunkundla yamazwe ngamazwe, asungule ukuxhumana nabathengi, futhi akhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa komnotho ngaphakathi kwesifunda. Eminye imibukiso efanele ihlanganisa: a. I-Morocco International Agricultural Exhibition (SIAM): Lo mcimbi waminyaka yonke obanjelwe e-Meknes, idolobha eliseduze nemingcele ye-Western Sahara, uheha abathengi abaningi bemikhiqizo yezolimo abavela emhlabeni wonke abathanda izimpahla ezifana nomanyolo noma izifunzo zemfuyo. b. I-SIAL Middle East: Njengomunye wemibukiso emikhulu esekelwe ekudleni ebanjwa minyaka yonke e-Abu Dhabi, lo mcimbi unikeza ithuba kubakhiqizi bokudla baseSahrawi ukuthi baxhumane nabathengi abahamba phambili abavela esifundeni saseGulf abafuna ukudla okuhlukahlukene. c.I-International Crafts Fair (FIART): Ihlelwa minyaka yonke yi-Ministry of Tourism and Craft Industry (MOTCI) yase-Algeria engomakhelwane, lo mbukiso udonsa abahlanganyeli abavela kulo lonke elaseNyakatho ne-Afrika abafisa ukukhombisa imisebenzi yabo yezandla kuhlanganise nalabo abavela eNtshonalanga Sahara. d.Imibukiso Yezohwebo Yamazwe Ngamazwe ebanjelwe kulo lonke elase-Morocco: Le micimbi, efana ne-Casablanca International Fair kanye noMbukiso Wokuhweba Wamazwe Ngamazwe Wase-Marrakesh, iheha abathengi basekhaya nabamazwe ngamazwe emikhakheni eyahlukene. Banikeza amabhizinisi aseSahrawi indlela yokwethula imikhiqizo yawo kubabukeli abaningi. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngenxa yesimo esiyingxabano se-Western Sahara, abanye abalingisi bamazwe ngamazwe bayakugwema ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini yebhizinisi nezinhlangano zaseSahrawi. Lesi simo sezombangazwe sikhawulela ukukhula nokutholakala kwemigudu ebalulekile yokuthenga kanye nemibukiso yohwebo uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe aziwayo. Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, ukuhlola amathuba okuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe nokubamba iqhaza kwezohwebo kukhombisa ukuthi ukuhambisana nezinsizakusebenza zaseWestern Sahara kungaba negalelo ekuthuthukisweni komnotho esifundeni. Ukwengeza, imizamo yokufinyelela isixazululo sezombusazwe esihlangene eNtshonalanga Sahara ingase ivule amathuba okuhweba amakhulu kakhulu esikhathini esizayo.
Kunezinjini zokusesha ezimbalwa ezivame ukusetshenziswa eWestern Sahara. Nalu uhlu lwabanye babo nama-URL abo: 1. I-Google (www.google.com): I-Google iyinjini yokusesha ethandwa kakhulu futhi esetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Ihlinzeka ngomuzwa wokusesha ophelele, ohlanganisa amakhasi ewebhu, izithombe, amavidiyo, izindaba, nokuningi. 2. I-Bing (www.bing.com): I-Bing enye injini yokusesha edumile enikezela ngezici ezifanayo njenge-Google. Iphinde inikeze imiphumela yekhasi lewebhu kanye nezithombe, amavidiyo, izindaba, namamephu. 3. I-Yahoo (www.yahoo.com): I-Yahoo inikeza izinhlobonhlobo zezinsizakalo ezihlanganisa amandla okusesha iwebhu. Iletha imiphumela yosesho yekhwalithi kanye nezinye izici ezifana nezibuyekezo zezindaba, isevisi ye-imeyili, nokuningi. 4. I-Ecosia (www.ecosia.org): I-Ecosia iyinjini yokusesha eyingqayizivele ehlose ukuhambisana nemvelo ngokusebenzisa inzuzo yayo ukutshala izihlahla emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokusebenzisa i-Ecosia ekusesheni kwakho eNtshonalanga Sahara nanoma iyiphi enye indawo emhlabeni jikelele ungakwazi ukufaka isandla kulesi sizathu. 5. I-DuckDuckGo (i-duckduckgo.com): I-DuckDuckGo igcizelela ubumfihlo bomsebenzisi ngokungalandeleli imisebenzi yabasebenzisi ku-inthanethi noma ulwazi lomuntu siqu ngenkathi benza ukusesha. 6. I-Yandex (www.yandex.com): I-Yandex iyinjini yokusesha edume kakhulu e-Russia futhi inikeza ukusebenza okufanayo ku-Google kodwa ingase inikeze imiphumela egxile kakhulu kubasebenzisi baseWestern Sahara abakhetha imibuzo noma okuqukethwe okusekelwe olimini lwesiRashiya. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi nakuba lezi ezinye izinjini zokusesha ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezifinyeleleka kusukela eNtshonalanga Sahara noma kuphi emhlabeni jikelele; okuthandwayo komuntu ngamunye kungase kuhluke ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezifana nezintandokazi zesixhumi esibonakalayo - izizathu zokujwayela imikhuba yomsebenzisi; ukuchema kwesifunda maqondana nezinye izindlela zendawo uma zikhona; imikhawulo yokufinyeleleka ebekwe iziphathimandla zendawo uma zikhona.

Amakhasi amakhulu aphuzi

Amakhasi Aphuzi amakhulu aseWestern Sahara afaka: 1. Yellow Pages Morocco: Lolu hlu lwemibhalo luhlanganisa izifunda ezihlukahlukene e-Morocco, kuhlanganise ne-Western Sahara. Ihlinzeka ngohlu olubanzi lwamabhizinisi namasevisi esifundeni. Iwebhusayithi: www.yellowpages.co.ma 2. I-Saharan Yellow Pages: Lolu hlu lwemibhalo lwendawo lugxile kakhulu emabhizinisini asebenza ngaphakathi kwe-Western Sahara. Kuhlanganisa imininingwane yokuxhumana, amakheli, nezincazelo zezinkampani kuyo yonke imikhakha ehlukene njengowokwakha, ezempilo, ezokuvakasha, nezokuthutha. Iwebhusayithi: www.saharanyellowpages.com 3. Africa Business Portal - Western Sahara: Le nkundla ye-inthanethi ibhekelela amabhizinisi asebenza emazweni ase-Afrika okuhlanganisa ne-Western Sahara. Ihlinzeka ngesizindalwazi esibanzi sezinkampani ezinemininingwane efana nemikhakha, imikhiqizo/izinsizakalo ezinikezwayo, kanye nolwazi lokuxhumana lwamathuba okuxhumana e-B2B. Iwebhusayithi: www.africabusinessportal.com/western-sahara 4. I-Afribiz Directory - Western Sahara: I-Afribiz iyinsiza yebhizinisi ehamba phambili yamazwe ase-Afrika kuhlanganise ne-Western Sahara. Uhlu lwemibhalo luhlinzeka ngolwazi ngamabhizinisi endawo ahlanganisa izimboni ezahlukahlukene njengezolimo, izimayini, ezokuxhumana, nokunye. Iwebhusayithi: www.afribiz.info/directory/western-sahara 5.Salama-Annuaire.ma (ngesi-Arabhu): I-Salama Annuaire iyiwebhusayithi yohlu lwebhizinisi yolimi lwesi-Arabhu ehlanganisa izifunda eziningi e-Morocco; ihlanganisa nezinhlu ezivela emadolobheni angaphakathi kwendawo yaseWestern Sahara. Iwebhusayithi (isi-Arabhu): www.salama-annuaire.ma Sicela uqaphele ukuthi ngenxa yemvelo eyingxabano yobukhosi baseWestern Sahara phakathi kwe-Morocco ne-Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), imithombo ehlukene ingase ibe nolwazi oluhlukahlukene mayelana namabhizinisi asebenza kulesi sifunda. Kuhlala kunconywa ukuthi uqinisekise ukufakwa kuhlu kwamanje ngemithombo esemthethweni noma uxhumane neziphathimandla ezifanele ukuze uthole ulwazi olunembile mayelana noxhumana nabo bebhizinisi kunoma iyiphi indawo. Khumbula ukuthi nakuba lezi zinkomba zihlinzeka ngezinsiza ezibalulekile zokuthola amabhizinisi azinze noma asebenzela isifunda saseWestern sahara; Nokho, kuyatuseka ukuthintana nemithombo esesikhathini kakhulu nethembekile uma ufuna ulwazi oluthile njengoba uhla lwemibhalo lungashintsha noma luphelelwe yisikhathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izinkundla ezinkulu zezentengiselwano

Kunezinkundla ezimbalwa ezinkulu ze-e-commerce eWestern Sahara. Nalu uhlu lwabanye babo kanye nama-URL ewebhusayithi yabo: 1. Jumia Western Sahara - www.jumia.ma IJumia ingesinye sezinkundla ezinkulu ze-e-commerce e-Afrika, futhi isebenza naseWestern Sahara. Ihlinzeka ngemikhiqizo eminingi ehlanganisa izinto zikagesi, imfashini, ubuhle, izinto zikagesi zasendlini, nokunye. 2. Souqifni - www.souqifni.com I-Souqifni iyindawo yemakethe eku-inthanethi ebhekelela imakethe eseWestern Sahara. Ihlinzeka ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene njengemfashini, izinto zikagesi, okokuhlobisa ikhaya, izincwadi, neminye imikhiqizo eminingi. 3. I-AliExpress - www.aliexpress.com I-AliExpress iyinkundla ye-e-commerce edumile yamazwe ngamazwe ethumela imikhiqizo emhlabeni jikelele kuhlanganise ne-Western Sahara. Inikeza ukukhethwa okukhulu kwemikhiqizo evela kubathengisi abahlukene ngamanani ancintisanayo. 4. Vendo.ma - www.vendo.ma I-Vendo.ma iyinkundla yokuthenga eku-inthanethi esebenza eMorocco kodwa futhi isiza amakhasimende aseWestern Sahara. Iwebhusayithi inezigaba zemikhiqizo eyahlukene njengama-smartphone, izingubo zokugqoka, izesekeli, izinto zasendlini njll. 5. eBay -www.ebay.com I-eBay ingenye inkundla ye-e-commerce eyaziwayo yamazwe ngamazwe eyenza ukuthenga nokuthengisa phakathi kwabantu noma amabhizinisi emhlabeni jikelele. Amakhasimende avela eNtshonalanga Sahara angathenga izinto ezahlukahlukene ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene ku-eBay. Lawa amanye amapulatifomu amakhulu e-e-commerce atholakalayo kubathengi eWestern Sahara ukuze bathenge izimpahla ku-inthanethi kubathengisi basekhaya noma bamazwe aphesheya kalula.

Izinkundla zokuxhumana ezinkulu

I-Western Sahara iyindawo ebangwayo eNyakatho Afrika. Isimo sezepolitiki salesi sifunda asikaxazululeki, njengoba iMorocco nePolisario Front bebanga ubukhosi. Ngakho-ke, njengemodeli yolimi ye-AI eyakhiwe yi-OpenAI, angikwazi ukunikeza impendulo enembile mayelana nezinkundla zokuxhumana zamanje ezihlobene ngokuqondile ne-Western Sahara. Kodwa-ke, ngingakunikeza ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana nezinkundla zokuxhumana ezidumile ezisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke. I-Facebook: Yinkundla yezokuxhumana esetshenziswa kakhulu exhumanisa abantu emhlabeni jikelele. Ungathola amaphrofayili omsebenzisi, wabelane ngokuqukethwe okufana nezithombe namavidiyo, ujoyine amaqembu noma imicimbi, futhi uxhumane ngokuthumela imiyalezo. I-Twitter: Le nkundla ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi babelane ngemiyalezo emifushane ebizwa ngama-tweets nabalandeli babo. Ivamise ukusetshenziselwa izibuyekezo zezindaba kanye nokuveza imibono noma imicabango ngendlela emfishane. I-Instagram: Inkundla edumile yokwabelana ngezithombe namavidiyo lapho abasebenzisi bangathumela khona izithombe noma amavidiyo amafushane futhi bahlanganyele nabanye ngokuphawula okuthandwayo nemiyalezo eqondile. I-LinkedIn: Le nethiwekhi yochwepheshe igxile ekuxhumaniseni ochwepheshe abavela emikhakheni eyahlukene. Abasebenzisi badala amaphrofayili agqamisa ulwazi lwabo lomsebenzi, amakhono, nesizinda semfundo ukuze bakhe ukuxhumana nabangase baqashe abaqashi noma ozakwabo. I-WhatsApp: Uhlelo lokusebenza lokuthumela imiyalezo esheshayo oluphethwe yi-Facebook oluvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bathumele imilayezo yombhalo, izingcingo zezwi, izingcingo zevidiyo, babelane ngamafayela emidiya njengezithombe noma imibhalo ngabodwana noma ngaphakathi kwamaqembu. I-Telegram: Olunye uhlelo lokusebenza lokuthumela imiyalezo esheshayo olugcizelela iziteshi zokuxhumana ezigxile ekuyimfihlo kuyilapho linikeza izici ezifana ne-WhatsApp njengezingxoxo zomuntu ngamunye noma izingxoxo zeqembu kanye namandla okwabelana ngamafayela. I-Snapchat: Uhlelo lokusebenza lokuthumela imiyalezo ye-multimedia lapho abasebenzisi bangathumela khona izithombe namavidiyo abizwa ngokuthi "ama-snaps" anyamalalayo ngemva kokubukwa (ngaphandle kokuthi alondoloziwe). Sicela uqaphele ukuthi ukuduma kwezinkundla zokuxhumana kungase kwehluke kuye ngokutholakala kwengqalasizinda yezobuchwepheshe phakathi kwezifunda ezithile noma okuthandwayo kwamasiko ezakhamuzi zakhona.

Izinhlangano ezinkulu zezimboni

ENtshonalanga Sahara, indawo ephikisana ngamazwe ngamazwe etholakala eNyakatho Afrika, kunezinhlangano ezimbalwa ezibalulekile zezimboni ezidlala indima ebalulekile esifundeni. Lezi zinhlangano zisebenzela imikhakha eyahlukene futhi zisiza ekukhuthazeni ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa komnotho. 1. Inhlangano Yase-Moroccan Yemboni Yezindwangu Nezingubo (AMITH) Iwebhusayithi https://www.amith.ma Inhlangano ye-Moroccan for Textile and Apparel Industry imele umkhakha wezindwangu, okungenye yezimboni ezibalulekile eNtshonalanga yeSahara. Ihlose ukugqugquzela ukukhula, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, kanye nokuncintisana ngaphakathi kwalo mkhakha ngokugqugquzela ukubambisana nokuhlinzeka ngosizo kumalungu awo. 2. I-Saharan Federation of Agriculture (FSA) Iwebhusayithi: N/A I-Saharan Federation of Agriculture inesibopho sokumela imboni yezolimo eNtshonalanga yeSahara. Le nhlangano isekela abalimi ngokumela izintshisekelo zabo, inikeze usizo lwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokukhuthaza izindlela zokulima ezisimeme. 3. I-Sahrawi Chamber of Commerce Iwebhusayithi http://www.ccsa.com I-Sahrawi Chamber of Commerce iyinhlangano ebalulekile esebenza njengendikimba emele amabhizinisi asebenza ngaphakathi kwezimboni ezihlukahlukene zaseWestern Sahara. Isiza ukwenza kube lula ubudlelwano bezohwebo kuleli nakwamanye amazwe, ikhuthaze amathuba okutshalwa kwezimali esifundeni, futhi isekele ukukhula komnotho. 4. I-Moroccan Association of Construction Industries (AMCI) Iwebhusayithi http://www.amci.ma I-Moroccan Association of Construction Industries idlala indima ebalulekile ekwengameleni imisebenzi ehlobene nokwakha ngaphakathi komkhakha wemvelo owakhiwe eNtshonalanga Sahara. Le nhlangano ikhuthaza izinqubo ezingcono kakhulu zokwakha, ikhuthaza ukusungula izinto ezintsha, yenza kube lula ukuxhumana phakathi kochwepheshe bemboni kuyilapho ithuthukisa ukubambisana nozakwabo bamazwe ngamazwe. 5. Izinhlangano Zokubambisana Kwezokudoba Iwebhusayithi: N/A Uma kubhekwa ukuba seduze kolwandle i-Atlantic Ocean ngasogwini lwayo, ukudoba kudlala indima ebalulekile emnothweni waseWestern Sahara. Inqwaba yezinhlangano ezisebenzisana nabadobi zisebenza endaweni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izindlela zokudoba ezisimeme ziyalandelwa ngenkathi zeseka inhlalakahle yabadobi. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi ngenxa yezingxabano zezombusazwe ezizungeze isimo sobukhosi be-Western Sahara noma ukuba khona okulinganiselwe ku-inthanethi kwezinhlangano/izinhlangano eziqondene ngqo nalesi sifunda; olunye ulwazi lungase lungatholakali kalula noma lungashintshwa.

Amawebhusayithi ebhizinisi nokuhweba

Ngiyaxolisa, kodwa njengemodeli yolimi lwe-AI, angikwazi ukuphequlula i-inthanethi noma ukunikeza ulwazi lwesikhathi sangempela mayelana namawebhusayithi athile. Kodwa-ke, ngingakunikeza isiqondiso sendlela yokusesha amawebhusayithi ezomnotho nezohwebo ahlobene ne-Western Sahara. Ukuthola amawebhusayithi ezomnotho nezohwebo e-Western Sahara, ungalandela lezi zinyathelo: 1. Qala ngokusesha izinjini zokusesha zomhlaba jikelele njenge-Google noma i-Bing. Sebenzisa amagama angukhiye njengokuthi "iwebhusayithi yezomnotho i-Western Sahara," "ingosi yokuhweba yase-Western Sahara," noma "uhlu lwemibhalo yebhizinisi e-Western Sahara." 2. Ungaphinda uhlole iwebhusayithi esemthethweni kahulumeni yaseWestern Sahara, uma ikhona. Ohulumeni abaningi banezigaba ezizinikezele kumawebhusayithi abo ezidingida izinqubomgomo zezohwebo, amathuba okutshala imali, nezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa umnotho. 3. Sebenzisa izinkomba zebhizinisi eziku-inthanethi ezisebenza ngohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe noma uhlu lwezinkampani ezisebenza ezindaweni ezithile emhlabeni jikelele. Izibonelo zifaka i-Alibaba.com, Exporters.sg, Kompass.com. 4. Hlola amawebhusayithi ezinhlangano zezomnotho zesifunda okungenzeka abe nolwazi olumayelana namazwe angaphakathi kwendawo yokusebenza kwawo (isb., i-African Union). Khumbula ukuthi njengoba isimo seWestern Sahara siyindaba ephikiswayo emhlabeni jikelele; kungase kube nomthelela ekubeni khona kwayo ku-inthanethi uma kuziwa ekumelweni okusemthethweni uhulumeni owaziwayo wezwe.

Amawebhusayithi ombuzo wedatha yokuhweba

IWestern Sahara, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi iSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), iyisifunda esisenyakatho ne-Afrika esogwini lwe-Atlantic. Ngenxa yezingxabano zezindawo eziqhubekayo, idatha yohwebo nezomnotho yaseWestern Sahara ingase ingatholakali kalula. Nokho, nansi imithombo engaba khona lapho ungathola khona ulwazi oluhlobene nohwebo lwesifunda: 1. I-UN Comtrade: I-United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database inikeza ukufinyelela kudatha enemininingwane yohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Nakuba ukungena kwe-Western Sahara kungase kuhlanganiswe ne-Morocco noma kukhishwe ngokuphelele ngenxa yezizathu zezombusazwe, usengakwazi ukusesha usebenzisa amakhodi empahla ethile ahlobene ne-Western Sahara. Iwebhusayithi: https://comtrade.un.org/ 2. Idatha Evuliwe Yebhange Lomhlaba: IBhange Lomhlaba lihlinzeka ngedatha yezomnotho ephelele emhlabeni wonke futhi linikeza amasethi edatha ahlukahlukene mayelana nohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokuthengiswayo kwamanye amazwe/ukungenisa. Nakuba ulwazi oluqondile oluqondile mayelana ne-Western Sahara lungase lungatholakali, ungahlola idatha yezinga lezwe lesifunda noma elingumakhelwane. Iwebhusayithi: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators/ 3. Amahhovisi Kazwelonke Ezibalo: Hlola iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yehhovisi lezibalo lamazwe afana ne-Morocco noma i-Mauritania abelana ngemingcele ne-Western Sahara. Lawa mahhovisi ngokuvamile ahlinzeka ngezibalo zohwebo ezingase zifake phakathi ulwazi oluhlobene oluhlobene nezifunda zasemngceleni. Izibonelo zewebhusayithi: - Ikhomishini Ephakeme YaseMoroccan Yokuhlela (HCP): https://www.hcp.ma/ - Ihhovisi Likazwelonke Lezibalo laseMauritania (ONS): http://www.ons.mr/ 4. I-International Trade Center (ITC): I-ITC inikeza imininingwane mayelana nokugeleza kwezohwebo emhlabeni wonke ngamathuluzi abo okuhlaziya izimakethe kanye nesizindalwazi kodwa ukufinyelela olwazini olulungiselelwe ngokukhethekile olumayelana ne-Western Sahara kungase kube nomkhawulo ngenxa yezizathu zezombusazwe. Iwebhusayithi http://www.trademap.org/Index.aspx Sicela uqaphele ukuthi ukuthola izibalo zohwebo ezinembile nezibuyekeziwe ze-Western Sahara kuphela kungase kuveze izinselele ngenxa yesimo sayo esiyingxabano; ngakho-ke, kuyanconywa ukuhlola imithombo ehlukene futhi uqinisekise noma iyiphi idatha etholakalayo ngokufanele.

Amapulatifomu e-B2b

Kunezinkundla ezimbalwa ze-B2B ezitholakalayo zamabhizinisi aseWestern Sahara. Nalu uhlu lwabathile abavelele kanye namawebhusayithi abo: 1. Afrindex: https://westernsahara.afrindex.com/ I-Afrindex ihlinzeka ngenkundla ye-B2B ebanzi yamabhizinisi aseWestern Sahara, eqhuba amathuba ohwebo nokutshalwa kwezimali kuzo zonke izimboni ezihlukahlukene. 2. I-TradeKey: https://www.tradekey.com/ws I-TradeKey iyindawo yemakethe ye-B2B eyaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke exhumanisa abathengi nabathengisi abavela emazweni ahlukene, okuhlanganisa ne-Western Sahara. 3. Imithombo Yomhlaba Wonke: https://www.globalsources.com/ I-Global Sources inikeza uhla olubanzi lwemikhiqizo namasevisi, enikeza abathengi bomhlaba wonke ukufinyelela okulula kubahlinzeki baseWestern Sahara nakwezinye izifunda. 4. Alibaba.com: https://www.alibaba.com/ I-Alibaba ingelinye lamapulatifomu amakhulu e-B2B emhlabeni wonke, esebenza njengendawo yemakethe eku-inthanethi lapho amabhizinisi avela eNtshonalanga yeSahara engaxhumana nabathengi abangaba khona emhlabeni jikelele. 5. I-ExportersIndia: https://western-sahara.exportersindia.com/ I-ExportersIndia ivumela amabhizinisi avela eNtshonalanga yeSahara ukuthi abonise imikhiqizo yawo futhi axhumane nabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe abafuna izimpahla ezithile noma amasevisi. 6. EC21: http://western-sahara.ec21.com/ I-EC21 isebenza njengenkundla yokuhweba eku-inthanethi lapho amabhizinisi angaphromotha khona imikhiqizo namasevisi awo ukuze ahehe abangaba amakhasimende avela emhlabeni wonke. 7. ECVV: http://wholesalers.ecvv.stonebuy.biz I-ECVV ihlinzeka ngenkundla enokwethenjelwa yokuhweba ngezitolo ezinkulu, okwenza amabhizinisi aseWestern Sahara athole abahlinzeki abafanelekile noma afinyelele kumakhasimende angaba khona emhlabeni jikelele. Lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa zamapulatifomu e-B2B atholakalayo ahlinzeka ngamabhizinisi aseWestern Sahara. Kuhlale kunconywa ukuthi ucwaninge imigomo, izimo, nokwethembeka kwenkundla ngayinye ngaphambi kokwenza noma yikuphi ukuthengiselana noma ukusebenzisana
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