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Ilizwe jikelele
INtshona yeSahara yindawo ekungavisisaniyo ngayo efumaneka kuMntla Afrika. Inabemi abaqikelelwa malunga nama-600,000 abantu. Ubukhulu becala lo mhlaba yintlango, ebonakala ngamathafa amakhulu ayinkqantosi namatye. Lo mmandla ngokwembali wawumiwe zizizwe ezifudukayo ezifana namaSahrawi. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yendawo ekuyo yobuchule kunxweme lweAtlantiki kunye nemithombo yendalo efana nediphozithi yephosphate, iNtshona yeSahara ibingumxholo weengxabano zomhlaba iminyaka emininzi. Lo mmandla wawulawulwa yiSpain ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 de kwangowe-1975 xa yalurhoxisayo ulawulo lwayo. Oku kurhoxa kukhokhelele kukungabikho kwamandla kunye nongquzulwano olwalandelayo phakathi kweMorocco kunye nePolisario Front, eyayifuna inkululeko kwiNtshona yeSahara. Ukusukela ngoko, iMorocco ibango lolongamo kuninzi lweNtshona yeSahara ngelixa iPolisario Front yaseka iSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) ngenkxaso evela eAlgeria. IZizwe eziManyeneyo ziwuthatha lo mmandla njengommandla ongalawulekiyo olindele ukudilizwa kwamakholoni. Iinzame zenziwe zokufumana isisombululo ngokusebenzisa uthethathethwano olukhokelwa yi-UN phantsi kwezicwangciso ezahlukeneyo zoxolo. Nangona kunjalo, akukho sivumelwano sokugqibela kufikelelwe kuso ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ngokoqoqosho, iNtshona yeSahara ixhomekeke kakhulu kumashishini okuloba kunye nemigodi yephosphate. Ikwanazo nemisebenzi yezolimo elinganiselweyo ikakhulu kwiindawo ezihlala emanzini okanye kwiindawo apho imithombo yamanzi ifumaneka khona. Iinkxalabo zamalungelo oluntu ziye zaphakanyiswa malunga neendawo zombini ezilawulwa yiMorocco kunye neenkampu zababaleki eTindouf apho abantu baseSahrawi bahlala khona. Ezi nkxalabo ziquka izithintelo kwinkululeko yokuthetha kunye nokuhamba kunye neengxelo zokuphathwa kakubi ngexesha loqhanqalazo oluchasene nolawulo lwaseMorocco okanye iimfuno zokuzilawula. Ukuqukumbela, iWestern Sahara ihleli ingummandla ophikisanayo kunye neengxabano zezopolitiko eziqhubekayo phakathi kweMorocco kunye namaqela axhasa ukuzimela afana nePolisario Front efuna ukuzimisela kwabantu bayo.
Imali yeSizwe
INtshona yeSahara yindawo ekungavisisaniyo ngayo kuMntla Afrika, ekunxweme olusemntla-ntshona welizwekazi laseAfrika. Ivunywe ngokusemthethweni yiZizwe eziManyeneyo njengommandla ongalawulekiyo, iNtshona yeSahara inemeko yezopolitiko nezoqoqosho entsonkothileyo echaphazela kakhulu imali yayo. Ukusukela ngo-1975, iWestern Sahara ibangwa zombini yiMorocco kunye neSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), efuna ukuzimela. Le mbambano yommandla ibangele ulawulo olwahluliweyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeNtshona yeSahara. IMorocco ilawula uninzi lommandla, kubandakanya izixeko ezikhulu ezifana ne-El Aaiún, ngelixa i-SADR ilawula imimandla ethile kunye neenkampu zeembacu zaseSahrawi eAlgeria. Ngenxa yolu ngquzulwano oluqhubekayo kunye nokunqongophala kokuqatshelwa kwamanye amazwe kwi-SADR njengombuso ozimeleyo, akukho mali ethile ehambelana ne-Western Sahara. Endaweni yoko, isebenzisa iimali ezisuka kumazwe angabamelwane. Idirham yaseMoroccan (MAD) isasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwaye yamkelwa kuyo yonke imimandla elawulwa yiMoroccan eNtshona yeSahara. Oku kungenxa yobukho obunamandla beMorocco malunga nolawulo noqoqosho kwezi ndawo. Ukongeza, amashishini amaninzi asekhaya akhetha ukuqhuba ukuthengiselana esebenzisa i-MAD ngezizathu zozinzo. Kwiinkampu zeembacu zaseSahrawi ezilawulwa yi-SADR, i-Algerian dinar (DZD) isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kunye nezinye iimali ezifana ne-Mauritanian ouguiya (MRU). Ezi zimali zidla ngokufunyanwa ngorhwebo okanye ngoncedo oluvela kumazwe angabamelwane kuba iinkampu zixhomekeke kuncedo lwangaphandle ukuze ziziphilise. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zebhanki zamazwe ngamazwe kunokulinganiselwa okanye kungabikho kwiindawo ezithile zeNtshona yeSahara ngenxa yemeko ekuphikiswanayo ngayo kunye neendawo ezikude. Ngenxa yoko, iindlela ezizezinye ezifana nogqithiso-mali olungacwangciswanga okanye utshintshiselwano lusenokuba luxhaphakile phakathi kwabemi bengingqi. Ngokubanzi, xa kujongwa imeko yayo yezopolitiko entsonkothileyo kunye nokunqongophala kokuqondwa ngokupheleleyo kolongamo kumazwe ngamazwe; INtshona yeSahara ayinayo inkqubo yemali emanyeneyo kuwo wonke ummandla wayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-dirham yaseMoroccan kukongamela phakathi kwemimandla elawulwa yiMoroccan ngelixa ezinye iimali zengingqi ezahlukeneyo zisetyenziswa ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezithile kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
Imali yokutshintsha
Imali esemthethweni yaseNtshona yeSahara yiDirham yaseMorocco (MAD). Nangona kunjalo, nceda uqaphele ukuba ubume beWestern Sahara sisaphikisana, kwaye iMorocco inolawulo lwenyani kulo mmandla. Ngokwemilinganiselo yotshintshiselwano eqikelelwayo ngeemali ezinkulu ukusukela ngo-Okthobha wama-2021: I-1 USD (iDola yaseMelika) iphantse ilingane ne-9.91 MAD. I-EUR eyi-1 (i-Euro) iphantse ilingane ne-11.60 MAD. I-1 GBP (iBritish Pound Sterling) iphantse ilingane ne-13.61 MAD. Nceda ukhumbule ukuba ezi xabiso zotshintshiselwano zinokuguquguquka kwaye kusoloko kucetyiswa ukuba ujonge amaxabiso ahlaziyiweyo phambi kokuba wenze nayiphi na intengiselwano.
Iiholide ezibalulekileyo
I-Western Sahara yindawo ekungavisisaniyo ngayo efumaneka kumantla-ntshona eAfrika. Ngenxa yeengxabano zayo eziqhubekayo zezopolitiko kunye nemimandla, ayinazo iiholide zesizwe ezisemthethweni okanye iminyhadala ebalulekileyo ebhiyozelwa jikelele ngabemi bayo. Nangona kunjalo, abantu baseNtshona yeSahara bakhumbula imihla ethile ebalulekileyo enxulumene nembali yabo kunye nomzabalazo wokuzilawula: 1. Usuku lwe-Independence: I-20 ngoMeyi ibonisa ukuzimela kwe-Spain kwi-1973 yi-Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). Olu suku lubonwa njengomqondiso weminqweno yabo yesizwe esizimeleyo. 2. NgoMatshi Ozukileyo: NgoNovemba 6, abantu baseSahrawi benza isikhumbuzo sokuqalisa koqhankqalazo olunoxolo olwaluququzelelwa ngamawakawaka eembacu ezabhaca kwiNtshona yeSahara emva kokurhoxa kweSpeyin ngowe-1975. Olu mngcelele lwalunenjongo yokubuyela kwilizwe lawo kodwa lwahlangatyezwa lungquzulwano olunogonyamelo. 3. Usuku lweMbaleki: I-20 kaJuni iyaqaphela ingxaki yababaleki baseSahrawi abahlala kwiinkampu kufuphi neTindouf, eAlgeria ukususela ekuqaleni kwengxabano. Olu suku luphakamisa ulwazi malunga neemeko zabo zokuphila ezinzima kwaye lufuna ingqalelo kunye nenkxaso yamazwe ngamazwe. 4. Isikhumbuzo Sokupheliswa Kwemfazwe: NgoFebruwari 27 siphawula ukutyikitywa kwesivumelwano sokuphelisa imfazwe phakathi kweMorocco nePolisario Front (umbutho oyintloko weSahrawi olwela inkululeko) phantsi kwenkxaso yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngowe-1991. Le mihla ibalulekileyo isebenza njengezikhumbuzo kubo bobabini baseSahrawis ngaphakathi kweNtshona yeSahara ngokwayo kunye nabo bahlala njengeembacu kumazwe angaphandle, begqamisa umzabalazo wabo oqhubekayo wokuzimela kunye nokuqatshelwa kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe.
Imeko yoRhwebo lwaNgaphandle
I-Western Sahara yindawo ekungavisisaniyo ngayo efumaneka kumntla-ntshona weAfrika. Ngenxa yeengxabano eziqhubekayo phakathi kweMorocco kunye nabantu baseSahrawi, imeko yorhwebo yaseWestern Sahara iyingqayizivele. Iqabane eliphambili lokurhweba kwi-Western Sahara yi-Morocco, enolawulo lwe-de facto kuninzi lommandla. I-Morocco ingenisa iimpahla ezahlukeneyo kwamanye amazwe kwaye inikezela nge-Western Sahara. Kwelinye icala, iWestern Sahara ithumela ngaphandle ikakhulu iiminerali zephosphates kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe. I-Phosphates ngowona mthombo wendalo ungundoqo ofumaneka kwiNtshona yeSahara, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yimveliso ebalulekileyo kurhwebo. Ezi zimbiwa zisetyenziswa kakhulu njengezichumisi kwezolimo, zinegalelo elikhulu kwimveliso yokutya yehlabathi. Amazwe afana neBrazil kunye neNew Zealand angenisa ezi phosphates kwiNtshona yeSahara. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yemeko ephikiswayo yobume bobunganga bayo, kuye kwakho iimpikiswano ezijikeleze ukuba semthethweni kunye neenqobo zokuziphatha zokurhweba ne-Western Sahara. Amazwe amaninzi akubona kungekho semthethweni phantsi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ukwenza imisebenzi yorhwebo namaqumrhu asebenza ngaphakathi kummandla ngaphandle kwemvume yaseSahrawi. Ngo-2016, isigwebo senkundla yeManyano yaseYurophu sathi izivumelwano zezolimo phakathi kwe-EU ne-Morocco azinakubandakanya iimveliso ezivela kwimimandla ethathiweyo njengeNtshona yeSahara ngaphandle kogunyaziso oluthile oluvela eSahrawis abangabanini bezi zixhobo. Ngenxa yezi nkxalabo zomthetho kunye neengqwalasela zokuziphatha eziphakanyiswe yimibutho yamalungelo oluntu malunga nokusetyenziswa kobutyebi kwimimandla ethathiweyo ngaphandle kokuxhamla abemi basekuhlaleni, ezinye iinkampani ziye zalurhoxisa ubudlelwane bazo borhwebo okanye zanciphisa ukuthengwa kwazo okuvela eNtshona Sahara. Lilonke, ngelixa iiphosphates zisebenza njengempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle ebalulekileyo yeli lizwe likhuphisanayo loqoqosho, ijongene nemingeni ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwezopolitiko malunga nesikhundla sayo sobunganga kunye neempikiswano zomthetho ezithintela ukufikelela kwayo kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe. (Amagama: 261)
Uphuhliso lweMakethi olunokubakho
INtshona yeSahara yindawo ekungavisisaniyo ngayo efumaneka kuMntla Afrika. Ngenxa yokungazinzi kwezopolitiko kunye nongquzulwano lwemimandla engasonjululwanga, amandla ophuhliso lwemarike yorhwebo lwangaphandle kulo mmandla anqongophele. Nangona iNtshona yeSahara inobutyebi bendalo obuninzi, kubandakanywa ukuloba kunye neephosphates, ukunqongophala kokwamkelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kuphazamisa amandla ayo okuthengisa kumazwe angaphandle. Ingxabano yomhlaba phakathi kweMorocco kunye neSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) idala ukungaqiniseki okubalulekileyo kuyo nayiphi na imisebenzi yorhwebo lwangaphandle. Ngaphaya koko, indawo ekwiNtshona yeSahara ibeka imiceli mngeni ekwandiseni urhwebo. Ubukhulu becala ngummandla oyintlango oneziseko ezingundoqo ezinqongopheleyo kunye nezibonelelo zothutho. Le miqobo yenza kube nzima ukuseka uthungelwano lolungiselelo olusebenzayo oluyimfuneko kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukungabikho kwemithetho-sikhokelo ecacileyo elawula imisebenzi yorhwebo kukwatyhafisa utyalo-mali lwangaphandle kuqoqosho lweNtshona yeSahara. Abatyali-mali bayathandabuza ngenxa yeenkxalabo malunga namalungelo epropati kunye nemiba yolongamo olungasonjululwanga. Ukongeza, ubungakanani bentengiso yeNtshona yeSahara ihlala incinci xa ithelekiswa namazwe angabamelwane kulo mmandla. Abemi balo mmandla kuphikiswana ngawo bancinci, nto leyo enciphisa umthamo wosetyenziso lwasekhaya kunye namathuba entengiso kumashishini angaphandle. Ukuqukumbela, ngelixa iNtshona yeSahara ibambe izibonelelo zendalo ezibalulekileyo ezinokuthi zixhaswe ekukhuleni koqoqosho ngophuhliso lorhwebo lwangaphandle, ungquzulwano oluqhubekayo lwezopolitiko kunye nokunqongophala kokuqatshelwa kuthintela amandla ayo okusebenzisa ezi zixhobo ngokupheleleyo. Ukongeza, imingeni enxulumene nobuthathaka beziseko ezingundoqo kunye nokungaqiniseki kwezomthetho kuphinda kudodobalise amathuba okwanda korhwebo.
Iimveliso ezishushu ezithengiswayo kwimarike
Xa kuqwalaselwa ukukhethwa kwemveliso kwimarike yorhwebo lwangaphandle eNtshona Sahara, kubalulekile ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo iimpawu ezizodwa kunye neemfuno zalo mmandla ukhethekileyo. Nanga amanye amacebiso okukhetha iimveliso ezithengiswayo: 1. ULimo kunye neeMveliso zoKutya: Intshona yeSahara inoqoqosho lwezolimo ikakhulu olunemfuno ephezulu yeemveliso zokutya. Khetha izinto ezinokuthengwa ekuhlaleni okanye ezisuka kumazwe angaphandle ngokulula, ezinjengokutya okuziinkozo, ukutya okuziinkozo, iziqhamo, imifuno, iimveliso zobisi, inyama nentlanzi. 2. IiMveliso zaMandla aVuselelwayo: Njengommandla owomileyo, iNtshona yeSahara ifuna izisombululo ezizinzileyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zayo zamandla. Cinga ngokunikezela ngeepaneli zelanga, iiinjini zomoya, okanye ezinye iinkqubo zamandla ahlaziyekayo ukujongana nemfuno ekhulayo yezinye iindlela zamandla acocekileyo. 3. Izinto zoKwakha: Ishishini lokwakha eNtshona Sahara likhula ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokwakhiwa kweedolophu kunye neeprojekthi zophuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo. Ukubonelela ngemathiriyeli ekumgangatho ophezulu njengesamente, imivalo yentsimbi, izitena, iithayile okanye izakhiwo ezenziwe ngaphambili ezihambelana nemimiselo yendawo kunye nemigangatho yokwakha. 4. Iimpahla ezilukiweyo kunye neMpahla: Kukho ithuba elikhulu lentengiso yempahla nempahla elukiweyo eNtshona yeSahara ngenxa yokwanda kwabemi kunye nokunyuka kwemivuzo enokulahlwa phakathi kwabemi bayo. Gxininisa ekuboneleleni ngempahla efikelelekayo kodwa enefashoni ngelixa uqwalasela izinto ezikhethwa yinkcubeko. 5. Imisebenzi yezandla: Imisebenzi yezandla yemveli ibambe ukubaluleka okubalulekileyo kwinkcubeko yaseMntla Afrika; ngoko ke ukukhuthaza imisebenzi yezandla yalapha ekhaya efana neeseramikhi, iimpahla zesikhumba (iingxowa/iibhanti), iiragi ezilukiweyo/iimethi okanye izacholo zesintu zinokuvelisa amathuba agqwesileyo okuthengisa. I-6.Izixhobo zeTekhnoloji: Ngokunyuka kobukho bedijithali phakathi kwabantu abancinci kulo mmandla kuza ukunyuka kwemfuno yezixhobo zobuchwepheshe ezifana nee-smartphones / iipilisi / iilaptops / izincedisi zedijithali njl., ngokufanelekileyo kumaxabiso afikelelekayo afanele amandla abo okuthenga. 7.Ubuhle kunye neeMveliso zokuKhathalela umntu: Izinto zokuthambisa kunye nezinto zokhathalelo lobuqu ziya zibaluleke ngakumbi njengoko ulwazi lobuhle lusanda elizweni; Ukubonelela ngeemveliso zokhathalelo lwesikhumba / izinto eziyimfuneko zokhathalelo lweenwele/imigca yokuhombisa elungiselela ngokukodwa iithowuni ezahlukeneyo zolusu/imizobo/ezikhethwayo. Ukuqukumbela, ukubeka phambili ukutya / ezolimo, amandla avuselelekayo, iimpahla ezigcinwe ngononophelo kunye neempahla, izinto zokwakha, imisebenzi yezandla, izixhobo zetekhnoloji, kunye nobuhle / iimveliso zokhathalelo lomntu zinokunceda ekukhetheni izinto ezithengiswa ngokushushu kwimarike yorhwebo lwangaphandle lweSahara. Kubalulekile ukuqonda izinto ezikhethwayo kunye namandla okuthenga abathengi basekhaya ngelixa uqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo kunye nobuntununtunu benkcubeko.
Iimpawu zabathengi kunye ne-taboo
INtshona yeSahara yindawo ekungavisisaniyo ngayo efumaneka kuMntla Afrika. Kubalulekile ukuqonda amasiko enkcubeko kunye ne-taboos xa usebenza nabathengi okanye amaqabane oshishino avela kulo mmandla. Okokuqala, umntu kufuneka aqonde ukuba ubuSilamsi yeyona nkolo iphambili kwiNtshona yeSahara, kwaye oku kudlala indima enkulu ekubumbeni inkcubeko nokuziphatha kwabantu bayo. Abantu abasuka kwiNtshona yeSahara banokubambelela kumasiko athile amaSilamsi, njengokujonga imithandazo yemihla ngemihla nokuzila ukutya ngexesha leRamadan. Kubalulekile ukuhlonela iinkolelo zabo zonqulo ngokungacwangcisi iintlanganiso okanye iziganeko ngamaxesha omthandazo okanye ukubanika ukutya neziselo ngexesha lokuzila ukutya. Ngokwendlela yonxibelelwano, abantu abasuka eNtshona yeSahara bakuxabisile imbeko nentlonipho. Ukubulisa yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yentsebenziswano yentlalontle, ngoko kuyinto yesiko ukubulisa abathengi ngokufudumeleyo ngokuxhawula isandla. Ukudibana kwamehlo kufuneka kugcinwe ngelixa uthetha, njengoko kuthetha ukunikela ingqalelo kunye nokuthembeka. Ukongezelela, ukubamba ixesha kuxatyiswa kakhulu - ukufika emva kwexesha ezintlanganisweni okanye kwidinga kunokugqalwa njengokungabi nantlonelo. Xa uzibandakanya nabathengi abasuka eNtshona yeSahara, kubalulekile ukuba usebenzise ubuntununtunu kwizihloko ezithile ezinokubakhubekisa. Umba wewonga lezopolitiko kwiNtshona yeSahara kufuneka kujongwane nawo ngononophelo njengoko izimvo zinokwahluka phakathi kwabantu ngenxa yemo ekuphikiswana ngayo. Ugqaliselo kufuneka luhlale lukwimiba yoshishino endaweni yokungena kwiingxoxo zezopolitiko ezinobuzaza. Ngaphaya koko, ukusela utywala akunakwamkelwa ngokubanzi kwintlalo yesiNtu yaseSahrawi ngenxa yeenkolelo zonqulo; nangona kunjalo, oku kunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kukhetho lomntu kunye nemilinganiselo ephethwe ngabantu. Kuya kuba bubulumko ukungazicingeli nangayiphi na indlela ngaphandle kolwazi kwangaphambili okanye ukuqonda isimo sengqondo somntu malunga nokusela utywala. Ngoko ke, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uyeke ukukunika iziselo ezinxilisayo ngaphandle kokuba ucelwe ngokukodwa ngabaxumi bakho. Ukuqukumbela, indlela enentlonipho kumasiko amaSilamsi, ukuthembela kunxibelelwano oluchubekileyo, kunye nokulumka malunga nezihloko ezinobuzaza kuya kuphucula ubudlelwane beshishini ngelixa usebenza nabathengi abavela eNtshona yeSahara.
Inkqubo yolawulo lweCustoms
Inkqubo yolawulo lwamasiko kunye nezikhokelo ze-Western Sahara zibaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba kakuhle kwempahla kunye nokukhusela imida. Ilizwe lilandela uluhlu lwemigaqo yokulawula iimpahla ezingenayo neziphumayo ngeli lixa kugcinwe ukhuseleko. Inkqubo yolawulo lwamasiko eNtshona yeSahara ibandakanya izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, bonke abahambi abangena okanye abaphumayo kweli lizwe kufuneka baveze iimpepha zokuzazisa ezifanelekileyo, ezinje ngeepaspoti okanye iivisa. Kubalulekile ukuba uwaphathe la maxwebhu ngamaxesha onke ngexesha lokuhlala kwakho eNtshona yeSahara. Okwesibini, kukho izithintelo ezithile kwizinto ezingavumelekanga ukuba zingangeniswa okanye zikhutshwe ngaphandle kwelizwe. Ezi zinto zibandakanya izixhobo, ii-narcotics, iziqhushumbisi, kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izinto ezingekho mthethweni. Kubalulekile ukuba abatyeleli baziqhelanise nale mimiselo kwangaphambili ukuphepha iingxaki zomthetho. Ngaphezu koko, izithethe zeNtshona yeSahara zikwaphumeza imigaqo yokungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle elawula imisebenzi yorhwebo ngaphakathi kwemida yayo. Abasemagunyeni banokufuna abantu okanye amashishini abandakanyekayo kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ukuba agcwalise iifomu ezifanelekileyo zokubhengeza eziphathelele kwimvelaphi nexabiso lempahla yabo. Ngexesha leenkqubo zokunqumla imida okanye kwizikhululo zeenqwelo-moya, abahambi basenokuhlolwa ngamagosa aqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwale migaqo. Olu hlolo alujongi kuphela ekuthinteleni ukuthutyeleziswa kodwa kwanokugcina ukhuseleko lwesizwe ngokuchonga imingcipheko enokubakho. Ngaphaya koko, kuyacetyiswa ukuba abatyeleli abangena eNtshona yeSahara besuka kumazwe angabamelwane besebenzisa iindlela zomhlaba ukuze babuze malunga naziphi na iimfuno ezithile zengingqi ezibekwe ziziphathamandla zezizwe zombini ezibandakanyekayo kwiinkqubo zolawulo lomda. Ukuqukumbela, ukuthotyelwa kwenkqubo yolawulo lwamasiko eNtshona yeSahara kubalulekile xa ungenisa iimpahla elizweni okanye uhamba ukunqumla imida yalo. Ukuziqhelanisa nemigaqo yokuthumela ngaphandle-ngaphandle kunye nezinto ezingavumelekanga kunokunceda ukuphepha imiba esemthethweni ngelixa uqinisekisa ukuwela ngokukhuselekileyo kwesi sizwe.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu
INtshona yeSahara yindawo ekungavisisaniyo ngayo efumaneka kuMntla Afrika. Njengoko ngoku iphantsi kolawulo lwaseMorocco, imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu yokungenisa ephunyezwa kwiNtshona yeSahara iphenjelelwa kakhulu yimimiselo yaseMorocco. Iirhafu zokungenisa elizweni eNtshona Sahara zixhomekeke ikakhulu kuhlobo kunye nexabiso lempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle. Ngokubanzi, imisebenzi yokungenisa elizweni isetyenziswa kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeemveliso, kubandakanya kodwa kungapheleliselwanga kwizinto zombane, izithuthi, amalaphu, kunye nezinto zokutya. Amaxabiso ezinto ezithengwa kumazwe angaphandle asuka kwiqanda ukuya kutsho kwipesenti ephezulu ngokusekelwe kuhlelo lwekhowudi yeHarmonized System (HS). Ezinye izinto eziyimfuneko ezifana nokutya okusisiseko zinokukhululelwa okanye zicuthe iirhafu zokukhuthaza ukufikeleleka nokufikeleleka. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba njengoko isimo sezopolitiko saseWestern Sahara sihlala singaqinisekanga kwaye sixhomekeke kwiingxabano eziqhubekayo phakathi kweMorocco kunye nombutho wenkululeko wePolisario Front, kunokubakho ubunzima obongezelelweyo obujikeleze imigaqo-nkqubo yorhwebo kulo mmandla. Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle okanye kumazwe angaphandle okusingise kwiNtshona yeSahara nako kusenokujongwa kakhulu ngenxa yeengxabano zamazwe ngamazwe malunga nolawulo. Njengoko iimeko ezingqonge iNtshona yeSahara ziqhubeleka nokuvela, kucetyiswa ukuba amashishini adibane nabasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo okanye iingcali zorhwebo ukuze bafumane ulwazi lwangoku malunga nemigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu yokungenisa elizweni ngqo kulo mmandla. Ukongeza, ukufuna isikhokelo somthetho malunga nayo nayiphi na imingcipheko enokubakho eyayanyaniswa norhwebo phakathi kwemimandla ephikisanayo kunganceda ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Iipolisi zerhafu ezithumela ngaphandle
I-Western Sahara yindawo ephikisanayo eMntla Afrika, kwaye imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu yokuthumela ngaphandle ixhomekeke kwimpikiswano kunye nokungavumelani phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo abandakanyekayo. Nangona kunjalo, ndingakunika ulwazi olubanzi. Njengelizwe elingaqondwayo, inkqubo yerhafu yeNtshona yeSahara ayivunywa ngokusemthethweni kumazwe amaninzi. Nangona kunjalo, iphumeze imigaqo-nkqubo ethile yokulawula ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle kummandla wayo. Enye yeemveliso eziphambili ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zivela eNtshona yeSahara lilitye lephosphate. Imigodi yePhosphate lishishini elibalulekileyo kulo mmandla kuba iNtshona yeSahara inoovimba abakhulu bephosphate. Nangona kunjalo, iMorocco ikwabanga ulongamo kulo mmandla kwaye ilawula uninzi lwezi zixhobo. Okwangoku, iMorocco ibeka irhafu kwi-phosphate yokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-Western Sahara njengenxalenye yemigaqo-nkqubo yabo yorhwebo. Le ngeniso yerhafu inegalelo kuqoqosho lwaseMorocco kodwa ihlangatyezwane nokugxekwa njengoko abaninzi bexoxa ngelithi kufuneka ibe yeyabantu baseSahrawi abahlala eNtshona yeSahara. Ukongeza kwilitye lephosphate, iimveliso ezifana neemveliso zokuloba ezisuka kunxweme lweAtlantiki nazo zithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle zisuka eNtshona yeSahara. Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi olubanzi malunga nemigaqo-nkqubo ethile yerhafu yezi mpahla ilinganiselwe ngenxa yeengxabano eziqhubekayo malunga nolawulo lwemimandla. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe enjengeZizwe eziManyeneyo iye yacela ukusonjululwa kolu ngquzulwano ngothethathethwano olunoxolo phakathi kwamaqela achaphazelekayo. Kude kubekho imvumelwano malunga nobume bezopolitiko kunye nokuzimisela kwabantu baseWestenr Saharawi, ukumisela imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu ecacileyo kunye nemfutshane yokuthumela ngaphandle kunokuhlala kungumngeni okanye/kwaye kuphikiswana.
Iziqinisekiso ezifunekayo zokuthumela ngaphandle
INtshona yeSahara yindawo ekungavisisaniyo ngayo efumaneka kuMntla Afrika. Okwangoku ithathwa nguMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo njengommandla ongalawulekiyo. Ngenxa yesimo sayo sezopolitiko esinempikiswano, iNtshona yeSahara ayinagunya lokukhupha izatifikethi ezisemthethweni zokuthumela ngaphandle ezivunyiweyo yimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe. Ukusukela ngo-1975, iNtshona yeSahara ibingumxholo wengxabano yomhlaba phakathi kweMorocco kunye nePolisario Front (exhaswa yiAlgeria). IMorocco ibango lolongamo kuwo wonke lo mmandla, ngelixa iPolisario Front ifuna ukuzimisela kwabantu baseSahrawi. Ukungabikho kolawulo kulawulo lwabo kuthintele amandla eNtshona yeSahara ekusekeni inkqubo ezimeleyo yokukhutshwa kwezatifikethi zokuthumela ngaphandle. Ngenxa yoko, amashishini asebenza ngaphakathi kwiNtshona yeSahara ahlala ejongana nemingeni xa kuziwa ekuqinisekiseni imvelaphi okanye umgangatho weemveliso zawo kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Kwimpahla eveliswe eNtshona yeSahara, abathumeli bangaphandle banokuthembela kumaxwebhu afana nee-invoyisi zorhwebo kunye noluhlu lokupakisha ukunika ubungqina bokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kulo mmandla. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba iinkampani ezirhweba kunye okanye ezithengiweyo zisuka eNtshona yeSahara ziqaphele iingxaki zomthetho nezopolitiko ezinokubakho ezinxulumene nobume bayo obungavisisaniyo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba olu lwazi lunokutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha ngenxa yeemeko zopolitiko eziguqukayo okanye izivumelwano zozakuzo. Ngoko ke, kucetyiswa ukuba abahwebi kunye namashishini abandakanyekayo kwimisebenzi yokungenisa / yokuthumela ngaphandle enxulumene ne-Western Sahara ukuba bahlale behlaziywa kwimimiselo yangoku kwaye babonisane neengcali zomthetho eziqhelana nomthetho worhwebo wamazwe ngamazwe ukuze ufumane isikhokelo esichanekileyo.
Ulungiselelo lolungiselelo olucetyiswayo
INtshona yeSahara, imimandla ekungavisisaniyo ngayo ekuMntla Afrika, inika imingeni eyodwa kunye namathuba omsebenzi wolungiselelo. Njengoko lo mmandla ungenawo ukwamkelwa kwamanye amazwe njengombuso ozimeleyo, ujongene nemiqobo ethile yolungiselelo ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo xa kucwangciswa uthutho kunye nolawulo lwekhonkco lokubonelela. Omnye umba obalulekileyo emawuqwalaselwe sisakhiwo esinyiniweyo eNtshona Sahara. Uthungelwano lweendlela aluphuhliswanga ngokwaneleyo, kunye neendlela eziphambili ezidibanisa izixeko ezikhulu needolophu. Imimandla engaphandle kwendlela ibangela imingeni eyongezelelekileyo kwezothutho, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kube yimfuneko ukusebenzisa izithuthi ezifanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo. Xa kujongwa ezi meko, uthutho ngenqwelomoya ludla ngokuba yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yothutho. Izikhululo zeenqwelomoya zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana neSikhululo seenqwelomoya saseDakhla okanye i-El Aaiun Hassan I Airport zisebenza njengamasango abalulekileyo okuzisa iimpahla okanye ukuthutha iimpahla ngaphandle kommandla. Ukusebenzisa iinqwelomoya ezithwala imithwalo ezinamava asebenza kwiindawo ezinomngeni kunokubonelela ngonxibelelwano oluthembekileyo phakathi kweNtshona yeSahara kunye neendawo ezinkulu zehlabathi. Xa ukhetha ababoneleli bolungiselelo lokuthunyelwa kwempahla ukuya okanye ukusuka kwiNtshona yeSahara, kuyacetyiswa ukusebenzisana neenkampani ezinamava ekuphatheni iimeko ezinzima zemida. Ekubeni ubukhosi be-Western Sahara buhlala buphikisana phakathi kwe-Morocco kunye ne-Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (i-SADR), ukuqonda iimpembelelo zomthetho ezinokubakho kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa iinkqubo ezigudileyo zokukhutshwa kwezithethe. Ukusebenza ngokusondeleyo nabarhwebi bempahla yengingqi abaqhelene nemigaqo emalunga nokungeniswa ngaphandle kunye nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kunokulungelelanisa ukusebenza kwimida. Banolwazi lweemfuno ezithile ezinxulumene nokubhala uthumelo ngokuchanekileyo ngelixa bekhangela naziphi na iingxaki zezopolitiko ezinokuvela. Indawo yogcino ephakathi nendawo ebekwe ngobuchule kulo mmandla ikwaxhasa ukuhanjiswa kwempahla ngokufanelekileyo kwiNtshona yeSahara ngokwayo. Oku kunciphisa ukuthembela kuthutho oluhamba ixesha elide ngelixa uvumela amaxesha okuphendula ngokukhawuleza xa uzalisekisa ii-odolo zendawo okanye ukubuyisela kwakhona iivenkile ezithengisayo. Ngaphaya koko, ukukhulisa ubudlelane nabanikezeli bendawo abahlala ngaphakathi kwiindawo ezivunyiweyo ngawo omabini amaqela abandakanyekayo kwimbambano yommandla kunokuphucula iinkqubo zokuthengwa kwempahla phakathi kwemida yeNtshona yeSahara. Ukuqukumbela, xa kuqhutywa imisebenzi yolungiselelo eNtshona yeSahara, kufuneka kunikwe ingqwalasela kwiimeko ezizodwa zejografi ezivela kwimo yayo engasonjululwanga njengelizwe elizimeleyo. Uthutho lomoya kufuneka luqwalaselwe ngenxa yeziseko ezingundoqo ezinyiniweyo zommandla. Ukusebenzisana nababoneleli ngezothutho abanamava kunye nabarhwebi bempahla ephumayo banegalelo ekuweleni imida egudileyo, ngelixa indawo yokugcina impahla ikhulisa amandla okusasaza ngaphakathi kummandla. Ngokuqonda kunye nokusebenzisa le ngqwalasela, iinkampani zinokujonga kumhlaba wolungiselelo we-Western Sahara ngempumelelo.
Imijelo yophuhliso lwabathengi

Imiboniso yorhwebo ebalulekileyo

I-Western Sahara, imimandla ephikisanayo eMntla Afrika, ijongene nemingeni malunga nophuhliso lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye norhwebo ngenxa yemeko yezopolitiko. Nangona kunjalo, kusekho amajelo abalulekileyo okuthengwa kwempahla kumazwe ngamazwe kunye nemiboniso yorhwebo enokunceda ukunyusa imisebenzi yezoqoqosho kummandla. 1. Imijelo yokuThenga yeHlabathi: Ngaphandle kwemeko yayo enobuzaza kwezopolitiko, iNtshona yeSahara iyatsala abathengi bamanye amazwe ngemithombo yayo yendalo. Awona majelo aphambili okuthenga aquka: a. Ishishini lePhosphate: Intshona yeSahara yaziwa ngokutyebileyo kweediphozithi zephosphate, eziyimfuneko kwizichumiso zezolimo kunye nezinye izicelo zemizi-mveliso. Iinkampani ezininzi zamazwe ngamazwe zibandakanyeka ekuthengeni ngokuthe ngqo kubaboneleli balapha ekhaya. b. Ishishini Lokuloba: Ubutyebi baselwandle obuninzi beNtshona yeSahara butsala iinkampani zangaphandle ezilobayo ezijonge ukuthenga iimveliso zentlanzi ezifana ityhuna enkonkxiweyo okanye iintlanzana. c. Imisebenzi yezandla: Amagcisa asekuhlaleni avelisa imisebenzi yezandla yemveli efana neekhaphethi kunye nezinto ezenziwe ngodongwe ezinoyilo olulodwa lwaseSahrawi. Ezi mveliso zineemarike ezinokubakho kumazwe ahlukeneyo anomdla kubuchwephesha bokwenyani baseAfrika. 2. Imiboniso yoRhwebo kunye neMiboniso: Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimiboniso yezorhwebo kuvumela amashishini ase-Western Sahara ukuba abonise iimveliso zawo kwiqonga lamazwe ngamazwe, ukuseka uqhagamshelwano nabathengi, kunye nokukhuthaza uphuhliso loqoqosho ngaphakathi kommandla. Eminye imiboniso efanelekileyo ibandakanya: a. UMboniso wezoLimo waMazwe ngaMazwe waseMorocco (SIAM): Lo msitho waminyaka le obanjelwe eMeknes, isixeko esikufutshane nemida yeNtshona yeSahara, utsala uninzi lwabathengi bemveliso yezolimo abavela kwihlabathi liphela abanomdla kwizinto ezifana nezichumiso okanye ukutya kwemfuyo. b. I-SIAL kuMbindi Mpuma: Njengomnye wemiboniso emikhulu esekwe kukutya ebanjwa minyaka le e-Abu Dhabi, esi siganeko sibonelela ngethuba lokuba abavelisi bokutya baseSahrawi badibanise nabathengi abahamba phambili abavela kummandla weGulf befuna ukutya okwahlukeneyo. c.I-International Crafts Fair (FIART): Iququzelelwa minyaka le yi-Algeria's Ministry of Tourism and Craft Industry (MOTCI), lo mboniso utsala abathathi-nxaxheba abasuka kuMntla Afrika abanqwenela ukubonisa imisebenzi yabo yezandla kuquka nezo zivela eNtshona Sahara. d.IMiboniso yoRhwebo yaMazwe ngaMazwe ebanjwa kulo lonke elaseMorocco: Le minyhadala, efana noMboniso weHlabathi weCasablanca kunye noMboniso woRhwebo waMazwe ngaMazwe waseMarrakesh, etsala abathengi balapha ekhaya nabamazwe ngamazwe kumacandelo awohlukeneyo. Babonelela nge-avenue kumashishini aseSahrawi ukuba abonise iimveliso zabo kubaphulaphuli ababanzi. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ngenxa yemo ephikisanayo ye-Western Sahara, abanye abadlali bamazwe ngamazwe bayakuphepha ukubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yoshishino namaqumrhu aseSahrawi. Le meko yezopolitiko ithintela ukukhula kunye nokufumaneka kweendlela ezibalulekileyo zokuthenga kunye nemiboniso yorhwebo xa kuthelekiswa nezizwe ezaziwayo. Ngaphandle kwale mingeni, ukuhlola amathuba okuthengwa kwempahla kumazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kurhwebo kubonisa ukuba ukulungelelana nemithombo yobutyebi beNtshona yeSahara kunokuba negalelo kuphuhliso loqoqosho kulo mmandla. Ukongeza, iinzame zokufezekisa isisombululo sezopolitiko kwiNtshona yeSahara zinokuvula amathuba orhwebo abalulekileyo kwixesha elizayo.
Zininzi iinjini zokukhangela ezisetyenziswa rhoqo eNtshona Sahara. Nalu uluhlu lwabanye babo ngee-URL zabo: 1. UGoogle (www.google.com): UGoogle yeyona njini yokukhangela idumileyo nesetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela. Ibonelela ngamava okukhangela abanzi, kuquka amaphepha ewebhu, imifanekiso, iividiyo, iindaba, nokunye. 2. I-Bing (www.bing.com): I-Bing yenye i-injini yokukhangela edumileyo enikezela ngoluhlu olufanayo lweempawu njengoGoogle. Ikwabonelela ngeziphumo zephepha lewebhu kunye nemifanekiso, iividiyo, iindaba, kunye neemephu. 3. I-Yahoo (www.yahoo.com): I-Yahoo inikezela ngeenkonzo ezininzi eziquka ukukhangela kwiwebhu. Inika iziphumo zophendlo ezisemgangathweni kunye nezinye iimpawu ezifana nohlaziyo lweendaba, inkonzo ye-imeyile, kunye nokunye. 4. I-Ecosia (www.ecosia.org): I-Ecosia yinjini yokukhangela eyodwa ejolise ekubeni ikhuseleke ngokusingqongileyo ngokusebenzisa ingeniso yayo ukutyala imithi kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngokusebenzisa i-Ecosia kukhangelo lwakho eNtshona Sahara okanye nayiphi na enye indawo kwihlabathi jikelele unganegalelo kwesi sizathu. 5. I-DuckDuckGo (i-duckduckgo.com): I-DuckDuckGo igxininisa ubumfihlo bomsebenzisi ngokungalandeleli imisebenzi yabasebenzisi be-intanethi okanye ulwazi lomntu ngelixa usenza uphando. 6. IYandex (www.yandex.com): IYandex yeyona njini yokukhangela idumileyo eRussia kwaye ibonelela ngokusebenza okufanayo kuGoogle kodwa inokubonelela ngeziphumo ezijolise ngakumbi kubasebenzisi abakwiNtshona yeSahara abakhetha imibuzo okanye umxholo ongolwimi lwesiRashiya. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ngelixa ezi zi-injini zokukhangela ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ezifumaneka kwi-Western Sahara okanye naphi na kwihlabathi; ukhetho lomntu lunokwahluka ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezifana nojongano olukhethwayo - izizathu zokuqhelana nomkhwa womsebenzisi; ukuthambekela kommandla kwiindlela ezizezinye zengingqi ukuba zikhona; izithintelo zokufikeleleka ezibekwe ngoogunyaziwe bengingqi ukuba kufanelekile.

Amaphepha amakhulu atyheli

Awona maPhepha aMthubi aphambili eNtshona yeSahara aquka: 1. Yellow Pages Morocco: Olu luhlu luquka imimandla eyahlukeneyo yaseMorocco, kuquka neNtshona yeSahara. Ibonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lwamashishini kunye neenkonzo kwingingqi. umthombo: www.yellowpages.co.ma 2. I-Saharan Yellow Pages: Olu luhlu lweencwadi lwengingqi lugxile ngokukodwa kumashishini asebenza kwiNtshona yeSahara. Ibandakanya iinkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano, iidilesi, kunye neenkcazo zeenkampani kumacandelo ahlukeneyo afana nelokwakha, ezempilo, ukhenketho kunye nezothutho. Iwebhusayithi: www.saharanyellowpages.com 3. I-Afrika Business Portal-Western Sahara: Eli qonga le-intanethi libonelela amashishini asebenza kumazwe ase-Afrika kuquka neNtshona yeSahara. Ibonelela ngedathabheyisi ebanzi yeenkampani ezineenkcukacha ezinje ngamacandelo, iimveliso/iinkonzo ezinikezelwayo, kunye nolwazi loqhagamshelwano lwamathuba othungelwano lweB2B. Iwebhusayithi: www.africabusinessportal.com/western-sahara 4. I-Afribiz Directory-Western Sahara: I-Afribiz ngumthombo woshishino okhokelayo kumazwe ase-Afrika kuquka neNtshona yeSahara. Uluhlu lubonelela ngolwazi malunga namashishini asekhaya aquka amashishini ahlukeneyo afana nezolimo, imigodi, unxibelelwano ngocingo, kunye nokunye. Iwebhusayithi: www.afribiz.info/directory/western-sahara 5.Salama-Annuaire.ma (ngesiArabhu): ISalama Annuaire yiwebhusayithi yoluhlu lweshishini lolwimi lwesiArabhu olubandakanya imimandla emininzi eMorocco; ikwaquka noluhlu oluvela kwizixeko ezikummandla weNtshona yeSahara. Iwebhusayithi (isiArabhu): www.salama-annuaire.ma Nceda uqaphele ukuba ngenxa yendalo ephikiswayo yolongamo kwiNtshona yeSahara phakathi kweMorocco kunye neSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), imithombo eyahlukeneyo inokuba nolwazi olwahlukileyo malunga namashishini asebenza kulo mmandla. Kuhlala kucetyiswa ukuba uqinisekise uluhlu lwangoku ngemithombo esemthethweni okanye uqhagamshelane nabasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo ngolwazi oluchanekileyo malunga noqhakamshelwano lweshishini nakuwuphi na ummandla onikiweyo. Gcina ukhumbula ukuba nangona ezi zikhokelo zibonelela ngezixhobo ezixabisekileyo zokufumana amashishini asekwe okanye akhonze ummandla weWestern sahara; Nangona kunjalo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba udibane neyona mithombo yakutshanje nethembekileyo xa ukhangela ulwazi oluthile njengoko uvimba weefayili unokutshintsha okanye uphelelwe lixesha ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Amaqonga amakhulu orhwebo

Kukho amaqonga amakhulu e-e-commerce eNtshona Sahara. Nalu uluhlu lwabanye babo kunye neeURL zabo zewebhusayithi: 1. Jumia Western Sahara - www.jumia.ma IJumia lelinye lawona maqonga makhulu e-e-commerce e-Afrika, kwaye ikwasebenza nakwiNtshona yeSahara. Inika uluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso ezibandakanya i-elektroniki, imfashini, ubuhle, izixhobo zasekhaya, kunye nokunye. 2. Souqifni - www.souqifni.com I-Souqifni yindawo yentengiso ekwi-intanethi elungiselela ngokukodwa imarike eNtshona Sahara. Ibonelela ngeendidi ezahlukeneyo ezifana nefashoni, i-elektroniki, ukuhombisa ikhaya, iincwadi, kunye nezinye iimveliso ezininzi. 3. I-AliExpress - www.aliexpress.com I-AliExpress liqonga elidumileyo le-e-commerce lamazwe ngamazwe elithumela iimveliso kwihlabathi jikelele kubandakanya neNtshona yeSahara. Inika ukhetho olukhulu lweemveliso ezivela kubathengisi abohlukeneyo ngamaxabiso akhuphisanayo. 4. Vendo.ma - www.vendo.ma I-Vendo.ma liqonga lokuthenga elikwi-Intanethi elisebenza eMorocco kodwa likwabonelela abathengi eNtshona Sahara. Iwebhusayithi ineentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemveliso ezifana nee-smartphones, iimpahla, izixhobo, izinto zendlu njl. 5. eBay -www.ebay.com I-eBay lelinye iqonga le-e-commerce elaziwayo lamazwe ngamazwe eliququzelela ukuthenga nokuthengisa phakathi kwabantu okanye amashishini kwihlabathi jikelele. Abathengi abavela kwiNtshona yeSahara banokuthengela izinto ezahlukeneyo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo kwi-eBay. La ngamanye amaqonga amakhulu e-e-commerce afumanekayo kubathengi eNtshona yeSahara ukuthenga iimpahla kwi-intanethi kubathengisi basekhaya okanye bamanye amazwe ngokulula.

Amaqonga amakhulu eendaba zoluntu

INtshona yeSahara yindawo ekungavisisaniyo ngayo kuMntla Afrika. Ubume bezopolitiko balo mmandla buhlala bungekasonjululwa, zombini iMorocco kunye nePolisario Front zibanga ulongamo. Ngenxa yoko, njengemodeli yolwimi lwe-AI ephuhliswe yi-OpenAI, andinako ukunika impendulo echanekileyo malunga namaqonga eendaba ezentlalo akhoyo anxulumene ngqo ne-Western Sahara. Nangona kunjalo, ndingakunika ulwazi olubanzi malunga namaqonga eendaba ezentlalo athandwayo asetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela. UFacebook: Liqonga leintanethi elisetyenziswa ngokubanzi elidibanisa abantu kwihlabathi jikelele. Ungafumana iiprofayili zabasebenzisi, wabelane ngesiqulatho esifana neefoto kunye neevidiyo, ujoyine amaqela okanye imicimbi, kwaye unxibelelane ngokuthumela imiyalezo. Twitter: Eli qonga livumela abasebenzisi ukuba babelane ngemiyalezo emifutshane ebizwa ngokuba ziitweets nabalandeli babo. Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziselwa uhlaziyo lweendaba kunye nokuvakalisa izimvo okanye iingcamango ngendlela emfutshane. I-Instagram: Iqonga elidumileyo lokwabelana ngeefoto kunye nevidiyo apho abasebenzisi banokuthumela imifanekiso okanye iividiyo ezimfutshane kunye nokusebenzisana nabanye ngokuthanda izimvo kunye nemiyalezo ethe ngqo. I-LinkedIn: Le nethiwekhi yobuchwephesha igxile ekudibaniseni iingcali ezivela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Abasebenzisi benza iiprofayili eziqaqambisa amava abo omsebenzi, izakhono, kunye nemvelaphi yemfundo ukwakha unxibelelwano nabanokuba ngabaqeshi okanye oogxa babo. I-WhatsApp: Usetyenziso lomyalezo olukhawulezileyo lukaFacebook oluvumela abasebenzisi ukuba bathumele imiyalezo, iifowuni zelizwi, iifowuni zevidiyo, babelane ngeefayile zemidiya ezifana neefoto okanye amaxwebhu ngokwahlukeneyo okanye ngokwamaqela. ITelegram: Olunye usetyenziso lomyalezo olukhawulezileyo olugxininisa amajelo onxibelelwano agxile kubumfihlo ngelixa unikezela ngeempawu ezifana ne-WhatsApp njengeencoko zomntu okanye iincoko zeqela kunye namandla okwabelana ngeefayile. I-Snapchat: I-app yemiyalezo ye-multimedia apho abasebenzisi banokuthumela iifoto kunye neevidiyo ezibizwa ngokuba yi "snaps" ezithi zinyamalale emva kokujongwa (ngaphandle kokuba zigcinwe). Nceda uqaphele ukuba ukuthandwa kwamaqonga eendaba ezentlalo kunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kubukho beziseko zophuhliso zobuchwepheshe phakathi kwemimandla ethile okanye ukhetho lwenkcubeko yabemi bayo.

Imibutho emikhulu yoshishino

KwiNtshona yeSahara, indawo ekungavisisaniyo ngayo kumazwe ngamazwe ekuMntla Afrika, kukho imibutho eliqela ephambili yoshishino edlala indima ebalulekileyo kulo mmandla. Le mibutho inceda amacandelo ahlukeneyo kwaye incedisa ekukhuthazeni ukukhula nophuhliso loqoqosho. 1. Umbutho waseMoroccan weMveliso yeMiqhaphu kunye neZinxibo (AMITH) umthombo: https://www.amith.ma Umbutho weMoroccan woShishino loMqhaphu kunye neZinxibo umele icandelo lempahla elukiweyo, nelelinye lamashishini abalulekileyo eNtshona yeSahara. Ijolise ekukhuthazeni ukukhula, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, kunye nokhuphiswano kweli candelo ngokukhuthaza intsebenziswano kunye nokubonelela ngenkxaso kumalungu alo. 2. I-Saharan Federation of Agriculture (FSA) Iwebhusayithi: N/A I-Saharan Federation of Agriculture inoxanduva lokumela ishishini lezolimo eNtshona Sahara. Lo mbutho uxhasa amafama ngokuthethelela iimfuno zawo, ukubonelela ngoncedo lobugcisa, kunye nokukhuthaza iindlela ezizinzileyo zolimo. 3. I-Sahrawi Chamber of Commerce umthombo: http://www.ccsa.com IQumrhu lezoRhwebo laseSahrawi ngumbutho obalulekileyo osebenza njengequmrhu elimele amashishini asebenza kumashishini awohlukeneyo eNtshona yeSahara. Inceda ukuququzelela ubudlelwane borhwebo apha ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, ikhuthaza amathuba otyalo-mali phakathi kommandla, kwaye ixhasa ukukhula koqoqosho. 4. Umbutho weMoroccan wamashishini oKwakha (AMCI) umthombo: http://www.amci.ma Umbutho weMoroccan wamaShishini oLwakhiwo udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekongameleni imisebenzi enxulumene nolwakhiwo ngaphakathi kwecandelo lolwakhiwo lokusingqongileyo eNtshona Sahara. Lo mbutho ukhuthaza ezona ndlela zingcono kulwakhiwo, ukhuthaza ukuqamba izinto ezintsha, uququzelela unxibelelwano phakathi kweengcali zeshishini ngelixa uphucula intsebenziswano nabalingane bamazwe ngamazwe. 5. Imibutho yeNtsebenziswano yezokuLoba Iwebhusayithi: N/A Ngenxa yokuba kufutshane noLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki ngaselunxwemeni lwayo, ukuloba kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lweNtshona yeSahara. Imibutho emininzi yentsebenziswano yezokuloba isebenza ekuhlaleni ukuqinisekisa ukuba iindlela zokuloba ezizinzileyo ziyalandelwa ngelixa zixhasa intlalontle yabalobi. Nceda uqaphele ukuba ngenxa yeengxabano zezopolitiko ezijikeleze ubume be-Sahara ye-Western Sahara okanye ubukho obulinganiselweyo kwi-intanethi yemibutho / imibutho ehambelana ngqo nalo mmandla; olunye ulwazi lusenokungafumaneki lula okanye lungatshintshwa.

Iiwebhusayithi zeshishini kunye norhwebo

Uxolo, kodwa njengemodeli yolwimi lwe-AI, andikwazi ukukhangela i-intanethi okanye ukunika ulwazi lwexesha lokwenyani malunga neewebhusayithi ezithile. Nangona kunjalo, ndingakunika isikhokelo malunga nendlela yokukhangela iiwebhusayithi zezoqoqosho kunye nezorhwebo ezinxulumene neNtshona yeSahara. Ukufumana iiwebhusayithi zoqoqosho kunye nezorhwebo zeNtshona yeSahara, unokulandela la manyathelo: 1. Qala ngokukhangela kwiinjini zokukhangela zehlabathi ezifana noGoogle okanye iBing. Sebenzisa amagama angundoqo afana "newebhusayithi yezoqoqosho eNtshona yeSahara," "i-portal yorhwebo ye-Western Sahara," okanye "uluhlu lweshishini eNtshona Sahara." 2. Unokujonga kwakhona iwebhusayithi esemthethweni karhulumente yaseWestern Sahara, ukuba ikhona. Oorhulumente abaninzi baye banikezela ngamacandelo kwiiwebhusayithi zabo ezixoxa ngemigaqo-nkqubo yorhwebo, amathuba otyalo-mali, kunye nezicwangciso zophuhliso loqoqosho. 3. Sebenzisa izalathiso zoshishino lwe-intanethi ezisebenza ngokukhethekileyo kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe okanye uluhlu lweenkampani ezisebenza kwimimandla ethile kwihlabathi jikelele. Imizekelo ibandakanya Alibaba.com, Exporters.sg, Kompass.com. 4. Jonga iiwebhusayithi zemibutho yezoqoqosho yengingqi enokuthi inolwazi malunga namazwe angaphakathi komda wokusebenza kwawo (umzekelo, iManyano ye-Afrika). Khumbula ukuba njengoko imeko yeNtshona yeSahara ingumba ekungavisisaniyo ngawo kumazwe ngamazwe; inokuchaphazela ubukho bayo kwi-intanethi xa isiza kumelwa ngurhulumente owaziwayo welizwe.

Iiwebhusayithi zemibuzo yedatha yorhwebo

INtshona yeSahara, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni njengeSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), ngummandla okuMntla Afrika obekwe kunxweme lweAtlantiki. Ngenxa yeengxabano zomhlaba eziqhubekayo, idatha yorhwebo kunye nezoqoqosho kwiNtshona yeSahara isenokungafumaneki lula. Nangona kunjalo, nantsi eminye imithombo enokubakho apho unokufumana khona ulwazi olunxulumene norhwebo lommandla: 1. I-UN Comtrade: Uvimba weenkcukacha-manani woRhwebo lweZizwe eziManyeneyo ubonelela ngokufikelela kulwazi oluneenkcukacha zorhwebo lwehlabathi. Ngelixa ukungena kweNtshona yeSahara kunokudityaniswa neMorocco okanye kushiywe ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yezizathu zopolitiko, usenakho ukukhangela usebenzisa iikhowudi zorhwebo ezithile ezinxulumene neWestern Sahara. umthombo: https://comtrade.un.org/ 2. I-World Bank Open Data: IBhanki yeHlabathi ibonelela ngedatha yezoqoqosho ebanzi kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye ibonelela ngeeseti zedatha ezahlukeneyo kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuthunyelwa kwempahla ephuma kumazwe angaphandle. Nangona ulwazi oluthe ngqo oluthe ngqo malunga neNtshona yeSahara lunokungafumaneki, unokuphonononga idatha yommandla okanye ilizwe elingummelwane. iwebhusayithi: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators/ 3. Ii-Ofisi zeNkcazo zeSizwe: Jonga iwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-ofisi yeenkcukacha-manani yamazwe afana neMorocco okanye iMauritania abelana ngemida neWestern Sahara. Ezi ofisi zihlala zibonelela ngeenkcukacha-manani zorhwebo ezinokubandakanya ulwazi olufanelekileyo olunxulumene nemimandla yemida. Imizekelo yeWebhusayithi: - IKhomishini ePhakamileyo yaseMorocco yoCwangciso (HCP): https://www.hcp.ma/ - IOfisi yeNkcazo yeSizwe yaseMauritania (ONS) : http://www.ons.mr/ 4. Iziko loRhwebo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe (ITC): I-ITC inikezela ngengqiqo kurhwebo lwehlabathi lonke ngezixhobo zabo zokuhlalutya imarike kunye nogcino-lwazi kodwa ukufikelela kulwazi olulungiselelwe ngokukodwa malunga neNtshona yeSahara kunokuthintelwa ngenxa yeemeko zopolitiko. umthombo: https://www.trademap.org/Index.aspx Nceda uqaphele ukuba ukufumana amanani orhwebo achanekileyo nahlaziyiweyo ngokukodwa kwiNtshona yeSahara kunokunika imingeni ngenxa yemo ekuphikiswanayo ngayo; Ngoko ke, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uphonononge imithombo eyahlukeneyo kwaye uqinisekise nayiphi na idatha ekhoyo ngokufanelekileyo.

amaqonga B2b

Kukho iiplatifti ezininzi zeB2B ezifumanekayo kumashishini eNtshona yeSahara. Nalu uluhlu lwabathile ababalaseleyo kunye neewebhusayithi zabo: 1. Afrindex: https://westernsahara.afrindex.com/ I-Afrindex ibonelela ngeqonga le-B2B elibanzi kumashishini akwiNtshona yeSahara, iququzelela amathuba orhwebo notyalo-mali kuwo wonke amashishini ahlukeneyo. 2. TradeKey: https://www.tradekey.com/ws I-TradeKey yindawo yokuthengisa eyaziwayo yamazwe ngamazwe ye-B2B edibanisa abathengi kunye nabathengisi abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo, kuquka neNtshona yeSahara. 3. Imithombo yeHlabathi: https://www.globalsources.com/ Imithombo yeHlabathi ibonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso kunye neenkonzo, ibonelela abathengi behlabathi ngokufikelela ngokulula kubanikezeli bempahla eNtshona Sahara nakweminye imimandla. 4. Alibaba.com: https://www.alibaba.com/ I-Alibaba lelinye lawona maqonga makhulu eB2B kwihlabathi liphela, esebenza njengendawo yokuthengisa ekwi-intanethi apho amashishini asuka eNtshona yeSahara anokunxibelelana nabathengi abanokubakho kwihlabathi liphela. 5. Abathengisi baseIndiya: https://western-sahara.exportersindia.com/ I-ExportersIndia ivumela amashishini avela kwiNtshona yeSahara ukuba abonise iimveliso zawo kwaye adibanise nabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe abafuna iimpahla okanye iinkonzo ezithile. 6. EC21: http://western-sahara.ec21.com/ I-EC21 isebenza njengeqonga lokurhweba kwi-intanethi apho amashishini anokukhuthaza iimveliso kunye neenkonzo zawo ukutsala abathengi abanokubakho abavela kwihlabathi liphela. 7. I-ECVV: http://wholesalers.ecvv.stonebuy.biz I-ECVV ibonelela ngeqonga elithembekileyo lorhwebo oluthe kratya, oluvumela amashishini eNtshona yeSahara ukuba afumane ababoneleli abafanelekileyo okanye afikelele kubathengi abanokubakho kwihlabathi jikelele. Le yimizekelo nje embalwa yamaqonga e-B2B akhoyo abonelela amashishini eNtshona yeSahara. Kuhlala kucetyiswa ukuba aphande imigangatho yeqonga ngalinye, iimeko, kunye nokuthembeka ngaphambi kokubandakanyeka kuyo nayiphi na intengiselwano okanye intsebenziswano.
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