More

TogTok

Iimarike eziphambili
right
Ilizwe jikelele
IRashiya, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni njengeRussian Federation, lelona lizwe likhulu ehlabathini ngokommandla womhlaba. Ime kwiMpuma Yurophu nakuMntla Asia, idlula ngaphezu kwe-17 yezigidi zeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha. Ilizwe labelana ngemida kunye noluhlu olwahlukeneyo lwamazwe angabamelwane anjengeTshayina, iKazakhstan, iMongolia, iUkraine neFinland. IRashiya inabemi abamalunga ne-146 yezigidi zabantu. IMoscow sisixeko esilikomkhulu kunye nesona sixeko sikhulu ngokwabemi. Ezinye izixeko ezikhulu ziquka iSaint Petersburg, iNovosibirsk kunye neYekaterinburg. Ulwimi olusemthethweni oluthethwayo sisiRashiya. Indawo yaseRashiya yahluke ngendlela emangalisayo, ibandakanya amathafa amakhulu, udederhu lweentaba (ezifana neeNtaba zeUral) kunye namathafa asecaleni kwemilambo emininzi (kubandakanywa nowona mlambo umde waseYurophu – iVolga) namachibi (kuquka iLake Baikal – elona chibi linzulu emhlabeni). Ikwanalo nonxweme olubanzi ecaleni koLwandlekazi lweArctic kunye neelwandle ezininzi kubandakanya uLwandle lweBaltic. Ngokwembali yaziwa ngobukhosi bayo - iTsardom yaseRussia elandelwa yiSoviet Union - iRussia inelifa lenkcubeko elityebileyo eliquka uncwadi (kunye nababhali abadumileyo abafana noTolstoy), umculo weklasikhi (nabaqambi abafana noTchaikovsky) kunye nomdaniso we-ballet (iinkampani eziphambili ze-ballet ezifana neBolshoi Theatre. ). Xa sithetha ngokwezoqoqosho, iRussia inobutyebi obuninzi bendalo kubandakanya ioyile, igesi yendalo, amalahle kunye neentsimbi ezahlukeneyo ezenza ukuba ibe yenye yabavelisi abahamba phambili behlabathi kwezi nkalo. Ukongeza, Amashishini afana nobuchwephesha bobunjineli be-aerospace adlala indima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwawo. Nangona kunjalo, iRussia ikwajongene nemingeni ethile kuphuhliso lwayo kubandakanya ukungavisisani kwezopolitiko namanye amazwe angabamelwane, imfuno yokwahluka kwezoqoqosho ngaphaya kokutsalwa kwezixhobo, kunye neenkxalabo malunga nemiba yamalungelo oluntu. Lilonke, ukudityaniswa okukhethekileyo kwejografi, inkcubeko, kunye nembali yaseRussia kuyenza ibe sisizwe esinomtsalane ngokwenene esinempembelelo enkulu yehlabathi ngaphandle kweenguqu eziqhubekayo ngalo lonke ixesha.
Imali yeSizwe
IRashiya lilizwe elifumaneka e-Eurasia kwaye linqumla kwiMpuma Yurophu nakuMntla Asia. Imali esemthethweni yaseRashiya yiRuble yaseRashiya (RUB), efanekiselwa ngu ₽. I-ruble ihlulwe kwii-kopeks ezili-100, nangona ezi zinqabile zisetyenziselwa ukuthengiselana kwansuku zonke. Ibhanki ephakathi yaseRashiya, eyaziwa ngokuba yiBhanki yaseRashiya, ilawula umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali kwaye ilawula ukuhanjiswa kweeruble elizweni. I-ruble iye yafumana utshintsho oluphawulekayo ukususela ekuqalisweni kwayo kwi-1704. Kuyo yonke imbali, yafumana amaxesha okunyuka kwamaxabiso aphezulu kunye nokuhla kwexabiso ngenxa yokuhla kwezoqoqosho kunye neziganeko ze-geopolitical. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imali yaseRussia iye yajongana nemiceli mngeni emininzi ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo ezifana nezohlwayo zamazwe ngamazwe ezibekwe ngamazwe aseNtshona ngenxa yeengxabano zezopolitiko. Oku kukhokelele ekwehleni kwexabiso leruble xa kuthelekiswa neemali ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe njengedola yaseMelika kunye neyuro. Ukuzinzisa imali yayo, iRashiya yamisela imilinganiselo efana nokunyusa inzala, ukunciphisa ungenelelo lotshintshiselwano lwamazwe angaphandle, nokuphumeza iinguqu kwezemali. Ezi ntshukumo zijolise ekuphuculeni ukuzithemba kwabatyali-zimali kuqoqosho lwaseRussia ngelixa kuncitshiswa uxinzelelo lokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Nangona ukujongana nokungaqiniseki kwezoqoqosho ngamanye amaxesha, kuquka ukuguquguquka ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwamaxabiso e-oyile (njengoko ukuthunyelwa kwamandla ngaphandle kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwaseRashiya), iinzame zenziwe ukuqinisa uzinzo lwemali yayo ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Lilonke, njengayo nayiphi na enye imali yehlabathi, utshintsho kwimigaqo-nkqubo yezemali yangaphakathi kunye nemiba yezoqoqosho ebanzi inefuthe kwixabiso leruble yaseRussia xa ithelekiswa nezinye iimalike kwiimarike zotshintshiselwano zehlabathi.
Imali yokutshintsha
Imali esemthethweni yaseRashiya yi-ruble yaseRashiya (RUB). Malunga namaxabiso otshintshiselwano ngeemali ezinkulu zehlabathi, nanga amaxabiso aqikelelwayo (ukusukela ngo-Agasti 2022): I-1 USD (iDola yaseUnited States) = 86.5 RUB I-EUR eyi-1 (i-Euro) = 101.4 RUB I-1 GBP (i-British Pound) = 116.0 RUB I-1 CNY (iYuan yaseTshayina) = 13.3 RUB Nceda uqaphele ukuba iireyithi zotshintshiselwano zinokwahluka kwaye kusoloko kucetyiswa ukuba ukhangele kumthombo othembekileyo okanye iziko lezemali ngezona ntlawulo zihlaziyiweyo phambi kokwenza nayiphi na intengiselwano.
Iiholide ezibalulekileyo
IRashiya ineeholide eziliqela ezibalulekileyo ezibhiyozelwa unyaka wonke. Enye yeeholide ezibaluleke kakhulu eRashiya nguMhla woNyaka omtsha, obhiyozelwa ngoJanuwari 1. Sisihlandlo sovuyo esiphawulwa ngeziqhushumbisi, izidlo, nokuphana izipho. Le mibhiyozo iqala ngobusuku bangaphambi koNyaka oMtsha apho abantu beqokelelana kubukela intetho kaMongameli kwaye bezonwabele nemo yolonwabo. Ezinzulwini zobusuku, kukho imiboniso emangalisayo ye-firework kwilizwe lonke. Enye iholide ebalulekileyo eRashiya luSuku lwaBasetyhini baMazwe ngamazwe, olugcinwe ngoMatshi 8 ngonyaka ngamnye. Olu suku lubhiyozela impumelelo kunye negalelo labasetyhini eluntwini. Amadoda adla ngokunika iintyatyambo kunye nezipho ezincinci kubafazi babo ababathandayo njengomqondiso wokuxabisa. I-9 kaMeyi yiSuku loloyiso okanye uSuku lweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ukukhumbula uloyiso lweJamani yamaNazi kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Yenye yeeholide zikawonke-wonke ezibalulekileyo zaseRashiya ezizaliswe yiparade, iziqhushumbisi, iikonsathi, kunye nemisitho ehloniphekileyo enika imbeko kumagqala emfazwe. I-Russia iphinda ibhiyozele iiholide ezininzi zonqulo ezifana ne-Ista kunye neKrisimesi ngokwezithethe zobuKristu bobuOthodoki. I-Easter iwela ngeentsuku ezahlukeneyo ngonyaka kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo iyenzeka phakathi kokuphela kuka-Epreli nasekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Abantu baya kwiinkonzo zecawa, batshintshiselana ngamaqanda ahonjiswe kakuhle aziwa ngokuba yi "pysanka," kwaye banandiphe ukutya okumnandi kunye nosapho. Ekugqibeleni, uSuku loManyano lwenzeka ngoNovemba 4th minyaka yonke ukukhumbula ukukhululwa kweMoscow kwi-Polish occupation ngo-1612. Ifanekisela ubunye baseRashiya kunye nokuhlukahluka ngeziganeko zenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezifana neekonsathi, imiboniso ebonisa ubugcisa bendabuko, ukuguqulwa kwembali phakathi kwabanye. Le mithendeleko ibalulekileyo ibalaselisa inkcubeko yaseRashiya ngeenkolelo zonqulo okanye iziganeko zembali ezibalulekileyo kubuzwe baseRashiya.
Imeko yoRhwebo lwaNgaphandle
I-Russia lelona lizwe likhulu emhlabeni, elithatha kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseAsia, linembali etyebileyo kunye noqoqosho olwahlukeneyo. Ngokuphathelele urhwebo, iRashiya idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwihlabathi jikelele. IRashiya yaziwa ngobutyebi bayo obuninzi bendalo, kuquka ioli, igesi, iiminerali kunye nesinyithi. Oku kuyenza ibe ngumdlali obalulekileyo kwiimarike zemveliso yehlabathi. Eli lizwe lelinye lawona mazwe athengisa ioli negesi kumazwe angaphandle. Ukuthunyelwa kwamandla kumazwe angaphandle kunegalelo elikhulu kwibhalansi yorhwebo yaseRashiya. Ngaphandle kweemveliso zamandla, iRussia ikwathumela ngaphandle izinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana neentsimbi (ezifana nentsimbi kunye ne-aluminium), iikhemikhali, oomatshini kunye nezixhobo, izithuthi, iimveliso zezolimo (kubandakanya ingqolowa), iingubo kunye neengalo. Nangona kunjalo, kuye kwagxilwa kakhulu ekuguquleni uqoqosho lwayo ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwingeniso yeoli. I-Russia ibisoloko iphuhlisa ubudlelwane borhwebo phakathi kwamazwe amabini kunye namazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela. Amaqabane ayo aphambili ezorhwebo aquka iTshayina (eye yaba liqabane layo elikhulu lezorhwebo kwiminyaka yakutshanje), iJamani, iNetherlands, i-Itali, iTurkey, iBelarus, kunye neKazakhstan. Ngelixa iRussia ithumela ngaphandle isixa esibalulekileyo sempahla kwihlabathi jikelele, ikwangenisa iimpahla ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngoomatshini, izixhobo, ifenitshala, impahla, kunye nemoto. Nangona kunjalo, ubudlelwane borhwebo phakathi kweRashiya namazwe aseNtshona buchatshazelwe luxinzelelo lwezopolitiko. Ukusabela kwizohlwayo zezoqoqosho ezibekwe ngamazwe aseNtshona, iRashiya iye yabhenela kweminye imimandla efana neAsia, iLatin America, neAfrika ukomeleza iimarike zayo zokuthumela ngaphandle. ekwandiseni ukomelela koqoqosho lwexesha elide kubonakalise ukuba luncedo kuqoqosho lwaseRashiya. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lungaguquguquka ngenxa yeemeko zezopolitiko okanye iimeko zoqoqosho zehlabathi. Lilonke, iRashiya isaqhubeka ibambe isikhundla esibalulekileyo kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ngenxa yobutyebi bayo bendalo obuninzi. Urhulumente welizwe ujolise ekwahluleleni ngakumbi uqoqosho lwabo, ukudala amathuba okukhula okuzinzileyo ngokhuphiswano olwandisiweyo, iGDPutinova.
Uphuhliso lweMakethi olunokubakho
IRashiya inamandla amakhulu okuphuhlisa imarike yorhwebo lwangaphandle. Njengelona lizwe likhulu emhlabeni, iRashiya inobuncwane obuninzi bendalo njengeoli, igesi yendalo, iiminerali kunye namaplanga. Oku kunika isiseko esiluqilima kushishino lwalo lokuthumela ngaphandle. Elinye lamandla aphambili eRashiya licandelo lamandla alo. Likwindawo yesibini ngobukhulu ehlabathini ngokuvelisa i-oyile negesi yendalo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba libe ngumdlali obalulekileyo kwiimarike zamandla zehlabathi. Ngokunyuka kwemfuno yamandla kwihlabathi liphela, iRussia inethuba lokwandisa amandla ayo okuthumela ngaphandle kwaye itsale utyalo-mali lwangaphandle. Ukongeza, iRussia inesiseko esomeleleyo sokuvelisa esibandakanya amashishini afana ne-aerospace, iimoto, oomatshini kunye neekhemikhali. La macandelo anethuba lokubonelela ngeemveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu kwiimarike zehlabathi. Ngaphaya koko, indawo yaseRashiya iyenza ibe yindawo ebalulekileyo yokuhamba phakathi kweYurophu neAsia. I-Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), equka amazwe afana neBelarus kunye neKazakhstan phakathi kwabanye, ibonelela ngeemeko zorhwebo ezikhethekileyo kulo mmandla. Oku kudala amathuba okuba amashishini aseRashiya angene kwezi marike. Ngaphezu koko, amaphulo karhulumente akutsha nje ajolise ekuguquleni uqoqosho ngeendidi ngeendidi abonise iziphumo ezincumisayo. Inkqubo ethi "Yenziwe eRashiya" ikhuthaza imveliso yasekhaya ngokubonelela ngenkxaso kumashishini asekuhlaleni akhula phesheya. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo ukhuthaza intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe ngokusebenzisa amashishini adibeneyo okanye intsebenziswano enokunceda ukunyusa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle. Nangona kunjalo, kukho imingeni ekufuneka iqwalaselwe ngaphambi kokuba kuqondwe ngokupheleleyo amandla orhwebo angaphandle eRashiya. Ukuphucula uqhagamshelo lweziseko ezingundoqo elizweni kuya kuququzelela ukuthuthwa kwempahla ngokufanelekileyo ukunqumla imigama emide. Ukuphucula ukungafihli kunye nokunciphisa ulawulo lwemigaqo yezorhwebo nako kuya kutsala abatyali-zimali abaninzi bamazwe angaphandle. Ukuqukumbela,, ngenxa yobutyebi obuninzi, icandelo lemveliso eyahlukeneyo, indawo ecwangcisiweyo, amanyathelo karhulumente asebenzayo, kunye neenzame eziqhubekayo zokuphucula iziseko zophuhliso, kuyabonakala ukuba iRashiya inamandla amakhulu angasetyenziswanga ekuphuhliseni imarike yorhwebo lwangaphandle,. Ngohlaziyo olufanelekileyo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo elungele ushishino, iRussia inokutsala amahlakani angakumbi ezizwe ngezizwe abe negalelo elihle ekukhuleni koqoqosho ngokunyuka kokuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle.
Iimveliso ezishushu ezithengiswayo kwimarike
Xa kuziwa ekukhetheni abathengisi bemarike kurhwebo lwangaphandle eRussia, kukho izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Ngabemi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-144 zabantu, iRussia ibonelela ngentengiso enkulu enezinto ezahlukeneyo ezikhethwa ngabathengi kunye neemfuno. Nanga amanye amacebiso endlela yokukhetha iimveliso ezifanelekileyo zokuthumela ngaphandle ngempumelelo: 1. Phanda iindlela zabathengi: Qala ngokwenza uphando olunzulu lwemarike kwizinto ezikhethwa ngabathengi baseRashiya kunye nemikhwa yokuthenga. Chonga iindidi zeemveliso ezidumileyo, iintsingiselo ezivelayo, kunye neendlela zokuphila ezinokukhokela inkqubo yakho yokhetho. 2. Qwalasela imimiselo yasekuhlaleni: Ziqhelanise nemigaqo yaseRashiya yokungenisa elizweni, kuquka imigangatho yemveliso, iziqinisekiso, iimfuno zokuleyibhile, kunye nemirhumo yokungenisa elizweni. Ukuthobela le migaqo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukungena kakuhle kwimarike yaseRashiya. 3. Gxininisa kumgangatho: Abathengi baseRashiya baxabisa iimveliso ezisemgangathweni ezinika ukuqina kunye nokuthembeka kumaxabiso afanelekileyo. Qinisekisa ukuba iimveliso ozikhethayo zihlangabezana nemigangatho ekumgangatho ophezulu njengoko oku kuya kuphakamisa igama lebhrendi yakho phakathi kwabathengi. 4. Ziqhelanise neemfuno zasekuhlaleni: Qonda iimfuno ezizodwa zabathengi baseRashiya kwaye ulungelelanise ukhetho lwakho lwemveliso ngokufanelekileyo. Qwalasela imiba efana neemeko zemozulu (umzekelo, iimpahla ezifudumeleyo kwimimandla ebandayo), ukhetho lwenkcubeko (umzekelo, ubugcisa besintu okanye ukutya), okanye iimfuno ezithile (umzekelo, i-eco-friendly okanye iimveliso eziphilayo). 5. Ukwandisa amaqonga e-e-commerce: Ishishini le-e-commerce libone ukukhula okubonakalayo eRussia kwiminyaka yakutshanje; ngoko ke, cinga ukusebenzisana kunye namaqonga e-intanethi athandwayo afana neYandex.Market okanye i-AliExpress Russia ukufikelela kwisiseko esibanzi sabathengi. I-6.Iiholide zaseRashiya: Thatha ithuba lamaxesha okuthenga amakhulu afana no-Eva woNyaka oMtsha (i-31 kaDisemba) kunye noSuku lwaMazwe ngamazwe lwabasetyhini (i-8 kaMatshi). Ezi holide zivelisa inkcitho ephezulu yabathengi kwaye zibonelela ngamathuba okuthengisa okwandisiweyo. I-7.Inkonzo ebalaseleyo yabathengi: Qinisekisa ngenkonzo yomthengi egqwesileyo kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakho yeshishini eRussia - ukusuka kwinkxaso yokuthengisa kwangaphambili ukuya kukhathalelo emva kokuthengisa - njengoko oku kuya kukhuthaza ukunyaniseka kwabathengi ngelixa useka igama elihle lomlomo ngaphakathi kwimarike. Khumbula ukuba impumelelo nakweyiphi na imarike yangaphandle ifuna indibaniselwano yophando ngenkuthalo, ukuziqhelanisa nokuzibophelela ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zabathengi. Ngokugxila ekuqondeni imarike yaseRashiya kunye nokulungelelanisa ukhetho lwakho lwemveliso ngokufanelekileyo, unokwandisa amathuba akho okufumana impumelelo kwintsimi enenzuzo yorhwebo lwangaphandle eRashiya.
Iimpawu zabathengi kunye ne-taboo
Iimpawu zabathengi eRashiya: 1. Ubudlelwane obujolise kubudlelwane: abathengi baseRussia bayabuxabisa ubudlelwane bomntu kunye nokuthembana xa beqhuba ishishini. Ukwakha ubudlelwane obuqinileyo nabathengi kubalulekile kwimpumelelo yexesha elide. 2. Okusesikweni: Abantu baseRashiya babeka ukubaluleka kokusesikweni, ngakumbi ngexesha lonxibelelwano lokuqala. Kuyinto yesiko ukujongana nabathengi usebenzisa isihloko kunye nefani yabo, ngaphandle kokuba kuyalelwe ngenye indlela. 3. Ukungakhathali ngexesha: Ukubamba ixesha kuxatyiswa ngokwesithethe saseRashiya, yaye ukulibaziseka okanye ukufika emva kwexesha kunokujongwa kakubi ngabathengi. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba ufike kwangethuba ezintlanganisweni kwaye ulandele imihla ebekiweyo. 4. Isimbo sonxibelelwano: Abantu baseRashiya bayaluxabisa unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo ngaphandle kokubetha etyholweni. Bakhetha ukungqala nokunyaniseka kwiingxoxo okanye kwiingxoxo. 5. Unxulumano ngeenkcukacha: Ukuthathela ingqalelo kwiinkcukacha kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kukhetho lwabathengi baseRussia njengoko bethanda ukuhlalutya ngokucokisekileyo yonke imiba yesivumelwano phambi kokwenza. 6. Uvakalelo lwexabiso: Nangona umgangatho ubalulekile, ixabiso liyinto ebalulekileyo kubathengi abaninzi baseRashiya ngenxa yokuqwalaselwa kwezoqoqosho. I-tabos yabathengi eRashiya: 1. Kuphephe ukuxoxa ngezopolitiko okanye izihloko eziphikisanayo ngaphandle kokuba ziphakanyiswe ngokucacileyo ngumxhasi ngokwakhe. 2. Kunqande ukwenza iintetho ezigxekayo malunga neRashiya okanye inkcubeko yayo, njengoko inokukhubekisa abathengi. 3. Musa ukukujongela phantsi ukubaluleka kobudlelwane bomntu; Ukutyeshela iinzame zokwakha ubudlelwane kunokuthintela amathuba oshishino kunye nabathengi baseRussia. 4. Izipho ziyaxatyiswa kodwa mazinikwe ngokufanelekileyo; ziphephe izipho ezigqithisileyo ezinokubonwa njengokunyoba okanye ukurhwaphiliza ngenxa yokuba imiba yorhwaphilizo ikho phakathi kwamacandelo athile oluntu lwaseRashiya. 5. Kulumkele ukwenza izithembiso ezingenakufezekiswa ngokukhawuleza okanye ngokuchanekileyo njengoko ukuthembana kubaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwabathengi baseRashiya. Qaphela: Ezi mpawu zabathengi kunye ne-taboos ziyi-generalizations esekwe kuqwalaselo lwenkcubeko kodwa azinakusebenza ngokufanayo kuye wonke umntu waseRussia ngenxa yeyantlukwano yengingqi kunye nokwahluka komntu ngamnye.
Inkqubo yolawulo lweCustoms
Inkqubo yolawulo lwamasiko eRashiya yinto ebalulekileyo yokulawula umda welizwe kunye nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko. Nazi ezinye iingongoma eziphambili zokuqonda malunga nemimiselo yezithethe zaseRashiya kunye neenkqubo. Okokuqala, zonke iindwendwe ezingena okanye eziphuma eRashiya kufuneka zivakalise naziphi na izinto zexabiso ezidlula umda othile. Oku kuquka imali, izacholo, izinto zombane, okanye naziphi na ezinye izinto ezixabisekileyo. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza izibhengezo ezifanelekileyo kunokukhokelela kwizohlwayo kunye nokuthinjwa kweempahla ezingachazwanga. Ukongeza, iimpahla ezithile zithintelwe okanye azivumelekanga ukuba zingeniswe okanye zithunyelwe ngaphandle eRashiya. Ezi ziquka ii-narcotics, izixhobo, iintlobo ezithile zeemveliso zokutya, kunye nezinto zenkcubeko. Kubalulekile ukuba abahambi bajonge uluhlu lwezinto ezithintelweyo ngaphambi kokungena okanye ukuphuma kweli lizwe. Xa uhamba ukuya eRashiya kunye neyeza zonyango, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uphathe umyalelo obhaliweyo ovela kugqirha njengobungqina bokuba semthethweni wokusetyenziswa komntu. Ekufikeni kwizikhululo zeenqwelomoya zaseRashiya okanye kwimida yomhlaba, abagibeli baya kuhamba ngokulawulwa kwepasipoti kunye nokuhlolwa kwezithethe. Amagosa eCustoms anokwenza utshekisho olungacwangciswanga kwimpahla kunye nezinto zomntu kwizinto ezingavumelekanga. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisana nabasemagunyeni ukuba bakhethelwe ukuvavanywa ngakumbi. Abahambi bafanele baqinisekise ukuba bawagqibile amaphepha ayimfuneko afana neefomu zokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kunye neefomu zokuchaza ngokwesiko ngokuchanekileyo nangokunyaniseka ngaphambi kokuba bafike eRashiya. Ezi fomu ziyohluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zomntu ngamnye njengenjongo kunye nobude bexesha lokuhlala. Kukwabalulekile kubakhenkethi abasuka eRussia ukuba bangagqithi izibonelelo ezingahlawulelwayo ezibekwe yimithetho yaseRashiya ephathelele ukuthenga okwenziwa ngaphakathi elizweni. Ukuqukumbela, ukuhamba ngeendlela zaseRashiya kufuna ukuthotyelwa kwemimiselo malunga nemigangatho yokubhengezwa kwemali, izithintelo zezinto ezithintelweyo, ukugqiba amaxwebhu ayimfuneko ngokuchanekileyo kwangaphambili ngelixa ulungiselelwa ukuhlolwa okunokwenzeka xa ufika / uhamba kwizikhululo zeenqwelo-moya okanye kwimida yomhlaba.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu
IRashiya iphumeze umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu kwimpahla ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ukuze ikhusele imizi-mveliso yayo yasekhaya nokukhuthaza imveliso yangaphakathi. Ilizwe limisela imirhumo yokungenisa elizweni kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo, ezithi zihluke ngokuxhomekeke kubume kunye nexabiso lempahla engenisiweyo. Impahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle eRashiya ixhomekeke kwimirhumo yerhafu, iRhafu (iRhafu eyoNgezelelweyo yexabiso), kunye neerhafu zempahla yexabiso. Imirhumo yeCustoms ihlawuliswa ngokusekelwe kwixabiso lezithethe zemveliso kunye nokuhlelwa kwazo ngokwe-Russian Classification for Foreign Economic Activities (TN VED). Ezi ntlawulo zinokususela kwi-0% ukuya kumakhulu aliqela epesenti, nangona uninzi lwezinto zinereyithi yerhafu phakathi kwe-5% kunye ne-30%. Oku kunceda ekulawuleni ukuthengwa kwempahla evela kumazwe angaphandle ngokwenza iimveliso zangaphandle zibize kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa neemveliso eziveliswe ekhaya. Ukongeza kwirhafu yempahla ephuma kumazwe angaphandle, iimveliso ezivela kumazwe angaphandle zikwaphantsi komgangatho we-VAT oyi-20%. Nangona kunjalo, iimpahla ezithile eziyimfuneko ezinjengokutya, izixhobo zolimo, amayeza, iincwadi zezifundo, njl.njl., zinokuphantsi komlinganiselo ocuthiweyo okanye onguziro weRhafu-ntengo. Ngaphaya koko, iirhafu zempahla ephuma ngaphandle zinokumiselwa kwiindidi ezithile zeempahla ezisuka kumazwe angaphandle ezifana notywala kunye neemveliso zecuba. Ezi rhafu zijolise ekuthinteleni ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo ngelixa zingenisa ingeniso kurhulumente. Kubalulekile ukuba abarhwebi abavela kumazwe angaphandle eRashiya bathobele yonke imimiselo efanelekileyo malunga nokuhlelwa kweekhowudi zeerhafu kunye neemfuno zamaxwebhu. Ukungathotyelwa kwemigaqo kunokukhokelela ekulibazisekeni ekukhutshweni kwerhafu okanye kwizohlwayo. Lilonke, imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu yokungenisa elizweni yaseRashiya ijolise ekukhuseleni imizi-mveliso yasekhaya ngokwenza iimveliso zamazwe angaphandle zibe nexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nokungenisa ingeniso ngeentlawulo neerhafu. La manyathelo akhuthaza imveliso yasekhaya kwaye axhasa ukukhula koqoqosho lwesizwe.
Iipolisi zerhafu ezithumela ngaphandle
IRashiya lilizwe elikhulu elinoqoqosho olwahlukeneyo, kwaye umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu yokuthumela ngaphandle udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni ubudlelwane borhwebo bamazwe ngamazwe. Urhulumente waseRashiya umisela irhafu yokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kwiimpahla ezahlukeneyo ukuze alawule iimarike zasekhaya, akhuthaze amashishini asekuhlaleni, aze enze ingeniso karhulumente. Iirhafu ezithunyelwa ngaphandle eRashiya zijolise ikakhulu kwiimveliso ezifana ne-oyile, igesi, isinyithi, kunye neemveliso zolimo. Ezi zixhobo zibalulekile kuqoqosho lwaseRussia kwaye zihlala zibonakalisa inxenye enkulu yengeniso yayo yokuthumela ngaphandle. Urhulumente wazisa kwaye ahlengahlengise ezi rhafu ngamaxesha athile ukulungelelanisa umdla wezoqoqosho kunye nesidingo sokuxhasa imakethi yangaphakathi. Amaxabiso erhafu abekwe kwiimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ayahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwimveliso ethile. Umzekelo, ukuthunyelwa kwe-oyile kumazwe angaphandle kuxhomekeke kumrhumo wokuthumela ngaphandle oguquguqukayo ngokusekelwe kumaxabiso e-oyile ehlabathi. Ngokufanayo, igesi yendalo inezinga layo lerhafu efuna zombini inzuzo kunye nokhuphiswano kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe. Iintsimbi ezifana nentsimbi, ialuminiyam, ubhedu, nickel nazo zijongene neerhafu zokuthumela ngaphandle. Ezi rhafu ziqinisekisa ukuba imathiriyeli ekrwada eveliswa ngaphakathi eRashiya ifumana indlela yazo kwiinkqubo zokwenziwa kwemveliso yasekhaya ngamaxabiso afanelekileyo ngeli lixa ikwakhuthaza imisebenzi yokongezwa kwexabiso eliphezulu ngaphakathi elizweni. Iimveliso zezolimo zenza olunye udidi olubalulekileyo oluphantsi kwerhafu yokuthumela ngaphandle eRashiya. Iirhafu zinokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nokhuseleko lokutya okanye iinzame zokuvuselela ukukhula kweshishini lezolimo ngokunciphisa ukhuphiswano lwamazwe angaphandle. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ngelixa ezi rhafu zinokuvelisa ingeniso enkulu kurhulumente waseRussia, zinokuchaphazela amaxabiso eemveliso zehlabathi kunye nokutshintsha korhwebo namanye amazwe axhomekeke kubutyebi baseRussia. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kubekho iingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga neenguqu ezinokuthi zibe kho kwimigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu yaseRashiya yokuthumela ngaphandle njengenxalenye yemigudu ebanzi yolwahlulo loqoqosho okanye ukuphendula kwimiba ye-geopolitical ephembelela ukuhamba korhwebo lwehlabathi. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba amashishini abandakanyeka kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye neRashiya ukuba ahlale ehlaziywa kulo naluphi na uphuhliso okanye uhlengahlengiso kule migaqo-nkqubo yerhafu ukucwangcisa ngokufanelekileyo izicwangciso zabo zokuthumela ngaphandle-ngaphandle.
Iziqinisekiso ezifunekayo zokuthumela ngaphandle
I-Russia, njengomdlali obalulekileyo kwimarike yehlabathi, ineenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuqinisekisa ukuthunyelwa kwemveliso kumazwe angaphandle ukuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nokhuseleko lweempahla zayo ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Ezi ziqinisekiso zinceda ukwakha ukuthembana phakathi kwabarhwebi abavela kumazwe angaphandle kwaye ziququzelele urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Esinye sezatifiketi eziphambili zokuthumela ngaphandle eRashiya sisiqinisekiso seGOST-R (Gosudarstvenny Standart). Kunyanzelekile kwiimveliso ezininzi ezithunyelwa ngaphandle eRashiya kwaye ibonisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yomgangatho waseRashiya. Esi satifikethi sibandakanya amacandelo ahlukeneyo afana noomatshini, i-elektroniki, iikhemikhali, ukulungiswa kokutya, kunye nokunye. Kwiimveliso zezolimo ezilungiselelwe ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, iSiqinisekiso sePhytosanitary sibalulekile. Esi satifikethi siqinisekisa ukuba izityalo okanye iimveliso zezityalo zihloliwe kwaye azinazinambuzane okanye izifo phambi kokuba zithunyelwe kumazwe ngamazwe. Iqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe ye-phytosanitary ebekwe yimibutho efana ne-International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). Ukongeza kwezi ziqinisekiso zecandelo elithile, iRashiya ikwafuna abathumeli bangaphandle ukuba bafumane iSatifikethi sokuThotyelwa (CoC) okanye isiBhengezo sokuThotyelwa (DoC). I-CoC ibonisa ukuba iimpahla zihlangabezana nemimiselo yobugcisa efunekayo okanye imigangatho yelizwe esekwe nguRosstandart (i-Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology). Ngeli xesha, i-DoC isebenza njengobungqina bokuba iimpahla zihambelana nemimiselo ethile kodwa ngaphandle kokufuna uvavanyo lwaselabhoratri. Esinye isiqinisekiso esibalulekileyo sokuthumela ngaphandle eRashiya siSiqinisekiso seNkqubo yoLawulo loMgangatho ISO 9001:2015. Nangona unganyanzelisi kuwo onke amashishini, lo mgangatho wamkelwa kumazwe ngamazwe ubonisa ukuzibophelela kwenkampani ekuveliseni iimveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu rhoqo. Kubalulekile ukuba abathumeli bangaphandle baseRashiya bazazi iimfuno zezi ziqinisekiso phambi kokuba bazibandakanye kwimisebenzi yorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngelixa esi sishwankathelo sibonelela ngesishwankathelo sezinye iziqinisekiso eziqhelekileyo zokuthumela ngaphandle eRashiya; Iindidi zeemveliso ezithile zinokufuna uxwebhu olongezelelweyo olusekwe kubume babo kunye nemimiselo yokungenisa elizweni. Lilonke, ukufumana izatifikethi ezifanelekileyo zokuthumela ngaphandle kuqinisekisa abathengi kwihlabathi liphela malunga nokuzibophelela kweRussia ekuhambiseni iimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ngelixa ithobela imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe.
Ulungiselelo lolungiselelo olucetyiswayo
I-Russia, elona lizwe likhulu emhlabeni, iyaziwa ngeendawo zayo ezinkulu kunye neempawu zembali. Ukuba ufuna iinkonzo ezithembekileyo ze-Logistics eRashiya, nazi ezinye iingcebiso ekufuneka uziqwalasele. 1. I-Russian Post: Inkonzo yeposi yesizwe yaseRashiya, i-Russian Post inikeza uluhlu olubanzi lweenketho zokuthumela ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Ngothungelwano lwamasebe kulo lonke elo lizwe, ibonelela ngesicombululo esiluncedo nesifikelelekayo sokuthumela iileta, amaxwebhu, neepakethe ezincinane. 2. I-DHL: Njengomnye wababoneleli bezinto eziphathekayo abakhokelayo behlabathi, i-DHL isebenza kakhulu eRashiya inikezela ngeenkonzo ezithembekileyo zonikezelo. Ngobuchule babo kwiinqanawa zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nentsebenziswano kunye nabathwali basekhaya, i-DHL iqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okukhawulezileyo nokufanelekileyo kulo lonke elaseRashiya. 3. Iponi Express: Inkampani eyaziwa ngokuba yikhuriya ejongene nokuhanjiswa kwe-express yasekhaya ngaphakathi eRashiya. IPony Express ibonelela ngeenkonzo zendlu ngendlu ngeendlela ezininzi zokuhanjiswa okubandakanya usuku olunye okanye ukuhanjiswa kosuku olulandelayo ngokuxhomekeke kungxamiseko lwempahla yakho. 4. ULungiselelo lwe-RZD: Ukuthutha iimpahla ezinkulu okanye ukuthunyelwa kwee-container ngaphakathi kweRashiya okanye kumazwe angabamelwane afana ne-China okanye iYurophu, i-RZD Logistics lukhetho olucetyiswayo. Babonelela ngezisombululo ezibanzi zothutho lukaloliwe kunye neenkonzo ezihlanganisiweyo zokucocwa kwempahla ukuze kuthuthwe ngendlela efanelekileyo. 5. I-CDEK: Njengenkampani ehlangeneyo yezothutho esebenza kuwo wonke ummandla we-Eurasia kuquka neRashiya, iCDEK inikezela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo zolungiselelo ezifana nezisombululo zokugcina, iinketho zokuhanjiswa kweemayile zokugqibela kuquka ukuzaliseka kwe-e-commerce kunye nezitshixo zeepasela. 6. I-AsstrA Associated Traffic AG: Ukuba ufuna izisombululo zezothutho ezikhethekileyo ezifana nokuthutha imithwalo engaphezulu okanye iprojekthi yokuphatha imithwalo ngaphakathi kweRashiya okanye ngaphaya kwemida yayo ukuya eYurophu okanye e-Asiya, cinga ngokuqesha iinkonzo ze-AsstrA Associated Traffic AG zokuthunyelwa kwempahla. 7. HeyHeyExpress (AKA Ruston): Iqonga le-intanethi elidumileyo elidibanisa abantu abafuna ukuthumela iipakethi nabahambi abanendawo eyongezelelweyo yemithwalo efumanekayo ngexesha lohambo lwabo lokuya/ukusuka kwizixeko ezahlukeneyo kulo lonke elaseRashiya. Ezi ngcebiso zibonelela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zakho zolungiselelo ngaphakathi eRashiya. Soloko uqwalasela izinto ezinje ngobungakanani kunye nohlobo lothutho lwakho, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali, kunye nexesha lonikezelo xa ukhetha umboneleli wolungiselelo.
Imijelo yophuhliso lwabathengi

Imiboniso yorhwebo ebalulekileyo

IRashiya lilizwe elinamajelo amaninzi abalulekileyo okuthengwa kwempahla kumazwe ngamazwe kunye nemiboniso yorhwebo. La maqonga adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutsaleni abathengi behlabathi kunye nokukhuthaza iimveliso zaseRashiya kunye namashishini kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe. Nazi ezinye zezinto eziphawulekayo: 1. UMboniso woRhwebo waMazwe ngaMazwe waseMoscow: IMoscow International Trade Fair, ekwaziwa ngokuba yiYugAgro, ngomnye wemiboniso emikhulu yezolimo yaseRashiya. Ibonisa uluhlu olubanzi lwamacandelo oshishino lwezolimo, kubandakanya oomatshini, izixhobo, ukufuya izilwanyana, imveliso yezityalo, kunye nokulungiswa kokutya. Lo mboniso worhwebo unika ithuba elibalaseleyo kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe ukuba baphonononge iimveliso zezolimo zaseRashiya nokuseka intsebenziswano. 2. IForam yezoQoqosho yaMazwe ngaMazwe yaseSt. Petersburg (SPIEF): IForam yezoQoqosho yaMazwe ngaMazwe yaseSt. Petersburg sisiganeko saminyaka le esisebenza njengeqonga leenkokeli zoshishino ezivela kwihlabathi jikelele ukuxoxa ngemiba ephambili yezoqoqosho ejongene neRashiya namanye amazwe. Itsala amagosa karhulumente akwinqanaba eliphezulu, ii-CEO zeenkampani ezinkulu, kunye nabameli abavela kumashishini ahlukeneyo aquka amandla, ezemali, ubuchwephesha, ukuvelisa njalo njalo, ukubonelela ngamathuba othungelwano kunye nokuhlola iiprojekthi zotyalo-mali ezinokubakho. 3. Innoprom: I-Innoprom ngumboniso wokurhweba kwimizi-mveliso obanjelwe eYekaterinburg ogxile ekuboniseni ubugcisa obutsha kuwo wonke amacandelo ohlukeneyo afana nokwakhiwa koomatshini, izisombululo zokonga amandla, iirobhothi njl. 4. Ukutya kweHlabathi eMoscow: I-WorldFood yaseMoscow yenye yemiboniso ekhokelayo kwishishini lokutya eRashiya apho abavelisi besizwe babonisa iimveliso zabo kunye neenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezibonisa ukutya okuvela kwihlabathi lonke elimele onke amacandelo: igrocery & snacks; i-confectionery; indawo yokubhaka; iti & ikofu; imboni yeziselo ezinxilisayo njl., Lo mboniso usebenza njengeqonga eliyimfuneko kwiinkampani zasekhaya ukudibanisa nabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe abanomdla kwiimveliso zokutya zaseRashiya. 5.IiPlatifomu zoRhwebo lwe-E-Cross-Cross-Border: I-Russia ibone ukukhula okubonakalayo kwiiplatifti ze-e-commerce eziwela umda ezifana ne-AliExpress Russia (intsebenziswano phakathi kwe-Alibaba Group kunye ne-Mail.ru Group), eyenza abathengisi baseTshayina bafikelele kwimarike yaseRashiya ngokufanelekileyo. Elinye iqonga elidumileyo elinqumla imida elisebenza eRashiya yi-Wildberries, ivenkile yaseRashiya esekwe kwi-intanethi enikezela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweempahla ezivela kumazwe ahlukeneyo. 6. Inkqubo yokuTshintsha indawo: Njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokufaka endaweni yokungenisa elizweni, iRashiya iye yandisa ugxininiso lwayo kwimveliso yasekhaya ukuze ithathe indawo yempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle kakhulu. Urhulumente uphumeze amanyathelo awohlukeneyo okuxhasa abavelisi balapha ekhaya, kuquka ikhefu lerhafu kunye nenkxaso. Eli nyathelo lidala amathuba okuba iinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zikwazi ukusebenzisana nabavelisi okanye ababoneleli baseRashiya. Isishwankathelo, iRashiya ibonelela ngeendlela ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zokuthengwa kwempahla yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemiboniso yorhwebo efana neMoscow International Trade Fair (YugAgro), iSt. Petersburg International Economic Forum (SPIEF), Innoprom, umboniso weWorldFood Moscow njl., La maqonga avumela abathengi behlabathi ukuba bahlolisise kwaye Ukunxibelelana namashishini aseRussia ngelixa ubonelela ngamathuba kwiinkampani zaseRussia ukwandisa ukufikelela kwazo kwindawo yentengiso yehlabathi.
E-Russia, kukho ii-injini zokukhangela ezidumileyo ezisetyenziswa ngabantu ukukhangela i-intanethi nokufumana ulwazi. Iinjini zokukhangela ezisetyenziswa kakhulu eRashiya ziquka: 1. Yandex - Yandex yeyona injini yokukhangela enkulu kwaye ithandwa kakhulu eRashiya. Inika uluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo, kubandakanya uphendlo lwewebhu, iimephu, iindaba, imifanekiso, iividiyo, kunye nokunye. Iwebhusayithi yeYandex yile: www.yandex.ru. 2. I-Google - Nangona i-Google iyingxilimbela yokukhangela yehlabathi kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwihlabathi jikelele, inobukho obubalulekileyo kwimarike yaseRashiya. Abantu abaninzi baseRussia bakhetha ukusebenzisa iGoogle ngeziphumo zokukhangela ezichanekileyo kunye neenkonzo ezahlukeneyo ezifana neGmail kunye neYouTube. Iwebhusayithi yeGoogle Russia ithi: www.google.ru. 3. I-Mail.ru - Ngelixa ngokuyintloko eyaziwa ngokuba ngumboneleli wenkonzo ye-imeyile, i-Mail.ru inikezela nge-injini yokukhangela ebizwa ngokuba yi-Mail.ru Search (eyaziwa ngokuba yiWebalta). Ibonelela abasebenzisi ngeziphumo zophando ezifanelekileyo kunye nezinye iinkonzo ezifana nohlaziyo lweendaba kunye noqikelelo lwemozulu. Unokufikelela kwi-Mail.ru Khangela apha: www.search.mail.ru. 4. I-Rambler - i-Rambler yenye i-portal ye-intanethi yaseRashiya eyaziwayo ene-injini yokukhangela ebizwa ngokuba yi-Rambler Search (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Rambler Top 100). Ngaphandle kokubonelela ngokusebenza kokukhangela kwewebhu, iRambler ikwabonelela ngeenkonzo ze-imeyile, uhlaziyo lweendaba, inkonzo yomculo wokusasaza, uqikelelo lwemozulu, njl. 5. I-Bing – Nangona ingeyongamelanga njengezi zikhankanywe ngasentla ekudumeni kwabantu baseRashiya ngokubanzi, i-Bing isenayo isiseko sabasebenzisi elizweni ngenxa yesalathiso sayo somxholo wamazwe ngamazwe kunye neempawu zasekuhlaleni ezinikezelwa nguMicrosoft ezilungiselelwe ngokukhethekileyo abasebenzisi baseRussia kwi-bing. com/?cc=ru Ezi zezinye zeenjini zokukhangela ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo eRashiya kunye newebhusayithi yazo ekhankanywe ngasentla.

Amaphepha amakhulu atyheli

IRashiya lilizwe elikhulu elinoluhlu olwahlukeneyo lwamashishini kunye neenkonzo ezifumanekayo kubahlali kunye neendwendwe. Nalu uluhlu lwamaphepha ewebhu athandwayo atyheli anokukunceda ufumane ulwazi malunga neenkampani ezahlukeneyo eRussia: 1. I-Yandex: I-injini yokukhangela esetyenziswa kakhulu eRashiya, i-Yandex inikezela ngoluhlu lwezoshishino olubanzi olubizwa ngokuba yi "Yandex.Pages." Ibonelela ngeenkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano, iidilesi, kunye nophononongo lwabasebenzisi kumashishini kumacandelo awohlukeneyo. Iwebhusayithi: amaphepha.yandex.ru 2. 2GIS: Inkonzo edumileyo yokwenza imephu eRashiya, i-2GIS ikwaquka uluhlu olubanzi lwamaphepha atyheli oluquka izixeko ezininzi kwilizwe lonke. Unokufumana ulwazi malunga namashishini asekhaya, kubandakanywa neenkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano, iiyure zokusebenza, kunye nokulinganisa komsebenzisi kwiwebhusayithi yabo. umthombo: 2gis.ru 3. Amaphepha amthubi eRashiya (YP.RU): Le webhusayithi igxile ngokukodwa ekudibaniseni abasebenzisi kunye neenkampani zasekuhlaleni kumashishini ahlukeneyo afana nezempilo, ulwakhiwo, iinkonzo zobubele, njl., ngokusebenzisa uluhlu olubanzi lwamaphepha atyheli. umthombo: yp.ru 4. Moscow InfoYellowPages: Njengoko igama libonisa, eli qonga linikezelwe ekunikeni ulwazi malunga neenkampani ezisekelwe eMoscow ngokukodwa. Ibonelela ngedathabheyisi enokukhangelwa yamashishini ahlulwe ngokweshishini kunye neenkcukacha zabo zoqhagamshelwano kunye nolunye ulwazi olufanelekileyo. umthombo: mosyello.com 5. I-RUweb Yellow Pages (Catalog.web100.com): Olu luhlu lwe-intanethi lubonisa uluhlu lweenkampani zaseRashiya eziququzelelwe ngokwecandelo kunye nendawo ukuze kube lula kubasebenzisi ukuba bafumane oko bakufunayo ngokukhawuleza. Nceda uqaphele ukuba ngelixa ezi webhusayithi zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo amaphepha omthubi eRashiya, kunokubakho ezinye ezikhoyo ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yakho okanye isixeko ngaphakathi elizweni.

Amaqonga amakhulu orhwebo

IRashiya lilizwe elikhulu elinentengiso ye-e-commerce ekhula ngokukhawuleza. Nanga amanye amaqonga amakhulu e-e-commerce eRashiya kunye neewebhusayithi zabo: 1. I-Wildberries (https://www.wildberries.ru/) - I-Wildberries yenye yezona zikhululo ze-e-commerce zaseRashiya kwaye zibonelela ngeemveliso ezininzi ezibandakanya iimpahla, i-electronics, iimveliso zobuhle, iimpahla zasekhaya, kunye nokunye. 2. I-Ozon (https://www.ozon.ru/) - I-Ozon yenye indawo yokuthengisa ethandwayo kwi-intanethi eRashiya ethengisa iimveliso ezahlukeneyo ezifana neencwadi, i-electronics, izinto zasendlini, izixhobo zefashoni, kunye nokunye. 3. I-AliExpress yaseRashiya (https://aliexpress.ru/) - I-AliExpress ifumene ukuthandwa okuphawulekayo eRashiya ngenxa yokukhethwa kwayo okukhulu kweemveliso ezifikelelekayo ezivela kubathengisi baseTshayina. 4. Yandex.Market (https://market.yandex.ru/) - Yandex.Market yindawo yokuthengisa ye-intanethi ephethwe yi-injini yokukhangela yaseRashiya i-Yandex enkulu. Ibonisa abathengisi abaninzi ababonelela ngeendidi ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-elektroniki, izixhobo zombane, iimpahla zasekhaya, nokunye. 5. I-Lamoda (https://www.lamoda.ru/) - I-Lamoda igxile ekuboneleleni ngezinto zefashoni ezibandakanya iimpahla zamadoda nabasetyhini, izihlangu, izincedisi ezivela kwiimpawu zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe. 6. I-Beru nge-Yandex (https://beru.ru/) - I-Beru yindawo yokuthengisa ye-intanethi ye-Yandex egxile ekuthengiseni iimveliso ezivela kubathengisi abathembekileyo baseRashiya kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-electronics, igrosari yokutya njl. 7. I-Mvideo (https://www.mvideo.ru/) - I-Mvideo liqonga elidumileyo elikhethekileyo ekuthengiseni izinto zombane zabathengi njengee-smartphones, iikhompyutha tablets izixhobo zemidlalo yezixhobo njl 8 .Rozetka( https://rozetka.ua) -- I-Rozetka igxile kakhulu kwizixhobo zombane ezinoluhlu olubanzi lweempahla ezibandakanya iilaptops , izixhobo eziphathwayo , izixhobo zasekhaya nokunye okuninzi. 9 .Citilink ( https:/citilink.ru) - I-CitiLink igxile kakhulu kwizixhobo zasekhaya, izixhobo, iikhomputha kunye ne-electronics Le yimizekelo nje embalwa yamaqonga amakhulu e-e-commerce eRashiya. Kukho ezinye iiplatifomu ezincinci kunye nokubonelela kwiindawo ezithile ezifana nokuhanjiswa kokutya (i-Delivery Club), ukubhuka kwehotele (Booking.com), iinkonzo zokuhamba (OneTwoTrip), kunye nokunye. Kuhlala kucetyiswa ukuba uphando phambi kokuthenga ngokuthelekisa amaxabiso, ukufunda uphononongo, kwaye ujonge isidima sabathengisi kula maqonga.

Amaqonga amakhulu eendaba zoluntu

IRashiya lilizwe elinoluhlu olubanzi lwamaqonga eendaba ezentlalo abonelela abantu balo abahlukeneyo. Nanga amanye amaqonga eendaba ezentlalo adumileyo eRashiya kunye neewebhusayithi zabo: 1. I-VKontakte (VK) - eyaziwa nangokuthi "i-Facebook yaseRashiya," i-VKontakte yenye yezona zikhululo zenethiwekhi zoluntu eRashiya. Abasebenzisi banokwenza iiprofayili, banxibelelane nabahlobo, bajoyine uluntu, babelane ngomxholo wemultimedia, kwaye badlale imidlalo ye-intanethi. umthombo: vk.com 2. I-Odnoklassniki - Eli qonga ligxile ekudibaniseni abafundi ofunda nabo kunye nabahlobo bakudala. Abasebenzisi banokufumana kwaye banxibelelane nabantu abavela kwizikolo zabo nakwiiyunivesithi, bajoyine uluntu olunezihloko, badlale imidlalo, kwaye babelane ngeefoto/iividiyo. umthombo: ok.ru 3. ILizwe lam (Moy Mir) -Isebenza yiMail.ru Group, iLizwe lam lidibanisa izinto zokubhloga kunye nenethiwekhi yoluntu apho abasebenzisi banokufumanisa umxholo onomdla owenziwe ngumntu ngokweminqweno yabo okanye benze ezabo iiblogi ukuze babelane ngeengcinga/ngezimvo esidlangalaleni okanye ngasese ngaphakathi inethiwekhi yabahlobo. umthombo: my.mail.ru 4. ITelegram - Njengeqonga lemiyalezo elikhawulezayo eliphuhliswe ngumrhwebi waseRashiya uPavel Durov, iTelegram ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bathumele imiyalezo, iifowuni zezwi, iifayile zemultimedia kunye ne-encryption yokuphela kokugcina ubumfihlo obuphuculweyo. iwebhusayithi: telegram.org 5. I-Instagram - Nangona ingakhethwanga eRashiya njengamanye amaqonga kolu luhlu kodwa idume kakhulu phakathi kwamaRashiya nangona kunjalo; liqonga lokwabelana ngefoto kunye nevidiyo apho abasebenzisi bathumela umxholo onokwenziwa esidlangalaleni okanye kwabelwane ngawo kuphela phakathi kwabalandeli babo. umthombo: instagram.com

Imibutho emikhulu yoshishino

IRashiya inemibutho emininzi emikhulu yoshishino edlala indima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwelizwe. Nazi ezinye zazo kunye needilesi zabo zewebhusayithi: 1. IManyano yaseRashiya yoShishino kunye noSomashishini (RSPP) umthombo: https://www.rspp.ru/en/ 2. Umbutho weeBhanki zaseRashiya (ARB) Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: https://arb.ru/en/home 3. Umbutho wabavelisi beemoto (OAR) umthombo: http://oar-info.com/ 4. IManyano yaseRashiya yeeKhemikhali (RUC) umthombo: http://ruc-union.org/ 5. Umbutho wabavelisi begesi kunye nabaThumela ngaphandle (AGPE) Iwebhusayithi: http://www.harvest-season.ru/international/about-eng#plans 6. Imanyano yeeRestaurateurs kunye nabaseHotele Iwebhusayithi: https://fbrussia.ru/?lang=en 7. Umbutho weTelevishini kunye nabaSasaza beRadio IWebhsayithi: http://aabbrt.org/?lang=en 8. Umbutho waseRashiya wokusasazwa kweFilimu umthombo: https://kino.kit.ru/eng/guild-rus.php 9. IManyano yaseRashiya yoShishino lweFlour & Groats Plants(RUFMGP) iwebhusayithi: http//rufmgp.su 10.Amalungu oMmandla wabaququzeleli baseRashiya(ROZSPOZHIVETERS UNION) iwebhusayithi: http//rozsplur-union.strtersite.com Le mibutho ibandakanya amacandelo ahlukeneyo afana neshishini, ibhanki, imveliso yeemoto, iikhemikhali, imveliso yegesi yendalo, ububele, usasazo lweendaba, ukuhanjiswa kwefilimu, ukulungiswa kokutya (okt, RUFMGP), kunye nempahla yabathengi (okt, ROZSPOZHIVETERS UNION). Nceda uqaphele ukuba ulwazi olunikeziweyo luchanekile ngexesha lokubhala le mpendulo kodwa kusoloko kucetyiswa ukuba undwendwele iiwebhusayithi zabo zohlaziyo lwamva nje kule mibutho yoshishino.

Iiwebhusayithi zeshishini kunye norhwebo

Nazi ezinye iiwebhusayithi zezoqoqosho kunye nezorhwebo eRashiya kunye nee-URL zazo: 1. UbuPhathiswa boPhuhliso lwezoQoqosho lweRussian Federation - Le webhusayithi esemthethweni inikezela ngolwazi malunga nemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, imimiselo, amathuba otyalo-mali, kunye nezibonakaliso zezoqoqosho. Iwebhusayithi http://economy.gov.ru/eng 2. INgxowa-mali yoTyalo-mali oluNgqo lwaseRashiya - Le ngxowa-mali yobutyebi ezimeleyo ikhuthaza utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo kwiiprojekthi zaseRashiya kumacandelo ngamacandelo. Inika ulwazi ngamathuba otyalo-mali, ukhangelo lweqabane, kunye nohlaziyo lweendaba zakutsha nje. umthombo: https://rdif.ru/Eng_Index/ 3. I-Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation - Igumbi limele umdla wamashishini eRashiya kwaye liququzelele imisebenzi yorhwebo ngokubonelela ngeziqinisekiso, uncedo lwezomthetho, iingxelo zophando lwemarike, kunye neziganeko zokunxibelelana. umthombo: https://tpprf.ru/en/home 4. Tyala imali eRashiya - Le webhusayithi isebenza njengomthombo omnye wabatyali-mali bangaphandle abafuna ukuhlola amathuba oshishino eRashiya. Ibonelela ngolwazi oluthe ngqo kwicandelo, izifundo, izikhokelo zabatyali-zimali, kunye nohlaziyo lweendaba kwimimiselo kunye nenkuthazo. umthombo: https://investinrussia.com/ 5. I-FAS iRashiya (iNkonzo ye-Federal Antimonopoly) - i-FAS iqinisekisa ukhuphiswano kwiimarike ngokulawula izenzo ezithintelweyo ezinokuthintela urhwebo olufanelekileyo okanye ukulimaza iimfuno zabathengi kuqoqosho lwaseRashiya. umthombo: http://en.fas.gov.ru/ 6. IBhanki ePhakathi yaseRashiya - Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni inikezela ngengqiqo kumanyathelo omgaqo-mali owenziwe yibhanki ephakathi kunye neenkcukacha-manani eziphambili zemali malunga nemilinganiselo yenzala, amazinga okunyuka kwamaxabiso emali yokutshintshiselana njl. umthombo: https://www.cbr.ru/eng/ 7.Export.gov/Russia – Idalwe yiNkonzo yezoRhwebo yase-U.S (i-USCS), le webhusayithi iququzelela ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweenkampani zaseMelika ukuya eRashiya ngokunikezela ngeengxelo zemarike ezithe ngqo kwishishini, iinkonzo zokucebisa kunye neenkcukacha malunga namaqabane asekhaya. Iwebhusayithi: http://www.export.gov/russia/index.asp

Iiwebhusayithi zemibuzo yedatha yorhwebo

Kukho iiwebhusayithi ezininzi zedatha yorhwebo ekhoyo yokubuza ulwazi lorhwebo lwaseRashiya. Nantsi eminye imizekelo kunye needilesi zabo zewebhusayithi: 1. INkonzo ye-Federal Customs yaseRashiya: Le yiwebhusayithi esemthethweni yesebe lezothutho eRashiya. Ibonelela ngeenkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga nezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, kunye namanani-nkcazo aphuma kumazwe angaphandle. umthombo: http://www.customs.ru/en/ 2. Imephu yoRhwebo: Iphuhliswe liZiko loRhwebo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe (ITC), eli qonga libonelela ngeenkcukacha-manani zorhwebo olubanzi kunye nolwazi lokufikelela kwimarike eRashiya. umthombo: https://www.trademap.org/ 3. I-World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS): I-WITS ibonelela ngofikelelo koovimba beenkcukacha ezahlukeneyo kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, kubandakanywa nedatha evela kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo nakwiBhanki yeHlabathi. Abasebenzisi banokukhangela idatha yorhwebo lwaseRussia apha. umthombo: https://wits.worldbank.org/ 4. I-UN Comtrade Database: Lo vimba wedatha, ogcinwe liCandelo leeNkcukacha zeZizwe eziManyeneyo, ubonelela ngokufikelela simahla kwidatha eneenkcukacha yorhwebo yorhwebo echazwe ngamazwe angaphezu kwama-200 kuquka neRashiya. umthombo: https://comtrade.un.org/ 5. I-Global Trade Tracker (GTT): I-GTT yenza ukuba abasebenzisi bafikelele kwidatha yokuthumela ngaphandle-ngaphandle kwehlabathi kubandakanywa neRashiya kunye nokwenza uhlalutyo oluqhelekileyo usebenzisa iiparameters ezahlukeneyo. umthombo: http://www.globaltradetracker.com/ 6. I-Export.gov i-Russian Country Commercial Guide: Nangona ingeyiyo i-portal yedatha yorhwebo ezinikeleyo, esi sikhokelo sipapashwe liSebe lezoRhwebo lase-U.S sinika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga nemeko-bume yorhwebo yaseRashiya kwaye siquka iinkcukacha-manani ezifanelekileyo zorhwebo. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: https://www.export.gov/russia Ezi webhusayithi kufuneka zikubonelele ngobutyebi bolwazi olunxulumene nezinto zorhwebo zaseRashiya ezifana nokungenisa elizweni, ukuthumela ngaphandle, amaxabiso, iintsingiselo zemarike, nokunye. Nceda uqaphele ukuba kusoloko kucetyiswa ukuba kuqinisekiswe kunye nolwazi olunqamlezayo oluvela kwimithombo emininzi xa uxhomekeke kwizibalo zorhwebo zophando okanye iinjongo zoshishino.

amaqonga B2b

ERashiya, zininzi iiplatifti zeB2B ezaziwayo ezinokusetyenziswa ngamashishini. Nazi ezimbalwa zazo: 1. I-Alibaba yaseRashiya - Eli qonga liyi-subsidiary ye-Alibaba Group kwaye libonelela ngeenkonzo zorhwebo phakathi kwabarhwebi behlabathi kunye namashishini aseRashiya. umthombo: alibaba.ru 2. Yenziwe eRashiya - Eli qonga linikezelwe ekukhuthazeni nasekuthengisweni kwempahla eyenziwe eRashiya kwaye inceda abathengi basekhaya nabangaphandle ukuba bafumane ababoneleli abafanelekileyo. umthombo: www.madeinrussia.com 3. I-EC21 yaseRashiya - i-EC21 yenye yezona ndawo zentengiso ze-elektroniki ze-B2B ezinkulu e-Asia, nazo zinobukho eRashiya, kwaye zibonelela ngeqonga lokurhweba kunye nentsebenziswano ngokukodwa kwimarike yaseRashiya. Indawo yewebhu: ru.ec21.com 4. I-TradeWheel Russia - Eli qonga lehlabathi lokurhweba nge-intanethi linenani elikhulu labarhwebi abavela kumashishini ahlukeneyo nakwiindawo ezibhalisiweyo kwaye libonelela ngejelo elithe ngqo lokudibanisa nokwenza imisebenzi yorhwebo. umthombo: www.tradewheel.ru 5. I-Forum ye-Export-Forum yaseRashiya - Le ngqungquthela yenzelwe ukunceda abathumeli bangaphandle baxhumane nabathengi abanakho kwaye banike iingcebiso, izibonelelo kunye nolwazi lokukhuthaza urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Iwebhusayithi: export-forum.ru Nceda uqaphele ukuba iisayithi ezidweliswe ngasentla zimele kuphela inani elincinci lamaqonga e-B2B awaziwayo, kwaye ezinye iisayithi zinokufuna ukukhangela ulwazi oluchanekileyo.
//