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Limmaraka tse ka Sehloohong
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Kakaretso ea Naha
Russia, e tsejoang ka molao e le Russia Federation, ke naha e kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng ka sebaka sa naha. E fumaneha Europe Bochabela le Asia Leboea, e boholo ba lisekoere-k'hilomithara tse fetang limilione tse 17. Naha e arolelana meeli le linaha tse fapaneng tsa boahelani tse kang China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Ukraine le Finland. Russia e na le baahi ba ka bang limilione tse 146. Moscow ke motse-moholo le toropo e kholo ka ho fetisisa mabapi le baahi. Litoropo tse ling tse kholo li kenyelletsa Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk le Yekaterinburg. Puo ea molao e buuoang ke Serussia. Sebaka sa Russia se fapane ka mokhoa o makatsang, se kenyelletsa lithota tse kholo, mekoloko ea lithaba (joalo ka Lithaba tsa Ural) le lihlabeng tse haufi le linōka tse ngata (ho kenyeletsoa noka e telele ka ho fetisisa Europe - Volga) le matša (ho kenyeletsoa Letša la Baikal - letša le tebileng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng). E boetse e na le lebopo le pharalletseng haufi le Leoatle la Arctic le maoatle a 'maloa ho kenyeletsoa Leoatle la Baltic. Histori e tsebahala ka mebuso ea eona - Tsardom of Russia e lateloang ke Soviet Union - Russia e na le lefa le ruileng la setso le akarelletsang lingoliloeng (tse nang le bangoli ba tummeng ba kang Tolstoy), 'mino oa classic (o nang le baqapi ba kang Tchaikovsky) le motjeko oa ballet (lik'hamphani tse tummeng tsa ballet tse kang Bolshoi Theater. ). Ha re bua ka moruo, Russia e na le lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa tlhaho tse kenyelletsang oli, khase ea tlhaho, mashala le litšepe tse fapa-fapaneng tse etsang hore e be e 'ngoe ea lihlahisoa tse hlahelletseng lefatšeng ka bophara mafapheng ana. Ho feta moo, liindasteri tse kang thekenoloji ea boenjiniere ba lifofane li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa moruong oa tsona. Leha ho le joalo, Russia e boetse e tobane le liqholotso tse itseng ntlafatsong ea eona ho kenyelletsa likhohlano tsa lipolotiki le linaha tse ling tsa boahelani, tlhokeho ea phapang ea moruo ntle le ho ntšoa ha lisebelisoa, le matšoenyeho mabapi le litaba tsa litokelo tsa botho. Ka kakaretso, motsoako o ikhethileng oa Russia oa jeokrafi, setso le nalane e etsa hore e be naha e hapang maikutlo e le kannete e nang le tšusumetso e kholo ea lefats'e ho sa tsotellehe liphetoho tse tsoelang pele ho pholletsa le nako.
Chelete ea Naha
Russia ke naha e fumanehang Eurasia 'me e haola le Europe Bochabela le Asia Leboea. Chelete ea molao ea Russia ke Ruble ea Russia (RUB), e tšoantšetsoang ke ₽. Ruble e arotsoe ka li-kopeks tse 100, le hoja tsena li sa sebelisoe hangata litšebelisanong tsa letsatsi le letsatsi. Banka e bohareng ea Russia, e tsejoang e le Banka ea Russia, e laola leano la lichelete le ho laola ho tsamaisoa ha li-ruble naheng. Ruble e bile le liphetoho tse kholo ho tloha ha e qala ka 1704. Ho pholletsa le histori, e bile le linako tse phahameng tsa theko ea lichelete le ho theoha ka lebaka la ho theoha ha moruo le liketsahalo tsa geopolitical. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, chelete ea Russia e tobane le mathata a mangata ka lebaka la mabaka a fapaneng a kang likotlo tsa machaba tse behiloeng ke linaha tsa Bophirimela ka lebaka la likhohlano tsa lipolotiki. Sena se ile sa lebisa ho theoheng ha boleng ba ruble khahlanong le lichelete tse kholo tsa machaba tse kang dolara ea Amerika le euro. E le ho tsitsisa chelete ea eona, Russia e ile ea kenya ts'ebetsong mehato e kang ho nyolla sekhahla sa tsoala, ho fokotsa litšebelisano tsa lichelete tsa kantle ho naha, le ho kenya tšebetsong liphetoho tsa lichelete. Liketso tsena li ne li reretsoe ho ntlafatsa tšepo ea batseteli moruong oa Russia ha ho ntse ho fokotsa likhatello tsa theko ea lichelete. Ho sa tsotellehe ho tobana le maemo a sa tsitsang a moruo ka linako tse ling, ho kenyelletsa le ho feto-fetoha ha maemo ka lebaka la ho feto-fetoha ha litheko tsa oli (kaha thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha e na le karolo e kholo moruong oa Russia), ho entsoe boiteko ba ho matlafatsa botsitso ba chelete ea eona ka maano a mefuta-futa. Ka kakaretso, joalo ka chelete e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lefats'e, liphetoho tsa maano a lichelete tsa lehae hammoho le lintlha tse pharaletseng tsa moruo li ama boleng ba ruble ea Russia ha e bapisoa le lichelete tse ling mebarakeng ea phapanyetsano ea lefatše.
Sekhahla sa phapanyetsano
Chelete ea molao ea Russia ke ruble ea Russia (RUB). Ha e le litefiso tsa phapanyetsano ka lichelete tsa lefats'e tse kholo, likhakanyo tse lekantsoeng ke tsena (ho tloha ka Phato 2022): 1 USD (Dolara ea United States) = 86,5 RUB 1 EUR (Euro) = 101,4 RUB 1 GBP (Ponto ea Brithani) = 116.0 RUB 1 CNY (Yuan ea Chaena) = 13,3 RUB Ka kopo elelloa hore litefiso tsa phapanyetsano li ka fapana, 'me ho khothaletsoa hore u buisane le mohloli o tšepahalang kapa setsi sa lichelete bakeng sa litefiso tsa morao-rao pele u etsa thekiso.
Matsatsi a Phomolo a Bohlokwa
Russia e na le matsatsi a 'maloa a phomolo a bohlokoa a ketekoang selemo ho pota. E 'ngoe ea matsatsi a phomolo a bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa Russia ke Letsatsi la Selemo se Secha, le ketekoang ka la 1 January. Ke ketsahalo e thabisang e tšoauoang ka litima-mollo, mekete, le ho fapanyetsana limpho. Mekete e qala ka Bosiu ba Selemo se Secha ka batho ba bokaneng ho tla shebella puo ea Mopresidente le ho thabela moea oa mokete. Har'a mp'a bosiu, ho na le lipontšo tse tsotehang tsa li-firework ho pholletsa le naha. Matsatsi a mang a phomolo a bohlokoa Russia ke Letsatsi la Machaba la Basali, le ketekoang ka la 8 Hlakubele selemo se seng le se seng. Letsatsi lena le keteka likatleho le litlatsetso tsa basali sechabeng. Hangata banna ba fana ka lipalesa le limpho tse nyenyane ho baratuoa ba bona ba basali e le pontšo ea kananelo. La 9 Motšeanong ke Letsatsi la Tlholo kapa Letsatsi la Tlholo ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, e leng sehopotso sa tlhōlo ea Jeremane ea Bonazi Ntoeng ea II ea Lefatše. Ke le leng la matsatsi a phomolo a bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa Russia a tletseng mekoloko, litima-mollo, likonsarete le mekete e hlomphehang e lefang bahlabani ba ntoa. Russia e boetse e keteka matsatsi a 'maloa a phomolo a bolumeli joalo ka Paseka le Keresemese ho latela meetlo ea Bokreste ba Orthodox. Easter e oela ka matsatsi a fapaneng selemo se seng le se seng empa hangata e etsahala pakeng tsa ho elella bofelong ba April le mathoasong a May. Batho ba ea litšebeletsong tsa kereke, ba fapanyetsana mahe a khabisitsoeng ka bokhabane a tsejoang e le "pysanka," 'me ba thabela lijo tsa mekete le ba lelapa. Qetellong, Letsatsi la Bonngoe le etsahala ka November 4th selemo se seng le se seng ho ikhopotsa ho lokolloa ha Moscow ho tloha mosebetsing oa Poland ka 1612. E tšoantšetsa bonngoe ba Serussia le mefuta-futa ka liketsahalo tse sa tšoaneng tsa setso tse kang likonsarete, lipontšo tse bontšang mesebetsi ea matsoho ea setso, lipontšo tsa histori har'a tse ling. Mekete ena ea bohlokoa e totobatsa setso sa Serussia ka litumelo tsa bolumeli kapa liketsahalo tsa nalane tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa boitsebahatso ba naha ea Marussia.
Boemo ba Khoebo ea Kantle ho Naha
Russia ke naha e kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng, ho pholletsa le Europe le Asia, e nang le nalane e ruileng le moruo o fapaneng. Mabapi le khoebo, Russia e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa lefatšeng ka bophara. Russia e tsebahala ka matlotlo a eona a mangata a tlhaho, a akarelletsang oli, khase, liminerale le tšepe. Sena se etsa hore e be sebapali sa bohlokoa limmarakeng tsa lihlahisoa tsa lefats'e. Naha ena ke e 'ngoe ea linaha tse rekisang oli le khase ka holimo lefatšeng. Ho romelloa ka ntle ho matla ho kenya letsoho haholo ho leka-lekana ha khoebo ea Russia. Ntle le lihlahisoa tsa matla, Russia e boetse e romela lihlahisoa tse fapaneng tse kang tšepe (tse kang tšepe le aluminium), lik'hemik'hale, mechine le lisebelisoa, likoloi, lihlahisoa tsa temo (ho kenyeletsoa koro), masela le matsoho. Leha ho le joalo, ho bile le tsepamiso e matla ea ho fapanyetsana moruo oa eona ho fokotsa ho itšetleha ka lekeno la oli. Russia e ntse e tsoela pele ho nts'etsapele likamano tsa khoebo tsa linaha tse peli le linaha tse ngata lefatšeng ka bophara. Balekane ba eona ba ka sehloohong ba khoebo ba kenyelletsa China (eo e bileng molekane oa eona e moholo ka ho fetisisa lilemong tsa morao tjena), Jeremane, Netherlands, Italy, Turkey, Belarus le Kazakhstan. Le hoja Russia e romela thepa e ngata lefatšeng ka bophara, e boetse e reka thepa e sa tšoaneng e kang mechine, lisebelisoa, thepa ea ka tlung, liaparo le likoloi. Leha ho le joalo, likamano tsa khoebo tsa linaha tse peli pakeng tsa Russia le linaha tsa Bophirimela li angoa ke likhohlano tsa lipolotiki. Karabelong ea likotlo tsa moruo tse behiloeng ke linaha tsa Bophirimela, Russia e ile ea fetohela libakeng tse ling tse kang Asia, Latin America le Afrika ho matlafatsa mebaraka ea eona ea kantle ho naha. ho matlafatsa botsitso ba moruo ba nako e telele ho ipakile ho le molemo bakeng sa moruo oa Russia.Ho ke ho hlokomeloe hore khoebo ea machaba e ka fetoha ka lebaka la maemo a lipolotiki kapa maemo a moruo a lefats'e. Ka kakaretso, Russia e ntse e tsoela pele ho ba le boemo ba bohlokoa khoebong ea machaba, ka lebaka la mehloli ea eona e mengata ea tlhaho. Mmuso oa naha o ikemiselitse ho ntlafatsa moruo oa bona, ho theha menyetla ea kholo e tsitsitseng ka tlhōlisano e eketsehileng, GDPutinova.
Monyetla oa Nts'etsopele ea Maraka
Russia e na le monyetla o moholo oa ho nts'etsapele mmaraka oa eona oa khoebo kantle ho naha. E le naha e kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng, Russia e na le mehloli e mengata ea tlhaho e kang oli, khase ea tlhaho, liminerale le lehong. Sena se fana ka motheo o tiileng bakeng sa indasteri ea eona ea kantle ho naha. E 'ngoe ea matla a bohlokoa a Russia ke lekala la eona la matla. Ke mohlahisi oa bobeli ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng oa oli le khase ea tlhaho, e leng se etsang hore e be setho sa bohlokoa limmarakeng tsa lefatše tsa matla. Ka tlhokahalo e ntseng e eketseha ea matla lefatšeng ka bophara, Russia e na le monyetla oa ho holisa bokhoni ba eona ba kantle ho naha le ho hohela matsete a kantle ho naha. Ho feta moo, Russia e na le setsi se matla sa tlhahiso se kenyelletsang liindasteri tse kang sefofane, likoloi, mechini le lik'hemik'hale. Makala ana a na le monyetla oa ho fana ka lihlahisoa tsa boleng bo holimo mebarakeng ea lefatše. Ho feta moo, sebaka sa Russia se etsa hore e be setsi sa bohlokoa sa lipalangoang lipakeng tsa Europe le Asia. Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), e kenyeletsang linaha tse kang Belarus le Kazakhstan har'a tse ling, e fana ka maemo a khoebo a khethehileng ka hare ho sebaka sena. Sena se fana ka menyetla ea hore likhoebo tsa Russia li kenelle mebarakeng ena. Ho feta moo, matsapa a morao-rao a 'muso a reretsoeng ho tsoakoa moruong a bontšitse litholoana tse ntle. Lenaneo la "Made in Russia" le khothaletsa tlhahiso ea lehae ka ho fana ka tšehetso ho likhoebo tsa lehae tse atolohang mose ho maoatle. Leano lena le kgothaletsa tshebedisano-mmoho ya matjhaba ka dikgwebo tse kopanetsweng kapa dilekane tse ka thusang ho matlafatsa thomelontle. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le liphephetso tse lokelang ho rarolloa pele ho ka phethahala ka botlalo bokhoni ba khoebo ea Russia. Ho ntlafatsa khokahanyo ea meralo ea motheo ka hare ho naha ho tla thusa ho tsamaisa thepa ka makhalo a malelele. Ho matlafatsa ponaletso le ho fokotsa tsamaiso ea tsamaiso ea tsamaiso ea khoebo ho ka hohela bo-ramatsete ba tsoang kantle ho naha. Qetellong, ka lebaka la lisebelisoa tsa eona tse ngata, indasteri e fapaneng ea tlhahiso, sebaka sa maano, mehato e matla ea mmuso, le boiteko bo tsoelang pele ba ho ntlafatsa meaho, ho hlakile hore Russia e na le monyetla o moholo oa ho nts'etsapele mmaraka oa eona oa khoebo kantle ho naha. Ka lintlafatso tse nepahetseng le maano a bonolo a khoebo, Russia e ka hohela balekane ba bangata ba machabeng ho kenya letsoho molemong oa kholo ea moruo ka ho eketseha ha thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha.
Lihlahisoa tse rekisoang tse chesang 'marakeng
Ha ho tluoa tabeng ea ho khetha tse rekisoang ka ho fetisisa 'marakeng bakeng sa khoebo ea kantle ho naha Russia, ho na le lintlha tse' maloa tsa bohlokoa tse lokelang ho nahanoa. Ka palo ea baahi ba fetang limilione tse 144, Russia e hlahisa 'maraka o moholo o nang le likhetho le litlhoko tse fapaneng tsa bareki. Malebela ke ana a ho khetha lihlahisoa tse nepahetseng bakeng sa thomello e ntle ka katleho: 1. Batlisisa mekhoa ea bareki: Qala ka ho etsa lipatlisiso tse felletseng tsa 'maraka mabapi le likhetho tsa bareki ba Russia le mekhoa ea bona ea ho reka. Hlalosa mekhahlelo ea lihlahisoa tse tsebahalang, mekhoa e hlahang, le mekhoa ea bophelo e ka tataisang mokhoa oa hau oa khetho. 2. Nahana ka melao ea sebaka sa heno: Itloaetse melao ea Russia ea ho reka thepa kantle ho naha, ho kenyeletsoa le maemo a sehlahisoa, mangolo a netefatso, litlhoko tsa ho ngola, le litefiso tsa ho reka kantle ho naha. Ho latela melaoana ena ho bohlokoa ho netefatsa ho kena hamonate 'marakeng oa Russia. 3. Tsepamisa maikutlo ho boleng: Bareki ba Russia ba ananela lihlahisoa tsa boleng tse fanang ka nako e telele le ho tšepahala ka theko e utloahalang. Netefatsa hore lihlahisoa tseo u li khethang li kopana le maemo a boleng bo holimo kaha sena se tla phahamisa botumo ba mofuta oa hau har'a bareki. 4. Ikamahanya le litlhoko tsa sebaka sa heno: Utloisisa litlhoko tse ikhethang tsa bareki ba Marussia 'me u lokise khetho ea hau ea sehlahisoa ka nepo. Nahana ka lintlha tse kang maemo a leholimo (mohlala, liaparo tse futhumetseng libakeng tse batang), khetho ea setso (mohlala, mesebetsi ea matsoho kapa lijo), kapa litlhoko tse khethehileng (mohlala, li-eco-friendly kapa lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho). 5. Ntlafatsa sethala sa khoebo ea e-commerce: Indasteri ea e-commerce e bone kholo e kholo Russia lilemong tsa morao tjena; ka hona, nahana ka ho sebelisana le liforomo tse tsebahalang tsa marang-rang tse kang Yandex.Market kapa AliExpress Russia ho fihlela setsi se pharaletseng sa bareki. 6.Matsatsi a phomolo a Russia: Sebelisa monyetla oa linako tse kholo tsa ho reka tse kang Bosiu Bosiu ba Selemo se Secha (La 31 Tšitoe) le Letsatsi la Machaba la Basali (la 8 Hlakubele). Matsatsi ana a phomolo a hlahisa chelete e ngata ea bareki 'me a hlahisa menyetla ea ho eketseha ha thekiso. 7.Tšebeletso e tsoileng matsoho ea bareki: Netefatsa tšebeletso e ntle ea bareki nakong eohle ea ts'ebetso ea hau ea khoebo naheng ea Russia - ho tloha ho tšehetso ea pele ho thekiso ho isa tlhokomelong ea ka mor'a thekiso - kaha sena se tla matlafatsa botšepehi ba bareki ha u ntse u theha mantsoe a monate ka har'a 'maraka. Hopola hore katleho 'marakeng ofe kapa ofe oa kantle ho naha e hloka motsoako oa lipatlisiso tse matla, ho ikamahanya le maemo, le boitlamo ho fihlela litlhoko tsa bareki. Ka ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho utloisisa 'maraka oa Russia le ho hlophisa khetho ea sehlahisoa sa hau ka nepo, u ka eketsa menyetla ea hau ea ho fumana katleho tšimong e ntle ea khoebo ea kantle ho naha Russia.
Litšobotsi tsa bareki le tabo
Litšobotsi tsa bareki naheng ea Russia: 1. E itšetlehileng ka likamano: bareki ba Russia ba ananela likamano tsa botho le tšepo ha ba etsa khoebo. Ho theha likamano tse matla le bareki ke habohlokoa bakeng sa katleho ea nako e telele. 2. Sebopeho: Marussia a beha bohlokoa ba ho ba le maemo, haholo nakong ea lipuisano tsa pele. Ke tloaelo ho bua le bareki ka sehlooho le sefane sa bona, ntle le haeba ho laetsoe ka tsela e 'ngoe. 3. Tlhokomeliso ea nako: Ho boloka nako ke ntho ea bohlokoa moetlong oa khoebo oa Russia, ’me tieho kapa ho lieha ho ka ’na ha talingoa hampe ke bareki. Ho eletsoa ho fihla ka nako bakeng sa liboka le ho latela linako tse behiloeng. 4. Mokhoa oa puisano: Marussia a ananela puisano e tobileng ntle le ho otla ho pota-pota. Ba khetha ho otloloha le botšepehi lipuisanong kapa lipuisanong. 5. Kamano bakeng sa lintlha: Ho ela hloko lintlha tse ngata ho phetha karolo ea bohlokoa likhethong tsa bareki ba Russia kaha ba tloaetse ho sekaseka likarolo tsohle tsa tumellano pele ba etsa qeto. 6. Boikutlo ba theko: Le hoja boleng bo le bohlokoa, theko ke ntho ea bohlokoa ho bareki ba bangata ba Russia ka lebaka la ho nahana ka moruo. Litabo tsa bareki naheng ea Russia: 1. Qoba ho buisana ka litaba tsa lipolotiki kapa tse tsosang khang ntle le haeba moreki a li buile ka ho hlaka. 2. Qoba ho bua lipuo tse nyelisang ka Russia kapa setso sa eona, kaha li ka khopisa bareki. 3. U se ke ua halala bohlokoa ba likamano tsa botho; ho hlokomoloha boiteko ba ho aha likamano ho ka sitisa menyetla ea khoebo le bareki ba Russia. 4. Limpho lia ananeloa empa li lokela ho fanoa ka tsela e nepahetseng; qoba limpho tse fetelletseng tse ka nkoang e le tjotjo kapa ho rekisa ka tšusumetso kaha litaba tsa bobolu li teng likarolong tse ling tsa sechaba sa Russia. 5. E-ba hlokolosi mabapi le ho etsa litšepiso tse ke keng tsa phethahala hang-hang kapa ka nepo kaha ho tšepana ke ntho e ka sehloohong har'a bareki ba Russia. Tlhokomeliso: Litšobotsi tsena tsa bareki le li-taboos ke kakaretso e ipapisitseng le litloaelo tsa setso empa e kanna ea se sebetse ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho motho e mong le e mong oa Russia ka lebaka la liphapang tsa libaka le phapang ea batho ka bomong.
Sistimi ea tsamaiso ea litloaelo
Tsamaiso ea tsamaiso ea meetlo ea Russia ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea naha ea ho laola meeli le mehato ea tšireletso. Mona ke lintlha tsa bohlokoa tseo u lokelang ho li utloisisa mabapi le melao le mekhoa ea meetlo ea Russia. Ntlha ea pele, baeti bohle ba kenang kapa ba tsoang Russia ba tlameha ho phatlalatsa lintho leha e le life tsa bohlokoa tse fetang moeli o itseng. Sena se akarelletsa chelete, mabenyane, lisebelisoa tsa elektronike, kapa lintho leha e le life tsa bohlokoa. Ho hlōleha ho etsa liphatlalatso tse nepahetseng ho ka fella ka kotlo le ho nkoa ka mahahapa ha thepa e sa boleloang. Ho feta moo, thepa e itseng e thibetsoe kapa e thibetsoe ho romelloa kantle ho naha kapa ho romelloa ho tsoa Russia. Tsena li kenyelletsa lithethefatsi, libetsa, mefuta e itseng ea lihlahisoa tsa lijo, le litloaelo tsa setso. Ke habohlokoa hore baeti ba hlahlobe lethathamo la lintho tse thibetsoeng pele ba kena kapa ba tsoa naheng eo. Ha u etela Russia ka meriana ea ngaka, ho eletsoa hore u nke lengolo le ngotsoeng le tsoang ho ngaka e le bopaki ba ho nepahala bakeng sa tšebeliso ea botho. Ha ba fihla boema-fofane ba Russia kapa meeling ea naha, bapalami ba tla feta ka taolo ea li-passport le tlhahlobo ea meetlo. Basebeletsi ba lekhetho ba ka etsa tlhahlobo e sa reroang ea thoto le thepa ea bona bakeng sa thepa ea kantle ho naha. Ho bohlokoa ho sebelisana le ba boholong haeba ba khethiloe bakeng sa tlhahlobo e eketsehileng. Baeti ba lokela ho etsa bonnete ba hore ba tlatsitse lipampiri tse hlokahalang tse kang liforomo tsa bojaki le liforomo tsa boitlamo ba tloaelo ka nepo le ka bots’epehi pele ba fihla Russia. Mefuta ena e fapana ho latela maemo a motho ka mong joalo ka sepheo le nako ea ho lula. Ho bohlokoa hape hore baeti ba tlohang Russia ba se ke ba feta litumello tsa mahala tse behiloeng ke melaoana ea meetlo ea Russia mabapi le theko e entsoeng ka har'a naha. Qetellong, ho tsamaea ka litloaelo tsa Serussia ho hloka ho latela melao e mabapi le menyako ea phatlalatso ea chelete, lithibelo tsa lintho tse thibetsoeng, ho tlatsa litokomane tse hlokahalang ka nepo esale pele ha ho ntse ho lokisetsoa tlhahlobo e ka bang teng ha u fihla / ho tloha boema-fofane kapa meeling ea naha.
Melao ea lekhetho e tsoang kantle ho naha
Russia e kentse tšebetsong leano la lekhetho la thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha ho sireletsa liindasteri tsa eona tsa lehae le ho susumetsa tlhahiso ea lehae. Naha e qobella lekhetho la thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha ho lihlahisoa tse fapaneng, tse fapaneng ho latela mofuta le boleng ba thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha. Thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha naheng ea Russia e tla lefisoa lekhetho la lekhetho, VAT (Lekhetho le Ekelitsoeng la Boleng), le lekhetho la thepa. Litefiso tsa lekhetho li lefisoa ho ipapisitsoe le boleng ba meetlo ea sehlahisoa hammoho le ho hlophisoa ha tsona ho latela Sehlopha sa Russia sa Mesebetsi ea Moruo oa Kantle ho Naha (TN VED). Litefiso tsena li ka tloha ho 0% ho isa ho makholo a 'maloa lekholong, le hoja lintho tse ngata li na le litefiso tsa lekhetho pakeng tsa 5% le 30%. Sena se thusa ho laola thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha ka ho etsa hore lihlahisoa tsa kantle li be theko e phahameng haholo ha li bapisoa le tse hlahisoang ka har'a naha. Ntle le litefiso tsa lekhetho, lihlahisoa tse tsoang kantle ho naha le tsona li tlas'a sekhahla se tloaelehileng sa VAT sa 20%. Leha ho le joalo, thepa e itseng ea bohlokoa joalo ka lijo, lisebelisoa tsa temo, meriana, libuka tsa thuto, joalo-joalo, li ka 'na tsa lefisoa ke sekhahla sa VAT se theotsoeng kapa sa lefela. Ho feta moo, lekhetho la thepa le ka lebisoa mekhahlelong e itseng ea thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha joalo ka joala le lihlahisoa tsa koae. Makhetho ana a ikemiseditse ho thibela tshebediso e feteletseng ha a ntse a hlahisetsa mmuso lekeno. Ho bohlokoa hore barekisi ba tsoang kantle ho naha ba Russia ba ikamahanye le melaoana eohle e amehang mabapi le ho hlophisoa ha likhoutu tsa litefiso le litlhoko tsa litokomane. Ho se ikobele melao ho ka baka tieho ea tumello ea lekhetho kapa esita le likotlo. Ka kakaretso, maano a Russia a lekhetho la thepa e tsoang kantle a ikemiselitse ho sireletsa liindasteri tsa lehae ka ho etsa hore lihlahisoa tsa kantle ho naha li theko e phahameng haholo ha li ntse li kenya chelete ka litefiso le makhetho. Mehato ena e khothaletsa tlhahiso ea lehae le ho tšehetsa kholo ea moruo oa naha.
Melao ea lekhetho ea kantle ho naha
Russia ke naha e kholo e nang le moruo o fapaneng, 'me leano la eona la lekhetho la kantle ho naha le phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho theheng likamano tsa eona tsa khoebo ea machaba. 'Muso oa Russia o lefisa lekhetho la thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha bakeng sa ho laola limmaraka tsa lehae, ho khothaletsa liindasteri tsa lehae le ho kenya chelete bakeng sa mmuso. Lekhetho la ho romelloa kantle ho naha naheng ea Russia le shebana haholo le lihlahisoa tse kang oli, khase, tšepe le lihlahisoa tsa temo. Lisebelisoa tsena li bohlokoa moruong oa Russia mme hangata li emela karolo e kholo ea lekeno la eona la kantle ho naha. Mmuso o hlahisa le ho lokisa makgetho ana nako le nako ho leka-lekanya dikgahleho tsa moruo le tlhokeho ya ho tshehetsa mmaraka wa lehae. Litefiso tsa lekhetho tse behelloang thepa kantle ho naha li fapana ho latela sehlahisoa se itseng. Mohlala, thomello ea oli kantle ho naha e tlas'a tefiso ea thomello ea thepa kantle ho naha e feto-fetohang ho latela litheko tsa oli tsa lefats'e. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, khase ea tlhaho e na le sekhahla sa lekhetho se batlang phaello le tlholisano limmarakeng tsa machabeng. Litšepe tse kang tšepe ea tšepe, aluminium, koporo, nickel le tsona li tobana le lekhetho la kantle ho naha. Litefiso tsena li netefatsa hore thepa e hlahisoang ka har'a Russia e kena lits'ebetsong tsa tlhahiso ea lehae ka litheko tse ntle ha e ntse e khothaletsa mesebetsi ea boleng bo holimo ka hare ho naha. Lihlahisoa tsa temo ke karolo e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa e lefisoang lekhetho la kantle ho naha naheng ea Russia. Makhetho a ka fapana ho latela lintlha tse kang ho ameha ka polokeho ea lijo kapa boiteko ba ho khothaletsa kholo ea indasteri ea temo ka ho fokotsa tlholisano ea kantle ho naha. Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore le hoja makhetho ana a ka hlahisa chelete e ngata bakeng sa 'muso oa Russia, a ka boela a ama litheko tsa thepa ea lefats'e le mekhoa ea khoebo le linaha tse ling tse itšetlehileng ka mehloli ea Russia. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, ho 'nile ha e-ba le lipuisano tse tsoelang pele mabapi le liphetoho tse ka bang teng ho melaoana ea lekhetho la thepa ea kantle ho naha ea Russia e le karolo ea matsapa a phapano a phapano ea moruo kapa ho arabela mabaka a lipolotiki a susumetsang phallo ea khoebo ea lefats'e. Ho eletsoa hore likhoebo tse kenang khoebong ea machaba le Russia li lule li nchafalitsoe ka liphetoho leha e le life kapa liphetoho melaong ena ea lekhetho e le hore li rale ka nepo maano a tsona a ho reka kantle ho naha.
Ho hlokahala litifikeiti bakeng sa ho romelloa kantle
Russia, joalo ka sebapali sa bohlokoa 'marakeng oa lefats'e, e na le mekhoa e fapaneng ea setifikeiti sa kantle ho naha ho netefatsa boleng le polokeho ea thepa ea eona e romelloang kantle ho naha. Ditifikeiti tsena di thusa ho aha tshepo hara barekisi ba kantle ho naha le ho tsamaisa kgwebo ya matjhaba. E 'ngoe ea litifikeiti tsa mantlha tsa kantle ho naha Russia ke setifikeiti sa GOST-R (Gosudarstvenny Standart). E tlamehile ho lihlahisoa tse ngata tse rometsoeng ho tsoa Russia mme e bonts'a ho latela litekanyetso tsa boleng ba Serussia. Setifikeiti sena se akaretsa likarolo tse fapaneng joalo ka mechini, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, lik'hemik'hale, ts'ebetso ea lijo le tse ling. Bakeng sa lihlahisoa tsa temo tse reretsoeng ho romelloa kantle ho naha, Setifikeiti sa Phytosanitary se bohlokoa. Setifikeiti sena se netefatsa hore dimela kapa dihlahiswa tsa dimela di hlahlobilwe mme ha di na disenyi kapa malwetse pele di romelwa matjhabeng. E netefatsa boikamahanyo le litekanyetso tsa machaba tsa phytosanitary tse behiloeng ke mekhatlo e kang International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). Ntle le litifikeiti tsena tse khethehileng tsa lekala, Russia e boetse e hloka hore barekisi ba kantle ho naha ba fumane Setifikeiti sa Tumellano (CoC) kapa Declaration of Conformity (DoC). CoC e bontša hore thepa e finyella melao e hlokahalang ea tekheniki kapa litekanyetso tsa naha tse thehiloeng ke Rosstandart (Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology). Ho sa le joalo, DoC e sebetsa e le bopaki ba hore thepa e latela melao e itseng empa ntle le ho hloka tlhahlobo ea laboratori. Setifikeiti se seng sa bohlokoa sa kantle ho naha Russia ke Setifikeiti sa ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management System. Leha e se tlamo bakeng sa likhoebo tsohle, boemo bona bo amoheloang machabeng bo bontša boitlamo ba k'hamphani ba ho hlahisa lihlahisoa tsa boleng bo holimo khafetsa. Ho bohlokoa hore barekisi ba kantle ho naha ba Russia ba ele hloko litlhoko tsa litifikeiti tsena pele ba kenella mesebetsing ea khoebo ea machabeng. Le hoja kakaretso ena e fana ka kakaretso ea mangolo a mang a tloaelehileng a ho romela thepa naheng ea Russia; mekhahlelo e itseng ea lihlahisoa e ka hloka litokomane tse eketsehileng ho latela tlhaho ea tsona le melaoana ea ho reka thepa ea naha eo ba eang ho eona. Ka kakaretso, ho fumana litifikeiti tse nepahetseng tsa kantle ho naha ho tiisetsa bareki lefatšeng ka bophara ka boitlamo ba Russia ba ho fana ka thepa ea boleng bo holimo ha e ntse e latela maemo a machabeng.
Lisebelisoa tse khothalelitsoeng
Russia, naha e kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng, e tsebahala ka libaka tsa eona tse kholo tsa naha le libaka tsa eona tsa nalane. Haeba o hloka lits'ebeletso tse tšepahalang tsa thepa Russia, mona ke litlhahiso tse ling tseo u ka li nahanang. 1. Poso ea Serussia: Ts'ebeletso ea poso ea naha ea Russia, Poso ea Russia e fana ka mefuta e mengata ea likhetho tsa ho romela thepa ka hare ho naha le linaheng tse ling. Ka marang-rang a makala ho pholletsa le naha, e fana ka tharollo e loketseng le e theko e tlaase bakeng sa ho romela mangolo, litokomane le liphutheloana tse nyenyane. 2. DHL: Joaloka e 'ngoe ea bafani ba ka sehloohong ba fanang ka thepa lefatšeng ka bophara, DHL e sebetsa haholo naheng ea Russia e fana ka lits'ebeletso tse tšepahalang tsa phano ea litaba. Ka boitseanape ba bona ba likepe tsa machaba le tšebelisano 'moho le bajari ba lehae, DHL e netefatsa phano e potlakileng le e sebetsang ho pholletsa le Russia. 3. Pony Express: K'hamphani e tsebahalang ea li-courier e sebetsanang ka ho khetheha le thomello ea lapeng ka har'a Russia. Pony Express e fana ka lits'ebeletso tsa ntlo le ntlo tse nang le likhetho tse ngata tsa delibari ho kenyelletsa thomello ea letsatsi le le leng kapa le hlahlamang ho latela ho potlaka ha thomello ea hau. 4. RZD Logistics: Bakeng sa ho tsamaisa thepa e ngata kapa thepa ea thepa ka hare ho Russia kapa linaheng tsa boahelani tse kang Chaena kapa Europe, RZD Logistics ke khetho e khothalletsoang. Ba fana ka litharollo tse felletseng tsa thepa ea literene tse nang le lits'ebeletso tse kopaneng tsa tumello ea thepa bakeng sa lipalangoang tse sebetsang hantle. 5. CDEK: Joaloka k'hamphani e kopanetsoeng ea thepa e sebetsang ho pholletsa le sebaka sa Eurasia ho kopanyelletsa le Russia, CDEK e fana ka mefuta e mengata ea litšebeletso tsa thepa tse kang litharollo tsa polokelo ea thepa, likhetho tsa ho qetela tsa ho fana ka thepa ho kenyeletsa phethahatso ea khoebo ea e-commerce le li-lock lockers. 6. AsstrA Associated Traffic AG: Haeba u hloka litharollo tse khethehileng tsa lipalangoang tse kang lipalangoang tsa thepa e ngata kapa ho tsamaisa thepa ea morero ka har'a Russia kapa ho feta meeli ea eona ho ea Europe kapa Asia, nahana ka ho hira litšebeletso tsa profeshenale tsa ho fetisa thepa tsa AsstrA Associated Traffic AG. 7. HeyHeyExpress (AKA Ruston): Sethala se tsebahalang sa Marang-rang se kopanyang batho ba hlokang ho romela liphutheloana le baeti ba nang le sebaka se eketsehileng sa thōtō se fumanehang nakong ea maeto a bona ho ea / ho tloha metseng e fapaneng ho pholletsa le Russia. Litlhahiso tsena li fana ka likhetho tse fapaneng ho latela litlhoko tsa hau tse ikhethileng ka har'a Russia. Kamehla nahana ka lintlha tse kang boholo le mofuta oa thomello ea hau, tekanyetso ea chelete, le kemiso ea nako ea ho fihla ha u khetha mofani oa thepa.
Mecha ea ntlafatso ea bareki

Lipontšo tsa bohlokoa tsa khoebo

Russia ke naha e nang le mekhoa e mengata ea bohlokoa ea ho reka thepa ea machaba le lipontšo tsa khoebo. Li-platform tsena li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho hoheleng bareki ba lefats'e le ho khothaletsa lihlahisoa le liindasteri tsa Russia 'marakeng oa machaba. Tse ling tsa tse hlokomelehang ke tsena: 1. Pontšo ea Khoebo ea Machaba ea Moscow: Pontšo ea Khoebo ea Machaba ea Moscow, eo hape e tsejoang ka hore ke YugAgro, ke e 'ngoe ea lipontšo tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa temo Russia. E na le likarolo tse ngata tse fapaneng tsa khoebo ea temo, ho kenyeletsoa mechini, lisebelisoa, tlhahiso ea liphoofolo, tlhahiso ea lijalo le phepelo ea lijo. Pontšo ena ea khoebo e fana ka monyetla o babatsehang bakeng sa bareki ba machaba ho hlahloba lihlahisoa tsa temo tsa Russia le ho theha maqhama. 2. Seboka sa Machaba sa Moruo sa St. Petersburg (SPIEF): Seboka sa Machaba sa Moruo sa St. Petersburg ke ketsahalo ea selemo le selemo e sebetsang e le sethala sa baetapele ba likhoebo ho tsoa lefats'eng lohle ho buisana ka litaba tsa bohlokoa tsa moruo tse tobaneng le Russia le linaha tse ling. E hohela basebeletsi ba mmuso ba maemo a hodimo, Bahlanka ba Phahameng ba dikhamphani tse kgolo, le baemedi ba tswang diindastering tse fapaneng ho kenyeletswa eneji, ditjhelete, thekenoloji, tlhahiso, jj., ho fana ka menyetla ya ho hokahana le ho fuputsa diporojeke tse ka bang teng tsa matsete. 3. Innoprom: Innoprom ke mokete oa khoebo oa indasteri o tšoaretsoeng Yekaterinburg o shebaneng le ho bonts'a mahlale a macha makaleng a fapaneng joalo ka kaho ea mochini, tharollo ea matla, liroboto joalo-joalo, Ho hohela baeti ba machabeng ba nang le thahasello ea boitsebelo ba Russia ho pholletsa le liindasteri tse fapaneng. 4. World Food Moscow: WorldFood Moscow ke e 'ngoe ea lipontšo tse ka sehloohong tsa indasteri ea lijo Russia moo bahlahisi ba naha ba hlahisang lihlahisoa tsa bona hammoho le lik'hamphani tsa machaba tse hlahisang lijo tse tsoang lefats'eng lohle tse emelang likarolo tsohle: korosari le lijo tse bobebe; confectionery; lebenkele la ho baka; tee & kofi; indasteri ea lino tse tahang joalo-joalo, Pontšo ena e sebetsa e le sethala sa bohlokoa bakeng sa lik'hamphani tsa malapeng ho hokahanya le bareki ba machaba ba thahasellang lihlahisoa tsa lijo tsa Serussia. 5. Li-Platform tsa E-commerce tsa Cross-Border: Russia e bone kholo e kholo ea li-platform tsa e-commerce tse tšelang meeli joalo ka AliExpress Russia (tšebelisano e kopaneng pakeng tsa Alibaba Group & Mail.ru Group), e nolofalletsang barekisi ba Machaena ho fihlella 'maraka oa Russia ka katleho. Sethala se seng se hlahelletseng sa ho tšela moeli se sebetsang Russia ke Wildberries, lebenkele la Marang-rang le thehiloeng Russia le fanang ka mefuta e mengata ea thepa e tsoang linaheng tse fapaneng. 6. Lenaneo la Phatlalatso ea kantle ho naha: E le karolo ea lenaneo la phetisetso ea kantle ho naha, Russia e ntse e eketsa tsepamiso ea eona tlhahisong ea lehae ho nka sebaka sa thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha haholo. Mmuso o kentse tshebetsong mehato e fapaneng ya ho tshehetsa bahlahisi ba lehae, ho kenyeletswa kgefutso ya lekgetho le dithuso. Mohato ona o theha menyetla ea hore lik'hamphani tsa machaba li sebelisane le bahlahisi kapa barekisi ba Russia. Ka kakaretso, Russia e fana ka litsela tse ngata tsa bohlokoa tsa ho reka thepa ea machaba le lipontšo tsa khoebo tse kang Moscow International Trade Fair (YugAgro), St. Petersburg International Economic Forum (SPIEF), Innoprom, Pontšo ea WorldFood Moscow joalo-joalo. hokahana le liindasteri tsa Russia ha li ntse li fana ka menyetla bakeng sa lik'hamphani tsa Russia ho holisa phihlello ea tsona 'marakeng oa lefatše.
Naheng ea Russia, ho na le lienjineri tse 'maloa tse tsebahalang tseo batho ba tloaetseng ho li sebelisa ho bala marang-rang le ho fumana lintlha. Lienjineri tsa ho batla tse sebelisoang haholo Russia li kenyelletsa: 1. Yandex - Yandex ke mochine o moholo ka ho fetisisa le o tummeng ka ho fetisisa oa ho batla Russia. E fana ka mefuta e mengata ea lits'ebeletso, ho kenyelletsa ho batla marang-rang, limmapa, litaba, litšoantšo, livideo le tse ling. Webosaete ea Yandex ke: www.yandex.ru. 2. Google - Le hoja Google e le setsi sa lipatlisiso sa lefats'e 'me se sebelisoa haholo lefatšeng ka bophara, se boetse se na le boteng ba bohlokoa 'marakeng oa Russia. Marussia a mangata a khetha ho sebelisa Google bakeng sa liphetho tsa eona tse nepahetseng tsa lipatlisiso le lits'ebeletso tse fapaneng joalo ka Gmail le YouTube. Sebaka sa marang-rang sa Google Russia ke: www.google.ru. 3. Mail.ru - Le hoja e tsejoa haholo e le mofani oa litšebeletso tsa imeile, Mail.ru e boetse e fana ka mochine oa eona oa ho batla o bitsoang Mail.ru Search (eo pele e neng e tsejoa e le Webalta). E fa basebelisi liphetho tse nepahetseng tsa patlo hammoho le lits'ebeletso tse ling joalo ka litaba le bolepi ba leholimo. U ka fumana Mail.ru Search ho: www.search.mail.ru. 4. Rambler - Rambler ke sebaka se seng se tsebahalang sa marang-rang sa Russia se nang le enjine ea sona ea ho batla e bitsoang Rambler Search (eo pele e neng e tsejoa e le Rambler Top 100). Ntle le ho fana ka ts'ebetso ea ho batla marang-rang, Rambler e boetse e fana ka lits'ebeletso tsa lengolo-tsoibila, lintlafatso tsa litaba, ts'ebeletso ea mmino e phallela, bolepi ba leholimo, joalo-joalo U ka etela Rambler Search ho: www.rambler.ru. 5. Bing - Le hoja e sa hlahella joaloka tse boletsoeng ka holimo tse tummeng har'a Marussia ka kakaretso, Bing e ntse e na le basebelisi ba bang ka har'a naha ka lebaka la indexing ea eona ea litaba tsa machaba hammoho le likarolo tsa lehae tse fanoang ke Microsoft ka ho khetheha bakeng sa basebelisi ba Russia ba bing. com/?cc=ru Tsena ke tse ling tsa lienjineri tsa ho batla tse sebelisoang haholo Russia ka liwebsaete tsa tsona tse boletsoeng ka holimo.

Maqephe a maholo a mosehla

Russia ke naha e kholo e nang le mefuta e fapaneng ea likhoebo le litšebeletso tse fumanehang bakeng sa baahi le baeti ba eona. Mona ke lethathamo la liwebsaete tse tsebahalang tsa maqephe a mosehla tse ka u thusang ho fumana leseli mabapi le lik'hamphani tse fapaneng tsa Russia: 1. Yandex: Enjene ea ho batla e sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa Russia, Yandex e fana ka lenane la khoebo le pharaletseng le tsejoang e le "Yandex.Pages." E fana ka lintlha tsa mabitso, liaterese le maikutlo a basebelisi bakeng sa likhoebo ho pholletsa le makala a fapaneng. Websaeteng: pages.yandex.ru 2. 2GIS: Ts'ebeletso e tsebahalang ea 'mapa naheng ea Russia, 2GIS e boetse e kenyelletsa bukana ea maqephe a mosehla e akaretsang litoropo tse ngata naheng ka bophara. U ka fumana leseli mabapi le likhoebo tsa lehae, ho kenyeletsoa lintlha tsa puisano, lihora tsa mosebetsi, le lintlha tsa basebelisi webosaeteng ea bona. Websaeteng: 2gis.ru 3. Yellow Pages Russia (YP.RU): Sebaka sena sa marang-rang se tsepamisitse maikutlo haholo ho hokahaneng ha basebelisi le lik'hamphani tsa lehae ho pholletsa le liindasteri tse fapaneng tse kang tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, kaho, litšebeletso tsa kamohelo ea baeti, joalo-joalo, ka buka ea maqephe a mosehla e pharaletseng. Websaeteng: yp.ru 4. Moscow InfoYellowPages: Joalokaha lebitso le bontša, sethala sena se nehetsoe ho fana ka tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le lik'hamphani tse thehiloeng Moscow ka ho khetheha. E fana ka polokelo ea boitsebiso e ka batlisisoang ea likhoebo tse arotsoeng ke indasteri hammoho le lintlha tsa bona tsa ho ikopanya le lintlha tse ling tse amehang. Webosaete: mosyello.com 5. RUweb Yellow Pages (Catalog.web100.com): Bukana ena ea Inthanete e na le lihlopha tse ngata tsa lik'hamphani tsa Russia tse hlophisitsoeng ka lihlopha le libaka ho nolofalletsa basebelisi ho fumana seo ba se batlang kapele. Ka kopo hlokomela hore le ha tsena e le liwebosaete tse sebelisoang hangata tsa maqephe a mosehla naheng ea Russia, ho kanna ha ba le tse ling tse fumanehang ho ipapisitse le sebaka sa hau kapa toropo e itseng ka har'a naha.

Li-platform tse kholo tsa khoebo

Russia ke naha e kholo e nang le 'maraka oa e-commerce o holang ka potlako. Mona ke tse ling tsa li-platform tsa e-commerce tse kholo Russia hammoho le liwebsaete tsa bona: 1. Li-wildberries (https://www.wildberries.ru/) - Li-Wildberries ke e 'ngoe ea li-platform tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa e-commerce Russia 'me e fana ka lihlahisoa tse ngata tse kenyelletsang liaparo, lisebelisoa tsa elektronike, lihlahisoa tsa botle, thepa ea lapeng, le tse ling. 2. Ozon (https://www.ozon.ru/) - Ozon ke sebaka se seng sa marang-rang se tummeng sa Maraka sa Russia se rekisang lihlahisoa tse sa tšoaneng tse kang libuka, lisebelisoa tsa elektronike, thepa ea ntlo, lisebelisoa tsa feshene, le tse ling. 3. AliExpress Russia (https://aliexpress.ru/) - AliExpress e fumane botumo bo bongata Russia ka lebaka la khetho e kholo ea lihlahisoa tse theko e tlaase tse tsoang ho barekisi ba Machaena. 4. Yandex.Market (https://market.yandex.ru/) - Yandex.Market ke maraka a marang-rang a nang le seqhenqha sa Serussia sa Yandex. E na le barekisi ba bangata ba fanang ka mekhahlelo e fapaneng joalo ka lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, lisebelisoa, thepa ea lapeng le tse ling. 5. Lamoda (https://www.lamoda.ru/) - Lamoda e sebetsa ka ho khetheha ho fana ka lintho tsa feshene ho kenyeletsa liaparo tsa banna le basali, lieta, lisebelisoa tse tsoang lihlahisoa tsa lehae le tsa machaba. 6. Beru ka Yandex (https://beru.ru/) - Beru ke 'maraka oa marang-rang oa Yandex o shebaneng le ho rekisa lihlahisoa ho tsoa ho barekisi ba tšepahalang ba Marussia ho pholletsa le mekhahlelo e fapaneng joalo ka lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, lijo tsa korosari jj. 7. Mvideo (https://www.mvideo.ru/) - Mvideo ke sethala se tsebahalang se ipabolang ka ho rekisa lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa bareki joalo ka li-smartphone, lik'homphieutha matlapa lisebelisoa lisebelisoa tsa lipapali joalo-joalo 8 .Rozetka( https://rozetka.ua) -- Rozetka e sebetsa haholo ka lisebelisoa tsa motlakase tse nang le mefuta e mengata ea thepa ho kenyeletsoa lilaptop , lisebelisoa tsa thekeng , lisebelisoa tsa lapeng le tse ling tse ngata. 9 .Citilink ( https:/citilink.ru) - CitiLink e shebana haholo le lisebelisoa tsa lapeng, lisebelisoa, lik'homphieutha le lisebelisoa tsa elektronike Ena ke mehlala e seng mekae feela ea li-platform tse kholo tsa e-commerce Russia. Ho na le li-platform tse ling tse nyane hammoho le ho iphelisa ho li-niches tse ikhethileng joalo ka phepelo ea lijo (Delivery Club), booking ea hotele (Booking.com), lits'ebeletso tsa maeto (OneTwoTrip), le tse ling. Kamehla ho bohlokoa ho etsa lipatlisiso pele u reka ka ho bapisa litheko, ho bala maikutlo, le ho hlahloba botumo ba barekisi sethaleng sena.

Mecha ea litaba e kholo ea sechaba

Russia ke naha e nang le liforomo tse ngata tse fapaneng tsa litaba tsa sechaba tse hlokomelang baahi ba eona ba fapaneng. Mona ke tse ling tsa liforomo tse tsebahalang tsa litaba tsa sechaba Russia hammoho le liwebsaete tsa bona: 1. VKontakte (VK) - e tsejoang hape e le "Russian Facebook," VKontakte ke e 'ngoe ea li-platform tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa liwebsaete tsa sechaba Russia. Basebelisi ba ka theha litaba, ba ikopanya le metsoalle, ba ikopanya le sechaba, ba arolelana litaba tsa multimedia, 'me ba bapala lipapali tsa inthaneteng. Websaeteng: vk.com 2. Odnoklassniki - Sethala sena se tsepamisitse maikutlo ho hokahanya liithuti-'moho le bona le metsoalle ea khale. Basebelisi ba ka fumana le ho buisana le batho ba likolong le liunivesithing tsa bona, ba ikopanye le sechaba se nang le lihlooho, ba bapala lipapali, 'me ba arolelana linepe/livideo. Webosaete: ok.ru 3. My World (Moy Mir) - E sebetsoa ke Mail.ru Group, My World e kopanya likarolo tsa ho etsa blogga le liwebsaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona moo basebelisi ba ka fumanang litaba tse khahlang tse etselitsoeng lithahasello tsa bona kapa ba iketsetsa li-blog tsa bona ho arolelana mehopolo / mehopolo phatlalatsa kapa boinotšing ka har'a marangrang a metsoalle. Websaeteng: my.mail.ru 4. Thelekramo - E le sethala sa melaetsa sa hang-hang se entsoeng ke mohoebi oa Russia Pavel Durov, Telegram e lumella basebelisi ho romela melaetsa, mehala ea lentsoe, lifaele tsa multimedia tse nang le encryption ea ho qetela bakeng sa boinotši bo ntlafetseng. Websaeteng: telegram.org 5. Instagram - Le hoja e sa khethehe Russia feela joaloka liforomo tse ling lethathamong lena empa e tumme haholo har'a Marussia leha ho le joalo; ke sethala sa ho arolelana lifoto le livideo moo basebelisi ba behang litaba tse ka phatlalatsoang kapa tsa arolelanoa feela har'a balateli ba bona. Webosaete: instagram.com

Mekhatlo e meholo ea indasteri

Russia e na le mekhatlo e mengata e meholo ea indasteri e bapalang karolo ea bohlokoa moruong oa naha. Tse ling tsa tsona ke tsena hammoho le liaterese tsa sebaka sa bona sa Marang-rang: 1. Russia Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RSPP) Webosaete: https://www.rspp.ru/en/ 2. Mokhatlo oa Libanka tsa Russia (ARB) Websaeteng: https://arb.ru/en/home 3. Mokhatlo oa Baetsi ba Likoloi (OAR) Webosaete: http://oar-info.com/ 4. Russia Union of Chemists (RUC) Websaeteng: http://ruc-union.org/ 5. Mokhatlo oa Bahlahisi le Barekisi ba Khase (AGPE) Webosaete: http://www.harvest-season.ru/international/about-eng#plans 6. Federation of Restaurateurs and Hoteliers Websaeteng: https://fbrussia.ru/?lang=en 7. Mokhatlo oa Baphatlalatsi ba Thelevishene le Radio Webosaete: http://aabbrt.org/?lang=en 8. Mokhatlo oa Russia oa Phatlalatso ea Lifilimi Websaeteng: https://kino.kit.ru/eng/guild-rus.php 9.Russia Union of Flour Mills & Groats Plants(RUFMGP) webosaete:http//rufmgp.su 10.Litho tsa Libaka tsa Bahlophisi ba Russia(ROZSPOZHIVETERS UNION) webosaete:http//rozsplur-union.strtersite.com Mekhatlo ena e akaretsa likarolo tse fapaneng tse kang indasteri, libanka, tlhahiso ea likoloi, lik'hemik'hale, tlhahiso ea khase ea tlhaho, kamohelo ea baeti, phatlalatso ea mecha ea litaba, kabo ea lifilimi, ho lokisa lijo (ke hore, RUFMGP), le thepa ea bareki (ke hore, ROZSPOZHIVETERS UNION). Ka kopo hlokomela hore lintlha tse fanoeng li nepahetse nakong ea ho ngola karabo ena empa kamehla ho kgothaletswa ho etela liwebsaete tsa bona tse fapaneng bakeng sa lintlha tsa morao-rao mabapi le mekhatlo ena ea indasteri.

Liwebsaete tsa khoebo le tsa khoebo

Mona ke tse ling tsa liwebsaete tsa moruo le tsa khoebo naheng ea Russia hammoho le li-URL tsa tsona: 1. Lekala la Ntšetso-pele ea Moruo oa Russia Federation - Websaeteng ena ea molao e fana ka tlhahisoleseding mabapi le maano a mmuso, melaoana, menyetla ea lichelete, le matšoao a moruo. Websaeteng: http://economy.gov.ru/eng 2. Russia Direct Investment Fund - Letlole lena le ikemetseng le khothaletsa matsete a tobileng mererong ea Russia mafapheng a fapaneng. E fana ka leseli ka menyetla ea matsete, patlo ea balekane, le litaba tsa morao-rao. Webosaete: https://rdif.ru/Eng_Index/ 3. Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation - Kamore e emela lithahasello tsa likhoebo tsa Russia le ho nolofatsa mesebetsi ea khoebo ka ho fana ka litifikeiti, thuso ea molao, litlaleho tsa lipatlisiso tsa 'maraka, le liketsahalo tsa marang-rang. Websaeteng: https://tpprf.ru/en/home 4. Tsetela Russia - Websaete ena e sebetsa e le mohloli o le mong feela bakeng sa batseteli ba tsoang linaheng tse ling ba batlang ho hlahloba menyetla ea khoebo Russia. E fana ka tlhahisoleseding e tobileng lekala, lithuto tsa liketsahalo, litataiso tsa batseteli, le lintlafatso tsa litaba mabapi le melaoana le likhothatso. Webosaete: https://investinrussia.com/ 5. FAS Russia (Federal Antimonopoly Service) - FAS e tiisa tlhōlisano mebarakeng ka ho laola mekhoa e thibelang e ka sitisang khoebo e hlokang leeme kapa ea senya lithahasello tsa bareki moruong oa Russia. Webosaete: http://en.fas.gov.ru/ 6. Banka e Bohareng ea Russia - Webosaete ea semmuso e fana ka leseli mabapi le mehato ea leano la lichelete le amohetsoeng ke banka e bohareng hammoho le lipalo-palo tsa bohlokoa tsa lichelete mabapi le sekgahla sa tsoala, litefiso tsa phapanyetsano ea theko ea lichelete joalo-joalo. Webosaete: https://www.cbr.ru/eng/ 7.Export.gov/Russia – E thehiloe ke U.S Commercial Service (USCS), sebaka sena sa Marang-rang se thusa ho romelloa kantle ho naha ho tsoa ho lik'hamphani tsa Amerika ho ea Russia ka ho fana ka litlaleho tsa 'maraka tse ikhethileng indastering, lits'ebeletso tsa tlhabollo hammoho le lintlha tse mabapi le balekane ba lehae. Webosaete: http://www.export.gov/russia/index.asp

Liwebosaete tsa lipotso tsa khoebo

Ho na le liwebsaete tse 'maloa tsa data tsa khoebo tse fumanehang bakeng sa ho botsa tlhahisoleseling ea khoebo ea Russia. Mehlala ke ena hammoho le liaterese tsa bona tsa sebaka sa marang-rang: 1. Federal Customs Service of Russia: Ena ke Websaete ea molao ea lefapha la lekhetho la Russia. E fana ka lintlha tse qaqileng mabapi le thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha, thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha, le lipalo-palo tsa lekhetho. Websaeteng: http://www.customs.ru/en/ 2. 'Mapa oa Khoebo: E thehiloe ke International Trade Center (ITC), sethala sena se fana ka lipalo-palo tse felletseng tsa khoebo le tlhaiso-leseling ea phihlello ea maraka bakeng sa Russia. Webosaete: https://www.trademap.org/ 3. World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS): WITS e fana ka phihlello ho li-database tse fapaneng tsa khoebo ea machaba, ho kenyeletsoa lintlha tse tsoang United Nations le World Bank. Basebelisi ba ka batla data ea khoebo ea Russia mona. Webosaete: https://wits.worldbank.org/ 4. UN Comtrade Database: Database ena, e hlokometsoeng ke United Nations Statistics Division, e fana ka phihlello ea mahala ho data e qaqileng ea khoebo ea thepa e tlalehiloeng ke linaha tse fetang 200 ho kenyeletsa le Russia. Webosaete: https://comtrade.un.org/ 5. Global Trade Tracker (GTT): GTT e nolofalletsa basebelisi ho fumana data ea lefats'e ea ho romela kantle ho naha ho kenyeletsa le ea Russia hammoho le ho etsa litlhahlobo tsa tloaelo ho sebelisa li-parameter tse fapaneng. Webosaete: http://www.globaltradetracker.com/ 6. Export.gov Russia Country Commercial Guide: Le hoja e se portal ea data ea khoebo e inehetseng, tataiso ena e hatisitsoeng ke Lefapha la Khoebo la U.S e fana ka temohisiso ea bohlokoa ka tikoloho ea khoebo ea Russia 'me e kenyelletsa lipalo-palo tse amanang le khoebo. Webosaete: https://www.export.gov/russia Liwebsaete tsena li lokela ho u fa boitsebiso bo bongata bo amanang le mesebetsi ea khoebo ea Russia e kang thepa e tsoang linaheng tse ling, thepa e tsoang linaheng tse ling, litefiso, mekhoa ea 'maraka le tse ling. Ka kopo hlokomela hore kamehla ho khothaletsoa ho netefatsa le ho sebelisa lintlha tse fapaneng ho tsoa mehloling e mengata ha u itšetleha ka lipalo-palo tsa khoebo bakeng sa lipatlisiso kapa merero ea khoebo.

Li-platform tsa B2b

Naheng ea Russia, ho na le liforomo tse ngata tse tsebahalang tsa B2B tse ka sebelisoang ke likhoebo. Tse ling tsa tsona ke tsena: 1. Alibaba Russia - Sethala sena ke setsi sa sehlopha sa Alibaba mme se fana ka lits'ebeletso tsa khoebo lipakeng tsa barekisi ba lefats'e le likhoebo tsa Russia. Websaeteng: www.alibaba.ru 2. E entsoe Russia - Sethala sena se nehetsoe ho khothaletsoa le ho rekisoa ha thepa e entsoeng Russia le ho thusa bareki ba malapeng le ba tsoang linaheng tse ling ho fumana bafani ba thepa ba nepahetseng. Websaeteng: www.madeinrussia.com 3. EC21 Russia - EC21 ke e 'ngoe ea limmaraka tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa elektronike tsa B2B Asia, li boetse li na le boteng ba Russia,' me li fana ka sethala sa khoebo le tšebelisano ka ho khetheha bakeng sa 'maraka oa Russia. Webosaete: ru.ec21.com 4. TradeWheel Russia - Sethala sena sa lefats'e sa khoebo sa Marang-rang se na le bahoebi ba bangata ba tsoang liindastering le mafapheng a fapaneng ba ngolisitsoeng 'me ba ba fa mocha o tobileng oa ho hokahanya le ho etsa mesebetsi ea khoebo. Websaeteng: www.tradewheel.ru 5. Export-Forum Russia - Seboka sena se etselitsoe ho thusa barekisi ba kantle ho naha ho hokahana le bareki bao e ka bang bareki le ho fana ka likeletso, lisebelisoa le tlhahisoleseling ho khothaletsa khoebo ea machabeng. Websaeteng: export-forum.ru Ka kopo hlokomela hore liwebsaete tse thathamisitsoeng ka holimo li emela palo e fokolang feela ea li-platform tsa B2B tse tsebahalang, 'me liwebsaete tse ling li ka hloka hore ho batloe lintlha tse nepahetseng haholoanyane.
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