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Iimarike eziphambili
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Ilizwe jikelele
I-Ethiopia, eyaziwa ngokusesikweni njenge-Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, lilizwe elivaliweyo elikuMmandla we-Afrika. Ijikelezwe yiSudan ngasentshona, i-Eritrea emantla, i-Djibouti neSomalia ngasempuma, kunye neKenya emazantsi. Ngommandla omalunga ne-1.1 yesigidi seekhilomitha, lelinye lawona mazwe makhulu e-Afrika. I-Ethiopia inomhlaba ohlukeneyo oquka iindawo eziphakamileyo, iithafa, ii-savannahs, kunye neentlango. Iindawo eziphakamileyo zase-Ethiopia zinezona ndawo ziphakamileyo zaseAfrika kwaye zilikhaya lemilambo emininzi enegalelo kwiNayile Basin. Eli lizwe linembali etyebileyo esusela kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo. Ithathwa ngokubanzi njengenye yezona ndawo zakuqala zempucuko yabantu kwaye yaziwa ngempucuko yayo yakudala enje ngoBukhosi be-Aksumite kunye noBukumkani obunje ngeZagwe Dynasty. I-Ethiopia nayo inelifa lenkcubeko eyomeleleyo kunye nezizwe ezininzi ezihlala ngaphakathi kwemida yayo. Ekubeni inabemi abangaphaya kwe-115 lezigidi zabantu, i-Ethiopia lelinye lawona mazwe anabantu abaninzi e-Afrika. Ikomkhulu ledolophu iAddis Ababa lisebenza njengeziko lezopolitiko nezoqoqosho. Ulwimi olusemthethweni oluthethwa e-Ethiopia sisiAmharic; nangona kunjalo, kukho iilwimi ezingaphezu kwama-80 ezithethwa kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yeyantlukwano yobuhlanga. Uqoqosho lwase-Ethiopia luxhomekeke kakhulu kwezolimo eziqeshe inxalenye enkulu yabemi bayo. Ithumela kumazwe angaphandle iimbotyi zekofu (i-Ethiopia yaziwa ngokuvela kwekofu), iintyatyambo, imifuno ngeli lixa inamacandelo emizi-mveliso abalulekileyo afana nokuvelisa amalaphu kunye nemveliso yesikhumba. Ngaphandle kokujongana nemingeni efana nentlupheko kunye nemiba yezentlalo nezopolitiko kwezinye iindawo ngamanye amaxesha; Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje i-Ethiopia yenze inkqubela ebonakalayo kwimimandla efana nophuculo lokufikelela kwimfundo ekhokelela ekunciphiseni izinga lokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala kakhulu ngokuhamba kwexesha nokwandisa iziseko zoncedo lwezempilo njalo njalo ngaloo ndlela iphucula iSalathisi soMgangatho woBomi ngokuphawulekayo xa sithelekisa nexesha elidlulileyo. Ngokubhekiselele kukhenketho olunomtsalane luquka iindawo zembali ezifana neecawe zaseLalibela eziqingqwe ngamatye okanye ii-obelisks zase-Aksum; kunye nemimangaliso yendalo efana neDanakil Depression okanye iSimien Mountains. Iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo zase-Ethiopia, izilwanyana zasendle, kunye namathuba okuzonwabisa ayenza ibe yindawo ethembisayo yabakhenkethi. Ukuqukumbela, i-Ethiopia lilizwe elidlamkileyo elinembali etyebileyo, imihlaba eyahlukeneyo, kunye nelifa lenkcubeko. Ngaphandle kwemiceli mngeni yayo, isaqhuba ukwenza imitsi kwimiba eyahlukeneyo yophuhliso kwaye yindawo enika umdla kukhenketho namathuba oshishino.
Imali yeSizwe
I-Ethiopia, nekwaziwa ngokuba yiFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, inemali yayo ebizwa ngokuba yi-Ethiopian Birr (ETB). Igama elithi "Birr" lithatyathwe kumlinganiselo omdala wase-Ethiopia. Imali ichazwa ngesimboli "ብር" okanye ngokulula "ETB". I-Ethiopian Birr ikhutshwa kwaye ilawulwa yiBhanki yeSizwe yase-Ethiopia, eyibhanki ephakathi yelizwe. Ilawula umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali kwaye iqinisekisa uzinzo kwinkqubo yezemali. I-Birr ingena kumanqaku aneemvaba ezahlukeneyo, kuquka i-1 birr, i-5 birr, i-10 ye-birr, i-50 ye-birr, kunye ne-100 ye-birr. Inqaku ngalinye libonisa amanani embali kunye neempawu ezibonisa ubutyebi benkcubeko yase-Ethiopia. Ngokumalunga namaxabiso otshintshiselwano, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ixabiso lemali lingatshintsha-tshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana neemeko zoqoqosho kunye norhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukusukela [umhla wangoku], idola yase-US eyi-1 (USD) iphantse ilingane [nexabiso lotshintshiselwano] I-Ethiopian Birrs. Ngelixa iintengiselwano zasekhaya zisebenzisa imali ezinkozo e-Ethiopia, iindlela zokuhlawula ngedijithali ngokuthe ngcembe zifumana ukuthandwa kwizixeko ezikhulu. Amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala amkelwa kwezinye iihotele okanye iindawo zabakhenkethi; nangona kunjalo, kunokuba yinto eqhelekileyo ukuba amashishini akhethe intlawulo yemali. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba abakhenkethi abandwendwela e-Ethiopia babe nemali ethile yasekhaya esandleni kwiindleko zemihla ngemihla ezifana nokuthenga iimpahla kwiimarike zasekuhlaleni okanye ukuhlawulela iinkonzo zothutho. Iinkonzo zokutshintshiselana ngemali zinokufumaneka kwiibhanki okanye kwiiofisi zotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle ezigunyazisiweyo kuzo zonke izixeko ezikhulu. Lilonke, ukuqonda kunye nokulungiswa ngolwazi malunga nemeko yemali yase-Ethiopia kunganceda ekuqinisekiseni amava emali athambileyo ngexesha lotyelelo lwakho kweli lizwe linomdla.
Imali yokutshintsha
Imali esemthethweni yase-Ethiopia yi-Ethiopian Birr (ETB). Ngokumalunga nemilinganiselo yotshintshiselwano eqikelelwayo yeemali ezinkulu zehlabathi, nceda uqaphele ukuba la maxabiso ayaguquguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha. Nanga amanye amaxabiso otshintshiselwano oluqikelelweyo ukusukela ngoNovemba ka-2021: I-1 USD ≈ 130 ETB I-EUR eyi-1 ≈ 150 ETB I-1 GBP ≈ 170 ETB 1 CNY ≈ 20 ETB Nceda uqaphele ukuba la manani asenokutshintsha kwaye kusoloko kucetyiswa ukuba ukhangele kumthombo othembekileyo okanye iziko lezemali ukuze ufumane amaxabiso ahlaziyiweyo.
Iiholide ezibalulekileyo
I-Ethiopia lilizwe eliseMpuma Afrika elibhiyozela iminyhadala emininzi ebalulekileyo kunye neeholide unyaka wonke. Omnye weyona mithendeleko ibalulekileyo yiTimkat, eyenzeka nge-19 kaJanuwari (okanye ngowama-20 kwiminyaka yokuxhuma). I-Timkat ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-Epiphany yase-Ethiopia kwaye ikhumbula ubhaptizo lukaYesu Krestu kuMlambo iYordan. Ebudeni balo mbhiyozo, amawakawaka abantu base-Ethiopia bahlanganisana ezicaweni kulo lonke ilizwe ukuze babhiyozele. Ababingeleli baphatha imifanekiso yeTyeya yoMnqophiso, abakholelwa ukuba ineMithetho Elishumi. Abathathi-nxaxheba banxiba iimpahla ezimhlophe zesintu kwaye bacule amaculo imini yonke. Kumngcelele womsitho, abantu bayalandela njengoko abefundisi besikelela amanzi ngokuwatshiza befuzisela ubhaptizo lwabo. Enye iholide ebalulekileyo e-Ethiopia yiKrisimesi, ewela ngoJanuwari 7 ngokwekhalenda yabo ye-Orthodox. Imibhiyozo yeKrisimesi yase-Ethiopia iqala ngomlindo wobusuku bonke kwiicawe ezibizwa ngokuba yiGenna Eve. Ngomhla weKrisimesi ngokwawo, iintsapho ziqokelelana kwisidlo esibandakanya injera (i-flatbread emuncu) kunye ne-doro wat (i-stew yenkukhu ebabayo). I-Ista okanye iFasika ikwabhiyozelwa ngokubanzi kulo lonke elase-Ethiopia. Kuphawula ukuvuka kukaKristu ekufeni emva kokubethelelwa kwakhe kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka kwiveki enye emva kweCawa yePasika ebhiyozelwa ngamaKristu aseNtshona. Uninzi luya kwiinkonzo zecawe ngeli xesha ngelixa abanye bethatha inxaxheba kwimisitho yenkcubeko efana nokubasa umlilo okanye ukudlala imidlalo yesintu efana negaga. Ngaphezu koko, iMeskel ngomnye umthendeleko ophawulekayo obhiyozelwa ngoSeptemba 27th ukukhumbula indlela uKumkanikazi uHelena wafumanisa ngayo iziqwenga zomnqamlezo kaYesu kwinkulungwane yesine AD. Eyona nto ibalaseleyo kumbhiyozo weMeskel ibandakanya ukukhanyisa umlilo omkhulu obizwa ngokuba yiDemera ngexesha lokutshona kwelanga ngaphambi kokudanisa ngeenxa zonke kuyo ngeengoma zovuyo. Le yimizekelo nje embalwa yemisitho ebalulekileyo yase-Ethiopia ebonisa inkcubeko yayo edlamkileyo, imbali, kunye neenkolelo eziqinileyo zonqulo.
Imeko yoRhwebo lwaNgaphandle
I-Ethiopia lilizwe elivaliweyo elikumaphondo eAfrika. Inoqoqosho olwahlukeneyo nezolimo zilelona candelo liphambili, elinegalelo elikhulu kwi-GDP yelizwe kwaye liqeshe inxalenye enkulu yabemi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-Ethiopia yenze iinzame zokutshintsha uqoqosho lwayo kwaye iphuhlise amanye amacandelo afana nelemveliso, ulwakhiwo kunye neenkonzo. Ngokuphathelele kurhwebo, i-Ethiopia ithumela ngokuphambili iimveliso zezolimo ezinje ngekofu, imbewu yeoli, iipulses, iintyatyambo, iziqhamo kunye nemifuno. Ikofu ibaluleke kakhulu kuqoqosho lwase-Ethiopia nanjengoko iyeyona iphambili ekuveliseni nasekuthengiseni ngaphandle ikofu e-Afrika. Ezinye izinto ezinkulu ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zibandakanya igolide, iimveliso zesikhumba, amalaphu, kunye nobutyebi bendalo obufana nezimbiwa. I-Ethiopia ikakhulu ingenisa oomatshini kunye nezixhobo kumashishini afana nelaphu, izithuthi ngeenjongo zothutho kubandakanya iimoto kunye nezixhobo zenqwelomoya. Ikwangenisa iimveliso zepetroleum njengoko ingenawo oovimba basekhaya ababalulekileyo. Ibhalansi yorhwebo yelizwe ibisoloko ingalunganga ngenxa yamaxabiso aphezulu avela kumazwe angaphandle xa kuthelekiswa nemivuzo yamazwe angaphandle. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwembali izinga eliphezulu lokukhula kwempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle kunye neenkuthazo zotyalo-mali ezahlukeneyo zibe negalelo ekucutheni lo msantsa kule minyaka yakutsha nje. I-Ethiopia ijolise ekuphuculeni urhwebo lwayo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngamaphulo awohlukeneyo aquka iinzame zokuhlanganisa uqoqosho lwengingqi phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu eManyano ye-Afrika (i-AU) ngokukhuthaza urhwebo phakathi kwe-Afrika phantsi kwamanyathelo afana ne-AfCFTA (uMmandla weLizwekazi lase-Afrika ongaRhalayo loRhwebo). Ukuqukumbela, i-Ethiopia ixhomekeke kurhwebo oluthunyelwa ngaphandle kwezolimo kodwa ifuna ukwahluka kwamanye amacandelo ngeli lixa iqhubeleka neenzame zokuphucula ubudlelwane borhwebo namazwe ngamazwe ngamathuba omanyano lwengingqi abonelelwa ngamaphulo e-AU afana ne-AfCFTA.
Uphuhliso lweMakethi olunokubakho
I-Ethiopia, ekuMbindi weAfrika, inamandla amakhulu okuphuhlisa imarike yorhwebo lwangaphandle. Ngabemi abaninzi abamalunga ne-112 lezigidi kunye noqoqosho olukhulayo, ilizwe libonelela ngamathuba anengeniso kumashishini aphesheya. Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili zokukhuphisana kwe-Ethiopia yindawo yayo yobuchule. Isebenza njengesango lokungena kwiimarike zengingqi ezahlukeneyo e-Afrika nakuMbindi Mpuma, iyenza ibe yindawo enomtsalane yorhwebo. Ukongeza, i-Ethiopia inokufikelela kwiindlela zamanzi ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe ngamazibuko ase-Djibouti, evumela imisebenzi yokungenisa elizweni kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle. Elinye icandelo elinesakhono esibonakalayo lelezolimo. I-Ethiopia inomhlaba omkhulu ochumileyo olungele ukulinywa kunye neemeko zemozulu ezivumayo kwizityalo ezahlukeneyo. Ilizwe sele lisaziwa kwihlabathi jikelele njengenye yabathengisi abakhulu bekofu kunye nembewu yesesame. Ngaphaya koko, kukho utyalo-mali olwandisiweyo kwiimveliso zokulima izitiya ezifana neentyatyambo neziqhamo. Ukwandiswa kwemveliso yezolimo kumazwe angaphandle kunokuba negalelo kwingeniso yotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle ngelixa kuhlangatyezwana nemfuno yemveliso yokutya yehlabathi. Enye indawo enika amandla angasetyenziswayo kukuvelisa. Urhulumente wase-Ethiopia unenjongo yokuguqula eli lizwe libe liziko eliphambili lemveliso e-Afrika ngamaphulo afana neendawo zoshishino kunye nenkuthazo kubatyali-zimali. Ngeendleko eziphantsi zabasebenzi xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe amaninzi, abavelisi banokuzuza kumaxabiso akhuphisanayo ngelixa besandisa umthamo wabo wemveliso. Icandelo leenkonzo likwabonisa amathuba okukhula njengoko i-Ethiopia iphuhlisa iziseko zayo, iteknoloji, unxibelelwano, ukhenketho, izibonelelo zebhanki kunye namaziko emfundo. Njengoko la macandelo ephucuka kumgangatho kunye nokufumaneka kwelizwe ngokwalo, aba nomtsalane ngakumbi kubatyali-zimali bamazwe angaphandle abafuna intsebenziswano okanye amathuba okwandisa. Imingeni ikhona xa kujongwa amandla emarike yorhwebo lwangaphandle lwase-Ethiopia njengokungonelanga kweziseko zothutho okanye ulibaziseko olunxulumene nolawulo; nangona kunjalo; le miqobo iyasonjululwa ziinzame zikarhulumente eziqhubekayo ezigxile ekuphuculeni izicwangciso zophuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo kunye neenkqubo zolawulo ezilungelelanisiweyo. Ukuququmbela, Ubutyebi bendalo obaneleyo base-Ethiopia budityaniswe nendawo eluncedo yejografi ibonelela ngeendlela ezininzi ezinokubakho zokuphuhlisa iimarike zorhwebo zangaphandle kuwo wonke amashishini anxulumene nezolimo afana nokuthengiswa kwekofu kumazwe angaphandle okanye imveliso yembewu yesesame kunye namacandelo asakhulayo abandakanya amandla okwenza izinto alungele ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zalapha ekhaya ngamaxabiso afikelelekayo. Ngenkxaso eqhubekayo karhulumente, ukujongana nemingeni kunye nokuphunyezwa kohlaziyo oluyimfuneko, i-Ethiopia ibekwe kwindawo yoshishino yamazwe ngamazwe enomtsalane kakhulu.
Iimveliso ezishushu ezithengiswayo kwimarike
Xa kuziwa ekukhetheni iimveliso ezithandwayo ezithunyelwa ngaphandle e-Ethiopia, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela iimfuno zemarike yelizwe kunye namandla oqoqosho. I-Ethiopia inoluhlu olwahlukeneyo lweemveliso ezinokuthunyelwa ngaphandle, kodwa ezinye izinto ziye zaphumelela kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Elinye icandelo eliphambili elibonisa isithembiso esikhulu lishishini lezolimo. I-Ethiopia idume ngomhlaba wayo ochumileyo nemozulu entle, nto leyo eyenza ibe yindawo efanelekileyo yokulima izityalo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ikofu, iimbewu zesesame, iimbewu zeoli, iipulses (ezifana neelentile neeertyisi), neziqholo zifunwa kakhulu kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe. Ezi mveliso azinayo kuphela imfuno eqinileyo kodwa zikwaqhayisa umgangatho ophezulu ngenxa yeendlela zokulima zesintu. Iingubo kunye neengubo enye indawo apho i-Ethiopia ivele njengomdlali okhuphisanayo. Ushishino lwamalaphu lweli lizwe luxhamla kubasebenzi abaninzi kunye nokufikelela okukhethekileyo kwiimarike zehlabathi ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano zorhwebo ezifana noMthetho woHlumo namaThuba e-Afrika (i-AGOA). Ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwempahla esele yenziwe kwikotoni ephuma kwindawo yendawo iyona ndlela ibalaseleyo. Ngaphaya koko, imisebenzi yezandla eyenziwe ngamagcisa ase-Ethiopia ibonisa ubutyebi belifa lenkcubeko yelizwe. Ubugcisa obahlukeneyo bemveli obufana neengobozi ezilukiweyo, izinto zomdongwe, iimpahla zesikhumba (ezifana nezihlangu neebhegi), izacholo ezenziwe ngemisonto yegolide okanye yesilivere zixatyiswe kakhulu ngabathengi kwihlabathi liphela. Ngokwezicwangciso zokhetho lwemarike kwezi zinto: 1) Chonga iimarike ekujoliswe kuzo: Vavanya imimandla eyahlukeneyo ngokusekwe kwimfuno yazo yeemveliso ezithile. 2) Ukuqhuba uphando lwemarike: Hlalutya izinto ezikhethwa ngabathengi, inqanaba lokhuphiswano, iindlela zamaxabiso. 3) Ukulungelelanisa: Guqula ukupakishwa okanye ukucaciswa kwemveliso ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho kunye nemimiselo yamazwe ngamazwe. I-4) Ukukhuthaza: Ukuphuhlisa imikhankaso yokuthengisa esebenzayo ejolise kubathengi abanakho ngaphandle kwamanye amazwe ngokusebenzisa imiboniso yorhwebo okanye amaqonga e-intanethi. 5) Uthungelwano: Seka intsebenziswano nabathumeli bangaphandle okanye abasasazi abanothungelwano olukhoyo phakathi kweemarike ekujoliswe kuzo. Lilonke, ngelixa uqwalasela amandla e-Ethiopia kwimveliso yezolimo efana nekofu okanye iziqholo kunye nempahla/impahla kunye nobugcisa bezandla bunokunceda abathengisi bangaphandle bachonge ukhetho lweemveliso ezithandwayo ezilungiselelwe iimarike ezahlukeneyo zokuthumela ngaphandle ngokufanelekileyo.
Iimpawu zabathengi kunye ne-taboo
I-Ethiopia, ekuNxibelelwano lweAfrika, lilizwe elahluka-hlukeneyo nelinenkcubeko elityebileyo elineempawu ezizodwa zabathengi kunye nee-taboos. Ukuqonda le miba kunokunceda amashishini abonelele ngokufanelekileyo abathengi base-Ethiopia ngelixa behlonipha inkcubeko yabo. Iimpawu zoMthengi: 1. Ejolise kwixabiso: Abantu base-Ethiopia ngokuqhelekileyo bayawaxabisa amaxabiso kwaye bafuna ixabiso elihle ngemali yabo. 2. Ubudlelwane obuqhutywayo: Ukwakha ukuthembana ngoqhagamshelwano lobuqu kubalulekile kwinkcubeko yeshishini laseTopiya. 3. Ukuhlonipha abadala: Ubudala buhlonitshwa kakhulu kuluntu lwase-Ethiopia, ngoko ke abathengi abadala banokunikwa kuqala okanye ukuthotyelwa. 4. Ingqondo yoqokelelo: Abantu baseTopiya bahlala bebeka phambili iimfuno zoluntu okanye iintsapho zabo kuneminqweno yomntu. 5. Isiseko sabathengi abanyanisekileyo: Nje ukuba ukuthenjwa kufunyenwe, abantu base-Ethiopia badla ngokubonisa ukunyaniseka kumashishini abawajonga njengathembekileyo. IMithitho yeNkcubeko: 1. Iimpawu neenkqubo zonqulo: I-Ethiopia inabemi abazinikele kakhulu elunqulweni, uninzi lwabo ingamaKristu okanye amaSilamsi, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba singahleki okanye singawahloneli amasiko okanye iimpawu zonqulo. 2. Ukusetyenziswa kwesandla sasekhohlo: E-Ethiopia, ukusebenzisa isandla sakho sasekhohlo ukwenza izijekulo ezifana nokubamba izandla, ukunika/ukwamkela izinto kuthathwa njengokungacocekanga njengoko kugcinelwe iinjongo zococeko lomntu. 3 .Indlela engafanelekanga yokunxiba : Impahla etyhilayo ngokuqhelekileyo ithathwa njengento engafanelekanga kwinkcubeko yaseTopiya ngenxa yendalo yayo yokulondoloza; kuyacetyiswa ukuba unxibe ngokundilisekileyo xa usebenzisana nabathengi basekuhlaleni. I-4.Amazwi angalunganga malunga nelizwe okanye iinkokeli zalo : Abantu base-Ethipoya banomqondo oqinileyo wokuthand' izwe kwaye bayaziqhenya ngembali yelizwe labo; kungoko kufuneka kuphetshwe izimvo ezimbi malunga ne-Ethiopia. Ukuzibandakanya ngokufanelekileyo nabathengi base-Ethiopia kunye nokuhamba ngeendlela ezinokubakho: 1.Nxibelelana ngembeko – Zihloniphe izithethe zenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa amabinzana achubekileyo afana nokubulisa ('Selam' - molo) nokubonisa umdla kwizithethe/izithethe zasekuhlaleni ngexesha lencoko. 2.Yakha ubudlelwane bobuqu-Tyala ixesha ekwakheni ubudlelwane ngokubandakanyeka kwintetho encinci egxininisa imidla kunye namava okwabelwana ngawo. I-3.I-Adaptha izicwangciso zokuthengisa - Ukugxininisa ukufikeleleka, ixabiso lemali, kunye nexabiso lentsapho-centric kwimikhankaso yokuthengisa inokubhenela abathengi baseTopiya. 4. Gcina intlonipho yezithethe - Xa uyila iilogo okanye izinto zokwazisa, kuphephe ukubandakanya iisimboli zonqulo njengoko kunokubonwa njengokungahloneli. 5.Yiba novelwano kwimisitho yenkolo-Cwangcisa imisebenzi yeshishini lakho kunye namaphulo ajikeleze iminyhadala ebalulekileyo yenkolo efana neRamadan okanye iiholide zobuKristu bobuOthodoki. Ngokuqonda iimpawu ezizodwa zabathengi kunye neenkcubeko zenkcubeko e-Ethiopia, amashishini anokuziqhelanisa nezicwangciso zawo ngokufanelekileyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zale marike yahlukeneyo ngelixa ebonisa intlonipho kwizithethe zasekhaya.
Inkqubo yolawulo lweCustoms
I-Ethiopia, ilizwe elivaliweyo elikumaphondo e-Afrika, linezithethe zalo kunye nemigaqo yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe ekufuneka iindwendwe ziyilandele xa zingena okanye ziphuma kweli lizwe. Nanga amanye amanqaku aphambili malunga nenkqubo yolawulo lwezithethe zase-Ethiopia kunye neengqwalasela ezibalulekileyo: 1. Iinkqubo zokungena: Ekufikeni kwizikhululo zeenqwelo-moya zase-Ethiopia okanye kwiindawo zokujonga umda, iindwendwe kufuneka zizalise ifom yokufuduka ukuze zingene kweli lizwe. Le fomu idla ngokubandakanya iinkcukacha zobuqu kunye neenkcukacha malunga nokuhlala kwakho. 2. IiMfuno zeVisa: Ngaphambi kokundwendwela i-Ethiopia, kubalulekile ukujonga iimfuno ze-visa kubuzwe bakho obuthile njengoko zihluka kumazwe ngamazwe. Abanye abahambi banokungena kwi-visa-free ngelixa abanye banokufuna ukufumana i-visa ngaphambi kokufika. 3. Izinto ezingavumelekanga: Ngokufanayo kumazwe amaninzi, i-Ethiopia iyakwalela izinto ezithile ukuba ziziswe elizweni. Oku kuquka iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni, imipu, imali yomgunyathi, izinto ezilihlazo, nazo naziphi na izinto ezigqalwa zibuthathaka ngokwenkcubeko okanye ziyingozi. 4. Izibonelelo Ezingahlawulelwa Msebenzi: Abatyeleli bavunyelwe ukungena simahla kwizinto zabo ezifana nempahla, iikhamera, iilaptops, nezinye izixhobo zombane ezenzelwe ukusetyenziswa buqu kuphela xa zise-Ethiopia. 5. Imithetho yemali: Kunyanzelekile ukubhengeza nayiphi na imali edlula i-$ 3,000 (USD) xa ufika okanye usuka kwizikhululo zeenqwelo-moya zase-Ethiopia okanye ukunqumla imida. 6. Iimveliso zezilwanyana kunye nezityalo: Abahambi kufuneka baqonde ukuba ukuzisa iimveliso zezilwanyana (kuquka izilwanyana eziphilayo) ezifana nenyama okanye iimveliso zobisi akuvumelekanga ngokungqongqo ngenxa yemithetho yezilwanyana ejoliswe ekuthinteleni ukusasazeka kwezifo phakathi kwamazwe. 7. Izithintelo zokuThumela kumazwe angaphandle: Xa ushiya i-Ethiopia nezinto zenkcubeko ezixabisekileyo ezifana neziphumo zakudala okanye izinto zenkolo ezingaphezulu kweminyaka engama-50 ubudala; kufuneka ufumane iipemethe eziyimfuneko kwabasemagunyeni abachongiweyo phambi kokuba ubakhuphele ngaphandle kwelizwe ngokusemthethweni. 8.IiMfuno zeMpilo: Kuxhomekeke kwindawo ohamba kuyo; Ubungqina bokugonywa kwe-yellow fever bunokufuneka xa ungena e-Ethiopia kuba amanye amazwe athathwa njengeendawo ezihlala esi sifo ngokwezikhokelo zempilo zamva nje. 9.Iindawo zokuhlola iCustoms: Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthotyelwa kwemimiselo yezithethe kunye neenkqubo zokufuduka, abahambi banokufuneka ukuba badlule kwiindawo zokuhlola izithethe xa bengena okanye bephuma. Kubalulekile ukumamela kwaye ulandele imiyalelo evela kumagosa ajongene nerhafu kwezi ndawo zokuhlola. 10. Ukuhlonela Izithethe Zasekuhlaleni: Iindwendwe kulindeleke ukuba zihlonele izithethe, izithethe nonqulo lwasekuhlaleni ngoxa zise-Ethiopia. Kubalulekile ukuqonda nokuthobela imithetho yasekuhlaleni, ukunxiba ngokundilisekileyo xa utyelela iindawo zonqulo okanye kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, uze ucele imvume ngaphambi kokuba ufote abantu. Khumbula ukuba ulwazi olunikiweyo sisikhokelo ngokubanzi. Kuhlala kucetyiswa ukuba ukhangele kunye ne-ambassy yase-Ethiopia okanye i-consulate kwilizwe lakho malunga neenkcukacha ezithile malunga neemfuneko zokungena, imimiselo ye-visa, kunye naluphi na utshintsho lwakutsha nje kwinkqubo yokulawula izithethe zase-Ethiopia.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu
I-Ethiopia lilizwe elikuMbindi we-Afrika kwaye inomgaqo-nkqubo werhafu yokungenisa elizweni ethile. Urhulumente wase-Ethiopia ulawula ukungeniswa kwempahla kweli lizwe ngemilinganiselo eyahlukahlukeneyo, njengemirhumo yerhafu kunye nerhafu eyongeziweyo (i-VAT). Amaxabiso erhafu e-Ethiopia ayahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwemveliso ethunyelwa ngaphandle. Iintlawulo zibalwa ngokubanzi ngokusekelwe kwi-Harmonized System (HS) ikhowudi, enika ikhowudi ekhethekileyo kwimveliso nganye ngeenjongo zokuhlela. Amaxabiso erhafu anokuqala ukusuka kwi-0% ukuya kwipesenti ephezulu ngokuxhomekeke kudidi. Ukongeza kwiirhafu ezivela kumazwe angaphandle, i-Ethiopia ikwasebenzisa i-VAT kwiimpahla ezisuka kumazwe angaphandle. Le rhafu ibekwe ngamazinga ahlukeneyo, kunye neemveliso ezininzi zixhomekeke kumlinganiselo oqhelekileyo we-15%. Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezithile eziyimfuneko zisenokuba phantsi kwereyithi ethotyiweyo okanye zikhululwe ngokupheleleyo kwi-VAT. Ngaphaya koko, kusenokubakho iirhafu ezongezelelweyo okanye imirhumo efakwe kwimpahla ethile okanye ngokusekelwe kwimvelaphi yazo. Oku kunokubandakanya iirhafu zempahla yotywala kunye neemveliso zecuba okanye imirhumo echasene nokulahlwa kwezinto ezinexabiso elingaphantsi kwexabiso lemarike elifanelekileyo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba i-Ethiopia ikwakhuthaza imveliso yasekhaya ngemigaqo-nkqubo yokhuselo kwaye ukungenisa impahla ethile kunokufuna ukufumana iilayisensi okanye iimvume kwabasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo. Ukongezelela, kusenokubakho imiqobo ekuthengisweni kwezinto ezithile kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yeenkxalabo zempilo, imiqathango yemekobume, okanye izithethe zenkcubeko. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nemigaqo yerhafu yerhafu yokungenisa elizweni yase-Ethiopia, kuyacetyiswa ukuba udibane nabasemagunyeni kwimpahla ephumayo okanye iingcali eziqeqeshelwe ulwazi ngemithetho yorhwebo yamazwe ngamazwe phambi kokuba ubandakanyeke kuyo nayiphi na imisebenzi yokungenisa elizweni. Lilonke, ukuqonda umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu yokungenisa elizweni yase-Ethiopia kubalulekile kumashishini abandakanyeka kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe neli lizwe njengoko inceda ekumiseleni iindleko ezinxulumene nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kweemfuneko zomthetho ezibekwe ngurhulumente wase-Ethiopia.
Iipolisi zerhafu ezithumela ngaphandle
Umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu yelizwe lase-Ethiopia ujolise ekukhuthazeni ukukhula koqoqosho, ukutsala utyalo-mali lwangaphandle, kunye nokunyusa ingeniso yelizwe yokuthumela ngaphandle. Urhulumente wase-Ethiopia uphumeze uluhlu lwamanyathelo okuxhasa icandelo lakhe lokuthumela ngaphandle kunye nokudala imeko-bume yoshishino efanelekileyo. Okokuqala, i-Ethiopia ibonelela ngeenkuthazo ezahlukeneyo zerhafu kubathumeli bangaphandle. Iinkampani ezibandakanyeka kumacandelo okuvelisa okanye okwenziwa kwemveliso yezolimo zifanelekile ukuba zingakhululelwa kwirhafu yexabiso elongeziweyo (i-VAT) kunye nemirhumo yempahla eyinkunzi evela kumazwe angaphandle, imathiriyeli ekrwada, kunye neenxalenye ezisetyenziselwa imveliso. Oku kunceda ukunciphisa iindleko zemveliso kwaye kwenza abathumeli bangaphandle bahlale bekhuphisana kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe. Okwesibini, i-Ethiopia iphumeze inkqubo yokusilela kubathengisi abafanelekileyo. Phantsi kwesi sikimu, abathumeli bangaphandle bangenza ibango lembuyekezo kwiirhafu zokungenisa elizweni ezihlawulwe kumagalelo asetyenziswe ekwenzeni okanye ekusetyenzweni kweempahla ezithi zithunyelwe kumazwe angaphandle. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo ukhuthaza iinkampani ukuba zifumane izinto eziveliswa kweli lizwe endaweni yokuwathenga kumazwe angaphandle ngeli lixa zibonelela ngesiqabu ngokwasezimalini ngokuhlawula iindleko zokungenisa elizweni. Ngaphaya koko, i-Ethiopia iseke iiNdawo ezininzi zokuLungiselela iMpahla (EPZs) kwilizwe liphela. Ii-EPZs zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezongezelelweyo ezifana nokuncitshiswa kwerhafu yengeniso yenkampani ukusuka kwi-0% ukuya kwi-25% ngokusekelwe kwindawo kunye nodidi lwezowuni. Ukongeza, iinkampani ezisekwe kwi-EPZ zikonwabela ukungeniswa ngaphandle kokuhlawulelwa kwempahla ekrwada kunye noomatshini abafunekayo kwimveliso. Ukuququzelela ukwenza ushishino kubelula kubathumeli bangaphandle, i-Ethiopia ikwasebenzisa inkonzo ye-One-Stop Shop ngaphakathi kwee-ofisi zayo zegunya lokuthumela izinto ngaphandle. Le nkonzo esembindini yenza iinkqubo zolawulo ezilungelelanisiweyo ezinxulumene nokuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle ngokudibanisa iinkqubo ezinjengokubhaliswa kwabasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo, ukufumana iilayisensi okanye iimvume, iinkonzo zokuhlola phantsi kophahla olunye. Lilonke, imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu ye-Ethiopia yokuthumela ngaphandle ijolise ekukhuthazeni amashishini abandakanyekayo kumashishini athumela ngaphandle ngokunciphisa umthwalo werhafu kunye nokuququzelela imisebenzi yorhwebo. La manyathelo akhuthaza iinkampani zalapha ekhaya kunye nabatyali-zimali bamazwe angaphandle ngokufanayo ukuba babandakanyeke kwimisebenzi yokuthumela ngaphandle ngelixa benegalelo ekukhuleni koqoqosho lwase-Ethiopia.
Iziqinisekiso ezifunekayo zokuthumela ngaphandle
I-Ethiopia, ekwiMpuma Afrika, yaziwa ngoqoqosho lwayo olwahlukeneyo kunye namashishini agxile kumazwe angaphandle. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe umgangatho kunye nokunyaniseka kokuthunyelwa kwe-Ethiopia, ilizwe liye laseka inkqubo yokuqinisekisa. Iqumrhu eliphambili elinoxanduva lokuthunyelwa kwesatifikethi e-Ethiopia yi-Ethiopian Conformity Assessment Enterprise (ECAE). I-ECAE liqumrhu elizimeleyo elilawulayo elibonelela ngeenkonzo zokuhlola nokuqinisekisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yesizwe neyehlabathi. Abathumeli bangaphandle base-Ethiopia kufuneka bafumane iSiqinisekiso sokuThotyelwa (CoC) kwi-ECAE ngaphambi kokuba iimveliso zabo zithunyelwe kumazwe angaphandle. Esi satifikethi siqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso ziyahlangabezana nomgangatho ofunekayo, impilo, ukhuseleko, kunye neemfuno zokusingqongileyo ezisetwe ngamazwe angenisa kumazwe angaphandle. Inkqubo yoqinisekiso ibandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi. Okokuqala, abathumeli bangaphandle kufuneka babhalise izicelo zabo kwi-ECAE kwaye bangenise amaxwebhu afanelekileyo afana neenkcukacha zemveliso kunye neengxelo zovavanyo. Emva koko iECAE yenze uhlolo kumaziko emveliso ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho. Ukuba iimveliso ziphumelele ukuhlolwa, i-ECAE ikhupha i-CoC esebenza njengobungqina bokuhambelana. Esi satifikethi sibandakanya ulwazi malunga nomthengisi, iinkcukacha zemveliso, imigaqo esebenzayo okanye imigangatho ethotyelwe ngexesha lovavanyo, kunye nexesha lokuqinisekisa. Ukuba nesatifikethi sokuthumela ngaphandle akuphuculi nje ukufikelela kwimarike kodwa kwakha ukuthembana phakathi kwabathengi malunga nomgangatho weemveliso zase-Ethiopia. Ibonisa ukuzibophelela kwe-Ethiopia ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe ngelixa iqinisekisa izenzo zorhwebo ezinobulungisa kwihlabathi jikelele. Ukongeza kwinkqubo yoqinisekiso lwe-ECAE yokuthumela ngaphandle jikelele, amacandelo athile anokuba neemfuneko ezongezelelweyo. Njengokuba: 1. Ikofu: I-Ethiopian Coffee Exporters Association (CEA) isebenza ngokusondeleyo kunye nee-arhente zikarhulumente ezifana ne-Ethiopian Commodity Exchange (ECX) ukuqinisekisa ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwekofu ngokwemigaqo ye-ECX yokurhweba. 2. Ufele: Iziko loPhuhliso lweshishini leLeather liqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa ngokusekwe kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwemo engqongileyo ezamkelwa ngamazwe ngamazwe njenge-ISO 14001. 3. ULimo lweZitiya: I-Arhente yoPhuhliso lweZitiya iqinisekisa ukubambelela kwiZenzo eziLungileyo zezoLimo (GAPs) ukulungiselela imveliso entsha elungiselelwe ukuthengisa ngaphandle. Lilonke, inkqubo yase-Ethiopia eyomeleleyo yoqinisekiso lokuthumela ngaphandle inceda ekukhuthazeni iimveliso zelizwe kwihlabathi jikelele, iqinisekisa ukwaneliseka kwabathengi kunye nokwandisa ukhuphiswano kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe.
Ulungiselelo lolungiselelo olucetyiswayo
I-Ethiopia, ekuNxibelelwano lweAfrika, ibonelela ngamathuba amaninzi othutho kunye nolawulo lwekhonkco lokubonelela. Nazi ezinye iingcebiso malunga nokusebenza kwe-Logistics e-Ethiopia: 1. Iziseko zophuhliso: Iziseko zophuhliso zase-Ethiopia ziphucuka ngokukhawuleza, ngakumbi ngokwezothutho. Ilizwe linezikhululo zeenqwelo moya ezininzi zamazwe ngamazwe, kuquka neSikhululo seenqwelomoya iBole International eAddis Ababa, esisebenza njengendawo enkulu yothutho lweenkonzo zomthwalo kulo mmandla. 2. IPort Access: Nangona i-Ethiopia ililizwe elivaliweyo, inokufikelela kumazibuko kumazwe angabamelwane afana ne-Djibouti neSudan. I-Port yase-Djibouti ikufuphi nomda wase-Ethiopia kwaye isebenza njengesango lempahla ngeendlela kunye nokudibanisa kukaloliwe. 3. Uthungelwano lweNdlela: I-Ethiopia ityale imali kakhulu kuthungelwano lweendlela ukuphucula unxibelelwano phakathi kwelizwe kunye nezizwe ezingabamelwane. Uthungelwano lweendlela lubandakanya oohola beendlela ezigangathiweyo kunye neendlela zasemaphandleni, ukuququzelela ukusasazwa kwasekhaya kunye norhwebo olunqumla imida. 4. UQhagamshelwano lukaloliwe: I-Ethiopia yenze inkqubela encomekayo ekuphuhliseni amaziko ayo kaloliwe kwiminyaka yakutshanje. I-Ethio-Djibouti Railway idibanisa i-Addis Ababa kwi-Port yase-Djibouti, inika indlela efanelekileyo yokuthutha imithwalo. 5. Imimandla yoQoqosho eKhethekileyo (SEZs): I-Ethiopia iseke ii-SEZ ezininzi kwilizwe lonke ukutsala utyalo-mali lwangaphandle nokukhuthaza uphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso. Ezi zowuni zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezahlukeneyo ezifana neenkqubo zesiqhelo ezilungelelanisiweyo, inkuthazo yerhafu, kunye neenkonzo eziluncedo ezithembekileyo ezinokwandisa ukusebenza kolungiselelo. 6. Iindawo zokugcina iimpahla: IAddis Ababa inezixhobo ezininzi zala maxesha zokugcina iimpahla ezinobugcisa obuphezulu obufana neenkqubo zokulawula ubushushu kunye nesoftware yolawulo lwempahla. Ezi ndawo zibonelela ngeendlela ezikhuselekileyo zokugcina iimpahla ezifuna ukuphathwa okukhethekileyo okanye iimeko zokugcina. I-7.Izivumelwano zoRhwebo: Njengelungu loluntu loqoqosho lwengingqi olufana ne-COMESA (iMarike eQhelekileyo yeMpuma ne-Afrika eseMazantsi), i-IGAD (iGunya loRhulumente kuPhuhliso), kunye ne-SADC (uMbutho woPhuhliso lwaMazantsi e-Afrika), i-Ethiopia iyazuza kwizivumelwano zorhwebo ezikhethekileyo. Ezi zivumelwano zenza lula iinkqubo zesithethe kwaye ziququzelele ukuhamba kwempahla ngaphakathi kwingingqi. 8. Ababoneleli boLungiselelo lwaBucala: Kukho iinkampani ezininzi zabucala zolungiselelo lolungiselelo ezisebenza e-Ethiopia ezibonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo, eziquka ukuthunyelwa kwempahla, ukukhutshwa kwempahla, ukugcinwa kwempahla, uthutho, nokuhanjiswa. Ukusebenzisana naba baboneleli banamava kunokuqinisekisa imisebenzi egudileyo yolungiselelo. Ngamafutshane, i-Ethiopia iphucula iziseko zophuhliso, ukufikelela kumazibuko kumazwe angabamelwane, ukwandisa uthungelwano lweendlela noololiwe, iiSEZ ezibonelela ngenkuthazo enomtsalane kubatyali-mali, iindawo zokugcina iimpahla zale mihla, izivumelwano zorhwebo ezivumayo kulo mmandla, kunye nababoneleli bezinto zabucala abathembekileyo bayenza ibe yeyona ndawo ifanelekileyo yokuya kuyo. kunye nemisebenzi esebenzayo yolungiselelo.
Imijelo yophuhliso lwabathengi

Imiboniso yorhwebo ebalulekileyo

I-Ethiopia iyaziwa ngobutyebi belifa lenkcubeko, iindawo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba, kunye nokubaluleka kwembali. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, eli lizwe liye lazuza udumo njengendawo yorhwebo norhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga ezinye zeendlela ezibalulekileyo zokuthengwa kwempahla kumazwe ngamazwe kunye nemiboniso e-Ethiopia. Enye yeendlela eziphambili zokuthengwa kwempahla e-Ethiopia ngokusebenzisa indawo yayo ebalaseleyo yezoqoqosho, i-Ethiopian Industrial Park Development Corporation (IPDC). I-IPDC inoxanduva lokuphuhlisa nokulawula iipaki zemizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo kwilizwe liphela. Ezi paki zinika inkuthazo enomtsalane kunye nezibonelelo kubatyali-mali basekhaya nabamazwe ngamazwe. Ezinye zeepaki eziphawulekayo ziquka i-Hawassa Industrial Park, i-Bole Lemi Industrial Park, i-Kombolcha Industrial Park, njl. Ezi paki zibonelela ngeqonga lokuba abavelisi babonise iimveliso zabo kubathengi behlabathi ngokusebenzisa imiboniso eyahlukeneyo kunye nemiboniso yorhwebo. I-Ethiopia ikwabamba imiboniso emininzi yehlabathi kunye nemiboniso etsala abathengi abavela kwihlabathi liphela. I-Addis Chamber International Trade Fair (ACITF) sesinye sesiganeko esikhuthaza urhwebo phakathi kwe-Ethiopia nezinye izizwe ngokudibanisa abathengisi balapha ekhaya kunye nabo banokuba ngabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe. Inika ithuba kumashishini ukuba abonise iimveliso zawo kumacandelo afana nezolimo, amalaphu, oomatshini, izixhobo zokwakha, njl. Omnye umcimbi obalulekileyo nguMboniso weZizwe ngezizwe we-Ethio-Con kunye neNkomfa yoLwakhiwo kunye neSixhobo saMandla esibanjwa minyaka le eAddis Ababa. Lo mboniso ujolise ekukhuthazeni ukukhula okuzinzileyo kwicandelo lokwakha lase-Ethiopia ngokudibanisa ababoneleli basekhaya kunye nabavelisi bezixhobo zehlabathi. Ukongeza kwezi ziganeko, i-Ethiopia ithatha inxaxheba ngokubonakalayo kwimiboniso eyaziwayo kumazwe ngamazwe njenge-China Import-Export Fair (Canton Fair), i-Dubai Expo 2020 (ngoku ihlehliselwe kwi-2021), i-Frankfurt Book Fair (yeshishini lokushicilela), njl. ezitsala abathengi abavela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Ngaphandle kwamaqonga abonakalayo afana neepaki zemizi-mveliso kunye nemiboniso, i-Ethiopia ikwamkele amajelo anamhlanje aqhutywa bubuchwephesha ngeenjongo zokuthenga. I-Ethiopian Commodities Exchange (ECX) idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuququzeleleni urhwebo olusebenzayo lwemveliso yezolimo. Ibonelela ngenkqubo ecacileyo nethembekileyo kubathengi kunye nabathengisi ukuba bathengise iimveliso zabo ngeqonga le-intanethi. Ukubandakanyeka kwe-Ethiopia kubume bokuthengwa kwempahla kumazwe ngamazwe kuphuculwe ngakumbi ngobulungu bayo kwizivumelwano zorhwebo ezahlukeneyo zengingqi nezamazwe ngamazwe. Ukubandakanywa kwelizwe kuMmandla weLizwekazi lase-Afrika ongaRhalayo kuRhwebo (i-AfCFTA) kuvulela amashishini ase-Ethiopia amathuba amatsha okufikelela kwimarike enkulu kweli lizwekazi. Ukuqukumbela, i-Ethiopia ibonelela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthengwa kwempahla zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemiboniso eququzelela uphuhliso lweshishini kunye norhwebo. Ukusuka kwiipaki zemizi-mveliso ezilawulwa yi-IPDC ukuya kwimisitho efana ne-ACITF, uMboniso waMazwe ngaMazwe we-Ethio-Con, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwimiboniso yehlabathi, i-Ethiopia ibonelela ngamaqonga abenzi basekhaya kunye nabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe ukuba babandakanyeke kwintsebenziswano yezoshishino eneziqhamo. Ukongeza, iitshaneli zale mihla eziqhutywa bubuchwephesha ezifana ne-ECX nazo zinegalelo elibalulekileyo kubume bokuthengwa kwempahla yelizwe. Njengoko i-Ethiopia iqhubeka nokutyala imali kwiziseko zayo, kumashishini, kunye nokunxibelelana nezinye izizwe, kusenokwenzeka ukuba amathuba amaninzi aya kuvela kwimisebenzi yokuthengwa kwempahla kumazwe ngamazwe.
E-Ethiopia, iinjini zokukhangela ezixhaphakileyo zezi: 1. Google (https://www.google.com.et): UGoogle yeyona njini yokukhangela idumileyo kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu e-Ethiopia. Inika uluhlu olubanzi lolwazi kwaye iyaziwa ngokuchaneka kwayo kunye neziphumo zophando olubanzi. 2. I-Bing (https://www.bing.com): I-Bing yenye injini yokukhangela edumileyo enikezela ngeempawu ezifanayo kuGoogle. Ibonelela ngewebhu, umfanekiso, ividiyo, kunye nophendlo lwemephu, kunye neendaba kunye nokhetho lokuthenga. 3. I-Yahoo (https://www.yahoo.com): Injini yokukhangela ye-Yahoo nayo inesiseko esibalulekileyo somsebenzisi e-Ethiopia. Ibonelela ngeendidi ezahlukeneyo zokukhangela kubandakanya iwebhu, imifanekiso, iividiyo, iindaba, ezemidlalo, ezemali, njl. 4. I-Yandex (https://www.yandex.com): Nangona ingasetyenziswanga ngokubanzi njengezintathu zangaphambili ezikhankanywe ngasentla e-Ethiopia kodwa isafanele ukukhankanywa ngokuthandwa kwayo okukhulayo. I-Yandex ibonelela ngomxholo wendawo kubandakanywa ukutya kweendaba okulungiselelwe kunye neemephu ezilungiselelwe abasebenzisi base-Ethiopia. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ngelixa ezi zizinye iinjini zokukhangela ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo e-Ethiopia; Nangona kunjalo ukusetyenziswa kwazo kunokwahluka phakathi kwabantu abahlukeneyo ngokusekwe kukhetho lomntu okanye ukwahluka kwengingqi phakathi kwabemi belizwe abakwi-intanethi.

Amaphepha amakhulu atyheli

I-Ethiopia, ekummandla we-Horn of Africa, inoluhlu lwezalathiso ezibalaseleyo zamaphepha atyheli ezinokunikela inkcazelo eluncedo ngamashishini neenkonzo zelo lizwe. Nazi ezinye zezalathisi eziphambili zamaphepha atyheli e-Ethiopia kunye neewebhusayithi zabo: 1. I-Ethiopia Yellow Pages - Olu luhlu lubonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lwamashishini kunye neenkonzo kumacandelo awohlukeneyo e-Ethiopia. Ungafikelela kuyo https://www.ethyp.com/. 2. I-Yene Directory - I-Yene Directory ibonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweendidi zamashishini ahlukeneyo aquka iindawo zokutyela, iihotele, iibhanki, izibhedlele, nokunye. Iwebhusayithi yabo ithi http://yenedirectory.com/. 3. I-AddisMap-I-AddisMap ibonelela ngoluhlu olusekwe kwimephu ye-intanethi apho unokujonga iindidi ezahlukeneyo njengendawo yokuhlala, amaziko okhathalelo lwempilo, iindawo zokutyela kunye neendawo zokuthenga eAddis Ababa (isixeko esilikomkhulu). Ndwendwela iwebhusayithi yabo ku-https://addismap.com/ ukufumana iindawo ezithile ngaphakathi kwesixeko. 4. I-Ethipoian-YP - i-Ethipoian-YP inikezela ngeqonga elifanelekileyo lokukhangela amashishini asekuhlaleni ngodidi okanye indawo kwi-Ethiopia. Ungafikelela kwiinkonzo zabo apha https://ethipoian-yp.com/. 5. I-EthioPages - Ngojongano olusebenzisekayo kunye nokhetho olubanzi lokukhangela, i-EthioPages yenza abasebenzisi bafumane uluhlu lwamashishini oluninzi olukhonza kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kulo lonke elase-Ethiopia. Iwebhusayithi yabo iyafumaneka ku- https://www.ethiopages.net/. Ezi nkcukacha zamaphepha atyheli zisebenza njengezixhobo ezixabisekileyo kubantu abafuna ulwazi malunga namashishini kunye neenkonzo kuzo zonke izixeko ezikhulu zase-Ethiopia ezifana ne-Addis Ababa, i-Dire Dawa, i-Bahir Dar, i-Hawassa, i-Mekelle phakathi kwezinye. Nceda uqaphele ukuba ezi websites zibonelela ngoluhlu oluguqukayo olunokufuna uhlaziyo rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka malunga neenkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano kunye nokufumaneka kwenkonzo kumaziko adwelisiweyo.

Amaqonga amakhulu orhwebo

I-Ethiopia lilizwe elisaphuhlayo eMpuma Afrika, kwaye isenokufikelela okulinganiselweyo kwi-intanethi kunye neenkonzo zedijithali. Nangona kunjalo, kukho amaqonga ambalwa asakhulayo e-e-commerce afumana ukuthandwa kweli lizwe. Nanga amanye amaqonga e-e-commerce aphambili e-Ethiopia kunye neewebhusayithi zabo: 1. IJumia Ethiopia: IJumia liqonga elaziwayo le-e-commerce elisebenza kumazwe amaninzi ase-Afrika, kuquka i-Ethiopia. Inika uluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso ezifana ne-electronics, ifashoni, izixhobo zasekhaya, kunye nokunye. umthombo: https://www.jumia.com.et/ 2. I-Shebila: I-Shebila yi-platform ye-e-commerce yase-Ethiopia egxile ekuboneleleni iimveliso zasekhaya kubathengi kwilizwe lonke. Baneendidi ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya ifashoni, i-elektroniki, igrosari. umthombo: https://www.shebila.com/ 3. I-Miskaye.com: I-Miskaye.com yindawo yokuthengisa ye-intanethi eyenzelwe ngokukodwa ubugcisa kunye neemveliso ezenziwe ngezandla ezivela kumagcisa ase-Ethiopia. umthombo: https://misky.com/ 4. I-Addis Mercato: I-Addis Mercato yindawo ye-intanethi yokuthenga iimpahla zendabuko zaseTopiya ezifana neengubo, izixhobo, izinto zenkcubeko ezenziwe ngamagcisa asekuhlaleni. umthombo: http://www.addismercato.com/ 5. Hambisa iAddis: Ukuhambisa iAddis ikakhulu liqonga lokuhanjiswa kokutya kodwa ikwabonelela nangezinye iimveliso ezifana negrosari esuka kwiivenkile zasekuhlaleni kunye neekhemesti ezilungiselela abathengi eAddis Ababa. umthombo: http://deliveraddis.com/ Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ishishini le-e-commerce e-Ethiopia lisavela kwaye kunokubakho abadlali abatsha abangena kwimarike okanye amaqonga akhoyo anikezela ngeenkonzo ezongezelelweyo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ukuziphendulela: Ulwazi olunikelwe ngasentla malunga nala maqonga anokutshintsha okanye aphelelwe lixesha ngokuhamba kwexesha; kungoko kuyacetyiswa ukuba uqinisekise ukufumaneka kwazo phambi kokuba uthenge. Lilonke, la maqonga ajolise ekuphuculeni lula kubantu base-Ethiopia ngokubabonelela ngokufikelela kwimpahla ngeendlela zedijithali ngaphandle kokhetho oluncinci lwentengiso olukhoyo phakathi kwemida yelizwe.

Amaqonga amakhulu eendaba zoluntu

I-Ethiopia, ilizwe eliseMpuma Afrika, inamaqonga eendaba ezentlalo adumileyo phakathi kwabemi bayo. Amanye ala maqonga aquka: 1. UFacebook (https://www.facebook.com): UFacebook lelinye lawona maqonga eendaba ezentlalo asetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela, kuquka ne-Ethiopia. Ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba baqhagamshelane nabahlobo kunye nosapho, babelane ngeefoto kunye neevidiyo, bajoyine amaqela, kwaye balandele amaphepha anomdla. 2. I-LinkedIn (https://www.linkedin.com): I-LinkedIn yindawo yokunxibelelana yobuchwephesha edibanisa iingcali ezivela kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba benze iprofayili yobuchwephesha, badibanise nabalingane kunye nabaqeshi abanokuba ngabaqeshi, bajoyine amaqela athile kushishino, kwaye babelane ngomxholo ofanelekileyo. 3. I-Twitter (https://twitter.com): I-Twitter liqonga le-microblogging apho abasebenzisi banokuzibonakalisa ngemiyalezo emifutshane ebizwa ngokuba yi-"tweets." Iyathandwa phakathi kwama-Ethiopia ngokwabelana ngohlaziyo lweendaba, izimvo ngeziganeko zangoku, ukubandakanyeka kwiingxoxo kusetyenziswa ii-hashtag (#), kunye nokulandela abantu abanempembelelo. 4. I-Instagram (https://www.instagram.com): I-Instagram yindawo yokwabelana ngefoto yemidiya yoluntu ekwaxhasa iividiyo ezimfutshane. Ama-Ethiopia asebenzisa i-Instagram ukwabelana ngomxholo onomtsalane onje ngeefoto zokuhamba, imifanekiso yokutya, izithuba zefashoni, izinto zobugcisa ngelixa belandela abaphembeleli babo ababathandayo okanye iimpawu. 5. ITelegram (https://telegram.org): ITelegram lusetyenziso lwemiyalezo olukhawulezileyo olusetyenziswa ngabantu abaninzi baseTopiya kwiincoko zeqela okanye iincoko zabucala. Inikezela ngeempawu ezinjengokubethelwa kokuphela kokuphela kobumfihlo okongeziweyo kunye nokukwazi ukwenza amajelo osasazo lwemiyalezo kubabhalisi. 6. ITikTok (https://www.tiktok.com): ITikTok ifumene ukuthandwa kwihlabathi liphela ngenxa yefomathi yayo emfutshane yevidiyo apho abasebenzisi banokubonisa ubuchule babo ngemingeni yomdaniso okanye ukuvumelanisa imilebe. Abantu abaninzi base-Ethiopia bayakonwabela ukwenza kunye nokubukela iividiyo zeTikTok kwizihloko ezahlukeneyo. 7. I-Viber (https://viber.com): I-Viber yenye i-app yemiyalezo eyaziwa ngokunikezela ngeefowuni ze-audio/video simahla kwihlabathi liphela ngoqhagamshelo lwe-intanethi ngaphandle kweentlawulo ezongezelelweyo ngaphandle kweentlawulo zokusetyenziswa kwedatha ukuba kufanelekile. Abantu baseTopiya basebenzisa iViber ukunxibelelana nabahlobo kunye nosapho ngaphakathi nangaphandle. La maqonga eendaba ezentlalo abonelela abantu baseTopiya ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokunxibelelana, ukwabelana ngolwazi, ukuvakalisa izimvo zabo, ukubonisa iitalente, kunye nokuhlala behlaziywa kwiindlela zamva nje kwihlabathi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba zentlalo kunokwahluka kumaqela ahlukeneyo eminyaka kunye nemimandla ngaphakathi kwe-Ethiopia.

Imibutho emikhulu yoshishino

I-Ethiopia, ekuMbindi weAfrika, yaziwa ngoqoqosho lwayo olwahlukeneyo namashishini ahlumayo. Nantsi eminye yemibutho ephambili yoshishino e-Ethiopia: 1. I-Ethiopian Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations (ECCSA) - I-ECCSA ngumbutho okhokelayo omele amagumbi ahlukeneyo orhwebo kunye nemibutho yamacandelo e-Ethiopia. Ijolise ekukhuthazeni ukukhula koqoqosho, uphuhliso lorhwebo, kunye namathuba otyalo-mali. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.eccsa.org.et 2. I-Ethiopian Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI) - I-ETIDI igxile ekuphuhliseni nasekukhuthazeni ishishini leendwangu ngophando, iinkqubo zoqeqesho, ukuxhotyiswa ngezakhono, kunye nemisebenzi yokuxhasa. iwebhusayithi: www.etidi.gov.et 3. I-Ethiopian Horticulture Producer Association (EHPEA) - I-EHPEA imele abavelisi base-Ethiopia abavelisi kunye nabathengisi ngaphandle ngokukhuthaza izenzo zophuhliso oluzinzileyo kweli candelo loshishino ngelixa beqinisekisa ukufikelela kwiimarike kwiimveliso zabo kwihlabathi jikelele. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.ehpea.org.et 4. I-Ethiopian Airlines Pilots' Association (EAPA) - I-EAPA imele abaqhubi beenqwelomoya abasebenzela enye yeenqwelomoya eziphambili zase-Afrika, i-Ethiopian Airlines. Eyona nto bagxile kuyo kukukhusela umdla wabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo kwicandelo lezophapho e-Ethiopia. 5. I-Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associations (AACCSA) - I-AACCSA isebenza njengeqonga lamashishini asebenza ngaphakathi e-Addis Ababa ukuba aqhagamshelane, asebenzisane, kwaye athethelele iimfuno zabo ezifanayo kumanqanaba karhulumente wendawo kunye neeforamu zelizwe kunye nezizwe ngezizwe. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.addischamber.com I-6.I-Ethiopian Bankers Association (ETBA)- ETBA imele iibhanki zorhwebo ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwecandelo lebhanki lase-Ethiopia ngokubanika iqonga lokusebenzisana kwimiba yokukhuthaza umgaqo-nkqubo enxulumene neenkonzo zemali. umthombo: http://www.ethiopianbankers.net/ 7. I-Ethiopian Poultry Producers & Processors Association (EPPEPA)- I-EPPEPA ikhuthaza ukufuywa kweenkukhu ngokujongana nemiba enxulumene nemveliso, ukucubungula, kunye nokuthengisa ngophando, uqeqesho, kunye nokukhuthaza. IWebhsayithi: Ayifumaneki Nceda uqaphele ukuba eminye imibutho isenokungabi nayo iwebhusayithi esemthethweni okanye iiwebhusayithi zabo zinokutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kuhlala kucetyiswa ukukhangela ulwazi oluhlaziyiweyo kule mibutho usebenzisa imithombo ethembekileyo.

Iiwebhusayithi zeshishini kunye norhwebo

Kukho iiwebhusayithi ezininzi zezoqoqosho nezorhwebo ezinxulumene ne-Ethiopia, ezibonelela ngolwazi ngamathuba otyalo-mali, imigaqo-nkqubo yorhwebo, ukubhaliswa kweshishini, kunye nezinye izixhobo ezifanelekileyo. Naba abambalwa abadumileyo kunye nee-URL zabo: 1. IKomishoni yoTyalo-mali yase-Ethiopia (EIC): Iwebhusayithi ye-EIC inikezela ngolwazi olubanzi malunga namathuba otyalo-mali e-Ethiopia. Inika iinkcukacha kumacandelo abalulekileyo, imithetho yotyalo-mali, imigaqo, inkuthazo, kwaye iququzelela iinkonzo zokumatanisa ishishini. umthombo: https://www.investethiopia.gov.et/ 2. UMphathiswa wezoRhwebo noShishino (MoTI): Iwebhusayithi ye-MoTI igxile kwimisebenzi yokukhuthaza urhwebo e-Ethiopia. Ibonelela ngezibonelelo eziyimfuneko kubathumeli bangaphandle kunye nabathumeli kumazwe angaphandle malunga neengxelo zophando lwemarike, izivumelwano zorhwebo, iirhafu kunye nolwazi lwemisebenzi. umthombo: https://moti.gov.et/ 3. I-Ethiopian Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associations (ECCSA): I-ECCSA liqonga lokukhuthaza imisebenzi yorhwebo ngaphakathi kwe-Ethiopia. Iwebhusayithi yayo inikezela ngolwazi malunga namagumbi ahlukeneyo orhwebo asebenza kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kwilizwe liphela. umthombo: https://www.ethiopianchamber.com/ 4. IBhanki yeSizwe yase-Ethiopia (i-NBE): I-NBE yibhanki ephakathi elawula umgaqo-mali wezemali kwaye ijonge icandelo lezemali kweli lizwe. Iwebhusayithi yayo ibonelela ngeengxelo zeenkcukacha-manani malunga nezalathi zoqoqosho ezifana nezinga lokunyuka kwamaxabiso, inzala kwakunye nemigaqo-nkqubo esemthethweni enxulumene neebhanki. 5.Iwebhusayithi: http://www.nbe.gov.et/ I-Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associations(AACCSA) I-AACCSA ikhuthaza unxibelelwano lwamashishini asekhaya nakwamanye amazwe ngokubonelela ngamathuba othungelwano ngemisitho yobungcali umthombo: http://addischamber.com/ 6.UMbutho wabaVelisi beHorticulture yase-Ethiopia (EHPEA): I-EHPEA imele abalimi/iinkampani zezityalo nezityalo ezinemveliso ejolise kumazwe angaphandle ukusuka kwiintyatyambo ukuya kwiziqhamo umthombo: http://ehpea.org/ 7.I-Addis Ababa yoBhaliso lwezoRhwebo kunye neQumrhu leeLayisenisi zeShishini: Esi siza sibonelela ngesikhokelo esineenkcukacha zokuqalisa ishishini kwisixeko saseAddis Ababa, kubandakanywa ulwazi lwelayisenisi kunye neenkqubo. umthombo: http://www.addisababcity.gov.et/ Nceda uqaphele ukuba ezi webhusayithi zinokutshintsha okanye zihlaziywe, ngoko kuyacetyiswa ukuba kujongwe ukuchaneka kwazo kunye nokufaneleka kwazo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa.

Iiwebhusayithi zemibuzo yedatha yorhwebo

Kukho iiwebhusayithi ezininzi ezibonelela ngedatha yorhwebo e-Ethiopia. Nazi ezinye ezibalaseleyo kunye nee-URL zabo: 1. IKomishoni yeRhafu yaseTopiya (i-ECC): Iwebhusayithi ye-ECC inikezela ukufikelela kwiinkonzo ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene nezithethe, kubandakanywa izibalo zorhwebo kunye nolwazi lwerhafu. I-URL: https://www.ecc.gov.et/ 2. IKomishoni yoTyalo-mali yase-Ethiopia (EIC): I-EIC ibonelela ngolwazi oluluncedo malunga namathuba otyalo-mali e-Ethiopia, kubandakanywa neenkcukacha malunga nemisebenzi yokuthumela ngaphandle kunye nemimiselo yorhwebo. I-URL: https://www.ethioinvest.org/ 3. I-Ethiopian Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations (ECCSA): Iwebhusayithi ye-ECCSA ayiboneleli nje kuphela ngolwazi kumagumbi orhwebo elizwe kodwa ikwaquka nedatha enexabiso enxulumene norhwebo. URL: https://ethiopianchamber.com/ 4. IBhanki yeSizwe yase-Ethiopia (i-NBE): I-NBE inikezela ngedatha yezoqoqosho kunye nezezimali kwi-Ethiopia, kubandakanywa ibhalansi yeentlawulo, amazinga otshintshiselwano lwangaphandle, kunye nezinye izibalo ezifanelekileyo ezinokuba luncedo ekuhlalutyeni urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwelizwe. I-URL: https://www.nbe.gov.et/ 5. I-Ethiopian Revenue and Customs Authority (ERCA) - i-ERCA inoxanduva lokuqokelela iirhafu kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemimiselo yezithethe e-Ethiopia. Iwebhusayithi yabo ibonelela ngokufikelela kwiinkonzo ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene nerhafu kunye neenkqubo zokuthumela ngaphandle. URL: http://erca.gov.et/ Ezi webhusayithi zinokunikezela ngolwazi olubanzi malunga nemisebenzi yorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwase-Ethiopia, kuquka ukusebenza kokuthumela ngaphandle, amaxabiso okungenisa elizweni, amaqabane orhwebo aphambili, imisebenzi yesiko, amathuba otyalo-mali njl.njl.

amaqonga B2b

I-Ethiopia, ilizwe elikuphondo lweAfrika, libone ubukho obukhulayo beqonga leB2B elibonelela kumashishini ahlukeneyo. La maqonga asebenza njengeemarike zedijithali apho amashishini anokunxibelelana, ukusebenzisana, kunye nokuthengisa iimpahla kunye neenkonzo. Nanga amanye amaqonga e-B2B abalulekileyo e-Ethiopia kunye nee-URL zabo zewebhusayithi: 1. I-Qefira (https://www.qefira.com/): I-Qefira yi-platform ye-intanethi eququzelela iintengiso ezihleliweyo kunye nokuthengisa phakathi kwamashishini asebenza e-Ethiopia. Iquka uluhlu olubanzi lweendidi ezinje ngezithuthi, izindlu nomhlaba, izinto zombane, ifashoni, imisebenzi, nokunye. 2. IBhanki ye-Exim yase-Ethiopia (https://eximbank.et/): I-Exim Bank yase-Ethiopia ibonelela ngeemveliso zemali ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkonzo zokukhuthaza urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kumashishini ase-Ethiopia. Iwebhusayithi yayo isebenza njengeqonga le-B2B apho iinkampani zinokuphonononga amathuba okuthumela ngaphandle-ngaphandle, ukufikelela kwizibonelelo zezimali zorhwebo, kunye nokufumana ulwazi malunga nobukrelekrele bentengiso. 3. IMarike ye-Entoto (https://entotomarket.net/): Eli qonga likhethekileyo ekukhuthazeni iimveliso zamagcisa ase-Ethiopia njengempahla yempahla eyenziwe ngamalaphu emveli okanye izincedisi ezenziwe ngezandla. I-Entoto Market ibonelela ngendlela yokudibanisa abathengi nababoneleli ngokuthe ngqo. 4. I-EthioMarket (https://ethiomarket.net/): I-EthioMarket igxile kwicandelo lezolimo ngokudibanisa amafama kunye nabathengi abafuna iimveliso zezolimo ezifana neembotyi zekhofi okanye iziqholo eziveliswa e-Ethiopia. Ivumela amafama ukuba abonise iimveliso zawo kwi-intanethi ngelixa evumela abathengi ukuba bafumane ababoneleli abathembekileyo. I-5.BirrPay: I-BirrPay ngumboneleli wesisombululo sentlawulo ye-elektroniki esekelwe e-Ethiopia enikezela ngamasango entlawulo ye-B2B ekhuselekileyo kumashishini asekhaya akhangela iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuhlawula idijithali. 6.I-Ethiopian Business Portal: I-Ethiopian Business Portal (https://ethbizportal.com/) isebenza njenge-portal yolwazi yonke-in-one kumacandelo awohlukeneyo afana necandelo lemveliso kunye nophuhliso lwecandelo lohlaziyo lweendaba kunye neekhathalogu. Le yimizekelo embalwa ebalaseleyo yamaqonga e-B2B akhoyo e-Ethiopia. Njengoko inkqubo yendalo yedijithali elizweni iqhubeka nokukhula, kunokwenzeka ukuba amaqonga ongezelelweyo aya kuvela, alungiselele amashishini ahlukeneyo kunye neemfuno zoshishino.
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