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Incamake y'igihugu
Etiyopiya, izwi ku izina rya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Etiyopiya, ni igihugu kidafite inkombe giherereye mu ihembe rya Afurika. Irahana imbibi na Sudani mu burengerazuba, Eritereya mu majyaruguru, Djibouti na Somaliya mu burasirazuba, na Kenya mu majyepfo. Ubuso bungana na kilometero kare miliyoni 1,1, ni kimwe mu bihugu binini bya Afurika. Etiyopiya ifite ahantu nyaburanga hatandukanye harimo imisozi miremire, ibibaya, savannah, n'ubutayu. Imisozi miremire ya Etiyopiya irimo impinga ndende za Afurika kandi ikaba ituwe n'inzuzi nyinshi zigira uruhare mu kibaya cya Nili. Igihugu gifite amateka akomeye kuva mu myaka ibihumbi. Ifatwa cyane nkimwe muntangiriro za mbere zubumuntu bwabantu kandi izwiho umuco wa kera nkubwami bwa Aksumite nubwami nkubwami bwa Zagwe. Etiyopiya kandi ifite umurage ukomeye wumuco hamwe nimiryango myinshi ibana mumipaka yayo. Abaturage barenga miliyoni 115, Etiyopiya ni kimwe mu bihugu bituwe cyane muri Afurika. Umurwa mukuru Addis Abeba ikora nk'ikigo cyayo cya politiki n'ubukungu. Ururimi rwemewe ruvugwa muri Etiyopiya ni Amharic; icyakora, hari indimi zirenga 80 zivugwa mu turere dutandukanye kubera amoko atandukanye. Ubukungu bwa Etiyopiya bushingiye cyane ku buhinzi bukoresha igice kinini cy’abaturage bacyo. Kohereza ibicuruzwa bya kawa (Etiyopiya izwiho kuba ikomoka ku ikawa), indabyo, imboga mu gihe ifite n'inganda zizwi cyane nko gukora imyenda no gukora ibicuruzwa by'uruhu. Nubwo duhura n’ibibazo nkubukene nibibazo byimibereho-politiki mubice bimwe na bimwe; mu myaka ya vuba aha Etiyopiya yateye intambwe igaragara mubice nko guteza imbere uburezi biganisha ku kugabanya igipimo cy’abatazi gusoma no kwandika cyane mu gihe cyagutse & kwagura ibikorwa remezo byita ku buzima n’ibindi bityo kuzamura indangagaciro y’ubuzima ugereranije n’ubushize. Kubijyanye n'ubukerarugendo bushobora gukurura harimo ahantu h'amateka nka Lalibela amatorero yubakishijwe amabuye cyangwa obelisks ya Aksum; kimwe n'ibitangaza bisanzwe nka Depression ya Danakil cyangwa imisozi ya Simien. Umuco utandukanye wa Etiyopiya, inyamaswa zo mu gasozi, n'amahirwe yo kwidagadura bituma uba ahantu heza h'ubukerarugendo. Mu gusoza, Etiyopiya ni igihugu gifite imbaraga zifite amateka akomeye, imiterere itandukanye, n'umurage ndangamuco. Nubwo ifite ibibazo, ikomeje gutera intambwe mubice bitandukanye byiterambere kandi ni ahantu hashimishije haba mubukerarugendo ndetse nubucuruzi.
Ifaranga ry'igihugu
Etiyopiya, izwi kandi ku izina rya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Etiyopiya, ifite ifaranga ryayo ryitwa Etiyopiya Birr (ETB). Izina "Birr" ryakomotse ku bipimo bya kera bya Etiyopiya. Ifaranga ryerekanwa nikimenyetso "ብር" cyangwa gusa "ETB". Umunyetiyopiya Birr itangwa kandi igengwa na Banki nkuru y’igihugu ya Etiyopiya, ari yo banki nkuru y’igihugu. Gucunga politiki yifaranga kandi ikanemeza umutekano muri sisitemu yimari. Birr ije inoti zifite amadini atandukanye, harimo 1 birr, 5 birr, 10 birr, 50 birr, na 100 birr. Buri nyandiko igaragaramo amateka yamateka nibiranga ibimenyetso byerekana umurage gakondo wa Etiyopiya. Ku bijyanye n’ivunjisha, ni ngombwa kumenya ko agaciro k’ifaranga gashobora guhinduka bitewe n’ibintu bitandukanye nk’ubukungu n’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga. Kuva [itariki y'ubu], amadorari 1 y'Amerika (USD) ahwanye na [igipimo cy'ivunjisha] Abanyetiyopiya Birrs. Mugihe ibikorwa byaho bikoresha cyane cyane amafaranga muri Etiyopiya, uburyo bwo kwishyura bwa digitale buragenda bwamamara buhoro buhoro mumijyi minini. Ikarita y'inguzanyo yemerwa muri hoteri zimwe cyangwa ibigo byubukerarugendo; icyakora, birashobora kuba ibisanzwe kubucuruzi guhitamo kwishyura amafaranga. Nibyiza ko abagenzi basura Etiyopiya bagira ifaranga ryaho mukiguzi cya buri munsi nko kugura ibicuruzwa kumasoko yaho cyangwa kwishyura serivisi zitwara abantu. Serivise zo kuvunja zishobora kuboneka muri banki cyangwa mubiro byemewe by’ivunjisha mumijyi minini. Muri rusange, gusobanukirwa no kwitegura ufite ubumenyi ku bijyanye n’ifaranga rya Etiyopiya birashobora gufasha kumenya uburambe bw’amafaranga mu gihe usuye iki gihugu gishimishije.
Igipimo cy'ivunjisha
Ifaranga ryemewe rya Etiyopiya ni Umunyetiyopiya Birr (ETB). Kubijyanye no kugereranya igipimo cy’ivunjisha ry’amafaranga akomeye ku isi, nyamuneka menya ko izo ndangagaciro zihindagurika mugihe. Hano hari igipimo cyagereranijwe cyo kuvunja guhera mu Gushyingo 2021: 1 USD ≈ 130 ETB 1 EUR ≈ 150 ETB 1 GBP ≈ 170 ETB 1 CNY ≈ 20 ETB Nyamuneka menya ko iyi mibare ishobora guhinduka kandi burigihe birasabwa kugenzura hamwe nisoko ryizewe cyangwa ikigo cyimari kubiciro byivunjisha bigezweho.
Ibiruhuko by'ingenzi
Etiyopiya ni igihugu cyo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba cyizihiza iminsi mikuru myinshi n'ibiruhuko umwaka wose. Imwe mu minsi mikuru ikomeye ni Timkat, iba ku ya 19 Mutarama (cyangwa 20 mu myaka isimbuka). Timkat izwi kandi nka Epiphany y'Abanyetiyopiya kandi yibuka umubatizo wa Yesu Kristo mu ruzi rwa Yorodani. Muri ibi birori, Abanyetiyopiya ibihumbi n'ibihumbi bateranira mu nsengero hirya no hino kwizihiza. Abapadiri bitwaje kopi y'Isanduku y'Isezerano, bizera ko ikubiyemo Amategeko Icumi. Abitabiriye amahugurwa bambara imyenda yera kandi baririmba indirimbo umunsi wose. Mu rugendo rwimihango, abantu bakurikira nkuko abapadiri baha umugisha amazi mukuyasukaho bishushanya umubatizo wabo. Undi munsi mukuru w'ingenzi muri Etiyopiya ni Noheri, igwa ku ya 7 Mutarama ukurikije kalendari yabo ya orotodogisi. Kwizihiza Noheri ya Etiyopiya bitangirana no kuba ijoro ryose mu nsengero zitwa Genna Eve. Ku munsi wa Noheri ubwayo, imiryango iraterana mu birori bisanzwe birimo injera (umutsima wa sourdough) na doro wat (isupu y'inkoko ibirungo). Pasika cyangwa Fasika nayo yizihizwa cyane muri Etiyopiya. Irerekana izuka rya Kristo mu rupfu nyuma yo kubambwa kandi mubisanzwe bibaho nyuma yicyumweru kimwe ku cyumweru cya Pasika cyizihizwa nabakristu bo muburengerazuba. Benshi bitabira ibikorwa byitorero muriki gihe abandi bitabira ibirori byumuco nko gucana umuriro cyangwa gukina imikino gakondo nka gaga. Byongeye kandi, Meskel ni undi munsi mukuru uzwi cyane wizihijwe ku ya 27 Nzeri mu rwego rwo kwibuka uburyo Umwamikazi Helena yavumbuye ibice by'umusaraba wa Yesu mu kinyejana cya kane nyuma ya Yesu. Ikintu cyaranze ibirori bya Meskel kirimo gucana umuriro mwinshi witwa Demera mugihe izuba rirenze mbere yo kubyina hamwe nindirimbo zishimishije. Izi ni ingero nke gusa z'iminsi mikuru ikomeye ya Etiyopiya yerekana umuco wacyo ukomeye, amateka, n'imyizerere ikomeye y'idini.
Ubucuruzi bw’amahanga
Etiyopiya ni igihugu kidafite inkombe giherereye mu ihembe rya Afurika. Ifite ubukungu butandukanye hamwe n’ubuhinzi nicyo gice nyamukuru, kigira uruhare runini muri GDP mu gihugu kandi kigakoresha igice kinini cyabaturage. Mu myaka yashize, Etiyopiya yashyize ingufu mu gutandukanya ubukungu bwayo no guteza imbere izindi nzego nk'inganda, ubwubatsi, na serivisi. Ku bijyanye n’ubucuruzi, Etiyopiya yohereza cyane cyane ibikomoka ku buhinzi nka kawa, imbuto zamavuta, ibinyamisogwe, indabyo, imbuto, nimboga. Ikawa ifite akamaro kanini mu bukungu bwa Etiyopiya kuko ari imwe mu zikora ibicuruzwa byinshi kandi byohereza ibicuruzwa muri Afurika. Ibindi byoherezwa mu mahanga birimo zahabu, ibicuruzwa by'uruhu, imyenda, n'umutungo kamere nk'amabuye y'agaciro. Etiyopiya itumiza cyane cyane ibikoresho nibikoresho byinganda nkimyenda, ibinyabiziga bigamije gutwara abantu harimo ibinyabiziga nibice byindege. Itumiza kandi ibikomoka kuri peteroli kuva idafite ibigega bya peteroli byimbere mu gihugu. Uburinganire bw’ubucuruzi mu gihugu ubusanzwe bwabaye bubi kubera agaciro k’ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga ugereranije n’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Nyamara, amateka y’iterambere ry’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga hamwe n’ishoramari ritandukanye ryagize uruhare mu kugabanya iki cyuho mu myaka yashize. Etiyopiya igamije kuzamura ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga binyuze mu bikorwa bitandukanye birimo ingamba zo guhuza ubukungu mu karere mu bihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Afurika Yunze ubumwe (AU) biteza imbere ubucuruzi bw’imbere muri Afurika muri gahunda nka AfCFTA (Afurika y’ubucuruzi bw’ubucuruzi ku mugabane wa Afurika). Mu gusoza, Etiyopiya ishingiye ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu buhinzi ariko ishaka gutandukana mu zindi nzego mu gihe ikomeje gushyira ingufu mu kuzamura umubano w’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga binyuze mu mahirwe yo kwishyira hamwe mu karere atangwa na gahunda ya AU nka AfCFTA.
Iterambere ryisoko
Etiyopiya iherereye mu ihembe rya Afurika, ifite amahirwe menshi yo guteza imbere isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga. Hamwe n’abaturage benshi bagera kuri miliyoni 112 n’ubukungu buzamuka, igihugu gitanga amahirwe menshi ku bucuruzi mpuzamahanga. Kimwe mu byiza byingenzi byo guhatanira Etiyopiya ni aho bihurira. Ikora nk'irembo ryamasoko atandukanye yo mukarere muri Afrika no muburasirazuba bwo hagati, bigatuma iba ahantu heza h'ubucuruzi. Byongeye kandi, Etiyopiya ifite inzira nini z’amazi mpuzamahanga zinyuze ku byambu bya Djibouti, bigatuma ibikorwa byinjira n’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga byoroha. Urwego rumwe rufite ubushobozi bukomeye ni ubuhinzi. Etiyopiya ifite ubutaka bunini burumbuka bukwiye guhingwa hamwe n’ikirere cyiza ku bihingwa bitandukanye. Igihugu kimaze kumenyekana ku isi nkimwe mu bihugu byohereza hanze ikawa n'imbuto za sesame. Byongeye kandi, hari kwiyongera kwishoramari mubicuruzwa byimbuto nkindabyo n'imbuto. Kwagura ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga birashobora kugira uruhare mu kwinjiza amadovize mu gihe bikenewe ku isi hose ku biribwa. Ikindi gice gitanga ubushobozi budakoreshwa ni ugukora. Guverinoma ya Etiyopiya ifite intego yo guhindura igihugu kuba ihuriro rikomeye ry’inganda muri Afurika binyuze mu bikorwa nka zone nganda no gushishikariza abashoramari. Hamwe nigiciro gito cyakazi ugereranije nibindi bihugu byinshi, ababikora barashobora kungukirwa nibiciro byapiganwa mugihe bagura ubushobozi bwabo bwo kubyaza umusaruro. Urwego rwa serivisi rutanga kandi amahirwe yo gutera imbere mugihe Etiyopiya itezimbere ibikorwa remezo, ikoranabuhanga, itumanaho, ubukerarugendo, ibigo byamabanki, nibigo byuburezi. Mugihe izo nzego zitezimbere ubuziranenge no kuboneka mugihugu ubwacyo, barushaho gukurura abashoramari babanyamahanga bashaka ubufatanye cyangwa amahirwe yo kwaguka. Imbogamizi zirahari mugihe cyo gucukumbura isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga muri Etiyopiya nko gukora ibikorwa remezo bidahagije byo gutwara abantu cyangwa gutinda kwa bureaucracy; nyamara; izo nzitizi zirimo gukemurwa nimbaraga za guverinoma zikomeje kwibanda ku kunoza gahunda z’iterambere ry’ibikorwa remezo hamwe no kunoza imikorere. Mu gusoza, Umutungo kamere wa Etiyopiya ufatanije n’ahantu heza h’akarere utanga inzira zifatika zo guteza imbere amasoko y’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga akomeye mu nganda zijyanye n’ubuhinzi nko kohereza ikawa cyangwa umusaruro w’imbuto za sesame hamwe n’inganda zikivuka harimo n’ubushobozi bwo gukora bwiteguye guhaza ibyifuzo by’ibanze ku giciro cyiza. Hamwe na leta ikomeje gushyigikirwa, gukemura ibibazo no gushyira mu bikorwa ivugurura rikenewe, Etiyopiya ihagaze neza mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga bushimishije.
Kugurisha ibicuruzwa bishyushye ku isoko
Ku bijyanye no guhitamo ibicuruzwa bizwi cyane byoherezwa muri Etiyopiya, ni ngombwa gusuzuma ibyo igihugu gikeneye ku isoko n'imbaraga z'ubukungu. Etiyopiya ifite ibicuruzwa bitandukanye byoherezwa mu mahanga, ariko ibintu bimwe byagenze neza cyane mumyaka yashize. Igice kimwe cyingenzi cyerekana amasezerano akomeye ninganda zubuhinzi. Etiyopiya izwiho ubutaka burumbuka hamwe n’ikirere cyiza, ku buryo ari byiza guhinga ibihingwa bitandukanye. Ikawa, imbuto za sesame, imbuto zamavuta, pulses (nk'ibinyomoro na soya), n'ibirungo birashakishwa cyane ku masoko mpuzamahanga. Ibicuruzwa ntabwo bifite icyifuzo gikomeye gusa ahubwo birata ubuziranenge kubera uburyo bwo guhinga gakondo. Imyenda n'imyenda ni akandi gace Etiyopiya yagaragaye nkumukinnyi uhiganwa. Inganda z’imyenda muri iki gihugu zungukira ku mbaraga nyinshi z’abakozi no kubona isoko ry’isi binyuze mu masezerano y’ubucuruzi nk’Afurika yo gukura no guha amahirwe amahirwe (AGOA). Kwohereza hanze imyenda yiteguye ikozwe mu ipamba ikomoka mu karere ni amahitamo meza. Byongeye kandi, ubukorikori bwakozwe n’abanyabukorikori bo muri Etiyopiya bwerekana umurage gakondo w’igihugu. Ubukorikori butandukanye gakondo nk'ibitebo bikozwe, ububumbyi, ibicuruzwa by'uruhu (nk'inkweto n'imifuka), imitako ikozwe mu budodo bwa zahabu cyangwa ifeza ihabwa agaciro cyane n'abaguzi ku isi. Ku bijyanye n'ingamba zo guhitamo isoko kuri ibi bintu: 1) Menya amasoko yagenewe: Suzuma uturere dutandukanye ukurikije ibyo bakeneye kubicuruzwa byihariye. 2) Kora ubushakashatsi ku isoko: Gusesengura ibyo abaguzi bakunda, urwego rwamarushanwa, ibiciro. 3) Guhuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere: Hindura ibipfunyika cyangwa ibicuruzwa bisabwa kugira ngo byuzuze amahame mpuzamahanga. 4) Gutezimbere: Gutezimbere ibikorwa byiza byo kwamamaza byibanda kubashobora kugura mumahanga binyuze mumurikagurisha ryubucuruzi cyangwa kumurongo wa interineti. 5) Guhuza: Gushiraho ubufatanye nabatumiza ibicuruzwa cyangwa abatanga ibicuruzwa bafite imiyoboro ihari kumasoko yagenewe. Muri rusange, mugihe urebye imbaraga za Etiyopiya mubicuruzwa byubuhinzi nka kawa cyangwa ibirungo hamwe n’imyenda / imyenda & ubukorikori bwakozwe n'intoki birashobora gufasha abohereza ibicuruzwa hanze guhitamo ibicuruzwa bizwi bikwiranye n’amasoko atandukanye yohereza ibicuruzwa hanze.
Ibiranga abakiriya na kirazira
Etiyopiya, iherereye mu ihembe rya Afurika, ni igihugu gitandukanye kandi gikungahaye ku muco gifite imiterere yihariye y'abakiriya na kirazira. Gusobanukirwa nibi bintu birashobora gufasha ubucuruzi kwita kubakiriya ba Etiyopiya mugihe bubaha umuco wabo. Ibiranga abakiriya: 1. Agaciro-gaciro: Abanyetiyopiya muri rusange bumva ibiciro kandi bashaka agaciro keza kumafaranga yabo. 2. Imibanire ishingiye ku mibanire: Kubaka ikizere binyuze mu guhuza umuntu ni ngombwa mu muco w’ubucuruzi wa Etiyopiya. 3. Kubaha abasaza: Imyaka irubahwa cyane muri societe ya Etiyopiya, bityo abakiriya bakuze barashobora guhabwa umwanya wambere cyangwa kubahwa. 4. Imitekerereze ya Collectiviste: Abanyetiyopiya bakunze gushyira imbere ibyo umuryango wabo cyangwa umuryango wabo bakeneye kuruta ibyifuzo byabo. 5. Abakiriya badahemuka: Iyo ikizere kimaze kugerwaho, Abanyetiyopiya bakunda kwerekana ubudahemuka kubucuruzi babona ko bwizewe. Kirazira z'umuco: 1. Ibimenyetso n'imigenzo y'idini: Etiyopiya ifite abaturage b’amadini cyane, biganjemo abakirisitu cyangwa abayisilamu, bityo rero ni ngombwa kudasebya cyangwa gusuzugura imigenzo cyangwa ibimenyetso by’idini. 2. Gukoresha ukuboko kw'ibumoso: Muri Etiyopiya, gukoresha ukuboko kwawe kw'ibumoso ku bimenyetso nko guhana ibiganza, gutanga / kwakira ibintu bifatwa nk'ibyanduye kuko byabitswe hagamijwe isuku y'umuntu ku giti cye. 3 .Imyambarire idakwiye: Guhishura imyenda mubisanzwe bifatwa nkibidakwiye mumico ya Etiyopiya kubera imiterere yabyo; nibyiza kwambara neza mugihe ukorana nabakiriya baho. 4.Ijambo kavukire ryerekeye igihugu cyangwa abayobozi baryo: Abanyetiyopiya bafite imyumvire ikomeye yo gukunda igihugu kandi bishimira amateka yigihugu cyabo; bityo rero ibitekerezo bibi kuri Etiyopiya bigomba kwirindwa. Kugirango usabane neza nabakiriya ba Etiyopiya no kuyobora kirazira: 1.Kuvugana wubaha - Wubahe amahame yumuco ukoresheje interuro yubupfura nko gusuhuza ('Selam' - muraho) & kwerekana ko ushishikajwe n'imigenzo gakondo / imigenzo mugihe muganira. 2.Kubaka umubano bwite - Shora igihe mukubaka rapport witabira ibiganiro bito byibanda ku nyungu zisangiwe & uburambe 3.Koresha ingamba zo kwamamaza - Kugaragaza ubushobozi, agaciro-kumafaranga, hamwe nindangagaciro zishingiye kumuryango mubukangurambaga bwo kwamamaza birashobora gushimisha abakiriya ba Etiyopiya 4. Komeza wubahe imigenzo - Mugihe utegura ibirango cyangwa ibikoresho byamamaza, irinde gushyiramo ibimenyetso byamadini kuko bishobora kugaragara nkicyubahiro. 5.Mwitondere ibirori by’amadini - Tegura ibikorwa byubucuruzi nubukangurambaga hafi yibikorwa by’amadini nka Ramadhan cyangwa iminsi mikuru ya gikirisitu ya orotodogisi. Mugusobanukirwa ibiranga abakiriya bidasanzwe na kirazira z'umuco muri Etiyopiya, ubucuruzi burashobora guhuza ingamba zabwo neza kugirango ibikenewe byiri soko bitandukanye bikagaragaza ko bubaha imigenzo yaho.
Sisitemu yo gucunga gasutamo
Etiyopiya, igihugu kidafite inkombe giherereye mu ihembe rya Afurika, gifite amategeko agenga imigenzo n’abinjira n’abinjira abashyitsi bagomba gukurikiza igihe binjiye cyangwa bava mu gihugu. Hano hari ingingo z'ingenzi zerekeye gahunda yo gucunga gasutamo ya Etiyopiya n'ibitekerezo by'ingenzi: 1. Uburyo bwo kwinjira: Iyo ugeze ku bibuga byindege bya Etiyopiya cyangwa kuri bariyeri, abashyitsi basabwa kuzuza urupapuro rwabinjira kugirango binjire mu gihugu. Iyi fomu isanzwe ikubiyemo amakuru yihariye nibisobanuro byawe. 2. Ibisabwa bya Viza: Mbere yo gusura Etiyopiya, ni ngombwa kugenzura ibyangombwa bya viza ku bwenegihugu bwawe bwihariye kuko bitandukanye mu bihugu. Bamwe mu bagenzi barashobora kwemererwa kwinjira nta viza mu gihe abandi bashobora gukenera kubona viza mbere yo kuhagera. 3. Ibintu bibujijwe: Kimwe n’ibihugu byinshi, Etiyopiya ibuza ibintu bimwe na bimwe kwinjizwa mu gihugu. Harimo ibiyobyabwenge bitemewe, imbunda, ifaranga ryiganano, ibikoresho biteye isoni, nibintu byose bifatwa nk’umuco cyangwa byangiza. 4. Amafaranga atishyurwa: Abashyitsi bemerewe kwinjira nta musoro ku bintu byabo bwite nk'imyenda, kamera, mudasobwa zigendanwa, n'ibindi bikoresho bya elegitoroniki bigenewe gukoreshwa gusa mu gihe cyo kuba muri Etiyopiya. 5. Amabwiriza y’ifaranga: Ni itegeko gutangaza amafaranga yose arenga $ 3.000 (USD) ukigera cyangwa uvuye ku bibuga by’indege bya Etiyopiya cyangwa ku mipaka. 6. Ibikomoka ku nyamaswa n’ibimera: Abagenzi bagomba kumenya ko kuzana ibikomoka ku nyamaswa (harimo n’inyamaswa nzima) nk’inyama cyangwa ibikomoka ku mata birabujijwe rwose kubera amabwiriza y’amatungo agamije gukumira kwanduza indwara hagati y’ibihugu. 7. Ibibujijwe byoherezwa mu mahanga: Iyo uvuye muri Etiyopiya ufite ibihangano by’umuco bifite agaciro nkibya kera cyangwa ibintu by’amadini birengeje imyaka 50; ugomba kubona ibyangombwa bikenewe mubuyobozi bwabigenewe mbere yo kubikura mu gihugu byemewe n'amategeko. 8.Ibisabwa byubuzima: Ukurikije aho uva; Icyemezo cyo gukingira umuriro w’umuhondo gishobora gukenerwa nyuma yo kwinjira muri Etiyopiya kubera ko ibihugu bimwe bifatwa nk’ahantu h’iyi ndwara hakurikijwe amabwiriza y’ubuzima aherutse 9.Ibizamini bya Customer: Kugirango hubahirizwe amabwiriza ya gasutamo nuburyo bwo kwimuka, abagenzi barashobora gusabwa kunyura kuri bariyeri iyo binjiye cyangwa basohotse. Ni ngombwa kumva no gukurikiza amabwiriza yatanzwe n'abashinzwe gasutamo kuri bariyeri. 10. Kubaha umuco waho: Biteganijwe ko abashyitsi bubaha imigenzo, umuco, n’amadini igihe bari muri Etiyopiya. Ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa no kubahiriza amategeko y’ibanze, kwambara mu buryo bworoheje iyo usuye ahantu h'idini cyangwa mu cyaro, kandi ugasaba uruhushya mbere yo gufata amafoto y'abantu. Wibuke ko amakuru yatanzwe nubuyobozi rusange. Buri gihe birasabwa kugenzura na ambasade ya Etiyopiya cyangwa konsuline mu gihugu cyawe kugira ngo umenye amakuru arambuye ku byinjira, amabwiriza ya viza, ndetse n'impinduka ziherutse kuba muri gahunda yo gucunga gasutamo ya Etiyopiya.
Kuzana politiki y’imisoro
Etiyopiya ni igihugu giherereye mu ihembe rya Afurika kandi gifite politiki y’imisoro itumizwa mu mahanga. Guverinoma ya Etiyopiya igenga kwinjiza ibicuruzwa mu gihugu binyuze mu ngamba zinyuranye, nk'amahoro ya gasutamo n'imisoro ku nyongeragaciro (TVA). Igipimo cy’amahoro yatumijwe muri Etiyopiya kiratandukanye bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga. Ibiciro muri rusange bibarwa hashingiwe ku kode ya Harmonized Sisitemu (HS), igenera kode idasanzwe kuri buri gicuruzwa hagamijwe gushyira mu byiciro. Igipimo cyamahoro gishobora kuva kuri 0% kugeza hejuru kwijana bitewe nurwego. Usibye imisoro yatumijwe mu mahanga, Etiyopiya inakoresha umusoro ku bicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga. Uyu musoro ushyirwa ku biciro bitandukanye, hamwe nibicuruzwa byinshi bigengwa nigipimo gisanzwe cya 15%. Nyamara, ibintu bimwe byingenzi bishobora kugabanywa igipimo cyangwa gusonerwa umusoro ku nyongeragaciro. Byongeye kandi, hashobora kubaho imisoro yinyongera cyangwa amafaranga yakoreshejwe kubicuruzwa runaka cyangwa ukurikije inkomoko yabyo. Ibi bishobora kubamo imisoro ku musoro ku bicuruzwa by’inzoga n’itabi cyangwa amahoro yo kurwanya ibicuruzwa ku bicuruzwa biri munsi y’agaciro keza ku isoko. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko Etiyopiya nayo iteza imbere umusaruro w’imbere mu gihugu binyuze muri politiki yo gukumira no gutumiza mu mahanga ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe bishobora gusaba uruhushya cyangwa ibyemezo by’inzego zibishinzwe. Byongeye kandi, hashobora kubaho imbogamizi zo gutumiza ibintu bimwe na bimwe kubera ibibazo byubuzima, amabwiriza y’ibidukikije, cyangwa gutekereza ku muco. Kugirango hubahirizwe politiki n’amabwiriza y’imisoro yatumijwe muri Etiyopiya, birasabwa kugisha inama inzego za gasutamo cyangwa impuguke z’umwuga zizi amategeko mpuzamahanga y’ubucuruzi mbere yo kwishora mu bikorwa ibyo aribyo byose bitumizwa mu mahanga. Muri rusange, gusobanukirwa na politiki y’imisoro yatumijwe muri Etiyopiya ni ingenzi cyane ku bucuruzi bukora ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga n’iki gihugu kuko bufasha kumenya ibiciro bijyanye n’ibitumizwa mu mahanga kandi bikubahiriza amategeko yashyizweho na guverinoma ya Etiyopiya.
Politiki yo kohereza hanze
Politiki y’imisoro yoherezwa mu mahanga ya Etiyopiya igamije guteza imbere ubukungu, gukurura ishoramari ry’amahanga, no kongera umusaruro w’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Guverinoma ya Etiyopiya yashyize mu bikorwa ingamba zitandukanye zo gushyigikira ibyoherezwa mu mahanga no gushyiraho ubucuruzi bwiza. Ubwa mbere, Etiyopiya itanga imisoro itandukanye kubohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Amasosiyete akora mu nganda cyangwa mu buhinzi-bworozi-mwimerere yemerewe gusonerwa umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (TVA) hamwe n’amahoro ya gasutamo ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga, ibikoresho fatizo, n’ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa mu gukora. Ibi bifasha kugabanya ibiciro byumusaruro kandi bigafasha abohereza ibicuruzwa hanze guhatanira amasoko mpuzamahanga. Icya kabiri, Etiyopiya yashyize mu bikorwa gahunda yo kugabanya imisoro ku bohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Muri iyi gahunda, abatumiza ibicuruzwa hanze barashobora gusaba gusubizwa imisoro yatumijwe mu mahanga yishyuwe ku nyungu zikoreshwa mu gukora cyangwa gutunganya ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga nyuma. Iyi politiki ishishikariza ibigo gushora ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga aho kubitumiza mu gihe bitanga ubutabazi mu kwishyura ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga. Byongeye kandi, Etiyopiya yashyizeho uduce twinshi two gutunganya ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga (EPZ) mu gihugu hose. EPZs itanga inyungu zinyongera nko kugabanya umusoro ku nyungu zamasosiyete kuva kuri 0% kugeza kuri 25% ukurikije ahantu hamwe na zone. Byongeye kandi, ibigo bishingiye kuri EPZ byishimira ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga nta musoro bitumizwa mu mahanga. Mu rwego rwo koroshya gukora ubucuruzi bwohereza ibicuruzwa hanze, Etiyopiya nayo ikora serivisi imwe yo guhaha mu biro by’ubuyobozi bwa gasutamo. Iyi serivisi ikomatanyije ituma inzira zubuyobozi zijyanye no kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga zihuza inzira nko kwiyandikisha mu nzego zibishinzwe, kubona impushya cyangwa impushya, serivisi z'ubugenzuzi munsi y'inzu imwe. Muri rusange, politiki y’imisoro yoherezwa mu mahanga ya Etiyopiya igamije gushishikariza ubucuruzi bugira uruhare mu kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga kugabanya imisoro no koroshya ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi. Izi ngamba zirashishikariza ibigo byaho ndetse n’abashoramari b’amahanga kugira uruhare mu bikorwa byo kohereza mu mahanga mu gihe bigira uruhare mu kuzamura ubukungu bwa Etiyopiya.
Impamyabumenyi isabwa kohereza hanze
Etiyopiya iherereye muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, izwiho ubukungu butandukanye n'inganda zita ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga. Mu rwego rwo kwemeza ubuziranenge n'ukuri kw'ibyoherezwa muri Etiyopiya, igihugu cyashyizeho uburyo bwo gutanga ibyemezo. Urwego nyamukuru rushinzwe kwemeza ibyoherezwa mu mahanga muri Etiyopiya ni ikigo cya Etiyopiya gihuza isuzuma (ECAE). ECAE ni urwego rwigenga rutanga serivisi zo kugenzura no kugenzura kugirango hubahirizwe ibipimo by’igihugu ndetse n’amahanga. Abashora ibicuruzwa muri Etiyopiya bakeneye kubona icyemezo cyo guhuza (CoC) muri ECAE mbere yuko ibicuruzwa byabo byoherezwa hanze. Iki cyemezo cyemeza ko ibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge bukenewe, ubuzima, umutekano, n’ibidukikije byashyizweho n’ibihugu bitumiza mu mahanga. Gahunda yo gutanga ibyemezo ikubiyemo intambwe nyinshi. Ubwa mbere, abatumiza ibicuruzwa hanze bakeneye kwandikisha ibyo basabye muri ECAE no gutanga ibyangombwa nkibisobanuro byibicuruzwa na raporo y'ibizamini. ECAE noneho ikora ubugenzuzi mubikorwa byumusaruro kugirango igenzure niba yubahirizwa. Niba ibicuruzwa byatsinze igenzura, ECAE itanga CoC itanga ibimenyetso byerekana ko bihuye. Iki cyemezo gikubiyemo amakuru ajyanye no kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze, ibisobanuro byibicuruzwa, amabwiriza akurikizwa cyangwa ibipimo byubahirizwa mugihe cyo kwipimisha, nigihe cyo kwemeza. Kugira icyemezo cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze ntabwo bizamura isoko gusa ahubwo binubaka ikizere mubakiriya kubijyanye nubwiza bwibicuruzwa bya Etiyopiya. Irerekana Etiyopiya yiyemeje kubahiriza amahame mpuzamahanga mu gihe hubahirizwa ubucuruzi bunoze ku isi. Usibye gahunda ya ECAE yo kwemeza ibicuruzwa byoherezwa muri rusange, imirenge yihariye irashobora kugira ibisabwa byinyongera. Urugero: 1. Ikawa: Ishyirahamwe ryohereza ibicuruzwa bya Kawa muri Etiyopiya (CEA) rikorana cyane n’inzego za leta nka Etiyopiya y’ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga (ECX) kugira ngo hemezwe kohereza ikawa mu mahanga hakurikijwe amategeko y’ubucuruzi ya ECX. 2. Uruhu: Ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere inganda z’uruhu kigenzura iyubahirizwa rishingiye kuri sisitemu yo gucunga ibidukikije izwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga nka ISO 14001. 3. Ubuhinzi bw'imboga: Ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere ubuhinzi bw'imboga cyemeza ko gikurikiza imikorere myiza y’ubuhinzi (GAP) ku musaruro mushya ugenewe amasoko yoherezwa mu mahanga. Muri rusange, Etiyopiya uburyo bukomeye bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bifasha mu kuzamura ibicuruzwa by’igihugu ku isi hose, bigatuma abaguzi banyurwa kandi bongera ubushobozi bwo guhangana ku masoko mpuzamahanga.
Basabwe ibikoresho
Etiyopiya, iherereye mu ihembe rya Afurika, itanga amahirwe menshi yo gucunga ibikoresho no gucunga amasoko. Dore bimwe mubyifuzo byibikorwa bya logistique muri Etiyopiya: 1. Ibikorwa Remezo: Ibikorwa remezo bya Etiyopiya biratera imbere byihuse, cyane cyane mubijyanye no gutwara abantu. Iki gihugu gifite ibibuga by’indege mpuzamahanga byinshi, birimo ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Bole i Addis Abeba, kikaba ari ihuriro rikuru ry’ubwikorezi bw’imizigo muri ako karere. 2. Kwinjira ku cyambu: Nubwo Etiyopiya ari igihugu kidafite inkombe, gifite ibyambu binyuze mu bihugu duturanye nka Djibouti na Sudani. Icyambu cya Djibouti giherereye hafi y’umupaka wa Etiyopiya kandi ni irembo ry’ibicuruzwa binyuze mu mihanda na gari ya moshi. 3. Umuhanda uhuza umuhanda: Etiyopiya yashora imari cyane mumihanda yayo kugirango itezimbere umubano mugihugu ndetse nibihugu bituranye. Umuhanda w'imihanda urimo umuhanda wa kaburimbo n'imihanda yo mu cyaro, byorohereza isaranganya mu gihugu kimwe n'ubucuruzi bwambukiranya imipaka. 4. Guhuza gari ya moshi: Etiyopiya yateye intambwe ishimishije mu guteza imbere ibikorwa remezo bya gari ya moshi mu myaka yashize. Gari ya moshi ya Ethio-Djibouti ihuza Addis Abeba n'icyambu cya Djibouti, itanga uburyo bunoze bwo gutwara ibintu. 5. Ahantu hihariye h’ubukungu (SEZ): Etiyopiya yashyizeho SEZ nyinshi mu gihugu hose kugirango ishoramari ry’amahanga kandi iteze imbere iterambere ry’inganda. Izi zone zitanga inyungu zitandukanye nkuburyo bworoshye bwa gasutamo, uburyo bwo gutanga imisoro, hamwe na serivisi zingirakamaro zishobora kunoza ibikorwa bya logistique. 6. Ibikoresho byububiko: Addis Abeba yakiriye ibikoresho byinshi byububiko bugezweho bifite tekinoroji igezweho nka sisitemu yo kugenzura ubushyuhe hamwe na software yo kubara. Ibi bikoresho bitanga uburyo bwiza bwo kubika ibicuruzwa bisaba gufata neza cyangwa kubika ibintu. 7.Amasezerano yubucuruzi: Nkumunyamuryango wumuryango wubukungu bwakarere nka COMESA (Isoko Rusange ryiburasirazuba & Amajyepfo ya Afrika), IGAD (Inzego za leta zishinzwe iterambere), na SADC (Umuryango w’iterambere ry’Afurika yepfo), Etiyopiya yunguka amasezerano y’ubucuruzi. Aya masezerano yoroshya inzira za gasutamo kandi yorohereza urujya n'uruza rw'ibicuruzwa mu karere. 8. Abatanga ibikoresho byigenga: Hariho amasosiyete menshi yigenga y’ibikoresho akorera muri Etiyopiya atanga serivisi zitandukanye, zirimo kohereza ibicuruzwa, ibicuruzwa biva muri gasutamo, ububiko, ubwikorezi, nogukwirakwiza. Gufatanya nababimenyereye batanga uburambe birashobora kwemeza ibikorwa bya logistique neza. Muri make, Etiyopiya itezimbere ibikorwa remezo, kugera ku byambu binyujijwe mu bihugu duturanye, kwagura imiyoboro ya gari ya moshi na gari ya moshi, SEZ itanga uburyo bushimishije ku bashoramari, ibikoresho byo mu bubiko bugezweho, amasezerano y’ubucuruzi meza mu karere, hamwe n’abatanga ibikoresho byizewe byigenga bituma biba ahantu heza ho gukora neza n'ibikorwa byiza byo gutanga ibikoresho.
Imiyoboro yo guteza imbere abaguzi

Ubucuruzi bwingenzi

Etiyopiya izwiho umurage ndangamuco ukungahaye, imiterere itandukanye, n'akamaro k’amateka. Mu myaka yashize, igihugu nacyo cyamamaye nk'ihuriro ry'ubucuruzi n’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga. Muri iki kiganiro, tuzasuzuma zimwe mu nzira zingenzi z’amasoko mpuzamahanga n’imurikagurisha muri Etiyopiya. Imwe mu nzira zingenzi zitanga amasoko muri Etiyopiya ni ukunyura mu karere gakomeye k’ubukungu, ikigo cya Etiyopiya gishinzwe guteza imbere parike y’inganda (IPDC). IPDC ishinzwe guteza imbere no gucunga parike zitandukanye zinganda mu gihugu hose. Iyi parike itanga uburyo bushimishije hamwe nibikoresho kubashoramari baho ndetse n’amahanga. Zimwe muri parike zizwi cyane zirimo Pariki y’inganda ya Hawassa, Pariki y’inganda ya Bole Lemi, Pariki y’inganda ya Kombolcha, n’ibindi. Etiyopiya kandi yakiriye imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga n’imurikagurisha bikurura abaguzi baturutse impande zose z'isi. Imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ry’ubucuruzi rya Addis (ACITF) ni kimwe mu bikorwa biteza imbere ubucuruzi hagati ya Etiyopiya n’ibindi bihugu mu guhuza ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga hamwe n’abashobora kugura mpuzamahanga. Itanga amahirwe kubucuruzi bwo kwerekana ibicuruzwa byabo mubice bitandukanye nkubuhinzi, imyenda, imashini, ibikoresho byubwubatsi, nibindi. Ikindi gikorwa cyingenzi ni Ethio-Con International Exhibition & Conference on Construction & Energy ibikoresho bikorwa buri mwaka i Addis Abeba. Iri murika rigamije guteza imbere iterambere rirambye mu bijyanye n’ubwubatsi bwa Etiyopiya mu guhuza abatanga ibicuruzwa mu gihugu n’abakora ibikoresho ku isi. Usibye ibyo birori, Etiyopiya igira uruhare runini mu kwitabira imurikagurisha rizwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga nko mu imurikagurisha ry’Ubushinwa ryatumijwe mu mahanga (imurikagurisha rya Kanto), Dubai Expo 2020 (ubu ryimuriwe mu 2021), imurikagurisha ry'ibitabo rya Frankfurt (ku nganda zandika), n'ibindi, n'ibindi. ikurura abaguzi baturutse mu bice bitandukanye byisi. Usibye ibibuga bifatika nka parike n’inganda, Etiyopiya yakiriye kandi imiyoboro igezweho ikoreshwa n’ikoranabuhanga hagamijwe gutanga amasoko. Guhana ibicuruzwa muri Etiyopiya (ECX) bigira uruhare runini mu koroshya ubucuruzi bw’ibicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi. Itanga sisitemu iboneye kandi yizewe kubaguzi n’abagurisha kugurisha ibicuruzwa byabo binyuze kumurongo wa interineti. Uruhare rwa Etiyopiya mu bijyanye n’amasoko mpuzamahanga rwarushijeho kwiyongera binyuze mu kuba umunyamuryango mu masezerano y’ubucuruzi atandukanye yo mu karere ndetse n’amahanga. Kuba igihugu cyinjiye mu karere k’ubucuruzi n’ubucuruzi bw’Afurika ku mugabane wa Afurika (AfCFTA) byugurura amahirwe mashya ubucuruzi bwa Etiyopiya bwo kubona isoko rinini ku mugabane wa Afurika. Mu gusoza, Etiyopiya itanga inzira zitandukanye zingenzi zitanga amasoko n’imurikagurisha byorohereza iterambere ry’ubucuruzi n’ubucuruzi. Kuva muri parike zinganda ziyobowe na IPDC kugeza mubikorwa nka ACITF, Imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga rya Ethio-Con, no kwitabira imurikagurisha ryisi, Etiyopiya itanga urubuga kubakora ibicuruzwa byaho ndetse nabaguzi mpuzamahanga kugirango bakore imikoranire myiza yubucuruzi. Byongeye kandi, imiyoboro igezweho ikoreshwa na tekinoroji nka ECX nayo igira uruhare runini mugutanga amasoko mugihugu. Mu gihe Etiyopiya ikomeje gushora imari mu bikorwa remezo, inganda, no guhuza ibindi bihugu, birashoboka ko hazabaho amahirwe menshi yo gukora amasoko mpuzamahanga mu gihugu.
Muri Etiyopiya, moteri zishakisha zikoreshwa cyane ni: 1. Google (https://www.google.com.et): Google niyo moteri ishakisha izwi cyane ku isi kandi ikoreshwa cyane muri Etiyopiya. Itanga amakuru menshi kandi azwiho ukuri nukuri kubisubizo byubushakashatsi. 2. Bing (https://www.bing.com): Bing niyindi moteri ishakisha izwi cyane itanga ibintu bisa na Google. Itanga urubuga, ishusho, videwo, hamwe no gushakisha ikarita, hamwe namakuru hamwe nuburyo bwo guhaha. 3. Yahoo (https://www.yahoo.com): Moteri ishakisha Yahoo nayo ifite abakoresha benshi muri Etiyopiya. Itanga ibyiciro bitandukanye byo gushakisha harimo urubuga, amashusho, videwo, amakuru, siporo, imari, nibindi. 4. Yandex (https://www.yandex.com): Nubwo idakoreshwa cyane nka eshatu zabanjirije iyi yavuzwe haruguru muri Etiyopiya ariko iracyakwiriye kuvugwa kubera kwamamara kwayo. Yandex itanga ibintu byaho birimo amakuru yihariye hamwe namakarita yabigenewe kubakoresha Etiyopiya. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko mugihe izi ari zimwe zikoreshwa na moteri zishakisha muri Etiyopiya; icyakora imikoreshereze yabo irashobora gutandukana mubantu batandukanye bitewe nibyifuzo byabo cyangwa itandukaniro ryakarere mubatuye kumurongo wigihugu.

Impapuro nini z'umuhondo

Etiyopiya, iherereye mu ihembe rya Afurika, ifite urutonde rwurupapuro rwumuhondo ruzwi cyane rushobora gutanga amakuru yingirakamaro mubucuruzi na serivisi mugihugu. Dore amwe mumapaji nyamukuru yumuhondo muri Etiyopiya hamwe nurubuga rwabo: 1. Etiyopiya Ipaji Yumuhondo - Iki gitabo gitanga urutonde runini rwibikorwa na serivisi mu nzego zitandukanye muri Etiyopiya. Urashobora kuyigeraho kuri https://www.ethyp.com/. 2. Ubuyobozi bwa Yene - Ubuyobozi bwa Yene butanga urutonde rwuzuye rwibyiciro bitandukanye byubucuruzi birimo resitora, amahoteri, amabanki, ibitaro, nibindi byinshi. Urubuga rwabo ni http://yenedirectory.com/. 3. AddisMap - AddisMap itanga ikarita ishingiye ku ikarita ya interineti aho ushobora gusura ibyiciro bitandukanye nk'amacumbi, ibigo nderabuzima, resitora, hamwe na santeri z'ubucuruzi i Addis Abeba (umurwa mukuru). Sura urubuga rwabo kuri https://addismap.com/ kugirango ubone ahantu runaka mumujyi. 4. Umunyetiyopiya-YP - Ethipoian-YP itanga urubuga rworoshye rwo gushakisha ubucuruzi bwaho ukurikije ibyiciro cyangwa ahantu hose muri Etiyopiya. Urashobora kubona serivisi zabo kuri https://ethipoian-yp.com/. 5 Urubuga rwabo ruraboneka kuri https://www.ethiopages.net/. Ububiko bwimpapuro zumuhondo nkibikoresho byingenzi kubantu bashaka amakuru kubyerekeranye nubucuruzi na serivisi mumijyi minini ya Etiyopiya nka Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa, Bahir Dar, Hawassa, Mekelle nibindi. Nyamuneka menya ko izi mbuga zitanga urutonde rwingirakamaro rushobora gukenera kuvugururwa buri gihe kugirango umenye neza amakuru arambuye hamwe na serivise iboneka kubigo byashyizwe ku rutonde.

Ihuriro rikuru ryubucuruzi

Etiyopiya ni igihugu kiri mu nzira y'amajyambere muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, kandi kiracyafite uburyo buke bwo kubona interineti na serivisi za sisitemu. Ariko, hariho urubuga ruke rwa e-ubucuruzi rugenda rwamamara mugihugu. Hano hari bimwe mubikorwa byingenzi bya e-ubucuruzi muri Etiyopiya hamwe nurubuga rwabo: 1. Jumia Etiyopiya: Jumia ni urubuga ruzwi cyane rwa e-ubucuruzi rukorera mu bihugu byinshi bya Afurika, harimo na Etiyopiya. Itanga ibicuruzwa byinshi nka electronics, imyambarire, ibikoresho byo murugo, nibindi byinshi. Urubuga: https://www.jumia.com.et/ 2. Shebila: Shebila ni urubuga rwa e-bucuruzi rwo muri Etiyopiya rwibanda ku gutanga ibicuruzwa byaho kubakiriya mu gihugu hose. Bafite ibyiciro bitandukanye birimo imyambarire, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, ibiribwa. Urubuga: https://www.shebila.com/ 3. Miskaye.com: Miskaye.com ni isoko ryo kumurongo ryagenewe cyane cyane ubukorikori bwubukorikori nibicuruzwa byakozwe n'intoki byakozwe nabanyabukorikori bo muri Etiyopiya. Urubuga: https://miskaye.com/ 4. Addis Mercato: Addis Mercato ni urubuga rwo kugura imyenda gakondo ya Etiyopiya nk'imyenda, ibikoresho, ibikoresho ndangamuco bikozwe nabanyabukorikori baho. Urubuga: http://www.addismercato.com/ 5. Gutanga Addis: Gutanga Addis ni urubuga rwogutanga ibiryo ariko kandi rutanga nibindi bicuruzwa nkibiribwa biva mububiko bwaho na farumasi zita kubakiriya ba Addis Abeba. Urubuga: http: //deliveraddis.com/ Ni ngombwa kumenya ko inganda za e-ubucuruzi muri Etiyopiya zikomeje gutera imbere kandi hashobora kubaho abakinnyi bashya binjira ku isoko cyangwa urubuga rusanzwe rutanga serivisi zinyongera mugihe. Inshingano: Amakuru yatanzwe hejuru yerekeye izi mbuga arashobora guhinduka cyangwa guta igihe; niyo mpamvu birasabwa kugenzura niba bihari mbere yo kugura ibyo ari byo byose. Muri rusange, izi mbuga zigamije korohereza Abanyetiyopiya mu kubaha ibicuruzwa binyuze mu buryo bwa sisitemu nubwo hari uburyo bwo kugurisha ku buryo bworoshye buboneka ku mipaka y'igihugu.

Imbuga nkoranyambaga

Etiyopiya, igihugu muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, ifite imbuga nkoranyambaga zizwi cyane mu baturage bacyo. Bimwe muribi bibuga birimo: 1. Facebook (https://www.facebook.com): Facebook ni imwe mu mbuga nkoranyambaga zikoreshwa cyane ku isi, harimo no muri Etiyopiya. Iyemerera abakoresha guhuza inshuti nimiryango, gusangira amafoto na videwo, guhuza amatsinda, no gukurikira impapuro zishimishije. 2. LinkedIn (https://www.linkedin.com): LinkedIn ni urubuga rwumwuga ruhuza abahanga mu nganda zitandukanye. Iyemerera abakoresha gukora umwirondoro wumwuga, guhuza nabakozi hamwe nabakoresha akazi, kwinjira mumatsinda yihariye yinganda, no gusangira ibirimo bijyanye. 3. Twitter (https://twitter.com): Twitter ni urubuga rwa microblogging aho abakoresha bashobora kwigaragaza binyuze mubutumwa bugufi bwitwa "tweet." Irazwi cyane muri Etiyopiya gusangira amakuru agezweho, ibitekerezo kubyabaye, kwitabira ibiganiro ukoresheje hashtags (#), no gukurikira abantu bakomeye. 4. Instagram (https://www.instagram.com): Instagram ni urubuga rwo gusangira amafoto imbuga nkoranyambaga nayo ishyigikira amashusho magufi. Abanyetiyopiya bakoresha Instagram kugirango basangire ibintu bishimishije nkamafoto yingendo, amafoto y'ibiryo, inyandiko zerekana imideli, ibihangano mugihe bakurikira ababikunda cyangwa ibirango bakunda. 5. Telegaramu (https://telegram.org): Telegramu ni porogaramu yohererezanya ubutumwa ikoreshwa n'abanyetiyopiya benshi mu biganiro by'itsinda cyangwa ibiganiro byihariye. Itanga ibiranga nkibanga rya nyuma-ryanyuma kugirango wongere ubuzima bwite hamwe nubushobozi bwo gukora imiyoboro yo gutangaza ubutumwa kubiyandikishije. 6. TikTok (https://www.tiktok.com): TikTok yamenyekanye kwisi yose kubera imiterere ya videwo ngufi aho abakoresha bashobora kwerekana ibihangano byabo binyuze mubibazo byimbyino cyangwa ibitaramo byo guhuza iminwa. Abanyetiyopiya benshi nabo bishimira gukora no kureba amashusho ya TikTok ku ngingo zitandukanye. 7. Viber (https: Abanyetiyopiya bakoresha Viber kugirango bahuze inshuti n'umuryango haba mu gihugu ndetse no mumahanga. Izi mbuga nkoranyambaga zitanga Abanyetiyopiya inzira zitandukanye zo guhuza, gusangira amakuru, kwerekana ibitekerezo byabo, kwerekana impano, no gukomeza kugezwaho amakuru agezweho ku isi. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko imikoreshereze yimbuga nkoranyambaga ishobora gutandukana mu byiciro bitandukanye no mu turere twa Etiyopiya.

Amashyirahamwe akomeye yinganda

Etiyopiya, iherereye mu ihembe rya Afurika, izwiho ubukungu butandukanye hamwe n'inganda zitandukanye zitera imbere. Dore amwe mumashyirahamwe akomeye yinganda muri Etiyopiya: 1. Urugaga rw’ubucuruzi n’amashyirahamwe y’imirenge (ECCSA) - ECCSA n’umuryango uyoboye uhagarariye imitwe itandukanye y’ubucuruzi n’amashyirahamwe y’imirenge muri Etiyopiya. Igamije guteza imbere ubukungu, iterambere ry’ubucuruzi, n’amahirwe yo gushora imari. Urubuga: www.eccsa.org.et 2. Ikigo cya Etiyopiya gishinzwe guteza imbere imyenda y’inganda (ETIDI) - ETIDI yibanda ku guteza imbere no guteza imbere inganda z’imyenda binyuze mu bushakashatsi, gahunda zamahugurwa, kongerera ubushobozi, n’ibikorwa by’ubuvugizi. Urubuga: www.etidi.gov.et 3. Ishyirahamwe ry’abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga muri Etiyopiya (EHPEA) - EHPEA ihagarariye abahinzi b’imboga n’imboga bo muri Etiyopiya mu guteza imbere iterambere rirambye muri uru rwego rw’inganda mu gihe isoko ry’ibicuruzwa byabo ku isi hose. Urubuga: www.ehpea.org.et 4. Ishyirahamwe ry’abatwara indege muri Etiyopiya (EAPA) - EAPA ihagarariye abaderevu bakorera imwe mu ndege zikomeye za Afurika, Ethiopian Airlines. Intego yabo yibanze ni ukurengera inyungu zabatwara indege no gukora ibikorwa byumutekano murwego rwindege muri Etiyopiya. 5. Urugaga rw’ubucuruzi n’amashyirahamwe ya Addis Abeba (AACCSA) - AACCSA ikora nk'urubuga rw’ubucuruzi bukorera muri Addis Abeba guhuza, gukorana, no guharanira inyungu zabo rusange ku nzego z’ibanze ndetse n’ihuriro ry’igihugu ndetse n’amahanga. Urubuga: www.addischamber.com 6.Ishyirahamwe ry’amabanki muri Etiyopiya （ETBA） - ETBA ihagarariye amabanki y’ubucuruzi akorera mu rwego rw’amabanki ya Etiyopiya abaha urubuga rwo gufatanya mu bijyanye no kunganira politiki bijyanye na serivisi z’imari. Urubuga: http: //www.ethiopianbankers.net/ 7.Ishyirahamwe ry’abatunganya inkoko n’abatunganya （EPPEPA） - EPPEPA iteza imbere ubworozi bw’inkoko ikemura ibibazo bijyanye n’umusaruro, gutunganya, no kwamamaza binyuze mu bushakashatsi, amahugurwa, n'ubuvugizi. Urubuga: Ntibishoboka Nyamuneka menya ko amashyirahamwe amwe adashobora kugira urubuga rwemewe cyangwa urubuga rwabo rushobora guhinduka mugihe. Buri gihe birasabwa gushakisha amakuru agezweho kuriyi miryango ukoresheje amasoko yizewe.

Urubuga rwubucuruzi nubucuruzi

Hariho imbuga nyinshi zubukungu nubucuruzi zijyanye na Etiyopiya, zitanga amakuru kumahirwe yishoramari, politiki yubucuruzi, kwandikisha ubucuruzi, nibindi bikoresho bijyanye. Hano hari abantu bake bakomeye hamwe na URL zabo: 1. Komisiyo ishinzwe ishoramari muri Etiyopiya (EIC): Urubuga rwa EIC rutanga amakuru yuzuye kubyerekeye amahirwe yo gushora imari muri Etiyopiya. Itanga ibisobanuro birambuye kumirenge yibanze, amategeko yishoramari, amabwiriza, gushimangira, kandi yorohereza serivisi zihuza ubucuruzi. Urubuga: https://www.investethiopia.gov.et/ 2. Minisiteri y’ubucuruzi n’inganda (MoTI): Urubuga rwa MoTI rwibanze ku bikorwa byo guteza imbere ubucuruzi muri Etiyopiya. Itanga ibikoresho byingenzi kubohereza ibicuruzwa hanze nabatumiza mu mahanga bijyanye na raporo yubushakashatsi ku isoko, amasezerano yubucuruzi, amahoro namakuru yimisoro. Urubuga: https://moti.gov.et/ 3. Urugaga rw’ubucuruzi n’amashyirahamwe y’imirenge (ECCSA): ECCSA ni urubuga rwo guteza imbere ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi muri Etiyopiya. Urubuga rwarwo rutanga amakuru ajyanye ningereko zitandukanye zubucuruzi zikorera mu turere dutandukanye mu gihugu. Urubuga: https://www.ethiopianchamber.com/ 4. Banki nkuru y’igihugu ya Etiyopiya (NBE): NBE ni banki nkuru igenga politiki y’ifaranga kandi ikagenzura urwego rw’imari mu gihugu. Urubuga rwarwo rutanga raporo y'ibarurishamibare ku bipimo by'ubukungu nk'igipimo cy'ifaranga, igipimo cy'inyungu kimwe n'inzego zemewe n'amategeko zijyanye na banki. 5.Urubuga: http://www.nbe.gov.et/ 5.Addis Ababa Urugereko rwubucuruzi n’amashyirahamwe y’imirenge (AACCSA) AACCSA iteza imbere imikoranire yubucuruzi n’amahanga mu gutanga amahirwe yo guhuza ibikorwa binyuze mubikorwa byumwuga Urubuga: http: //addischamber.com/ 6.Ethiopian Horticulture Producer Producer Association (EHPEA): EHPEA ihagarariye abahinzi / amasosiyete y’imboga n’ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga biva mu ndabyo kugeza ku mbuto Urubuga: http: //ehpea.org/ 7.Addis Ababa Kwiyandikisha mu bucuruzi & Biro ishinzwe gutanga ubucuruzi: Uru rubuga rutanga ubuyobozi burambuye bwo gutangiza umushinga mumujyi wa Addis Abeba, harimo amakuru yimpushya. Urubuga: http: //www.addisababcity.gov.et/ Nyamuneka menya ko izi mbuga zishobora guhinduka cyangwa kuvugururwa, nibyiza rero kugenzura niba ari ukuri kandi bifatika mugihe cyo gukoresha.

Ubucuruzi bwibibazo byurubuga

Hano hari imbuga nyinshi zitanga amakuru yubucuruzi kuri Etiyopiya. Hano hari bimwe byingenzi hamwe na URL zabo: 1. Komisiyo ya gasutamo ya Etiyopiya (ECC): Urubuga rwa ECC rutanga uburyo bwo kubona serivisi zitandukanye zijyanye na gasutamo, harimo imibare y’ubucuruzi n’amakuru y’ibiciro. URL: https://www.ecc.gov.et/ 2. Komisiyo ishinzwe ishoramari muri Etiyopiya (EIC): EIC itanga amakuru y'ingirakamaro ku bijyanye n'amahirwe yo gushora imari muri Etiyopiya, harimo amakuru ajyanye n'ibikorwa byoherezwa mu mahanga n'ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga n'amabwiriza agenga ubucuruzi. URL: https://www.ethioinvest.org/ 3. Urugaga rw’ubucuruzi n’amashyirahamwe y’imirenge (ECCSA): Urubuga rwa ECCSA ntiruha amakuru gusa ku byumba by’ubucuruzi by’igihugu gusa ahubwo rurimo amakuru y’agaciro ajyanye n’ubucuruzi. URL: https://ethiopianchamber.com/ 4. Banki nkuru y’igihugu ya Etiyopiya (NBE): NBE itanga amakuru y’ubukungu n’imari muri Etiyopiya, harimo amafaranga yishyuwe, igipimo cy’ivunjisha, n’indi mibare ifatika ishobora gufasha mu gusesengura ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga bw’igihugu. URL: https://www.nbe.gov.et/ 5. Ikigo gishinzwe kwinjiza imisoro n'amahoro muri Etiyopiya (ERCA) - ERCA ishinzwe gukusanya imisoro no kubahiriza amabwiriza ya gasutamo muri Etiyopiya. Urubuga rwabo rutanga uburyo bwo kubona serivisi zitandukanye zijyanye no gusoresha kimwe nuburyo bwo gutumiza no kohereza hanze. URL: http://erca.gov.et/ Izi mbuga zirashobora gutanga amakuru yuzuye yerekeranye nibikorwa byubucuruzi mpuzamahanga bya Etiyopiya, harimo imikorere yohereza ibicuruzwa hanze, indangagaciro zitumizwa mu mahanga, abafatanyabikorwa bakomeye mu bucuruzi, imisoro ku bicuruzwa, amahirwe yo gushora imari n'ibindi.

B2b

Etiyopiya, igihugu kiri mu ihembe rya Afurika, cyagiye kigaragara cyane ku mbuga za B2B zita ku nganda zitandukanye. Izi porogaramu zikora nk'isoko rya sisitemu aho ubucuruzi bushobora guhuza, gukorana, no gucuruza ibicuruzwa na serivisi. Hano hari urubuga rwa B2B ruzwi muri Etiyopiya hamwe na URL zabo kurubuga: 1. Qefira (https://www.qefira.com/): Qefira ni urubuga rwa interineti rworohereza amatangazo yamamaza no gucuruza mubucuruzi bukorera muri Etiyopiya. Irimo ibyiciro byinshi nkibinyabiziga, umutungo utimukanwa, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, imyambarire, akazi, nibindi byinshi. 2. Exim Bank ya Etiyopiya (https://eximbank.et/): Banki Exim ya Etiyopiya itanga ibicuruzwa na serivisi bitandukanye byimari kugirango biteze imbere ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga kubucuruzi bwa Etiyopiya. Urubuga rwarwo rukora nka B2B urubuga aho amasosiyete ashobora gushakisha amahirwe yo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze no gutumiza mu mahanga, kugera ku bigo by’imari y’ubucuruzi, no kubona amakuru ku bwenge bw’isoko. 3. Isoko rya Entoto (https://entotomarket.net/): Uru rubuga ruzobereye mu kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa by'abanyabukorikori bo muri Etiyopiya nk'imyenda y'imyenda ikozwe mu myenda gakondo cyangwa ibikoresho byakozwe n'intoki. Isoko rya Entoto ritanga inzira yo guhuza abaguzi nabatanga ibicuruzwa bitaziguye. 4. EthioMarket (https://ethiomarket.net/): EthioMarket yibanze ku rwego rw’ubuhinzi ihuza abahinzi n’abaguzi bashaka ibicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi nkibishyimbo bya kawa cyangwa ibirungo bikorerwa muri Etiyopiya. Ifasha abahinzi kwerekana ibicuruzwa byabo kumurongo mugihe byemerera abaguzi kubona abaguzi bizewe. 5.BirrPay: BirrPay ni uburyo bwo kwishyura hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa elegitoronike butanga icyicaro muri Etiyopiya butanga amarembo yo kwishyura ya B2B yizewe kubucuruzi bwaho bashaka uburyo bworoshye bwo kwishyura hakoreshejwe Digital. 6.Urubuga rwubucuruzi rwa Etiyopiya: Urubuga rwubucuruzi rwa Etiyopiya (https://ethbizportal.com/) rukora nkurubuga-rwamakuru-rwerekana amakuru kumirenge itandukanye nko gukora inganda n’iterambere ry’inganda amakuru agezweho & kataloge. Izi nizo ngero nkeya gusa za platform ya B2B iboneka muri Etiyopiya. Mugihe urusobe rwibinyabuzima mu gihugu rukomeje kwiyongera, birashoboka ko hazavuka izindi mbuga, zita ku nganda zitandukanye n’ubucuruzi bukenewe.
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