More

TogTok

Amasoko Nkuru
right
Incamake y'igihugu
Otirishiya, izwi ku izina rya Repubulika ya Otirishiya, ni igihugu kidafite inkombe giherereye mu Burayi bwo hagati. Igabana imipaka n'Ubudage, Repubulika ya Ceki, Slowakiya, Hongiriya, Sloweniya, Ubutaliyani, Ubusuwisi na Liechtenstein. Igihugu gifite ubuso bungana na kilometero kare 83.879 kandi gituwe n'abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni 9. Vienne ni umurwa mukuru n'umujyi munini wa Otirishiya. Ikora nk'ihuriro rya politiki n'umuco by'igihugu. Indi mijyi minini irimo Graz, Linz, Salzburg na Innsbruck. Otirishiya ifite demokarasi ihagarariye abadepite hamwe na Perezida nk'umukuru w'igihugu. Otirishiya izwi cyane kubera ibyiza nyaburanga birimo imisozi ihebuje nka Alpes yo mu karere ka Tyrol. Iyi nyaburanga nyaburanga ituma iba ahantu hazwi cyane mu bikorwa byo hanze nko gusiganwa ku maguru no gutembera mu mwaka wose. Ubukungu bwa Otirishiya bwateye imbere cyane hibandwa cyane ku nzego za serivisi nk’ubukerarugendo bugira uruhare runini muri GDP. Iki gihugu gifite imwe mu mibereho yo mu Burayi ifite imibereho myiza hamwe na serivisi nziza zita ku buzima ndetse n’uburezi bufite ireme. Abanyaustraliya bishimiye umurage wabo gakondo ugaragara mubwubatsi bwabo (harimo inyubako zo mu gihe cya Baroque), umuziki (abahimbyi ba kera nka Mozart), ubuhanzi (Gustav Klimt) n'ubuvanganzo (Franz Kafka). Vienne kandi yakiriye ibirori byinshi byumuco bizwi kwisi harimo ibitaramo muri Opera ya Leta ya Vienne. Ururimi rwemewe ruvugwa muri Otirishiya ni Ikidage ariko Icyongereza kivugwa cyane mu gisekuru kimwe n’abagize uruhare mu bukerarugendo. Ku bijyanye n’umubano mpuzamahanga, Otirishiya igira uruhare rugaragara mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU) no mu Muryango w’abibumbye (UN). Ikomeza umubano w’ububanyi n’ibihugu bitandukanye ku isi iteza imbere ibikorwa byo kubungabunga amahoro n’ubufatanye mu bukungu. Mu gusoza, Otirishiya yigaragaza nk'uruvange rushimishije rw'ubwiza nyaburanga, umuco ukungahaye, ubukungu bukomeye, n'imibanire mpuzamahanga igenda itera imbere bigatuma iba ahantu nyaburanga haba ba mukerarugendo ndetse n'abanyeshuri.
Ifaranga ry'igihugu
Otirishiya ni igihugu kidafite inkombe giherereye mu Burayi bwo hagati. Ifaranga ryemewe rya Otirishiya ni Euro, mu magambo ahinnye yitwa EUR. Euro yabaye ifaranga ryemewe rya Otirishiya mu 2002 ubwo yasimburaga Schilling, yahoze ikoreshwa. Euro ni ifaranga ryemewe kandi rihamye rikoreshwa n’ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Igabanijwemo amafaranga 100, hamwe n'ibiceri biboneka mu madorari 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 na 50, kimwe n'ibiceri kimwe na bibiri by'amayero. Inoti ziboneka mu madorari atanu, icumi, makumyabiri, mirongo itanu na ijana. Kuba umwe mu bagize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU), ibyemezo bya politiki y’ifaranga muri Otirishiya bifatwa cyane cyane na Banki Nkuru y’Uburayi (ECB) ifite icyicaro i Frankfurt. ECB igenga ibintu nkigipimo cyinyungu nogutanga amafaranga mubihugu bigize uyu muryango harimo na Otirishiya. Bitewe no gukoresha amayero kuva yatangira gukurikizwa mu 2002, abanya Australiya bungukirwa n’ubucuruzi bworoheje bwambukiranya imipaka mu bihugu bitandukanye by’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi nabwo bwakiriye Euro. Ibi biteza imbere koroshya no korohereza ubucuruzi no guhanahana amakuru. Abagenzi basura Otirishiya barashobora kuvunjisha byoroshye amafaranga yabo yama Euro kumabanki cyangwa ibiro byivunjisha biherereye mumijyi minini cyangwa kubibuga byindege. Byongeye kandi, amakarita mpuzamahanga yinguzanyo yemerwa cyane mubigo byinshi nka hoteri, resitora n'amaduka. Mu gusoza, Otirishiya ikoresha amayero nkifaranga ryayo kuva ibaye ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Ibi bitanga umutekano kandi byorohereza kwishyira hamwe mubukungu n’ibindi bihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi binyuze mu bikorwa by’imari byoroheje.
Igipimo cy'ivunjisha
Ifaranga ryemewe rya Otirishiya ni Euro (€). Ikigereranyo cyo kuvunja hafi y’ifaranga rikomeye na Euro ni ibi bikurikira: 1 Euro (€) ≈ 1.17 US $ ($) 1 Euro (€) ≈ 0,85 Pound yo mu Bwongereza (£) 1 Euro (€) ≈ 130.45 Yapani Yen (¥) 1 Euro (€) ≈ 10.34 Umushinwa Yuan Renminbi (¥) Nyamuneka menya ko igipimo cy’ivunjisha gishobora gutandukana gato kandi birasabwa buri gihe kugenzura hamwe nisoko yizewe kubiciro bigezweho mbere yo gukora ivunjisha cyangwa ibikorwa.
Ibiruhuko by'ingenzi
Otirishiya, igihugu giherereye mu Burayi bwo hagati, cyizihiza iminsi mikuru myinshi ikomeye mu mwaka. Ibi bihe byiminsi mikuru bihuza abantu kugirango bibuke imigenzo nibikorwa bitandukanye. Imwe mu minsi mikuru ikomeye muri Otirishiya ni Noheri (Weihnachten). Bizihizwa ku ya 25 Ukuboza, iyi minsi mikuru ni umwanya wo guhurira hamwe no guhana impano. Amasoko y'ibirori yashyizweho mu gihugu hose, aho umuntu ashobora kugura ubukorikori gakondo hamwe nibyokurya biryoshye byo muri Otirishiya nka kuki ya gingerbread na glühwein (vino yavuzwe). Ikindi kintu cyingenzi muri Otirishiya ni Pasika (Ostern), ibaho kumatariki atandukanye buri mwaka. Irerekana izuka rya Yesu Kristo. Muri Australiya bakora imigenzo myinshi muriki gihe, nko gushushanya amagi no kwitabira guhiga amagi. Ifunguro ryihariye hamwe nintama cyangwa ham byateguwe ku cyumweru cya Pasika. Igihe cya Carnival cyangwa Fasching bizihizwa cyane muri Otirishiya. Iki gihe gitangira muri Mutarama kandi gisozwa na parade y'amabara azwi nka Faschingumzug mbere yuko kuwa gatatu w'ivu ritangira igisibo. Abantu bambara imyambarire irambuye kuva ku bantu b'impimbano kugeza ku mateka mu gihe bishimira ibirori byo mu muhanda. Ku ya 26 Ukwakira buri mwaka, abanya Australiya bizihiza umunsi w’igihugu cyabo (Nationalfeiertag) kugira ngo bibuke ko batabogamye burundu nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose. Ibikorwa bitandukanye bibera mu gihugu hose harimo disikuru za politiki na parade ya gisirikare. Byongeye kandi, umunsi wa Mutagatifu Nicholas (Nikolaustag) ku ya 6 Ukuboza ufite akamaro gakomeye ku bana bo muri Otirishiya kuko bategerezanyije amatsiko impano zitangwa na Mutagatifu Nicholas cyangwa Krampus - umufasha uhana abitwaye nabi mu mwaka. Hanyuma, ibirori bizwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga byaturutse muri Otirishiya ni Oktoberfest - byizihizwa cyane cyane i Munich ariko bikwirakwiza iminsi mikuru mu bihugu duturanye harimo imigi ya Otirishiya nka Vienne na Linz. Muri ibi birori bimara ibyumweru bibiri guhera mu mpera za Nzeri kugeza mu ntangiriro z'Ukwakira; abantu bahurira hamwe kugirango bishimire umuziki gakondo wa Bavariya, imbyino, ibiryo, kandi byukuri, byeri. Iyi minsi mikuru mikuru itanga ishusho yumurage gakondo wa Otirishiya kandi itanga amahirwe kubanya Australiya guhuza imigenzo yabo no kwishimira hamwe nimiryango ninshuti.
Ubucuruzi bw’amahanga
Otirishiya, igihugu kidafite inkombe mu Burayi bwo hagati, gifite ubukungu bukomeye bushingiye ku bucuruzi bwateye imbere. Igihugu kizwiho ibicuruzwa na serivisi byujuje ubuziranenge, byagize uruhare mu bucuruzi bwiza mu myaka yashize. Otirishiya yishingikirije cyane ku bucuruzi mpuzamahanga kandi yashyizeho umubano ukomeye w’ubucuruzi n’ibihugu bitandukanye ku isi. Nkumunyamuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU), Otirishiya yungukirwa n’inyungu zo kuba mu isoko rinini ku isi. Ubudage n’umufatanyabikorwa w’ubucuruzi ukomeye muri Otirishiya bitewe n’uburinganire bw’akarere ndetse n’umupaka uhuriweho. Ibihugu byombi byateje imbere umubano w’ubukungu, bituma habaho ubucuruzi bukomeye bw’ibihugu byombi. Abandi bafatanyabikorwa bakomeye mu bucuruzi barimo Ubutaliyani, Ubusuwisi, Ubufaransa, na Repubulika ya Ceki. Imwe mu mbaraga zingenzi za Otirishiya iri mu nganda zayo. Igihugu kizobereye mu gukora imashini n'ibikoresho nka moteri, turbine, ibinyabiziga (harimo n'imodoka z'amashanyarazi), ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi, ibyuma, imiti, n'ibiribwa. Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga ku isi kandi bigira uruhare runini mu kwinjiza ibicuruzwa muri Otirishiya. Byongeye kandi, Otirishiya ifite kandi serivisi zipiganwa zirimo imari, ubukerarugendo (cyane cyane muri siporo yimvura), ikoranabuhanga ryamakuru (IT), serivisi zubujyanama, ubushakashatsi & iterambere (R&D), ninganda zihanga. Mu myaka yashize habaye kwiyongera kw'ishoramari ritaziguye (FDI) muri Otirishiya mu nzego zitandukanye harimo n'ibikorwa by'inganda byashyizweho n'amasosiyete mpuzamahanga. Ibi birerekana icyizere mubucuruzi bwa Otirishiya kimwe nabakozi bafite ireme baboneka mugace. Nubwo ari igihugu kidafite inkombe zidafite aho zihurira n’ibyambu byo gutwara abantu mu nyanja mpuzamahanga; Ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Vienne gikora nk'ahantu h’ingenzi byorohereza ingendo z’abagenzi no kohereza imizigo ihuza amasosiyete yo muri Otirishiya n’amasoko ku isi hakurya y’Uburayi. Muri rusange, Otirishiya yibanda ku guhanga udushya hamwe n’ibicuruzwa byiza / serivisi nziza bimaze kumenyekana ku rwego mpuzamahanga byashyize mu majwi ubukungu.
Iterambere ryisoko
Otirishiya, iherereye hagati mu Burayi, ifite imbaraga zikomeye zo guteza imbere isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga. Hamwe nabakozi bafite ubumenyi buhanitse, ahantu hateganijwe, hamwe nubukungu buhamye, Otirishiya itanga amahirwe menshi kubucuruzi bwo kwagura isi yose. Kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bigira uruhare mu bucuruzi bw’ububanyi n’amahanga bwa Otirishiya ni abakozi bafite ubumenyi buhanitse. Igihugu gifite abaturage bize neza bafite ubumenyi mu nzego zitandukanye zirimo ikoranabuhanga, ubwubatsi, n'ubushakashatsi. Uku kuboneka kwabakozi bafite ubuhanga butanga ubucuruzi ibikoresho nkenerwa mugutezimbere ibicuruzwa na serivisi bishya bishobora guhangana kumasoko mpuzamahanga. Byongeye kandi, Otirishiya iherereye mu turere twa geografiya ituma iba ihuriro ryiza ku masosiyete ashaka kugera ku masoko y’uburayi bw’iburasirazuba n’iburengerazuba. Kuba umwe mu bagize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU), Otirishiya yungukirwa n’amasezerano y’ubucuruzi mu karere ateza imbere kugera mu bihugu bituranye n’ibindi bihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Uyu mwanya mwiza utuma ubucuruzi bushiraho imiyoboro ihamye yo gutanga no gukwirakwiza imiyoboro i Burayi. Usibye ibyiza biriho, ubukungu bwa Otirishiya butajegajega bugira uruhare runini mubucuruzi bwububanyi n’amahanga. Igihugu cyakomeje kuza ku isonga mu bipimo ngenderwaho ku isi nko koroshya gukora igipimo cy’ubucuruzi bitewe n’ibikorwa remezo bikomeye by’imari ndetse na ruswa nke. Byongeye kandi, Otirishiya itanga uburyo bushimishije bwo gushora imari n’inyungu z’imisoro ku masosiyete yinjira cyangwa yagura ibikorwa byayo muri iki gihugu. Otirishiya ifite kandi ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bitandukanye bigizwe n'ibicuruzwa nk'imashini, ibinyabiziga, imiti, imiti, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n'ibindi. Izi nganda nizo zagize uruhare runini mu kohereza ibicuruzwa muri Otirishiya mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo ibyo bikaba byerekana ko igihugu cyohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Ubwanyuma, Otirishiya yiyemeje mubushakashatsi & iterambere (R&D) ishishikariza kwihangira imirimo iterwa no kwihangira imirimo itanga inzira nshya zubufatanye mpuzamahanga kandi ifasha gukurura ishoramari ryamahanga mumirenge itandukanye harimo n'inganda zikoranabuhanga rikomeye. Mu gusoza, ihungabana ry’ubukungu rirambye, umurwa mukuru w’abantu, kugera ku buryo butaziguye mu bihugu by’Uburayi byegeranye, umwanya uhagaze neza wa geopolitike, hamwe na guverinoma ishyigikira R&D ni ibintu by'ingenzi bigira uruhare mu guteza imbere amahirwe yo muri Ositarariya.
Kugurisha ibicuruzwa bishyushye ku isoko
Ku bijyanye no kumenya ibicuruzwa bigurishwa bishyushye ku isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga muri Otirishiya, hagomba gusuzumwa ibintu byinshi. Mbere na mbere, gusobanukirwa ibyifuzo byabaguzi ba Otirishiya nibyingenzi muguhitamo ibicuruzwa neza. Kimwe mu bice by'ingenzi aho Otirishiya irusha abandi ni imashini n'imashini. Ibicuruzwa bijyanye nimashini zinganda, ibinyabiziga, ibikoresho bya elegitoronike, ningufu zishobora gukenerwa cyane. Uruganda rukomeye rwo muri Otirishiya rutanga isoko rikomeye ry’ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga. Ikindi gice cyiyongera ku isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga muri Otirishiya ni ibiribwa kama. Abaturage bashishikajwe n'ubuzima bakunda imbuto kama, imboga, ibikomoka ku mata, inyama, n'ibinyobwa. Isosiyete izobereye mu buhinzi-mwimerere irashobora kubona abakiriya bizewe hano. Ubukerarugendo bufite uruhare runini mu bukungu bwa Otirishiya; kubwibyo, ibikoresho byingendo nkimitwaro, ibikapu, ibikoresho byo gukambika ni amahitamo akunzwe mubukerarugendo basura igihugu. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho bya hoteri nkibikoresho byo kuryamaho cyangwa ubwiherero bufite ireme nabyo birashobora kubona isoko ryiza. Mu myaka yashize, abantu barushijeho gushimishwa n’ibicuruzwa birambye kandi bitangiza ibidukikije hagati ya Australiya. Imyenda yangiza ibidukikije ikozwe mubikoresho bitunganyirizwa mu bicuruzwa cyangwa ibicuruzwa byemewe byemewe n’ubucuruzi birashakishwa cyane n’abaguzi bangiza ibidukikije. Ubwanyuma ariko icy'ingenzi, igice kinini cyumuryango wa Otirishiya giha agaciro ubukorikori gakondo hamwe n’ibicuruzwa byakozwe mu karere.Ibyo birimo ubukorikori nkububumbyi, imyambaro, imyenda, ibikoresho byo mu nzu, n imitako. Abacuruzi bo muri Ositaraliya bamenyekanisha byimazeyo ibyo bintu bidasanzwe bigira uruhare mubukorikori bwaho ndetse no guhaza abaguzi bakunda ibicuruzwa byukuri bifite agaciro k umuco. Muri rusange, kugirango uhitemo ibicuruzwa bigurishwa bishyushye bikwiranye n’isoko ry’ubucuruzi bwo muri Otirishiya, byaba byiza dusuzumye ibyiciro nkimashini / ikoranabuhanga, ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga, ibikoresho bijyanye n’ubukerarugendo, ibicuruzwa birambye / byangiza ibidukikije, hamwe na gakondo / byaho ubukorikori.Iyo ukora ingamba zose zo guhitamo ibicuruzwa, gukora ubushakashatsi kubyerekezo bigezweho, demografiya, nuburyo imyitwarire yabaguzi irashobora gufasha kumenyesha inzira yo gufata ibyemezo
Ibiranga abakiriya na kirazira
Otirishiya ni igihugu kidafite inkombe giherereye mu Burayi bwo hagati. Azwiho ibyiza nyaburanga, amateka akomeye, hamwe n’umuco utangaje, Otirishiya ikurura ba mukerarugendo baturutse impande zose z’isi. Ku bijyanye n'imigenzo n'imico ya Otirishiya, hari ingingo nke z'ingenzi ugomba kuzirikana. Kimwe mu bintu biranga abanya Australiya ni ikinyabupfura n'imikorere yabo. Biramenyerewe gusuhuza abantu mukuboko no gukoresha amazina asanzwe nka "Herr" (Bwana) cyangwa "Frau" (Madamu) agakurikirwa nizina ryabo kugeza igihe batumiwe gukoresha izina ryabo. Kwubahiriza igihe ni ngombwa muri Otirishiya, nibyiza rero kuhagera mugihe cyinama cyangwa gahunda. Ikindi kintu cyingenzi cyumuco wa Otirishiya ni ugukunda imigenzo. Abanyaustraliya benshi bishimira imigenzo yabo, imiziki, imbyino, n'imyambarire gakondo nka lederhosen cyangwa dirndls. Kwakira iyo migenzo birashobora gushimwa nabenegihugu. Iyo usangirira muri Otirishiya, biramenyerewe gutegereza uwakiriye cyangwa nyiricyubahiro gutanga ikimenyetso mbere yo gutangira ifunguro. Ni ibisanzwe kandi kudatangira kurya kugeza igihe abantu bose bari kumeza bahawe. Gutanga inama birateganijwe ariko ntabwo bitanga nkibindi bihugu bimwe; kuzunguruka cyangwa gutanga hafi 5-10% yumushinga birahagije. Ku ngingo ya kirazira cyangwa ibintu byoroshye ushobora kwirinda kwirinda kuganira: ibibazo bijyanye n’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose bigomba kwegerwa ubushishozi bitewe n’ubucuti bukomeye bwa Otirishiya n’uruhare rwayo muri kiriya gihe. Ikigeretse kuri ibyo, kuganira kubyerekeye ubutunzi bwite cyangwa amafaranga yinjiza mubisanzwe bifatwa nkibidakwiye keretse byazanwe na bagenzi bawe bo muri Otirishiya. Muri rusange, abanya Australiya baha agaciro ikinyabupfura no kubaha imigenzo. Mugukurikiza iyo migenzo mugihe uzirikana ingingo zishobora kuba kirazira mugihe uhuza nabenegihugu muri Otirishiya, birashoboka ko uzagira uburambe bwiza bwo gukora iki gihugu cyiza no gusabana nabagituye bafite umutima ususurutse.
Sisitemu yo gucunga gasutamo
Otirishiya ifite uburyo bunoze bwo gucunga gasutamo ituma imipaka igenzurwa neza n’ibicuruzwa bigenda neza. Igihugu ni umunyamuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, bivuze ko amabwiriza n’uburyo bumwe bihuye n’ibipimo by’Uburayi. Gutangira, abagenzi binjira muri Otirishiya bagomba kumenya amategeko ya gasutamo. Akihagera, imizigo yose igomba kumenyeshwa abayobozi ba gasutamo. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko ibintu bimwe nk’imbunda, ibiyobyabwenge, ibicuruzwa byiganano, n’ibinyabuzima birinzwe bibujijwe rwose kwinjiza mu gihugu. Byongeye kandi, hariho imipaka ku nzoga n’ibicuruzwa by’itabi byemewe gukoreshwa ku giti cyawe. Otirishiya ikora umuhanda utukura-icyatsi kibisi ku mbibi zayo ku baturage b’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi baturuka imbere cyangwa hanze y’Uburayi. Umuhanda wicyatsi ni uw'abagenzi badafite ibicuruzwa bisoreshwa cyangwa bibujijwe. Umuhanda utukura ukoreshwa nabantu batwara ibicuruzwa birenze imipaka itishyurwa cyangwa bisaba impushya zidasanzwe. Ku bijyanye no gusubizwa umusoro ku nyongeragaciro kubatari Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bagura ibintu muri Otirishiya, hari uburyo bwihariye buhari. Abashyitsi bagomba kwemeza ko babonye inyemezabuguzi zumwimerere kubacuruzi bitabiriye gahunda yo guhaha nta musoro hanyuma bakerekana ibyangombwa aho baheruka kugenda mugihe cyamezi atatu yo kugura. Byongeye kandi, abashinzwe za gasutamo ya Otirishiya bafite ububasha bwo gukora igenzura ridasanzwe ku bagenzi no ku mizigo yabo na nyuma yo kunyura mu igenzura ry’abinjira. Iri genzura rishobora kubamo X-ray cyangwa kugenzura umubiri kugirango wirinde magendu cyangwa ibikorwa bitemewe. Muri rusange, ni ngombwa ko abashyitsi bamenyera amabwiriza ya gasutamo ya Otirishiya mbere yo gukora ingendo kugira ngo birinde ibibi cyangwa ibihano uhageze. Kumenya ibibujijwe kubintu bibujijwe n’imipaka itishyurwa bizatuma uburambe bwurugendo rwiza nta kibazo gihari hamwe nabashinzwe gasutamo ya Otirishiya.
Kuzana politiki y’imisoro
Otirishiya izwiho politiki nziza yo gutumiza mu mahanga, igamije guteza imbere ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga mu gihe irengera inganda zo mu gihugu. Iki gihugu gikurikiza amahoro rusange y’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (CCT) ku bicuruzwa byinshi bitumizwa hanze y’Uburayi. Muri politiki y’imisoro yatumijwe muri Otirishiya, ibyiciro bitandukanye bitumizwa mu mahanga bigengwa n’ibiciro bitandukanye by’amahoro. Icyakora, nk'umunyamuryango w’isoko rimwe ry’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, Otirishiya yishimira ubucuruzi bw’ibindi bihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi kandi nta musoro usoreshwa ku bicuruzwa byacururizwaga mu bihugu by’Uburayi. Otirishiya ishyiraho umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (TVA) ku bicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga, kuri ubu bikaba byashyizwe ku gipimo gisanzwe cya 20%. Ibi bireba ibicuruzwa byinshi na serivisi byabaguzi bazanwa mu gihugu baturutse mu bihugu bitari Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Nyamara, igiciro cyihariye cyagabanijwe ku nyongeragaciro gikoreshwa mubintu bimwe nkibicuruzwa byibiribwa (10%), ibitabo nibinyamakuru (10%), hamwe n’amahoteri (13%). Usibye TVA, ibyiciro bimwe byibicuruzwa bishobora gukurura imisoro yinyongera cyangwa imisoro ku musoro. Harimo inzoga, ibikomoka ku itabi, ibinyabiziga bya lisansi, nibindi bicuruzwa byiza. Ibiciro byihariye biratandukanye bitewe nubwoko bwibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga. Mu rwego rwo koroshya ubucuruzi no kugabanya imitwaro y’ubuyobozi ku bucuruzi bukora ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, Otirishiya yashyize mu bikorwa uburyo bwa gasutamo bworoheje nka imenyekanisha rya gasutamo ya elegitoronike ndetse na sisitemu yo gukuraho ibicuruzwa byihutisha ibicuruzwa ku mipaka yacyo. Ni ngombwa ko abantu cyangwa amasosiyete agira uruhare mu kwinjiza ibicuruzwa muri Otirishiya kumenyera amabwiriza ajyanye n’ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga harimo ibyangombwa bisabwa, ingamba zubahirizwa ry’ibicuruzwa nka CE biranga ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe bigurishwa mu Burayi), gushyiramo amategeko mu ndimi z’ikidage). Muri rusange, politiki y’imisoro itumizwa muri Otirishiya igamije gukomeza ubukungu bw’isoko ryuguruye mu gihe hashyirwa mu bikorwa ingamba zikenewe zo kurinda inganda zoroshye mu gihugu.
Politiki yo kohereza hanze
Otirishiya ni igihugu kidafite inkombe giherereye mu Burayi bwo hagati. Ifite ubukungu bwateye imbere kandi izwiho kohereza ibicuruzwa na serivisi zitandukanye. Igihugu gikurikiza politiki y’imisoro ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bifasha kuzamuka mu bukungu. Otirishiya ntishyiraho umusoro wihariye wo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze yigihugu. Ariko, itanga umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (TVA) haba kugurisha imbere mu gihugu no kohereza ibicuruzwa na serivisi. Igipimo cy’umusoro ku nyongeragaciro muri Otirishiya kuri ubu gishyizwe kuri 20%, ariko hari igabanuka rya 10% na 13% ku bicuruzwa byihariye nk'ibiryo, amacumbi ya hoteri, ibirori ndangamuco, n'ibindi. Kubucuruzi bukora ibikorwa byo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze, TVA irashobora gusonerwa cyangwa zeru-zero mubihe bimwe. Abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bakeneye gutanga ibimenyetso byerekana ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga nka fagitire z’ubucuruzi, inyandiko z’ubwikorezi, ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo, n’ibindi, kugira ngo bemererwe gusonerwa umusoro ku nyongeragaciro cyangwa zero-amanota. Usibye gutekereza ku nyongeragaciro, abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bashobora kandi gukenera kubahiriza amahoro ya gasutamo yashyizweho na Otirishiya cyangwa igihugu berekeza mu mahanga. Amahoro ya gasutamo ashyirwaho n’ibihugu bitandukanye ashingiye kuri politiki y’ubucuruzi kandi birashobora gutandukana cyane bitewe nubwoko bwibicuruzwa n'inkomoko / aho bigana. Otirishiya iri mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU), yungukirwa n’amasezerano atandukanye y’ubucuruzi ku isoko ry’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ndetse no kwitabwaho hakurikijwe amasezerano y’ubucuruzi ku buntu yasinywe n’ibindi bihugu ku isi. Aya masezerano akunze kugabanya cyangwa gukuraho imisoro yatumijwe mu mahanga hagati y’ibihugu byitabiriye. Muri rusange, politiki y’imisoro yo muri Otirishiya yerekeye ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga yibanda cyane ku gukusanya umusoro ku nyongeragaciro aho gutanga imisoro yihariye igamije ibicuruzwa byoherejwe hanze. Ubucuruzi bugamije kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze bugomba gushaka inama zumwuga zijyanye nibisabwa byihariye hamwe ninshingano zo kubahiriza zijyanye no gusonerwa umusoro ku nyongeragaciro cyangwa zeru-zero iyo byoherejwe muri Otirishiya.
Impamyabumenyi isabwa kohereza hanze
Otirishiya ni igihugu kidafite inkombe giherereye mu Burayi bwo hagati kandi kizwi cyane kubera ibicuruzwa na serivisi byujuje ubuziranenge. Mu rwego rwo koroshya ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, Otirishiya yashyizeho uburyo bukomeye bwo kwemeza ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga byemeza ko umutekano w’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga byizewe n'umutekano. Gahunda yo kohereza ibicuruzwa muri Otirishiya ikubiyemo intambwe nyinshi. Ubwa mbere, abohereza ibicuruzwa hanze bakeneye kumenya neza ko ibicuruzwa byabo byubahiriza amategeko n'amabwiriza ya Otirishiya bijyanye n'ubuzima, umutekano, hamwe n'ubuziranenge. Ibi birimo kubona ibyangombwa cyangwa impushya zikenewe mu nganda zimwe na zimwe. Icya kabiri, abohereza ibicuruzwa hanze bagomba kubahiriza amabwiriza y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU) kubera ko Otirishiya ari igihugu cy’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Aya mabwiriza akubiyemo ibintu bitandukanye nko gushyiramo ibimenyetso, ibisobanuro byibicuruzwa, ibipimo bipakira, hamwe nibidukikije. Byongeye kandi, ibicuruzwa bimwe bishobora gusaba ibyemezo byinyongera cyangwa inyandiko bitewe na kamere yabyo. Kurugero, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga by’ubuhinzi bigomba gukurikiza umurongo ngenderwaho w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bijyanye n’inkunga, amahoro, igipimo, n’ibipimo by’umusaruro. Kugirango ubone ibyemezo byoherezwa mu mahanga muri Otirishiya, uwatumije ibicuruzwa hanze agomba gutanga ibyangombwa bisabwa hamwe namakuru arambuye kubyerekeye ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga.Ibisanzwe bikubiyemo inyemezabuguzi cyangwa inyandiko z’ubucuruzi, inyemezabwishyu, ibyemezo by’inkomoko, n'impapuro za gasutamo. Ubuyobozi bwa gasutamo buzasuzuma noneho izi nyandiko kugirango zubahirizwe mbere yo gutanga uruhushya rwo kohereza hanze. Abashora ibicuruzwa mu mahanga kandi bafite uburyo bwo gukoresha ibigo by’abandi bantu bemewe na guverinoma ya Otirishiya kugira ngo byorohereze iki gikorwa.Ikindi kandi, Otirishiya yagiranye amasezerano y’ibihugu byombi n’ibihugu byinshi byoroshya inzira z’ubucuruzi hagati yazo, byorohereza abinjira mu mahanga bava muri ibyo bihugu byihariye. Mu kubahiriza uburyo bukomeye bwo kwemeza kohereza ibicuruzwa muri Otirishiya, ibyoherezwa muri iki gihugu bigenda byamenyekana ku isi yose kubera ubuziranenge, kwiringirwa, no kubahiriza amahame mpuzamahanga y’ubucuruzi. Izi mpamyabumenyi kandi zifasha kubaka ikizere hagati y’abaguzi b’amahanga, bigatuma ubukungu bwiyongera burambye binyuze mu mahirwe mpuzamahanga y’ubucuruzi.
Basabwe ibikoresho
Otirishiya, iherereye mu Burayi bwo hagati, izwiho kuba ikora neza kandi yizewe. Hamwe n’ahantu heza h’imihanda minini y’ubwikorezi, Otirishiya itanga serivisi nziza z’ibikoresho haba mu bucuruzi ndetse no mu mahanga. Kimwe mu bintu nyamukuru bigira uruhare mu bikorwa remezo bikomeye bya Otirishiya ni umuyoboro w’imihanda wateye imbere. Iki gihugu gifite gahunda nini y’imihanda n’imihanda ihuza ibihugu bituranye nk’Ubudage, Ubusuwisi, Ubutaliyani, Slowakiya, na Hongiriya. Ibi bituma ubwikorezi bwo mumuhanda bworohereza ibicuruzwa muri Otirishiya cyangwa kurenga imipaka. Usibye imihanda, Otirishiya ifite na sisitemu ya gari ya moshi ihujwe neza. Gari ya moshi nkuru ya Otirishiya (ÖBB) ikora urusobe runini rwa gari ya moshi zitanga serivisi zitwara ibicuruzwa byihuse kandi neza mu gihugu hose. Gutwara gari ya moshi ni byiza cyane cyane kubicuruzwa byinshi cyangwa biremereye kuko bituma imizigo minini itwarwa icyarimwe. Kubucuruzi bushakisha uburyo bwo gutwara ibicuruzwa byo mu kirere, Otirishiya ifite ibibuga byindege mpuzamahanga bikora nk'ahantu h'imizigo. Ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Vienne nicyo kibuga kinini muri Otirishiya gifite ikigo cyabigenewe cyo gutwara imizigo gitanga serivisi zuzuye zo gutwara ibicuruzwa mu kirere. Ibindi bibuga byindege bikomeye bya Graz, Linz, na Salzburg nabyo bitanga imikorere yimizigo yo mu kirere neza. Hagati ya Otirishiya kandi iha amahirwe yo kugera ku byambu byinshi binyuze mu bihugu duturanye nk'Ubudage cyangwa Ubutaliyani. Nubwo idafite uburyo bworoshye bwo kugera ku nkombe ubwayo, ubucuruzi bushobora gukoresha ibyambu byegeranye nka Hamburg cyangwa Trieste kugira ngo bitwarwe neza mu mahanga binyuze muri serivisi zitwara ibicuruzwa mu nyanja. Byongeye kandi, Otirishiya itanga serivisi zitandukanye zitanga serivisi z’ibikoresho kabuhariwe mu bice bitandukanye byo gucunga amasoko harimo ububiko no kugabura. Izi sosiyete zitanga ibikoresho bigezweho bifite tekinoroji igezweho itanga ububiko bwiza no gutanga ibicuruzwa ku gihe. Ubwanyuma, akamaro kahawe imbaraga zirambye mubikorwa bya logistique yo muri Otirishiya hamwe nibikorwa biteza imbere ibisubizo byicyatsi bigenda byiyongera. Abatanga ibikoresho byinshi bibanda ku gukoresha ibinyabiziga bitangiza ibidukikije no gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zikoresha ingufu mu bikorwa byabo, Muri make, Otirishiya itanga uburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha ibikoresho binyuze mumihanda yateye imbere yimihanda ya gari ya moshi na gari ya moshi, serivisi nziza zitwara ibicuruzwa byo mu kirere, kugera ku byambu bituranye, abatanga ibikoresho byinshi, kandi bigenda byibanda ku buryo burambye. Abashoramari barashobora kwishingikiriza ku bikorwa remezo bikomeye byo muri Otirishiya kugira ngo bakore neza kandi batange ibicuruzwa ku gihe.
Imiyoboro yo guteza imbere abaguzi

Ubucuruzi bwingenzi

Otirishiya, iherereye hagati mu Burayi, ibamo inzira mpuzamahanga zingenzi zitanga amasoko hamwe n’ubucuruzi. Izi porogaramu zitanga amahirwe kubucuruzi bwo kwagura imiyoboro yabo no kwerekana ibicuruzwa byabo kubantu bose ku isi. Dore bimwe mubyingenzi: 1. Ikigo mpuzamahanga cya Vienne (VIC): Nka kimwe mu cyicaro gikuru cy’umuryango w’abibumbye, VIC ikora nk'isangano mpuzamahanga ku bikorwa by’ububanyi n’amahanga n’amasoko mpuzamahanga. Amashyirahamwe n’ibigo bitabarika bikorera mu bigo byayo, bigashyiraho ubufatanye n’ubucuruzi. 2. Imurikagurisha ry’ubucuruzi rya Vienne: Ibigo bibiri byingenzi byerekana imurikagurisha i Vienne - Messe Wien Exhibition & Congress Centre (FVA) hamwe n’imurikagurisha ry’urubingo Messe Wien - byakira imurikagurisha ritandukanye ry’umwaka. Ibi birori bikubiyemo imirenge nkubwubatsi, ikoranabuhanga, ubukerarugendo, ibiryo & ibinyobwa, imyambarire, nibindi byinshi. 3. Graz Exhibition Centre: Iherereye mu mujyi wa Graz wa kabiri mu bunini bwa Otirishiya, iki kigo cy’imurikagurisha gikurura abaguzi mpuzamahanga bo mu nganda zitandukanye zirimo ubwubatsi bw’imodoka, inganda za elegitoroniki, ikoranabuhanga ry’ibidukikije n’ibindi. 4. Imurikagurisha ry’ubucuruzi rya Salzburg: Imurikagurisha & Centre ya Salzburg ryakira imurikagurisha ryinshi ryibanda ku nzego nkibicuruzwa by’ubukorikori n’ubukorikori nk’ubukorikori cyangwa ibikoresho byo gukora imitako. 5. Amahuriro yo gutanga amasoko kumurongo: Urubuga rwinshi rwa digitale rushoboza ubucuruzi kwishora mumasoko mpuzamahanga kubatanga ibicuruzwa muri Otirishiya. Ingero zirimo Alibaba.com (Global Sources), GlobalTrade.net (serivisi yoherejwe na Export Entreprises SA), cyangwa Autriche yohereza hanze kumurongo. 6 Urugaga rw’ubukungu muri Otirishiya (WKO): Iki kigo gikora ubuvugizi ku masosiyete yo muri Otirishiya mu mahanga ari nako gikurura abashoramari b’abanyamahanga binyuze mu ihuriro ry’ibiro by’akarere muri Otirishiya. 7 E-Isoko ryamasoko: Amasoko azwi cyane ya e-isoko nka Amazon.com cyangwa eBay.com atanga ubucuruzi bwa Australiya amahirwe yo kugera kubakiriya benshi kwisi yose hamwe nibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi. 8 Inganda zihariye zerekana ibicuruzwa: Imurikagurisha ritandukanye ryihariye rikorwa buri mwaka muri Otirishiya rihuza abakinnyi bakomeye baturutse mu turere dutandukanye kwisi kugirango bahuze kandi bagure. Kurugero, Vienne Autoshow nimwe mumurikagurisha ry’imodoka zikomeye mu Burayi, naho Salon Österreich Wein yerekana inzoga zizwi cyane zo muri Otirishiya. Ibindi bikorwa byihariye byinganda birimo Ingufu zo guhanga udushya muri Otirishiya mu rwego rwingufu na Intersolar kubucuruzi bwizuba. Mu gusoza, Otirishiya itanga inzira zitandukanye zingenzi zitanga amasoko harimo VIC, Imurikagurisha ry’Ubucuruzi rya Vienne, Ikigo cy’imurikagurisha cya Graz, n’imurikagurisha ry’ubucuruzi rya Salzburg. Byongeye kandi, urubuga rwa interineti nka Alibaba.com na WKO rutanga inzira zo guteza imbere ubucuruzi ku isi. Ubucuruzi bwihariye bwinganda bwerekana kurushaho guteza imbere amahirwe muguhuza abakinnyi bakomeye mubice byihariye. Izi mbuga hamwe zigira uruhare mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga bwa Otirishiya kandi byorohereza ubucuruzi n’ibihugu bitandukanye ku isi.
Otirishiya, iherereye mu Burayi bwo hagati, izwiho umurage gakondo ndangamuco ndetse n’ahantu heza. Ku bijyanye no gukoresha interineti, abanya Australiya bashingira cyane cyane kuri moteri zitandukanye zishakisha kugirango babone amakuru kumurongo. Mugihe moteri yiganje kwisi yose nka Google ikoreshwa cyane, hariho na moteri zishakisha zizwi cyane zita kubateze amatwi Australiya. Dore urutonde rwa moteri zishakisha zikoreshwa muri Otirishiya: 1. Google Otirishiya: verisiyo yo muri Otirishiya ya moteri ishakisha abantu benshi ku isi irashobora kuboneka kuri www.google.at. Itanga ibisubizo byaho hamwe na serivisi bigenewe isoko rya Otirishiya. 2. Bing: moteri ishakisha ya Microsoft Bing nayo ifite abakoresha benshi muri Otirishiya. Mugihe usuye www.bing.com cyangwa ugahindura igenamiterere rya mushakisha muri Otirishiya, urashobora kubona ibisubizo byagenewe iki gihugu. 3. Yahoo - Wikipedia: Nubwo atari moteri ishakisha yabigenewe, abanya Australiya benshi bakoresha urupapuro rwa Yahoo nk'irembo ryibanze rya enterineti aho bashobora kubona serivisi zitandukanye zirimo no gushakisha kurubuga. Sura kuri www.yahoo.at cyangwa ushireho ibyifuzo bya mushakisha ukurikije. 4. Ecosia - Die grüne Suchmaschine: Ecosia ni moteri ishakisha ibidukikije yita ku bidukikije itanga amafaranga menshi yinjira mu bikorwa byo gutera amashyamba ku isi. Abakoresha Australiya baha agaciro kuramba barashobora guhitamo Ecosia nkibisanzwe bahitamo kwinjira kuri www.ecosia.org/at/. 5. Lycos Otirishiya: Lycos itanga verisiyo zaho mubihugu bitandukanye, harimo na Otirishiya (www.lycosaustria.at) aho abakoresha bashobora gukora ubushakashatsi bwerekeranye n'aka karere. 6. yelp - Österreichs Yelp-Seite: Yelp izwi cyane mugutanga ibitekerezo byatanzwe nabakoresha nibyifuzo byubucuruzi nibigo bitandukanye mubihugu bitandukanye kwisi, harimo na Otirishiya (www.yelp.at). Usibye aya mahitamo yihariye ashingiye kuri Otirishiya, ni ngombwa kumenya ko abanya Australiya benshi bagikoresha urubuga rwisi nka Google kubera ubwinshi bwabo hamwe nukuri kubisubizo mu turere twose. Muri rusange, moteri zishakisha zavuzwe haruguru zitanga uburyo butandukanye kubakoresha kugirango babone amakuru bakeneye mugihe bashakisha interineti muri Otirishiya. Nyamara, burigihe nibyiza guhora ukurikirana imigendekere yaho hamwe nibyifuzo nkuko bishobora guhinduka mugihe.

Impapuro nini z'umuhondo

Muri Otirishiya, impapuro nyamukuru z'umuhondo ububiko bukubiyemo: 1. Ubucuruzi bwa Herold: Herold nimwe mubitabo byumuhondo bizwi cyane muri Otirishiya. Itanga amakuru yuzuye kubyerekeye ubucuruzi, serivisi, nibisobanuro birambuye mubikorwa bitandukanye. Urubuga: www.herold.at 2. Telefonbuch Österreich (Telekom): Ububiko bwa terefone ya Telekom nubundi buryo bukomeye bwo gushakisha urutonde rwubucuruzi hamwe namakuru yatumanaho muri Otirishiya. Urubuga: www.telefonbuch.at 3. Cylex Österreich: Cylex itanga urutonde rwinshi rwubucuruzi muri Otirishiya. Itanga imyirondoro irambuye yisosiyete, isuzuma ryabakiriya, hamwe nu amanota kugirango ifashe abakoresha kubona ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi bijyanye. Urubuga: www.cylex.at 4. Gelbe Seiten Otirishiya (Herold Medien): Gelbe Seiten nubuyobozi bwa interineti butuma abakoresha bashakisha ubucuruzi mubyiciro cyangwa ahantu hose muri Otirishiya. Urubuga: www.gelbeseiten.at 5. 11880. Urubuga: www.dasoertliche.at 6. GoYellow (Sure Holdings GmbH): GoYellow itanga data base yuzuye hamwe nibikorwa byinshi byubucuruzi biva mumirenge itandukanye yo muri Otirishiya. Itanga amakuru arambuye kuri buri sosiyete hamwe nisuzuma ryabakoresha. Urubuga: https://www.goyellow.de/ Ipaji yumuhondo ububiko bushobora kuboneka kumurongo binyuze kurubuga rwabo rwavuzwe haruguru. Bakora nkibikoresho byingirakamaro mugushakisha ubucuruzi nibisobanuro bifitanye isano nisoko rya Otirishiya. Nyamuneka menya ko zimwe mururu rubuga zishobora kuba zifite ikidage nicyongereza kiboneka kugirango uhuze nururimi rutandukanye rwabakoresha.

Ihuriro rikuru ryubucuruzi

Otirishiya, igihugu cyiza giherereye mu Burayi bwo hagati, gifite urubuga runini rwa e-ubucuruzi ruhuza ibyo abaturage bacyo bakeneye. Dore urutonde rwibanze rwa e-ubucuruzi muri Otirishiya hamwe nurubuga rwabo: 1. Amazone Otirishiya: Kuba imwe mu mbuga nini za e-ubucuruzi ku isi, Amazon nayo ikorera muri Otirishiya. Abakiriya barashobora kubona ibicuruzwa byinshi birimo ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, imyambarire, ibikoresho byo murugo, nibindi byinshi. Urubuga: www.amazon.at 2. eBay Otirishiya: Isoko ryo kumurongo aho abantu bashobora kugura no kugurisha ibintu bishya cyangwa byakoreshejwe. eBay itanga ibyiciro bitandukanye nka electronics, imyambarire, gukusanya, nibindi byinshi. Urubuga: www.ebay.at 3. Otto Österreich: Uru rubuga rutanga ibicuruzwa bitandukanye kuva imyenda kugeza ibikoresho byo munzu hamwe na elegitoroniki. Itanga abakiriya amahitamo atandukanye yo guhaha kumurongo. Urubuga: www.otto.at 4. Bol.com Otirishiya: Urubuga ruzwi cyane rwibitabo nibicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki nka DVD cyangwa CD. Bol.com itanga kandi ibikinisho, imikino, ibikoresho bya mudasobwa. Urubuga: www.bol.com/at/ 5. Zalando Otirishiya: Yinzobere mu myambarire n'inkweto z'abagabo, abagore, ndetse n'abana bo mu bicuruzwa bitandukanye bizwi ku isi. Urubuga: www.zalando.at 6.Buyvip. Urubuga (rwerekejwe kuri): https://www.amazon.de/b?ie=UTF8&node=10156082031&ref=pz_asin_mw_urubuga_kuri f1d78ff75497_ACES_GREY_ATCCOEUGV358T1XBK63A .-- ESBUUIGV225B7316GL.by_ibiganiro_urugo_urundi_mb_Ibicuruzwa Izi porogaramu za e-ubucuruzi muri Otirishiya zitanga ibicuruzwa byinshi kandi byoroshye kugura kumurongo. Waba ushaka ibitabo, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, ibikoresho by'imyambarire, cyangwa ibikoresho byo murugo, izi mbuga ziraguha amahitamo menshi yo kubona ibicuruzwa wifuza bivuye murugo rwawe.

Imbuga nkoranyambaga

Otirishiya, igihugu cyiza mu Burayi bwo Hagati, gifite imbuga nkoranyambaga zizwi cyane aho abantu bashobora guhuza, gusangira ibirimo, no kwishimana n’abandi. Dore zimwe mu mbuga nkoranyambaga zikoreshwa cyane muri Otirishiya: 1. Facebook (www.facebook.com): Facebook ni urubuga runini ruhuza abantu benshi ku isi kandi rukoreshwa cyane muri Otirishiya. Iyemerera abakoresha gukora imyirondoro bwite, guhuza inshuti nimiryango, guhuza amatsinda, no gusangira ubwoko butandukanye bwibirimo nkamafoto, videwo, hamwe namakuru agezweho. 2. WhatsApp (www.whatsapp.com): WhatsApp ni porogaramu yohererezanya ubutumwa ikoreshwa na miriyoni ku isi hose mu itumanaho bwite cyangwa ry'umwuga. Ifasha abakoresha kohereza ubutumwa bugufi, gufata amajwi, guhamagara kuri videwo kimwe no gusangira inyandiko na dosiye za multimediya. 3. Instagram (www.instagram.com): Instagram ni urubuga ruzwi cyane rwo gusangira amafoto rwamamaye cyane muri Otirishiya mu myaka yashize. Abakoresha barashobora gushiraho amashusho na videwo kumwirondoro wabo bakoresheje amashusho ashimishije kandi bagahuza nabandi bakoresha binyuze mubitekerezo cyangwa ubutumwa butaziguye. 4. Twitter (www.twitter.com): Twitter yemerera abakoresha kuvuga ibitekerezo byabo cyangwa ibitekerezo byabo binyuze mu nyandiko ngufi zishingiye ku nyandiko zizwi nka "tweet." Iyi porogaramu ya microblogging iteza itumanaho hafi yingingo zikurikira kugaburira abandi bakoresha. 5. XING (www.xing.com): XING yibanda cyane cyane kumahirwe yo guhuza umwuga nko guhiga akazi cyangwa guhuza ibikorwa mubucuruzi bwabakozi ba Otirishiya. 6.TikTok (www. 7.Snapchat (www.snapchat.com) ： Snapchat itanga urubuga rwo gusangira amafoto cyangwa amashusho abura nyuma yo kubireba rimwe.Bitanga kandi ibintu bitandukanye bishimishije nka filteri, lens, na stikeri. 8.Gusubiramo (www.reddit.com) ： Reddit igizwe nabaturage benshi bashingiye ku nyungu zinyuranye aho abanyamuryango bashobora kwishora mu biganiro. Ibintu byubu, siporo, firime, umukino ni ingingo zimwe na zimwe zikoreshwa mubakoresha Reddit yo muri Otirishiya. Izi ni zimwe mu mbuga nkoranyambaga zizwi cyane muri Otirishiya. Nyamuneka menya ko kuboneka no gukoresha bishobora gutandukana mubantu batandukanye.

Amashyirahamwe akomeye yinganda

Otirishiya ifite amashyirahamwe atandukanye yinganda zihagarariye inzego zitandukanye zubukungu. Aya mashyirahamwe afite uruhare runini mugushinga politiki, kunganira ibigo byabanyamuryango, no guteza imbere inyungu zinganda zabo. Dore amwe mumashyirahamwe akomeye yinganda muri Otirishiya hamwe nurubuga rwabo: 1. Urugereko rw’ubukungu muri Otirishiya (Wirtschaftskammer Österreich): Uru rugereko ruhagarariye inzego zose z’ubukungu bwa Otirishiya kandi ni umuryango uhuriweho n’ibyumba byinshi byihariye by’imirenge. Urubuga: https://www.wko.at/ 2. Ishyirahamwe ry’ubucuruzi muri Otirishiya (Handelsverband Österreich): Iri shyirahamwe rihagarariye abadandaza n’abacuruzi benshi bakorera muri Otirishiya. Urubuga: https://www.handelsverband.at/en/ 3. Ihuriro ry’inganda zo muri Otirishiya (Industriellenvereinigung): Federasiyo ihagarariye ubucuruzi bw’inganda mu nzego zitandukanye, bigira ingaruka kuri politiki ijyanye n’amategeko agenga umurimo, imisoro, guhanga udushya, n’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga. Urubuga: https://www.iv-net.at/urugo.html 4. Ishyirahamwe ryimyambarire nubuzima (Verband der Mode- und Lifestyleindustrie): Iri shyirahamwe rihuza abashushanya imideli, ababikora, abadandaza, nabandi bafatanyabikorwa mubikorwa byimyambarire. Urubuga: http://www.v-mode.eu/cms/ 5. Ishyirahamwe ry’inganda z’ubukerarugendo Otirishiya (Österreichische Hotel- und Tourismusbankerschaft): Guhagararira abakora ingendo, amahoteri, resitora, ibiruhuko n’ibindi; iri shyirahamwe rifite uruhare runini mugutezimbere ubukerarugendo muri Otirishiya no mumahanga. Urubuga: https://www.oehvt.at/en/ 6. Ihuriro ry’abahinzi borozi bo muri Otirishiya (Landwirtschaftskammer Österreich): Guhagararira abahinzi n’ubucuruzi bw’ubuhinzi mu gihugu hose; iyi federasiyo ikora kugirango ihagararire inyungu zubuhinzi imbere yinzego za leta haba kurwego rwigihugu ndetse n’amahanga. Urubuga: http://www.lk-oe.at/en.html 7. Inama y’ikoranabuhanga mu ikoranabuhanga muri Otirishiya (Fachverband der Elektro- und Elektronikindustrie - Bundessparte Informationstechnologie - Wirtschaftskammer Österreich): Iri shyirahamwe rihagarariye ibigo by’ikoranabuhanga kandi biteza imbere inyungu z’inganda zo muri Otirishiya. Urubuga: https://www.izt.at/ Izi ni ingero nkeya gusa mumashyirahamwe menshi yinganda muri Otirishiya. Batanga ibikoresho, serivisi, n'ubuvugizi kumirenge yabo. Niba ushishikajwe ninganda runaka, birasabwa gushakisha imbuga za interineti zijyanye kugirango ubone amakuru menshi.

Urubuga rwubucuruzi nubucuruzi

Otirishiya, izwi ku izina rya Repubulika ya Otirishiya, ni igihugu giherereye mu Burayi bwo hagati. Ifite ubukungu bwateye imbere kandi buzwiho imibereho yo hejuru. Igihugu gifite imbuga zinyuranye zubukungu nubucuruzi zitanga amakuru numutungo wingenzi kubantu nubucuruzi bashaka kwishora mubikorwa byubukungu cyangwa ubucuruzi muri Otirishiya. Dore zimwe mu mbuga zikomeye zubukungu nubucuruzi muri Otirishiya hamwe na URL zabo: 1. Urugereko rw’ubukungu muri Otirishiya (Wirtschaftskammer Österreich): www.wko.at Uru rubuga rutanga amakuru yuzuye kubyerekeye ubukungu bwa Otirishiya, amabwiriza y’ubucuruzi, amahirwe y’isoko, ibikorwa byo guhuza ibikorwa, na serivisi zitangwa n’Urugereko. 2. AUSTRIA YONGEYE: www.advantageaustria.org Advantage Otirishiya ni umuyoboro mpuzamahanga w’ubucuruzi ukorwa n’Urugaga rw’Ubukungu rwa Otirishiya. Itanga amakuru arambuye kubyerekeye amahirwe yo gushora imari, kuyobora-kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze, inama zijyanye no gutangiza umushinga muri Otirishiya, ubushishozi bwihariye bwumurenge, nibindi byinshi. 3. Ikigo cy’ubucuruzi cya Otirishiya: www.investinaustria.at Ikigo cy’ubucuruzi cya Otirishiya (ABA) gikora nk'umufatanyabikorwa wemewe ku masosiyete yo mu mahanga ashishikajwe no gushinga imizi cyangwa kwagura ibikorwa byayo muri Otirishiya. Uru rubuga rutanga amakuru ajyanye no gukora ubucuruzi muri Otirishiya. 4. Ibarurishamibare Otirishiya (Statistik Österreich): www.statistik.at/web_en/ Ibarurishamibare Otirishiya ishinzwe gukusanya, gusesengura, no gutangaza amakuru y’ibarurishamibare ajyanye n’ibice bitandukanye by’ubukungu bwa Otirishiya nka demografiya, uko isoko ry’umurimo ryiyongera, umuvuduko w’ubwiyongere bwa GDP n'ibindi, bishobora kuba ingenzi ku bucuruzi n’abashoramari bashaka ubushishozi ku isoko. 5. Oesterreichische Nationalbank - Igice cyo Gusesengura Ubukungu: https://www.oenb.at/en/Amafaranga-Polisi-Agenda/Ubukungu-isesengura.html Ishami rishinzwe isesengura ry’ubukungu rya Oesterreichische ritanga ibitabo by’ubushakashatsi bijyanye n’isesengura ry’ubukungu ry’inzego zitandukanye mu bukungu bwa Otirishiya. 6.Tahura udushya muri AIT - https://www.itangazo-ait.com/ AIT, Ikigo cy’ikoranabuhanga cya Otirishiya, gitangiza imishinga y’ubumenyi ku mpuguke mu by'ubukungu n’inganda kuri uru rubuga. Urubuga rutanga amakuru kubyerekeranye nudushya niterambere ryubushakashatsi muri Otirishiya. Izi ni ingero nkeya gusa kurubuga rwubukungu nubucuruzi byinshi biboneka muri Otirishiya. Gucukumbura ibyo bikoresho bizaguha ubumenyi bwingenzi mubukungu bwa Otirishiya, amahirwe yo gushora imari, imigendekere yisoko, amabwiriza yubucuruzi, nibindi byinshi.

Ubucuruzi bwibibazo byurubuga

Hano hari imbuga zimwe zo gushakisha amakuru yubucuruzi muri Otirishiya, hamwe n’ibihuza nabo: 1. Urugereko rw’ubukungu rwa Otirishiya (Wirtschaftskammer Osterreich) Urubuga: https://www.wko.at/service/aussenwirtschaft/Auslandsmarkt-Amakuru.html 2. Ibarurishamibare Otirishiya (Statistik Otirishiya) Urubuga: https://www.statistik.at/web_en/ 3. Banki nkuru ya Otirishiya (Oesterreichische Nationalbank) Urubuga: https://www.oenb. 4. Minisiteri ishinzwe ubukungu n’ubukungu (Bundesministerium fur Digitalisierung und Wirtschaftsstandort) 4. Minisiteri y’ubukungu n’ubukungu (Bundesministerium fur digitalisierung und Wirtschaftsstandort) Urubuga: http://help.gv.at/Portal.Node/hlpd/public/content/671/Urubuga.6710460.html Izi mbuga zitanga amakuru arambuye n'imibare yerekeye amakuru y’ubucuruzi bw’igihugu cya Otirishiya. Urashobora kubona amakuru menshi yerekeye amakuru yubucuruzi ukurikije amahuza kuri buri rubuga no kureba paji zijyanye.

B2b

Otirishiya, igihugu giherereye mu Burayi bwo hagati, kizwiho ibikorwa remezo bikomeye by’ubucuruzi no gutera imbere kwa B2B (Business-to-Business). Hariho porogaramu zitandukanye za B2B muri Otirishiya zorohereza ubucuruzi nubufatanye hagati yubucuruzi. Hasi nurutonde rwibikorwa bimwe na bimwe B2B bizwi muri Otirishiya hamwe nurubuga rwabo. 1. EUROPAGES Otirishiya - Europages ni urubuga rwa B2B kumurongo uhuza abaguzi nabatanga ibicuruzwa baturutse mu Burayi. Igaragaza inganda ninganda zitandukanye, bituma iba urubuga rwiza rwo guhuza no gushaka abafatanyabikorwa mubucuruzi. Urubuga: https://www.europages.at/ 2. Global Trade Plaza (GTP) - GTP ni isoko mpuzamahanga rya B2B rihuza ubucuruzi bwa Otirishiya n’abafatanyabikorwa ku isi. Itanga ibintu byuzuye nkibicuruzwa byerekana, kugura / kugurisha, hamwe nubucuruzi. Urubuga: https://www.globaltradeplaza.com/austria 3. Abashora mu mahanga.SG - Nkuko izina ribigaragaza, Abashora mu mahanga.SG yibanda ku kuzamura ibyoherezwa muri Otirishiya ku isoko mpuzamahanga. Ihuriro rifasha ubucuruzi kugera kubashobora kugura ku isi hose berekana ibicuruzwa byabo cyangwa serivisi. Urubuga: https://austria.abashoramari.sg/ 4. Alibaba.com Otirishiya - Alibaba.com nimwe mu mbuga nini za e-ubucuruzi za B2B ku isi, harimo igice cyihariye cy’ubucuruzi muri Otirishiya. Iyemerera amasosiyete yo muri Otirishiya kwerekana ibicuruzwa byayo kwisi yose binyuze mumurongo mugari wabaguzi. Urubuga: https://www.alibaba.com/countrysearch/AT/austria.html 5.TV Itangazamakuru Kumurongo Kumurongo (OMN) - TV Media Online Markt Network itanga isoko ryihariye kumurongo wibanda kumasosiyete ajyanye nibitangazamakuru nkibigo byamamaza, amasosiyete akora ibicuruzwa, ibitangazamakuru byamamaza nibindi, bifasha ibigo kubona abafatanyabikorwa bifuza inganda. Urubuga: http://tv-media.co/en/omn-austrian-marketplace 6.AB Isoko ryisoko- Isoko rya ABB ritanga ibisubizo byikora mubikorwa bitandukanye nko gukora, gucunga ingufu nibindi, guhuza abaguzi nabatanga ibicuruzwa na serivisi bya ABB muri Otirishiya. Urubuga: https://new.abb.com/ikibanza Izi ni ingero nke gusa za platform ya B2B iboneka muri Otirishiya. Buri gihe birasabwa kurushaho gushakisha no gusuzuma buri platform ukurikije ibyo ukeneye mubucuruzi bwihariye mbere yo guhitamo imwe ikwiranye nibyiza.
//