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Incamake y'igihugu
Moldaviya, izwi ku izina rya Repubulika ya Moldaviya, ni igihugu kidafite inkombe giherereye mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba. Ihuza imbibi zayo na Rumaniya mu burengerazuba na Ukraine mu majyaruguru, iburasirazuba, n'amajyepfo. Nubwo ari kimwe mu bihugu bito by’Uburayi, Moldaviya ifite amateka akomeye n’umurage udasanzwe w’umuco. Abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni 2.6, Moldaviya yiganjemo abanya Moldaviya. Ariko, hariho kandi imiryango ikomeye yabaturage ba Ukraine, Abarusiya, na Bulugariya baba mu mbibi zayo. Ururimi rwemewe ruvugwa muri iki gihugu ni Ikinyarumaniya. Moldaviya yabonye ubwigenge muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti mu 1991, kuva icyo gihe aharanira ubukungu na politiki bihamye. Ubukungu bwabwo bushingiye cyane ku buhinzi, cyane cyane umusaruro wa divayi - bituma uba umwe mu bohereza divayi nini mu Burayi. Byongeye kandi, inganda zikora nk'imyenda n'imashini zigira uruhare runini mu bukungu bwa Moldaviya. Chisinau ikora nk'umurwa mukuru n'umudugudu wa Moldaviya. Umujyi urimo imyubakire itandukanye yubatswe nuburayi bwiburengerazuba bwiburengerazuba hamwe na modernism ya Soviet. Abashyitsi barashobora gushakisha ahantu nyaburanga nka Parike ya Cathedrale cyangwa bakishimira ibyokurya gakondo muri resitora yaho izwiho ibyokurya biryoshye nka placinte (ibiryo byuzuye) cyangwa mămăliga (mushme y'ibigori). Abanya Moldaviya bishimira imigenzo yabo ya rubanda kubera ko umuziki ari ikintu cy'ingenzi mu muco wabo. Imbyino za rubanda nka hora zirazwi cyane mugihe cyo kwizihiza cyangwa iminsi mikuru - yerekana imyambarire yamabara gakondo irimbishijwe nubudozi bukomeye. Nubwo ari heza nyaburanga ku ruzi rwa Nistru cyangwa ahahoze amateka yarwo nka Monhester ya Orheiul Vechi yakozwe mu bitare by'amabuye; ibibazo bya politiki byagize ingaruka ku iterambere rya Moldaviya mu myaka yashize. Icyakora, imbaraga zigamije ivugurura zikomeje gushimangira demokarasi mu gihe dushakisha ubufatanye n’ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Mu gusoza, Moldaviya nigihugu gito ariko gifite imbaraga giha abashyitsi amahirwe yo kwishora mumigenzo ikungahaye mugushakisha ubwiza nyaburanga.
Ifaranga ry'igihugu
Moldaviya, izwi ku izina rya Repubulika ya Moldaviya, ni igihugu kidafite inkombe giherereye mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba. Ifaranga rikoreshwa muri Moldaviya ryitwa Moldovan Leu (MDL). Moldovan Leu yabaye ifaranga ry’igihugu kuva mu 1993, risimbuza amafaranga y’Abasoviyeti nyuma yuko Moldaviya ibonye ubwigenge bw’Abasoviyeti. Ikimenyetso gikoreshwa mu ifaranga ni "₼", kandi kigabanyijemo 100 bani. Inoti zikwirakwizwa ziraboneka mu madini ya 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, ndetse rimwe na rimwe ndetse n’agaciro gakomeye kagera kuri 500 lei. Buri dini ritwara igishushanyo cyarwo cyerekana amateka akomeye cyangwa ibimenyetso nyaburanga byerekana umuco n'umurage wa Moldaviya. Ibiceri nabyo bikoreshwa kuruhande rwinoti kandi biza mumadini atandukanye nko kubuza 1 (agaciro gake), hamwe nibiceri bifite agaciro ka 5 bani hamwe ninshuro icumi kugeza kuri leu imwe. Ibi biceri byerekana ibimenyetso byigihugu cyangwa ibintu bigaragara biturutse mu turere dutandukanye muri Moldaviya. Amafaranga y’amahanga nk’amadolari y’Amerika cyangwa amayero arashobora kuvunja muri banki cyangwa ku biro by’ivunjisha byemewe mu mijyi minini ndetse n’ubukerarugendo. Nibyiza ko ba mukerarugendo bitwara amafaranga yaho mugihe bagenda muri Moldaviya kubera ko ibigo bimwe bidashobora kwakira amafaranga y’amahanga mu buryo butaziguye. Byongeye kandi, ni ngombwa kumenya ko inoti z'impimbano zabaye ikibazo mu myaka yashize muri Moldaviya. Kubwibyo abaturage ndetse nabashyitsi bagomba kwitonda mugihe bakoresha amafaranga kandi bakagerageza kugenzura niba ari ukuri mugenzura ibimenyetso byumutekano byatanzwe kumpapuro zukuri. Muri rusange, mugihe usuye cyangwa ukora ubucuruzi muri Moldaviya ni ngombwa kumenyera ifaranga ryigihugu - Moldaviya Leu - amadini, uburyo bukoreshwa, hamwe nuburyo bukwiye bwo kwirinda amafaranga yimpimbano kugirango ube ufite uburambe bwamafaranga mugihe cyawe.
Igipimo cy'ivunjisha
Ifaranga ryemewe rya Moldaviya ni Moldaviya Leu (MDL). Kubijyanye n’ivunjisha ugereranije n’amafaranga akomeye ku isi, nyamuneka menya ko bihindagurika kenshi. Ariko, guhera muri Nzeri 2021, dore igipimo cyagereranijwe cyo kuvunja: 1 USD = 18.80 MDL 1 EUR = 22.30 MDL 1 GBP = 25.90 MDL 1 JPY = 0.17 MDL Nyamuneka uzirikane ko ibi biciro bishobora guhinduka, kandi ni byiza ko ugenzura isoko yizewe cyangwa ikigo cyimari kugirango amakuru agezweho mbere yo gukora amafaranga yose cyangwa ibikorwa.
Ibiruhuko by'ingenzi
Moldaviya, igihugu gito kidafite inkombe giherereye mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba, cyizihiza iminsi mikuru myinshi y'umwaka. Imwe mu minsi mikuru ikomeye muri Moldaviya ni umunsi wubwigenge, wizihizwa ku ya 27 Kanama. Iyi minsi mikuru iranga ubwigenge bw'igihugu muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti mu 1991. Kuri uyu munsi, abantu bateranira kwitabira parade, ibitaramo, n'ibindi birori ndangamuco byerekana amateka n'imigenzo ya Moldaviya. Undi munsi mukuru ukomeye ni icyumweru cya Pasika, gifite akamaro gakomeye mu idini kubantu benshi biganjemo abakirisitu ba orotodogisi bo muri Moldaviya. Muri ibyo birori harimo kwitabira ibikorwa by'itorero bikurikirwa no gusangira n'umuryango n'inshuti. Amagi gakondo asize irangi ritukura ahinduranya nkibimenyetso byubuzima bushya no kuvugurura. Mărțișor ni ikindi kirori kidasanzwe kiba ku ya 1 Werurwe buri mwaka. Iri serukiramuco risobanura ukuza kw'impeshyi kandi gushinga imizi mu migenzo ya kera y'Abaroma. Mugihe cya Mărțișor, abantu bahana imitako mito ikozwe hamwe nududodo twera kandi dutukura tugereranya ubuziranenge nubuzima mugihe birinze imyuka mibi. Umunsi w’umuvinyu w’igihugu ni umunsi mukuru udasanzwe wizihizwa buri mwaka ku ya 6-7 Ukwakira kugirango wubahe umurage ukungahaye wa divayi. Nkumwe mubakora divayi nini ku isi kuri buri muntu, yerekana ibicuruzwa bitandukanye byenga divayi binyuze muburyohe hamwe nibikorwa byumuco. Byongeye kandi, Noheri ifite akamaro gakomeye muri Moldaviya nk'igihe cyo kwitegereza amadini no guterana mu mpera z'Ukuboza. Abantu basura amatorero ya liturujiya ya saa sita z'ijoro mbere yo gusubira mu rugo kugira ngo basangire ibiryo by'ibirori hamwe hafi y'igiti cya Noheri cyiza cyane. Muri rusange, iyi minsi mikuru igaragaza ibintu bitandukanye bigize umuco wa Moldavani - kuva mu guharanira ubwigenge kugeza ku myizerere ishingiye ku idini ndetse no kuba ifitanye isano n’umurage w’umuvinyu - byose bigira uruhare mu gushyiraho indangamuntu idasanzwe y’igihugu ikomeje gutera imbere muri iki gihe.
Ubucuruzi bw’amahanga
Moldaviya ni igihugu kidafite inkombe mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba, gihana imbibi na Rumaniya mu burengerazuba na Ukraine mu majyaruguru, iburasirazuba, n'amajyepfo. N’ubwo ari ntoya kandi ifite amikoro make, Moldaviya ifite urwego rukora ubucuruzi rufite uruhare runini mubukungu bwarwo. Moldova yoherezwa mu mahanga harimo ibikomoka ku buhinzi nk'imbuto, imboga, vino, itabi, ingano, n'imyenda. Umusaruro wa divayi ni ingenzi cyane ku bukungu bw'igihugu kuko ari umwe mu bakora ibicuruzwa byinshi mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba. Byongeye kandi, Moldaviya ifite urwego rwiterambere rwikoranabuhanga rwohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Ku bijyanye n’abafatanyabikorwa mu bucuruzi, Moldaviya ifitanye umubano ukomeye n’ubukungu n’ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU). Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi niwo mufatanyabikorwa w’ubucuruzi munini ufite uruhare runini rw’ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga n’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Uburusiya bugereranya irindi soko ryingenzi kubicuruzwa bya Moldavani nkimbuto na vino. Ariko, birakwiye ko tumenya ko Moldaviya ihura nibibazo byinshi mubucuruzi bwayo. Amakimbirane adakemuwe na Transnistriya - akarere kacitsemo ibice gaherereye ku mupaka w’iburasirazuba - gatera inzitizi z’ubucuruzi kubera ihungabana rya politiki kandi rikabuza kugera ku masoko amwe. Byongeye kandi, kuba Moldaviya yinjiye mu muryango mpuzamahanga w’ubucuruzi (WTO) byafunguye amahirwe mashya ariko binagaragaza inganda zo mu gihugu guhangana n’amarushanwa mpuzamahanga akomeye. Kugira ngo ibyo bibazo bikemuke, guverinoma yagiye ishyira mu bikorwa ingamba zitandukanye nko kunoza ibikorwa remezo, kuvugurura imikorere ya gasutamo, no gutandukanya amasoko yohereza mu mahanga, kugira ngo ubucuruzi bwiyongere. Muri rusange, urwego rw’ubucuruzi rwa Moldaviya rufite uruhare runini mu gushyigikira ubukungu bwarwo. Guverinoma ikomeje guteza imbere politiki igamije gukurura ishoramari ry’amahanga mu gihe yagura amasoko yoherezwa mu mahanga, kugira ngo irusheho guteza imbere umubano mpuzamahanga.
Iterambere ryisoko
Moldaviya, igihugu gito kidafite inkombe mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba, gifite amahirwe menshi yo guteza imbere isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga. Nubunini bwayo, Moldaviya ifite ibyiza byinshi byihariye bigira uruhare mubikorwa byayo bigaragara nkumufatanyabikorwa wubucuruzi utanga ikizere. Ubwa mbere, aho Moldaviya iherereye hagati ya Rumaniya na Ukraine itanga uburyo bwo kugera ku Muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ndetse n’isoko ry’ibihugu byigenga (CIS). Uyu mwanya mwiza utanga ubucuruzi bwa Moldaviya kwinjira byoroshye muri ayo mashyirahamwe akomeye y’ubucuruzi, bibafasha kwifashisha abakiriya benshi. Icya kabiri, Moldaviya izwiho ubuhanga mu buhinzi n’umusaruro mwiza. Igihugu gifite ubutaka burumbuka hamwe n’ikirere cyiza kijyanye no guhinga imbuto, imboga, inzabibu, n’ibinyampeke. Kubera iyo mpamvu, urwego rw’ubuhinzi nimwe mu bintu nyamukuru bitera ubukungu bwa Moldaviya. Inganda zikora divayi mu gihugu zigaragaza umwihariko w’akarere ndetse n’ubushobozi bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Mu kubyaza umusaruro inyungu zinyuze mu bukangurambaga bwamamaza bushimangira ubuziranenge n’umwihariko, abohereza ibicuruzwa muri Moldaviya barashobora gukurura abaguzi mpuzamahanga bashaka ibicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi bihebuje. Byongeye kandi, Moldaviya izwi nk'ahantu h'inganda zidahenze kubera ibiciro by'abakozi ugereranije n'Uburayi bw'Uburengerazuba cyangwa Amerika y'Amajyaruguru. Iyi nyungu yibiciro ituma iba ahantu heza ho gusohora ibicuruzwa cyangwa gushinga imishinga ihuriweho mumirenge nk'imyenda cyangwa ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki. Gukoresha ubwo bushobozi birashobora gufasha mu gukurura ishoramari ry’amahanga mu gihe no gutandukanya ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga birenze ibicuruzwa bijyanye n'ubuhinzi. Mu myaka yashize, hashyizweho ingufu n’inzego za leta n’imiryango mpuzamahanga mu kuzamura ibikorwa remezo muri Moldaviya. Iterambere ry’ubwikorezi ryorohereza urujya n'uruza rw’ubucuruzi hagati y’ibihugu duturanye kandi rukazamura umubano n’ibigo by’ubukungu by’akarere nka Bucharest cyangwa Kyiv. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, ni ngombwa kumenya imbogamizi zigomba kuneshwa kugira ngo iterambere ryiyongere mu iterambere ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga muri Moldaviya. Impungenge z’ingenzi zirimo urwego rwa ruswa mu gihugu zishobora kubuza abashoramari cyangwa abafatanyabikorwa; amakimbirane akomeje muri politiki ashobora kugira ingaruka ku gutekana; gutandukana kugarukira ku bicuruzwa bikomoka ku buhinzi; uburyo budahagije bwo kugenzura; n'imbogamizi z'ikoranabuhanga zibangamira iyemezwa ry'ubucuruzi bwa digitale. Mu gusoza, Moldaviya ifite amahirwe menshi yo kwagura isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga. Aho igihugu giherereye, imbaraga z’ubuhinzi, guhendwa nk’ahantu hakorerwa inganda, no guteza imbere ibikorwa remezo bigira uruhare mu mwanya wacyo utanga icyizere. Gukemura ibibazo biriho bizaba ingenzi mu kumenya ubwo bushobozi no gushyiraho Moldaviya nk'umufatanyabikorwa w’ubucuruzi wizewe kandi uhiganwa ku rwego rw'isi.
Kugurisha ibicuruzwa bishyushye ku isoko
Guhitamo ibicuruzwa byiza ku isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga rya Moldaviya birashobora kuba intambwe yingenzi mu kugera ku ntsinzi mu bikorwa byoherezwa mu mahanga. Hano haribintu bike utekereza muguhitamo ibintu bishyushye byo kugurisha isoko rya Moldavani: 1. Ubushakashatsi ku isoko: Gukora ubushakashatsi bunoze ku isoko ni ngombwa kugirango umenye ibyifuzo by’abakiriya muri Moldaviya. Sobanukirwa n'umuco waho, ibigezweho, n'imyitwarire y'abaguzi kugirango umenye ibicuruzwa bishoboka kugurisha neza. 2. Intego ku masoko niche: Menya amasoko niche afite amahirwe menshi ariko irushanwa rito. Mugushimangira inganda zinganda cyangwa amatsinda yabakiriya, biroroshye guhuza ibicuruzwa byawe bikwiranye. 3. Reba ibikenewe byaho: Gisesengura ibikenerwa n’abaguzi ba Moldavani nibicuruzwa byujuje ibyo bisabwa byumwihariko. Kurugero, hashobora gukenerwa ibisubizo byingufu zishobora kubaho kubera ibibazo biterwa ningufu. 4. Ubwiza ni ingenzi: Menya neza ko ibicuruzwa byatoranijwe byujuje ubuziranenge bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru kuko ibyo bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku kwemerwa kwabo no ku baguzi muri Moldaviya. 5. Amahitamo akoreshwa neza: Tanga ibiciro byapiganwa mugihe ukomeje ubuziranenge mugushakisha abatanga ibicuruzwa mubihugu bifite amasezerano yubucuruzi meza cyangwa igiciro gito cyumusaruro. 6. Teza imbere ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije: Hamwe no kongera ubumenyi bwisi yose kubijyanye no kuramba, tekereza gutanga ibicuruzwa bitangiza ibidukikije cyangwa gushyigikira ibikorwa birambye murwego rwo kugemura kuko amahitamo y’ibidukikije amaze kumenyekana kumasoko mpuzamahanga. 7. Guhuza imico: Witondere guhuza ibicuruzwa byawe n'imigenzo gakondo, imigenzo, nibyo ukunda utabangamiye imikorere yayo cyangwa ingingo zidasanzwe zo kugurisha. 8.Ingamba zo kwamamaza: Gutegura ingamba zifatika zo kwamamaza zijyanye n’ibiranga isoko rya Moldaviya nko gukoresha urubuga rwa interineti neza hamwe n’imiyoboro gakondo y’itangazamakuru nka TV na radiyo. 9.Kurikirana amarushanwa ahoraho: Kurikirana ibikorwa byabanywanyi mumirenge wahisemo buri gihe mugihe ukomeje kugezwaho amakuru kubyerekeye ibicuruzwa bishya cyangwa impinduka mubyerekezo byabaguzi. 10.Kurenga imipaka - suzuma amahirwe yo mukarere / kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze: Suzuma uburyo bushoboka bwo kwagura ibicuruzwa byoherezwa hanze ya Moldaviya ukoresheje amasoko yo mukarere kegereye aho usanga hari inyungu mubicuruzwa bisa nibizwi ku isoko rya Moldavani. Urebye ibyo bintu, gukora ubushakashatsi burambuye ku isoko, no guhuza ingamba zawe, urashobora gukoresha amahirwe menshi yo guhitamo ibicuruzwa bigurishwa ku isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga rya Moldaviya.
Ibiranga abakiriya na kirazira
Moldaviya ni igihugu kidafite inkombe giherereye mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba. Abaturage ba Moldaviya, bazwi ku izina rya Moldaviya, bazwiho kwakira abashyitsi no kwakira kamere ku bashyitsi. Bishimira cyane imigenzo n'imigenzo yabo, yashinze imizi mumateka yabo n'umuco wabo. Kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi biranga abakiriya ba Moldavani ni ukwita ku mibanire yabo bwite. Kubaka ikizere no gukomeza amasano akomeye nibyingenzi mugihe ukora ubucuruzi muri Moldaviya. Kubwibyo, gufata umwanya wo kugirana umubano mwiza nabakiriya baho bizafasha cyane mugutezimbere umubano mwiza mubucuruzi. Ikindi kiranga abakiriya ba Moldavani nicyo bakunda cyo guhura imbona nkubone. Mugihe ikoranabuhanga ryatumye itumanaho risanzwe rimenyekana, abaturage benshi baracyafite agaciro kubonana nabo kandi bahitamo guhura kumuntu aho kwishingikiriza kumaterefone cyangwa imeri. Uku gukoraho kugiti cyawe birashobora guteza imbere umubano ukomeye nabakiriya bo muri kano karere. Ku bijyanye n'imikorere y'ubucuruzi, ni ngombwa kumenya kirazira zimwe na zimwe cyangwa umuco w’umuco ugomba kwirinda mugihe dusabana nabakiriya ba Moldaviya. Bifatwa nk'ubupfura kuganira ku ngingo zikomeye nka politiki cyangwa ibibazo bitavugwaho rumwe keretse bitangijwe n'abaturage ubwabo. Byongeye kandi, kubahiriza igihe bihabwa agaciro cyane muri uyu muco; kubwibyo, gutinda mu nama cyangwa kubonana bishobora kubonwa ko ari agasuzuguro. Byongeye kandi, ni ngombwa kumenya ko kwiyoroshya no kwicisha bugufi ari imico yubahwa cyane muri societe ya moldovan. Kurata ibyo umuntu yagezeho cyangwa kwerekana ubutunzi birashobora kubonwa nabi nabenegihugu. Muri make, abaturage ba Moldaviya bazwiho kwakira abashyitsi kandi bashima kubaka umubano wabo iyo bakora ubucuruzi. Imikoranire imbona nkubone ihitamo uburyo bwitumanaho busanzwe igihe cyose bishoboka. Nibyingenzi kwirinda kuganira kubintu byoroshye nka politiki keretse bitangijwe numukiriya wawe, witoze kubahiriza igihe mugihe cyinama / gahunda, kandi ugaragaze kwiyoroshya aho kwirata ibyo wagezeho mugihe ukorana nabakiriya ba moldovan.
Sisitemu yo gucunga gasutamo
Sisitemu yo gucunga gasutamo ya Moldaviya yashyizweho kugirango igenzure ibicuruzwa n’abantu ku giti cyabo. Iyo winjiye cyangwa uvuye mu gihugu, hari ibintu byinshi byingenzi ugomba gusuzuma. Ubwa mbere, abagenzi bagomba kumenya ko basabwa gutangaza ibicuruzwa byose birenze imipaka, nkamafaranga cyangwa ibintu byagaciro. Moldaviya ifite imipaka yihariye ku mubare w'amafaranga yo mu gihugu ndetse n'ay'amahanga ashobora kwinjizwa cyangwa gukurwa mu gihugu nta gutangaza. Byongeye kandi, ibintu bimwe na bimwe bitwaje imbunda, ibiyobyabwenge, n’ibicuruzwa ndangamuco bisaba uruhushya kandi bigengwa n’amabwiriza akomeye. Byongeye kandi, ni ngombwa kubashyitsi kugira ibyangombwa byingendo byemewe nka pasiporo ifite igihe ntarengwa cyemewe. Byongeye kandi, niba uteganya kuguma muri Moldaviya iminsi irenga 90 mugihe cyiminsi 180 cyangwa ukora ibikorwa byakazi mugihugu, uzakenera kubona viza cyangwa uruhushya rwo gutura mbere. Igenzura rya gasutamo ku bibuga by’indege no kwambuka imipaka bikubiyemo kugenzura imizigo no gutanga impapuro zerekana imenyekanisha rya gasutamo ku bintu bimwe na bimwe byazanywe mu gihugu. Ni ngombwa kutarenza amafaranga atishyurwa mugihe utwaye ibicuruzwa nkibicuruzwa byitabi cyangwa inzoga. Byongeye kandi, Moldaviya ikurikiza amahame mpuzamahanga yerekeranye no gutumizwa mu mahanga no kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga birimo ibiyobyabwenge / ibiyobyabwenge ndetse n’ibindi bicuruzwa bitemewe. Abagenzi bagomba kwirinda gutwara ibintu nkibi bishobora gukurura ibihano bikomeye. Kugirango boroherezwe kunyura mu bice bigenzura gasutamo muri Moldaviya: 1. Menya neza ko ibyangombwa byurugendo bifite ishingiro. 2. Menyera amafaranga atishyurwa. 3. Kubaha amabwiriza yerekeye kubuzwa / kubuzwa gutumizwa mu mahanga / ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. 4. Menyesha ibintu byose bikenewe birenze imipaka yemerewe. 5. Gufatanya n'abayobozi mugihe cyo kugenzura gasutamo. Ukurikije aya mabwiriza n’amabwiriza yashyizweho n’ubuyobozi bwa gasutamo ya Moldaviya igihe winjiye cyangwa usohoka mu gihugu, urugendo rwawe rushobora kuba nta kibazo mu gihe ukomeje kubahiriza amabwiriza yabo
Kuzana politiki y’imisoro
Moldova, kubera ko yari umunyamuryango w’umuryango w’ubucuruzi ku isi (WTO) kandi akaba yarashyize umukono ku masezerano y’ubucuruzi atandukanye ku buntu, yashyize mu bikorwa uburyo bw’imisoro itumizwa mu mahanga. Igihugu gifite intego yo gushishikariza ubucuruzi bw’amahanga no gukurura ishoramari mu gukomeza inzitizi nke zo gutumiza ibicuruzwa hanze. Muri rusange, Moldaviya ikoresha ibiciro bya valorem ku bicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga. Iyi misoro ibarwa nkijanisha ryagaciro ka gasutamo yibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga. Ibiciro biratandukanye bitewe nubwoko bwibicuruzwa kandi birashobora kuva kuri 0% kugeza 64%. Guverinoma yashyize ingufu mu kugabanya imisoro yatumijwe mu mahanga hagamijwe kuzamura ubukungu. Moldaviya yita cyane ku bicuruzwa biva mu bihugu byasinyanye amasezerano y’ubucuruzi ku buntu cyangwa andi masezerano y’ubucuruzi hagati y’ibihugu byombi, nk’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU) ndetse n’ibihugu biri mu bihugu bigize Umuryango w’ibihugu byigenga (CIS). Nkigisubizo, ibyo bicuruzwa birashobora kungukirwa namahoro yagabanijwe cyangwa yasonewe. Byongeye kandi, Moldaviya itanga ubuvuzi bwihariye ku nzego cyangwa inganda zigamije gutera inkunga umusaruro w’imbere mu gihugu. Ibi birimo ibiciro byo gutumiza mu mahanga ku bikoresho fatizo bikoreshwa mu nzego z’ibanze nk’ubuhinzi n’inganda, bifasha kuzamura ubushobozi bw’umusaruro waho. Ni ngombwa ko ubucuruzi bwishora mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga na Moldaviya bumenyera igipimo cy’ibiciro byihariye bikoreshwa ku bicuruzwa byabo hifashishijwe amasoko yizewe nk’urubuga rwa gasutamo cyangwa kuvugana n’inzego zibishinzwe. Twabibutsa kandi ko inzitizi zidasoreshwa zishobora kubaho hamwe n’imisoro yatumijwe mu mahanga, nkibisabwa uruhushya cyangwa amabwiriza ya tekiniki yashyizweho ku bipimo by’umutekano. Muri rusange, politiki y’imisoro yatumijwe mu mahanga ya Moldaviya igamije koroshya ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga mu gihe ishyigikira inganda zo mu gihugu binyuze mu ngamba zifatika zo kuvura.
Politiki yo kohereza hanze
Moldaviya, igihugu kidafite inkombe mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba, yashyize mu bikorwa politiki nyinshi zerekeye imisoro ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga. Igihugu cyazamuye ubukungu bwacyo binyuze mu byoherezwa mu mahanga kandi gishyiraho uburyo bwiza bw’imisoro kugira ngo ishoramari ry’amahanga. Politiki y’imisoro yoherezwa mu mahanga ya Moldaviya igamije guteza imbere ubucuruzi no guteza imbere ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga. Guverinoma yashyize ingufu mu koroshya no kugabanya imisoro yoherezwa mu mahanga ku bicuruzwa bitandukanye. Ibicuruzwa byinshi bisonewe imisoro yoherezwa mu mahanga burundu cyangwa hashingiwe ku giciro gito. Muri rusange, Moldaviya ishyiraho umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (TVA) ku bicuruzwa byinshi byoherezwa mu mahanga ku gipimo gisanzwe cya 20%. Nyamara, ibicuruzwa bimwe nkibicuruzwa byubuhinzi bishobora kungukirwa nigabanuka ryumusoro ku nyongeragaciro cyangwa na TVA zeru. Byongeye kandi, Moldaviya itanga imisoro ku nganda cyangwa uturere runaka kugira ngo dushishikarize iterambere ryabo. Kurugero, igihugu gitanga imisoro cyangwa kugabanya imisoro yo kohereza serivisi za IT mugihe ishaka guteza imbere urwego rwikoranabuhanga. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, uduce tumwe na tumwe twagizwe nka zone yubukungu yubuntu dufite ibihe byiza nkibiciro by’imisoro yinjira mu bigo ndetse n’uburyo bworoshye bwa gasutamo kubyoherezwa mu mahanga. Mu rwego rwo koroshya ubucuruzi n’ibihugu bituranye nka Ukraine na Rumaniya, Moldaviya yitabira amasezerano y’ubucuruzi atandukanye yo mu karere. Aya masezerano akenshi akubiyemo ingingo zo gukuraho imisoro ya gasutamo ku bicuruzwa bimwe cyangwa kuyigabanya ku buryo bugaragara. Birakwiye ko tumenya ko ibiciro byoherezwa mu mahanga bishobora gutandukana bitewe nicyiciro cyibicuruzwa nuburyo isoko ryifashe. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ubucuruzi bugira uruhare mu kohereza ibicuruzwa muri Moldaviya bugomba kugisha inama abayobozi cyangwa abajyanama babigize umwuga kugira ngo bakomeze kuvugururwa kuri politiki y’imisoro ikoreshwa mu murenge wabo. Muri rusange, politiki y’imisoro ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga ya Moldaviya igamije gushyiraho ibidukikije byorohereza abashoramari gukomeza imisoro ugereranije no guteza imbere inganda z’ingenzi binyuze mu gushimangira no kugira uruhare mu masezerano y’ubucuruzi mu karere.
Impamyabumenyi isabwa kohereza hanze
Moldaviya, izwi ku izina rya Repubulika ya Moldaviya, ni igihugu kidafite inkombe giherereye mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba. Kubera ko igihugu gito gifite ubukungu butera imbere, Moldaviya yishingikiriza cyane ku byoherezwa mu mahanga kugira ngo ubukungu bwiyongere. Mu rwego rwo koroshya ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga no kwemeza ubwiza n’umutekano by’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga, Moldaviya ifite ibyangombwa bitandukanye byo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Izi mpamyabumenyi zigamije kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge n’amabwiriza yashyizweho n’imiryango mpuzamahanga ndetse n’amahanga. Icyemezo kimwe cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze muri Moldaviya nicyemezo cyinkomoko. Iyi nyandiko ni gihamya yerekana ko ibicuruzwa byakozwe cyangwa bikozwe mu mbibi z’igihugu. Mubisanzwe birasabwa nubuyobozi bwa gasutamo mubihugu bitumiza mu mahanga kugirango hamenyekane ibiciro by’inyungu cyangwa inyungu z’ubucuruzi hakurikijwe amasezerano cyangwa amasezerano. Ikindi cyemezo gikomeye cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa muri Moldaviya ni icyemezo cy’isuku na Phytosanitarite (SPS). Iki cyemezo cyemeza ko ibikomoka ku buhinzi byubahiriza amabwiriza y’ubuzima n’umutekano ajyanye n’ubuzima bw’inyamaswa, ubuzima bw’ibimera, umutekano w’ibiribwa, n’ubuziranenge. Yemeza ko ibicuruzwa bifite umutekano mukurya kandi ntibitere ingaruka mbi kubuzima bwabantu cyangwa inyamaswa. Byongeye kandi, inganda zimwe zisaba ibyemezo byihariye bitewe na kamere yabyo. Kurugero, abakora ibicuruzwa kama bagomba kubona icyemezo cyinzego zemewe kugirango bagaragaze ko bahuza ibikorwa byubuhinzi-mwimerere. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, abakora imyenda barashobora gukenera Oeko-Tex Standard 100 ibyemezo byibikoresho bitarimo ibintu byangiza. Kugira ngo babone izo mpamyabumenyi muri Moldaviya, abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bakeneye kubahiriza inzira zihariye zagaragajwe n'inzego zibishinzwe nka Minisiteri y'Ubukungu cyangwa Ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe ubuziranenge no gupima (MOLDAC). Ubu buryo bukubiyemo gutanga ibyangombwa nkenerwa, byujuje ibyangombwa byujuje ibisabwa, kwishyura amafaranga akoreshwa, kugenzurwa cyangwa kugenzurwa mugihe bikenewe. Muri rusange, ibyo byemezo byoherezwa mu mahanga bigira uruhare runini mu kwemeza ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa mu gihe byongera amahirwe yo kubona isoko ku bicuruzwa byohereza ibicuruzwa muri Moldaviya ku isi hose.
Basabwe ibikoresho
Moldaviya ni igihugu kidafite inkombe giherereye mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba. N’ubwo ari ntoya, Moldaviya ifite ibikorwa remezo byateye imbere byifashishwa mu gutwara ibicuruzwa neza haba mu gihugu ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Ku bijyanye n'ibikoresho byo mu gihugu, Moldaviya ifite urusobe runini rw'imihanda na gari ya moshi ihuza imigi minini n'ibigo by'inganda. Igihugu cyashoramari cyane mu kuzamura ibikorwa remezo by’ubwikorezi mu myaka yashize, bituma inzira zinyura mu gihugu hose. Ku bucuruzi mpuzamahanga, Moldaviya yunguka aho iherereye hagati ya Rumaniya na Ukraine. Iyi myanya itanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kugera kumasoko yuburayi kimwe n’icyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti. Ihuriro rikuru ry’ubwikorezi mpuzamahanga harimo ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Chisinau, icyambu mpuzamahanga cya Giurgiulesti, ikibuga cy’indege cya Tiraspol cya Transnistria, ndetse n’imipaka itandukanye ku mipaka. Mu rwego rwo koroshya ubwikorezi mpuzamahanga, amasosiyete menshi y’ibikoresho akorera muri Moldaviya atanga serivisi zitandukanye nko kohereza ibicuruzwa, kohereza ibicuruzwa muri gasutamo, ibikoresho byo kubikamo, na serivisi zo gukwirakwiza. Bamwe mubatanga ibikoresho bifatika barimo DHL Express Moldova na TNT Express World Wide. Byongeye kandi, Moldaviya iri mu bikorwa bitandukanye byo kwishyira hamwe mu karere bigamije kurushaho kuzamura ubushobozi bw’ibikoresho. Kurugero, ni umunyamuryango w’amasezerano y’ubucuruzi bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi yo hagati (CEFTA) ateza imbere ubufatanye bwambukiranya imipaka kandi byorohereza ibicuruzwa mu karere byoroshye. Kubyerekeranye nibyifuzo byo guhitamo ibikoresho bitanga ibikoresho muri Moldaviya: 1. Reba ubunararibonye bwabo: Shakisha ibigo bifite ibimenyetso bifatika byerekana ibicuruzwa byoherejwe muri Moldaviya cyangwa biva. 2. Reba imiyoboro yabo: Menya neza ko bafitanye umubano mwiza nabafatanyabikorwa bizewe kwisi yose kugirango batwarwe neza. 3. Suzuma serivisi zabo: Ongera usuzume serivisi batanga - kuva mu kirere kugeza mu nyanja - ukurikije ibyo ukeneye byihariye. 4. Kugenzura impushya zabo: Emeza ko bafite ibyangombwa / impushya zose zisabwa nubuyobozi bwibanze. 5. Soma ibisobanuro byabakiriya: Reba kumurongo cyangwa usabe ibyerekeranye no kumenya kwizerwa kwabo. 6. Gereranya ibiciro: Saba amagambo yatanzwe nababitanga benshi kugirango urebe ko ubona ibiciro byapiganwa utabangamiye ubuziranenge. 7. Suzuma ikorana buhanga hamwe nubushobozi bwo gukurikirana: Shakisha ibigo bitanga igihe nyacyo cyo gukurikirana nizindi serivisi za digitale kugirango urusheho kugaragara no gukora neza. Muri rusange, Moldaviya itanga ibikorwa remezo bikomeye byo gushyigikira ibicuruzwa neza haba mu gihugu ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Muguhitamo neza ibikoresho bitanga ibikoresho no gusuzuma ibi byifuzo, ubucuruzi bushobora kungukirwa nibyiza byigihugu.
Imiyoboro yo guteza imbere abaguzi

Ubucuruzi bwingenzi

Moldaviya, izwi ku izina rya Repubulika ya Moldaviya, ni igihugu kidafite inkombe mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba. Nubwo ari ntoya kandi yigenga ugereranije (kubona ubwigenge mu 1991), Moldaviya ifite inzira mpuzamahanga zingenzi zitanga amasoko hamwe n’ubucuruzi. Imwe mu miyoboro minini mpuzamahanga yo gutanga amasoko kuri Moldaviya ni Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU). Kuva yasinyana amasezerano y’umuryango n’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi mu 2014, Moldaviya yungukiye mu masezerano y’ubucuruzi ku buntu n’ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Ibi byatumye ibicuruzwa bya Moldavani bigera ku isoko rinini kandi bikurura abaguzi mpuzamahanga baturutse mu Burayi. Undi muyoboro w'amasoko ni ibihugu bituranye nka Romania na Ukraine. Ibi bihugu bifitanye umubano w’ubukungu kuva kera na Moldaviya, bituma biba amasoko akomeye ku byoherezwa mu mahanga na Moldaviya. Abaguzi mpuzamahanga bakunze kwitabira imurikagurisha n’imurikagurisha muri ibi bihugu kugirango bakure ibicuruzwa muri Moldaviya. Ku bijyanye n’ubucuruzi n’imurikagurisha byabereye muri Moldaviya, hari ibintu byinshi byingenzi: 1. Yakozwe muri Molodva Expo: Iri murika ngarukamwaka ryerekana ibicuruzwa byinshi bikozwe n’ubucuruzi bwaho mu nzego zitandukanye nk'ibiribwa n'ibinyobwa, imyenda, imashini, n'ibindi. Bikurura abaguzi bo mu gihugu ndetse no mu mahanga bashaka isoko ry'ibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge mu buryo butaziguye kuva muri Moldaviya. 2. Divayi yumunsi wubucuruzi bwa Moldaviya: Nkumwe mubakora divayi nini mu Burayi bwi Burasirazuba, kohereza divayi ni urwego rukomeye mu bukungu bwa Moldaviya. Ibirori bya divayi yubucuruzi bwa Moldowna bihuza abakora divayi baho hamwe ninzobere mu nganda z’amahanga n’abaguzi bashishikajwe no kuvumbura divayi idasanzwe ikorwa n’imizabibu itandukanye mu gihugu. 3 tekinoroji ya none antd isoko yingirakamaro ituma bigezweho Ibindi bintu byagaragaye harimo TechExpo - yerekana iterambere ryikoranabuhanga; Imyiyerekano yimyambarire - yibanda kubashushanya imideli ya Moldaviya; Imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ry’ubukerarugendo - kumenyekanisha umurage gakondo w’umuco wa Moldaviya n’ahantu nyaburanga. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko kubera icyorezo cya COVID-19 gikomeje, ibintu bimwe na bimwe bishobora kuba byarasubitswe cyangwa byimuriwe kumurongo. Niyo mpamvu, birasabwa kugenzura ibishya bigezweho mbere yo gutegura ingendo zose zitangwa cyangwa kwitabira imurikagurisha. Muri rusange, nubwo ari ntoya, Moldaviya yashoboye gushyiraho inzira mpuzamahanga z’amasoko binyuze mu bufatanye n’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ndetse n’ibihugu bituranye. Byongeye kandi, Moldaviya yakiriye imurikagurisha n’imurikagurisha bitandukanye byerekana inganda zinyuranye, bitanga amahirwe ku baguzi mpuzamahanga gushakisha no kwishora mu bucuruzi n’amasosiyete ya Moldaviya.
Moldaviya, izwi ku izina rya Repubulika ya Moldaviya, ni igihugu giherereye mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba. Hano hari moteri zishakisha zikoreshwa muri Moldaviya hamwe na URL zabo: 1. Google (https://www.google.md) - Google niyo moteri ishakisha izwi cyane ku isi kandi ikoreshwa cyane muri Moldaviya. Itanga uburambe bwubushakashatsi bwuzuye kandi itanga ibisubizo biva ahantu hatandukanye harimo page y'urubuga, amashusho, videwo, amakuru, nibindi byinshi. 2. Yandex (https://yandex.md) - Yandex ni moteri ishakisha ikorera mu Burusiya nayo izwi cyane muri Moldaviya. Itanga ibisubizo byubushakashatsi bijyanye na serivisi zinyongera nka imeri, ikarita, igikoresho cyabasemuzi, nibindi. 3. Bing (https://www.bing.com) - Bing ni moteri ishakisha ya Microsoft itanga ubushobozi bwo gushakisha kurubuga rusa na Google. Nubwo idakoreshwa cyane nka Google cyangwa Yandex muri Moldaviya, iracyatanga ibisubizo nyabyo kubibazo bitandukanye. 4. Mail.Ru Shakisha (https://go.mail.ru/search) - Mail.Ru Gushakisha ni indi moteri ishakisha ikunzwe cyane mu Burusiya ikoreshwa n'abantu bo muri Moldaviya. Hamwe nimikorere isanzwe yo gushakisha kurubuga, ihuza kandi nizindi serivisi zitangwa na Mail.Ru nka imeri nimbuga rusange. 5. DuckDuckGo (https://duckduckgo.com) - DuckDuckGo ni moteri ishakisha ibanga ryibanga ridakurikirana ibikorwa byabakoresha kumurongo cyangwa kwerekana amatangazo yihariye ashingiye kumibare yabakoresha. Nubwo bidakunze gukoreshwa ugereranije nizindi moteri zishakisha zavuzwe haruguru, irasaba abakoresha bahangayikishijwe n’ibanga. Izi nimwe mumoteri ishakisha ikoreshwa muri Moldaviya hamwe nurubuga rwabo rwa URL aho ushobora kubageraho kugirango ushakishe cyangwa ukeneye amakuru.

Impapuro nini z'umuhondo

Muri Moldaviya, ububiko bwibanze kubucuruzi na serivisi bifite impapuro z'umuhondo ni UmuhondoPage.md. Uru rubuga rwa interineti rutanga urutonde rwuzuye rwinganda nimirenge itandukanye igaragara mugihugu. Ikora nkibikoresho bifasha abantu bashaka kubona ibigo byihariye, ibicuruzwa, cyangwa serivisi. YellowPages.md itanga uburyo bworoshye-bwo gukoresha-shakisha ryemerera abakoresha kugendera mu byiciro bitandukanye nk'amacumbi, resitora, serivisi z’imodoka, ibigo nderabuzima, ibigo by'amashuri, amashyirahamwe y’imari, amasosiyete y'ubwubatsi, n'ibindi. Urubuga rutanga amakuru arambuye kuri buri bucuruzi cyangwa serivisi byashyizwe ku rutonde harimo ibisobanuro birambuye (nimero za terefone na aderesi imeri), aho uri ku ikarita hamwe n’imikoranire, guhuza urubuga (niba bihari), hamwe n’isuzuma ry’abakiriya. Usibye YellowPages.md, andi masoko yizewe yo gushakisha ubucuruzi muri Moldaviya ni reco.md. Reco isobanura "Ubufatanye mu bukungu bw'akarere" kandi ikora nk'urusobe runini rw'ubucuruzi bukubiyemo ibihugu byinshi birimo Moldaviya. Yorohereza kugaragara neza mubigo byaho mugutezimbere ibicuruzwa byabo cyangwa serivisi kubakiriya bigihugu ndetse n’amahanga. Reco.md ifasha abakoresha gushakisha ibigo bitandukanye bishingiye ku nganda cyangwa aho biherereye muri Moldaviya. Iragaragaza kandi inzira yoroshye yo kwiyandikisha yemerera ibigo gukora imyirondoro yabyo hamwe nibisobanuro byingenzi nkamakuru yamakuru hamwe nibisobanuro byibikorwa byabo. Izi mbuga zombi zitanga ibikoresho byingenzi kubaturage cyangwa abashyitsi bakeneye gushakisha imishinga itandukanye mu mirenge itandukanye hirya no hino mu mijyi no mu turere twa Moldaviya. Hamwe nimikoreshereze yimikoreshereze yabakoresha hamwe nububiko bwagutse bwurutonde rwamasosiyete murwego rwumuhondo wigihugu; izi mbuga nibikoresho byingirakamaro byubucuruzi bwaho muguhuza abakiriya nabatanga serivise nziza mugihe ukanze kure.

Ihuriro rikuru ryubucuruzi

Moldova, igihugu gito cy’iburayi cy’iburasirazuba, cyabonye iterambere ryinshi mu mbuga za interineti mu myaka yashize. Hano hari bimwe mubikorwa byingenzi bya e-ubucuruzi muri Moldaviya hamwe nurubuga rwabo: 1. Lalafo (www.lalafo.md): Lalafo nimwe mumasoko akomeye kumurongo wa Moldaviya. Iyemerera abantu nubucuruzi kugurisha ibicuruzwa bishya cyangwa byakoreshejwe mubyiciro bitandukanye, harimo ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, imyambarire, imitungo itimukanwa, ibinyabiziga, nibindi byinshi. 2. 999.md (www.999.md): 999. Irimo ibyiciro nka electronics, imyambaro, ibikoresho byo murugo, akazi, imitungo, nibindi byinshi. 3. AlegeProdus (www.AlegeProdus.com): AlegeProdus ni urubuga rwo kugura kumurongo aho abaguzi bashobora kubona ibicuruzwa bitandukanye kubacuruzi benshi baho. Itanga ibyiciro nkibikoresho & electronics; imyambarire; ubwiza & ubuzima; urugo & ubusitani; ibintu & abana; ibicuruzwa by'imikino; ibikoresho by'imodoka; ibitabo n'ibindi. 4. B2Bdoc (b2bdoc.com): B2Bdoc ni urubuga rwa e-ubucuruzi rwibanda ku bucuruzi n’ubucuruzi ku isoko rya Moldaviya. Ihuza abatanga ibicuruzwa nubucuruzi bushaka kugura ibikoresho fatizo cyangwa ibicuruzwa byinshi kubiciro byapiganwa. 5.CityOnline (cityonline.md): CityOnline ni iduka rya interineti aho abakiriya bashobora kubona ibicuruzwa byinshi kuva kuri terefone zigendanwa kugeza kubikoresho ndetse nibindi bikoresho byo murugo. 6.Unishop (unishop.md): Unishop ni urubuga rwa e-ubucuruzi ruzobereye mu kugurisha ibicuruzwa bitandukanye byabaguzi nka electronics, ibikoresho byo murugo, ibikinisho byabana, ibikoresho bya siporo, ibicuruzwa byita ku bwiza nibindi Ubu ni bumwe mu buryo bukomeye bwa e-ubucuruzi buboneka muri Moldaviya muri iki gihe butanga abakiriya uburyo bworoshye bwo kubona ibicuruzwa byinshi mu byiciro bitandukanye.

Imbuga nkoranyambaga

Moldaviya, izwi ku izina rya Repubulika ya Moldaviya, ni igihugu gito kidafite inkombe giherereye mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba. N’ubwo ari ntoya n’abaturage bayo, Moldaviya ifite imbuga nkoranyambaga zita ku nyungu n’imibare itandukanye. Hano hari imbuga nkoranyambaga zizwi zikoreshwa muri Moldaviya hamwe n'imbuga zabo: 1. Facebook (https://www.facebook.com) - Facebook irazwi cyane kwisi yose kandi ikoreshwa cyane muri Moldaviya. Itanga ibintu bitandukanye nkumwirondoro bwite, impapuro zubucuruzi nimiryango, amatsinda kubwinyungu zisangiwe, serivisi zubutumwa, hamwe namakuru agaburira amakuru. 2. Odnoklassniki (https://ok.ru/) - Odnoklassniki ni urubuga rushingiye ku Burusiya ruhuza abantu benshi rumaze kumenyekana cyane muri Moldaviya. Yibanze ku guhuza abantu nabanyeshuri bigana cyangwa inshuti zo mwishuri cyangwa kaminuza. 3. Instagram (https://www. 4. Twitter (https://twitter.com) - Twitter yemerera abakoresha kohereza ubutumwa bugufi bwitwa "tweet" bw'inyuguti zigera kuri 280. Abantu barashobora gukurikira konti zabo kugirango babone tweet zabo mugihe cyagenwe. 5. VKontakte (VK) (https: 6. Telegaramu (https://telegram.org/) - Telegramu ni porogaramu ishingiye ku butumwa bwihuta bwohererezanya ubutumwa bwibanda ku buzima bwite n'umutekano nko gushishoza kugeza ku ndunduro yo guhamagara amajwi n'ubutumwa. 7. LinkedIn (https://www.linkedin.com) - LinkedIn yibanda cyane cyane kumurongo wumwuga uhuza abantu ukurikije amateka yakazi hamwe nubushobozi bwumwuga. 8. YouTube (https://www.youtube.com) - YouTube ikora nk'urubuga rwo gusangira amashusho kumurongo aho abakoresha bashobora kohereza amashusho yabo, bakareba ibiriho byakozwe nabandi, kandi bagasabana binyuze mubitekerezo no kwiyandikisha. 9. TikTok (https://www.tiktok.com) - TikTok ni urubuga nkoranyambaga rushoboza abakoresha gukora no gusangira amashusho magufi yashyizwe ku muziki, akenshi agaragaza akayunguruzo cyangwa ingaruka zidasanzwe. Izi porogaramu zitanga abanya Moldaviya amahirwe yo guhuza inshuti, abagize umuryango, ubucuruzi, nabaturage kumurongo. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko urutonde rushobora guhinduka mugihe uko urubuga rushya rugaragara cyangwa izisanzwe zitakaza gukundwa.

Amashyirahamwe akomeye yinganda

Muri Moldaviya, hari amashyirahamwe menshi yinganda afite uruhare runini muguhagararira no guteza imbere inyungu zinzego zitandukanye. Aya mashyirahamwe agamije guteza imbere iterambere, iterambere, nubufatanye mubikorwa byabo. Dore amwe mumashyirahamwe akomeye yinganda muri Moldaviya: 1. Urugereko rw’Ubucuruzi n’inganda muri Repubulika ya Moldaviya (CCI RM): CCI RM ni umuryango ukomeye uhagarariye inyungu z’ubucuruzi bwa Moldaviya haba mu gihugu ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Itanga serivisi zitandukanye kubanyamuryango bayo, harimo kuzamura ubucuruzi, guhuza ubucuruzi, serivisi zemeza, no kubona amakuru ajyanye. Urubuga rwemewe ni http://chamber.md/. 2. Ishyirahamwe ry’ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho (ATIC): ATIC yibanda ku guteza imbere iterambere no kwagura urwego rw’ikoranabuhanga muri Moldaviya. Igamije kongera udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, gukurura ishoramari, kunoza gahunda yo guhugura ubumenyi bwa digitale, no guteza imbere ubufatanye hagati y’amasosiyete akorera muri uru rwego. Ibisobanuro birambuye murashobora kubisanga kuri https://www.digitalmoldova.md/en/atic-urugo/. 3. Ishyirahamwe ry'abakora divayi (WMA): WMA igira uruhare runini mu kumenyekanisha divayi ya Moldavani haba mu gihugu ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga itegura imurikagurisha ritandukanye, uburyohe, amahugurwa, n'ibindi, byerekana ibicuruzwa by’abakora divayi ku isi hose. Urubuga rwabo rwemewe ni http://vinmoldova.md/index.php?pag=Acasa&lang=en. 4.Union LatexProducers Association: Iri shyirahamwe rihagarariye ibigo bigira uruhare mu micungire y’ibihingwa bya rubber hamwe no gutunganya latex kubisabwa bitandukanye nkibicuruzwa byubuzima cyangwa ibicuruzwa byinganda. bashyigikira ibikorwa byamahugurwa kubakozi baho anf yatezimbere amasezerano yubufatanye namasosiyete yamahanga akora muburyo bwa tekinoroji yo gutunganya. Ibisobanuro birambuye murashobora kubisanga kuri http://latexproducers.org/homepage-english/. Izi ni ingero nke gusa mu yandi mashyirahamwe yihariye y’inganda akorera mu nzego zitandukanye nk'ubuhinzi (Ihuriro ry’abahinzi borozi), ubukerarugendo (Ishyirahamwe ry’inganda z’ubukerarugendo), ubwubatsi (Ishyirahamwe ry’abateza imbere ubwubatsi), n'ibindi. Twabibutsa ko amakuru yatanzwe haruguru ashobora guhinduka, bityo rero ni byiza gusura imbuga za interineti kugirango amakuru agezweho kandi yuzuye kuri ayo mashyirahamwe y’inganda muri Moldaviya.

Urubuga rwubucuruzi nubucuruzi

Moldaviya ni igihugu gito kidafite inkombe mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba. Nubunini bwayo, ifite ubukungu bwiyongera nimbuga nyinshi zitanga amakuru kubikorwa byubucuruzi nubukungu. Dore zimwe mu mbuga nkuru zubukungu nubucuruzi muri Moldaviya, hamwe na URL zabo: 1. Minisiteri y’Ubukungu n’Ibikorwa Remezo: Urubuga rwemewe rwa Minisiteri rutanga amakuru ku nzego zitandukanye, amahirwe yo gushora imari, politiki y’ubucuruzi, na gahunda ziterambere ry’ubucuruzi muri Moldaviya. URL: https://mei.gov.md/en/ 2. Urugereko rw’Ubucuruzi n’inganda muri Repubulika ya Moldaviya (CCIRM): Uru rubuga rutanga ibikoresho ku bucuruzi birimo ububiko bw’ubucuruzi, amakuru agezweho, ikirangaminsi cy’ibyabaye, igitabo cy’ishoramari, hamwe n’ububiko bw’ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga. URL: https://chamber.md/ 3. Ikigo gishinzwe gukurura ishoramari no guteza imbere ibyoherezwa mu mahanga (MIEPO): MIEPO igamije gukurura ishoramari ry’amahanga muri Moldaviya itanga amakuru ajyanye n'amahirwe yo gushora imari mu nzego zitandukanye. URL: https://www.investmoldova.md/en 4. Ishyirahamwe ry’igihugu ry’ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse (NASME): NASME ihagarariye inyungu z’inganda nto n'iziciriritse (SMEs) muri Moldaviya zunganira politiki nziza y’ubucuruzi no gutanga serivisi zunganira. URL: http://www.antem-org.md/eng/index.php 5. Inama y’ubukungu kuri Minisitiri w’intebe: Urubuga rutanga amakuru kuri politiki y’ubukungu yashyizwe mu bikorwa na guverinoma mu rwego rwo gushyigikira iterambere rirambye kimwe n’imibare ijyanye n’ubucuruzi, urujya n'uruza rw’imari, igipimo cy’akazi n'ibindi. URL: http://consiliere.gov.md/en 6. Ububiko-bwohereza mu mahanga (COMTRADE.MD): Uru rubuga rwa interineti rwemerera ubucuruzi gushakisha imibare itumizwa mu mahanga-yoherezwa mu byiciro bitandukanye nk'ibicuruzwa cyangwa ibihugu mu gihe cyagenwe. URL: https://comtrade.md/en/ 7. Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ibarurishamibare (NBS): NBS ishinzwe gukusanya amakuru y’ibarurishamibare ku bintu bitandukanye birimo konti z’igihugu, ibipimo by’umusaruro w’ubuhinzi, urujya n'uruza rw’ubucuruzi, demokarasi, n'ibindi. URL: https://statistica.gov.md/?lang=en Izi mbuga zitanga amakuru ningirakamaro kubucuruzi bwaho ndetse n’amahanga bushishikajwe no gushora imari, gucuruza cyangwa gufatanya n’amasosiyete ya Moldaviya. Birasabwa gushakisha izi mbuga kugirango amakuru arambuye kandi agezweho yerekeye ubukungu bwa Moldaviya n’ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi.

Ubucuruzi bwibibazo byurubuga

Hariho amakuru menshi yubucuruzi yibibazo biboneka kuri Moldaviya. Dore bimwe muribi hamwe na aderesi zabo: 1. Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ibarurishamibare (NBS): NBS itanga amakuru arambuye ku mibare mpuzamahanga y’ubucuruzi kuri Moldaviya. Urubuga rwabo rutanga uburyo bwo kubona amakuru atandukanye nko kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze, ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga, ubucuruzi buringaniye, nibindi byinshi. Urubuga: http://statistica.gov.md/ 2. Urubuga rw’ubucuruzi rwa Moldaviya: Uru rubuga rwa interineti rutanga amakuru yuzuye ajyanye n’ubucuruzi kandi rworohereza kubona inyandiko zemewe, amabwiriza yo gutumiza mu mahanga / kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze, raporo zisesengura ku isoko, n’imibare y’ubucuruzi. Urubuga: https://www.tradeportal.md/en 3. World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS): WITS ni data base yakozwe na Banki yisi yose itanga imibare yubucuruzi mpuzamahanga bwibicuruzwa nibipimo bifatika. Urubuga: https://wits.worldbank.org/ 4. Ububikoshingiro bw’umuryango w’abibumbye: Comtrade ni ububiko bw’imibare mpuzamahanga y’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga ikorwa n’ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye rishinzwe ibarurishamibare. Iyemerera abakoresha gushakisha ibicuruzwa birambuye gutumiza / kohereza amakuru mu gihugu-neza. Urubuga: https://comtrade.un.org/ 5. Ikirangantego mpuzamahanga cy’ubucuruzi (ITC): Ikirangantego giha abakoresha amakuru y’ibarurishamibare ku bijyanye n’ubucuruzi bw’isi yose, harimo n’imikorere ya Moldova yohereza / gutumiza mu mahanga mu nganda n’amasoko atandukanye ku isi. Urubuga: https://www.trademap.org/ Izi mbuga zigomba kugufasha kubona amakuru yingirakamaro kandi agezweho yubukungu nubucuruzi bijyanye na Moldaviya ushakisha amakuru yabyo cyangwa ukoresheje ibikorwa byubushakashatsi byatanzwe kuriyi mbuga. Menya ko kugera kubintu bimwe cyangwa kubona raporo zirambuye zishobora gusaba kwiyandikisha cyangwa kwiyandikisha mubihe bimwe.

B2b

Moldaviya ni igihugu kidafite inkombe mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba. Nubwo bitazwi cyane, ifite urubuga rwa B2B rwita kubucuruzi mu gihugu. Dore ingero nke: 1. BizBuySell Moldova (https://www.bizbuysell.md): Uru rubuga rwibanda ku kugura no kugurisha ubucuruzi muri Moldaviya. Iremera ubucuruzi gutondekanya ibyo batanze no guhuza nabaguzi cyangwa abashoramari. 2. Ubucuruzi bwa Moldaviya (https://www.moldovabd.com): Ubu bubiko bukora nk'urutonde rwuzuye rw'ubucuruzi butandukanye muri Moldaviya mu nganda zitandukanye. Itanga amakuru arambuye, amahuza y'urubuga, nandi makuru afatika kuri buri sosiyete yanditse. 3. Tradeford - Isoko rya Moldavani B2B Isoko (https://moldova.tradeford.com): Tradeford ni urubuga mpuzamahanga rwa B2B rurimo igice cyihariye kubucuruzi bwa Moldaviya. Isosiyete irashobora gukora imyirondoro, kwerekana ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi, no guhuza nabaguzi mpuzamahanga cyangwa abafatanyabikorwa. 4. AllBiz - Repubulika ya Moldaviya (https://md.all.biz): AllBiz ni isoko rya interineti rikubiyemo ibihugu byinshi, harimo na Repubulika ya Moldaviya. Ubucuruzi bushobora gukora imyirondoro, gutondeka ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi zitangwa, no kuvugana nabakiriya cyangwa abafatanyabikorwa. 5. GlobalTrade.net - Ikigo Cyubushakashatsi ku Isoko rya Repubulika ya Moldaviya (https://www.globaltrade. Nyamuneka menya ko izi mbuga zishobora kuba zifite intego zitandukanye; burigihe birasabwa gushakisha buri rubuga kugiti cyawe kugirango umenye imwe ijyanye nibyo ukeneye nkumukoresha mubijyanye ninganda zihariye zinganda cyangwa ibikorwa byifuzwa mubikorwa byawe byubucuruzi muri Moldaviya.
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