Ubucuruzi bwingenzi
Somaliya, iherereye mu ihembe rya Afurika, ni igihugu gifite ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga bukomeye. Nubwo ihungabana rya politiki n’ibibazo by’umutekano, Somaliya itanga amahirwe atandukanye ku baguzi mpuzamahanga no guteza imbere ubucuruzi. Iyi ngingo izagaragaza inzira zimwe zingenzi zogutanga amasoko mpuzamahanga no kwerekana imurikagurisha ryingenzi ryubucuruzi muri Somaliya.
1. Icyambu cya Mogadishu: Nka cyambu cyinshi muri Somaliya, icyambu cya Mogadishu ni irembo rikomeye ry’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga. Ikemura ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga n'ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga, bigatuma iba ahantu heza ku masoko mpuzamahanga. Ibicuruzwa byinshi bitumizwa muri iki cyambu, birimo ibiribwa, ibikoresho byo kubaka, imashini, n’ibicuruzwa.
2. Icyambu cya Bosaso: Iherereye mu karere ka Puntland ku kigobe cya Aden, icyambu cya Bosaso ni irindi rembo ry’ingenzi ku batumiza mu mahanga / abatumiza mu mahanga bakorera mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bwa Somaliya. Icyambu gitanga uburyo bwo kugera ku masoko yo muri Puntland no mu bihugu duturanye nka Etiyopiya.
3. Icyambu cya Berbera: Iherereye muri Somaliland (mu majyaruguru), icyambu cya Berbera cyatejwe imbere nk'ihuriro rikuru ryo gutwara abantu mu nyanja kubera aho riherereye ku nkombe z'Inyanja Itukura. Itanga uburyo butaziguye mubihugu bidafite inkombe nka Etiyopiya.
4.Isosiyete itumiza mu mahanga ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga: Isosiyete itumiza mu mahanga ya Sagal ni imwe mu masosiyete akomeye yo muri Somaliya agira uruhare mu koroshya ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga mu guhuza abaguzi n’abatanga ibicuruzwa / abakora ibicuruzwa / ubucuruzi ku isoko rya Somaliya.
Ku bijyanye n'imurikagurisha:
1.Imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ry’ubucuruzi bwa Somaliland (SITF): Bikorwa buri mwaka i Hargeisa (umurwa mukuru wa Somaliland), SITF ihagarariye imwe mu imurikagurisha rinini ryabereye mu karere ka Somaliya / Somaliland rikurura ubucuruzi bw’ibanze n’amahanga buturutse mu nzego zitandukanye nk'ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi, ibicuruzwa bikoresha ibicuruzwa. / abakwirakwiza / abatumiza mu mahanga,
2.Mogadishu Imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ryibitabo (MBIF): MBIF yibanda cyane cyane kubacuruza ibitabo / abamamaza / abanditsi / ibigo by’uburezi biteza imbere ibikorwa by’ubuvanganzo / ishoramari ry’urwego rw’uburezi atari imbere gusa ahubwo no hanze y’umuryango uvuga ururimi rwa Somaliya.
3.Imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ry’ubucuruzi bw’amatungo ya Somaliya: Urebye Somaliya yiganje mu byoherezwa mu matungo, iri murikagurisha ritanga urubuga ku bohereza ibicuruzwa hanze / abatumiza mu mahanga / abatunganya ibicuruzwa / abahinzi / abacuruzi kugira ngo berekane ibicuruzwa byabo, urusobe, kandi bashake abafatanyabikorwa mu bucuruzi.
4.Somaliland Business Expo: Iri murika ngarukamwaka ritanga urubuga kubucuruzi nabashoramari bashishikajwe nisoko rya Somaliland. Ikubiyemo inzego zitandukanye nk'ubuhinzi, uburobyi, inganda, ikoranabuhanga, na serivisi.
Ni ngombwa kumenya ko kubera umutekano w’umutekano muri Somaliya,
Muri rusange,
Nubwo ifite ibibazo, Somaliya itanga inzira nyinshi zingenzi kubaguzi mpuzamahanga bashaka kwishora mubikorwa byo gutanga amasoko. Ibyambu nka Mogadishu Port, Port ya Bosaso, na Berbera Port bitanga uburyo bwo gutumiza / kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Byongeye kandi, amasosiyete nka Sagal yatumijwe mu mahanga yoherezwa mu mahanga agira uruhare runini mu koroshya ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga mu gihugu. Byongeye kandi, hano hari imurikagurisha ryingenzi ryubucuruzi nka SITF MBIF, imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ry’ubucuruzi bw’amatungo muri Somaliya, na Somaliland Business Expo itanga amahirwe yo guhuza n’ubucuruzi bw’ibanze mu nzego zitandukanye.
Imashini zishakisha
Muri Somaliya, hariho moteri nyinshi zishakisha abantu bakoresha mugushakisha amakuru kumurongo. Dore bimwe muribi hamwe nurubuga rwabo URL:
1. Guban: Ni urubuga rwa Somaliya na moteri ishakisha itanga amakuru, videwo, namakuru.
Urubuga: www.gubanmedia.com
2. Bulsho: Itanga serivisi zitandukanye zirimo moteri ishakisha, ivugurura ryamakuru, ibyiciro, hamwe nurutonde rwakazi.
Urubuga: www.bulsho.com
3. Goobjoog: Ni urubuga rwa interineti rutanga amakuru yamakuru mu rurimi rwa Somaliya hamwe na moteri ishakisha.
Urubuga: www.goobjoog.com
4. Itangazamakuru rya Waagacusub: Ikigo cyamamare cyo muri Somaliya nacyo gifite ibikoresho byacyo byo gushakisha.
Urubuga: www.waagacusub.net
5. Hiiraan Kumurongo: Imwe mumbuga za kera kandi zizwi cyane zo muri Somaliya zitanga ibice bitandukanye byo gushakisha amakuru yamakuru ashingiye ku byiciro bitandukanye.
Urubuga: www.hiiraan.com/amakuru/
Izi nizo ngero nkeya gusa za moteri zishakisha zikoreshwa muri Somaliya zitanga ibintu byaho mururimi rwa Somaliya cyangwa zihuza inyungu nibyifuzo byabakoresha interineti ya Somaliya. Ariko, birakwiye ko tumenya ko abantu benshi muri Somaliya bakoresha kandi moteri yubushakashatsi izwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga nka Google (www.google.so) cyangwa Bing (www.bing.com), ishobora kuboneka ahantu hose ku isi kugirango ibone amakuru arenze aho. aho ibintu bigarukira.
Impapuro nini z'umuhondo
Muri Somaliya, amwe mumapaji yingenzi yumuhondo ni:
1. Urupapuro rwumuhondo Somaliya - Ubu ni paji yemewe yumuhondo muri Somaliya. Itanga urutonde rwuzuye rwubucuruzi na serivisi biboneka mu turere dutandukanye twigihugu.
URL: www.urubuga.so
2. Urupapuro rwumuhondo rwo muri Somaliya - Ubu bubiko bwa interineti bwibanze ku gutondekanya ubucuruzi butandukanye, imiryango, na serivisi bikorera muri Somaliya. Itanga uburyo bwo gushakisha ukurikije ibyiciro cyangwa ijambo ryibanze kugirango byoroshye kugenda.
URL: www.somaliyellowpages.com
3. WaanoYellowPages - Uru rubuga rutanga urubuga kubucuruzi bwa Somaliya kugirango bamenyekanishe ibicuruzwa na serivisi byabo mugihugu ndetse no mumahanga. Harimo amakuru arambuye, aderesi, hamwe nibisobanuro byinganda zitandukanye mubice bitandukanye.
URL: www.waanoyellowpages.com
4. GO4WorldBusiness - Nubwo idasanzwe muri Somaliya, ubu bubiko mpuzamahanga bwubucuruzi buhuza abaguzi n’abagurisha ku isi hose, harimo n’amasosiyete yo muri Somaliya ashaka amahirwe y’ubucuruzi ku isi.
URL: www.go4isi yisi yose.com / shakisha?
5. Urupapuro rwumuhondo wa Mogdisho - Wibanze ku murwa mukuru Mogadishu, ubu bubiko bwa interineti bwerekana ubucuruzi bwaho nka resitora, amahoteri, amaduka, ibitaro, na serivisi zumwuga nkabavoka cyangwa abubatsi.
URL: www.mogdishoyellowpages.com
Ni ngombwa kumenya ko kugera ku mutungo wa interineti bishobora kugarukira mu bice bimwe na bimwe bya Somaliya kubera ibibazo by’ibikorwa remezo cyangwa ibindi bintu bigira ingaruka ku guhuza. Kubwibyo, gukoresha ububiko bwaho cyangwa kuvugana n’amashyirahamwe y’ubucuruzi yaho nabyo birashobora gufasha mugihe ushakisha amakuru yihariye mukarere runaka mugihugu.
Ihuriro rikuru ryubucuruzi
Hano hari Somaliya nyinshi zingenzi za e-ubucuruzi, zitanga ibicuruzwa na serivisi bitandukanye kubakiriya. Dore bimwe mubyingenzi hamwe nurubuga rwabo:
1. Hilbil:
Urubuga: www.hilbil.com
Hilbil ni imwe mu mbuga za e-ubucuruzi ziza muri Somaliya, zitanga ibicuruzwa byinshi nka elegitoroniki, imideri, ubwiza, ibikoresho byo mu rugo, n'ibindi. Itanga serivisi zo gutanga mumijyi myinshi yo muri Somaliya.
2. Goobal:
Urubuga: www.goobal.com
Goobal ni isoko ryamamaye kumurongo rihuza abagurisha nabashobora kugura mubice bitandukanye birimo ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, imyambaro, ibikoresho, nibikoresho byo murugo. Ihuriro ryabo kandi rishyigikira ubucuruzi bwaho kugirango buteze imbere ubukungu.
3. Isoko rya Soomar:
Urubuga: www.soomarmarket.so
Isoko rya Soomar rikora nkisoko rya interineti mubyiciro bitandukanye byibicuruzwa nka terefone igendanwa, ibikoresho, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, hamwe n’ibiribwa. Iremera ubucuruzi bwaho nabantu kugiti cyabo kugurisha ibicuruzwa byabo kumurongo mugihe hacuruzwa neza.
4. Guri Yagleel:
Urubuga: www.guriyagleel.co
Guri Yagleel kabuhariwe mu kugurisha imitungo itimukanwa muri Somaliya binyuze ku rubuga rwayo rwa interineti. Ihuriro ririmo amazu yo guturamo hamwe n’ahantu hacururizwa hagurishwa cyangwa gukodeshwa mu mijyi itandukanye yigihugu.
5. Barii Kumurongo:
Urubuga: www.bariionline.com
Barii Online Shop itanga ibicuruzwa byinshi byabaguzi bashyizwe mubyiciro byimyambarire & imyambaro (harimo imyambaro gakondo ya Somaliya), ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki & ibikoresho, ibikoresho byita ku muntu kimwe nibiribwa n'ibiribwa bigenewe abaguzi muri Somaliya.
Izi porogaramu za e-ubucuruzi zitanga ubunararibonye bwo guhaha kubakiriya ba Somaliya mugutanga uburyo bworoshye bwo gushakisha hamwe n’amarembo yishura neza mugihe bifasha iterambere ryubucuruzi bwaho icyarimwe.
Imbuga nkoranyambaga
Somaliya, igihugu giherereye mu ihembe rya Afurika, cyabonye iterambere ryinshi mu miterere yacyo ya digitale mu myaka yashize. Mugihe imbuga nkoranyambaga zishobora kutagaragara nko mu bindi bihugu bimwe na bimwe, haracyari imbuga nke zizwi cyane zizwi cyane muri Somaliya. Hano hari imbuga nkoranyambaga zikoreshwa muri Somaliya:
1. Facebook: Kimwe nisi yose, Facebook ikoreshwa cyane muri Somaliya muguhuza abantu no gutumanaho. Iyemerera abakoresha guhuza inshuti nimiryango, gusangira ibishya, guhuza amatsinda / page yinyungu, no kwishora mubintu bitandukanye.
Urubuga: www.facebook.com
2. Twitter: Urundi rubuga ruzwi cyane muri Somaliya ni Twitter. Ifasha abakoresha gusangira no kuvumbura amakuru, gukurikira inzira / ingingo ukoresheje hashtags, no gukorana nabandi kwisi yose cyangwa mumiryango runaka.
Urubuga: www.twitter.com
3. Snapchat: Iyi porogaramu yohereza ubutumwa bwa multimediya yamenyekanye cyane mu rubyiruko rwo muri Somaliya kubera gusangira amafoto / videwo igihe gito (kubura nyuma yo kureba). Itanga amashusho yerekana kandi yemerera imikoranire binyuze mubutumwa bwihariye.
Urubuga: www.snapchat.com
4. Instagram.
Urubuga: www.instagram.com
5. YouTube: Nka porogaramu yo gusangira amashusho yamenyekanye ku isi yose na miliyoni z’abantu barimo Abanyasomaliya, YouTube itanga uburyo bwo kubona ibintu byinshi nka videwo yindirimbo, vlogs / amashusho yamakuru yakozwe n'abantu / amatsinda ku isi.
Urubuga: www.youtube.com
6
Ni ngombwa kumenya ko kwinjira no gukoresha imbuga nkoranyambaga bishobora gutandukana bitewe nimpamvu nko kuboneka kwa interineti / guhendwa cyangwa umuco gakondo wiganje mu turere dutandukanye twa Somaliya. Byongeye kandi, Abanyasomaliya bamwe bashobora kandi gukoresha urubuga cyangwa amahuriro yihariye inyungu zabo cyangwa abaturage.
Wibuke kwitonda kandi umenye igenamiterere ryibanga n'amabwiriza atangwa nurubuga mugihe ubikoresha mugihugu icyo aricyo cyose.
Amashyirahamwe akomeye yinganda
Somaliya, iherereye ku nkombe y’iburasirazuba bwa Afurika, ifite amashyirahamwe make akomeye. Aya mashyirahamwe afite uruhare runini mu gushyigikira no guhagararira inzego zabo. Dore amwe mumashyirahamwe akomeye yinganda muri Somaliya hamwe na aderesi zabo:
1. Urugaga rw’ubucuruzi n’inganda muri Somaliya (SCCI) - SCCI ni umwe mu mashyirahamwe y’ubucuruzi akomeye muri Somaliya, uhagarariye inganda zitandukanye kandi yorohereza ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi mu gihugu. Urubuga: https://somalichamber.org/
2. Ishyirahamwe ry’igihugu ry’abagore ba rwiyemezamirimo bo muri Somaliya (SNAWE) - SNAWE ni ishyirahamwe ryibanda ku kongerera ubushobozi ba rwiyemezamirimo batanga inkunga, amahugurwa, amahirwe yo guhuza, no kunganira ubucuruzi bwabo. Urubuga: Ntiboneka muri iki gihe.
3. Ishyirahamwe ry’ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa muri Somaliya (SREA) - SREA iteza imbere ingufu z’amashanyarazi muri Somaliya kugira ngo igabanye gushingira ku bicanwa by’ibinyabuzima no kuzamura iterambere rirambye mu rwego rw’ingufu. Urubuga: Ntiboneka muri iki gihe.
4. Ishyirahamwe ry’amabanki y’iterambere rya Somaliya (SoDBA) - SoDBA ihuza abanyamwuga bakora mu bigo by’amabanki n’imari kugirango bungurane ubumenyi, batezimbere ubufatanye, kandi batezimbere imikorere myiza y’amabanki akomeye muri Somaliya.
Urubuga: Ntiboneka muri iki gihe.
5. Ishyirahamwe ry’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga muri Somaliya (SITDA) - SITDA ni ishyirahamwe rihagarariye abateza imbere IT n’inzobere mu bice by’ikoranabuhanga bya Somaliya bigenda bitera imbere biteza imbere udushya, guhanga udushya, kwihangira imirimo mu banyamuryango.
Urubuga: http://sitda.so/
6. Ishyirahamwe ry’abarobyi bo muri Somaliya (SFA) - SFA igamije kurengera uburenganzira bw’abarobyi gakondo muri Somaliya mu gihe iteza imbere uburyo bwo kuroba burambye bwo gucunga umutungo w’inyanja.
Urubuga: Ntiboneka muri iki gihe.
Nyamuneka menya ko amashyirahamwe amwe adashobora kuba afite urubuga rukora cyangwa kuboneka kumurongo kubera impamvu zitandukanye nko kubura amikoro cyangwa amakuru agezweho ataboneka kumurongo
Urubuga rwubucuruzi nubucuruzi
Hano hari imbuga zubukungu nubucuruzi zijyanye na Somaliya, hamwe na aderesi zabo:
1. Urugaga rw’ubucuruzi n’inganda muri Somaliya (SCCI) - http://www.somalichamber.so/
Urugaga rw’ubucuruzi n’inganda muri Somaliya ni umuryango uteza imbere iterambere ry’ubucuruzi, ishoramari, n’ubucuruzi muri Somaliya. Urubuga rutanga amakuru kubyerekeye inganda zitandukanye, amahirwe yo gushora imari, amakuru yubucuruzi, nibikorwa.
2. Ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe guteza imbere ishoramari (NIPA) - https://investsomalia.com/
NIPA ishinzwe gukurura ishoramari ritaziguye ry’amahanga muri Somaliya. Urubuga rwabo rutanga ibisobanuro birambuye kubyerekeye amahirwe yo gushora imari mu nzego zitandukanye, amategeko n'amabwiriza ajyanye n'ishoramari, hamwe n'umutungo w'abashoramari bashaka gukora ubucuruzi mu gihugu.
3. Minisiteri yubucuruzi ninganda - http://www.moci.gov.so
Minisiteri y’ubucuruzi n’inganda yibanze ku guteza imbere ubucuruzi muri Somaliya hashyirwaho politiki no guharanira ibidukikije byiza. Urubuga rutanga ubumenyi kuri serivisi za minisiteri, ingamba zafashwe zo koroshya ibikorwa byubucuruzi haba mu gihugu ndetse no mu mahanga.
4. Ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere ibyoherezwa muri Somaliya (SEPBO) - http://sepboard.gov.so/
SEPBO ikora igamije kuzamura ibikorwa byoherezwa muri Somaliya mu kwerekana amasoko y’ibicuruzwa byaho mu mahanga. Urubuga rwabo rugaragaza amakuru yerekeye inzego zitandukanye aho Somaliya ishobora kwagura ibyoherezwa mu mahanga hamwe n’ingamba zafashwe mu rwego rwo guteza imbere ibyoherezwa mu mahanga.
5. Ikigo cya Somaliya gishinzwe Iterambere Ubushakashatsi n'isesengura (SIDRA) - http://sidra.so/
SIDRA ni ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi gisesengura imigendekere y’iterambere ry’ubukungu muri Somaliya mu gihe gitanga ibyifuzo bya politiki bigamije kuzamura imibereho n’ubukungu. Urubuga rukubiyemo raporo zijyanye n’ibipimo ngenderwaho by’ubukungu nk’ubwiyongere bwa GDP, igipimo cy’ifaranga, imibare y’akazi n’ibindi, bishobora kugirira akamaro abashoramari bashora imari cyangwa bakorera mu gihugu.
Izi mbuga zitanga ibikoresho byagaciro kubantu cyangwa ibigo bifuza kwishora mubijyanye nubukungu bwa Somaliya nkicyizere cyishoramari, raporo zisesengura ryamasoko cyangwa urwego rwamabwiriza rushyigikira ibikorwa byubucuruzi mugihugu.
Ubucuruzi bwibibazo byurubuga
Hariho amakuru menshi yubucuruzi yibibazo biboneka kuri Somaliya. Dore bike muri byo:
1. Urubuga rw’ubucuruzi rwa Somaliya (http://www.somtracom.gov.so/): Uru rubuga rwemewe rutanga amakuru y’ubucuruzi yuzuye muri Somaliya, harimo imibare y’ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, n’uburinganire bw’ubucuruzi.
2. GlobalTrade.net (https://www.
3. Observatoire yubukungu bugoye (https://oec.world/en/profile/country/som): Uru rubuga rutanga amashusho arambuye no gusesengura uburyo Somaliya yohereza no gutumiza mu mahanga. Harimo kandi amakuru ku bafatanyabikorwa bakomeye bo mu bucuruzi n’ibicuruzwa byoherejwe / bitumizwa mu mahanga.
4 Abakoresha barashobora kubona raporo zirambuye kubitumizwa mu mahanga, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, ibiciro, n'ibindi.
5. Ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ubucuruzi (ITC) Ibikoresho byo gusesengura isoko (https://marketanalysis.intracen.org/#exp=&partner=0&prod=&view=chart&yearRange=RMAX-US&sMode=COUNTRY&rLevel=COUNTRY&rScale=9&pageLoadId=16 ITC itanga ibikoresho byo gusesengura isoko byemerera abakoresha gushakisha amahirwe yisoko muri Somaliya basesengura imbaraga zitumizwa mu mahanga / ibyoherezwa mu mahanga kimwe namakuru yihariye y'ibicuruzwa.
Nyamuneka menya ko kuboneka nukuri kururu rubuga bishobora gutandukana mugihe; nibyiza gushakisha amasoko menshi kumakuru yubucuruzi yuzuye kandi agezweho muri Somaliya.
B2b
Somaliya ni igihugu giherereye mu ihembe rya Afurika ryabonye iterambere rikomeye mu bucuruzi bwacyo mu myaka yashize. Mugihe kugera kuri enterineti ihamye hamwe na platform yizewe birashobora kuba bike, hariho platform B2B nkeya ikorera muri Somaliya.
1. Ubucuruzi bwa SomaliyaNet: Uru rubuga rutanga ubucuruzi amahirwe yo guhuza no kwishora mubucuruzi muri Somaliya. Igamije guteza imbere ubukungu yorohereza imikoranire ya B2B hagati yinganda zitandukanye nkubuhinzi, inganda, na serivisi. Urubuga rwa Somaliya TradeNet ni http://www.somalitradenet.com/.
2. Urugaga rw’ubucuruzi n’inganda muri Somaliya (SCCI): SCCI ikora nkurubuga rwo guhuza kumurongo kubucuruzi bukorera muri Somaliya. Iremera ubucuruzi guhuza nabafatanyabikorwa, kubona amakuru yubucuruzi, no gushakisha amahirwe yishoramari mugihugu. Urashobora kubona andi makuru yerekeye SCCI kurubuga rwabo: http://www.somalichamber.so/.
3. Urugaga rw’ubucuruzi n’inganda rwa Somaliland (SLCCI): Nubwo Somaliland ari akarere kiyita ko kigenga muri Somaliya, gafite urugereko rw’ubucuruzi rwihaye intego yo guteza imbere ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi mu mbibi zacyo. SLCCI itanga serivisi zisa nizindi mbuga za B2B ariko yibanda cyane kubucuruzi bukorera muri Somaliland. Urubuga rwemewe rwa SLCCI ni https://somalilandchamber.org/.
4. Inama y’ubucuruzi muri Afurika y’iburasirazuba (EABC): Nubwo idasanzwe muri Somaliya yonyine, EABC ihagarariye inyungu z’ubucuruzi bwo mu karere muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, harimo na Somaliya. Ikora nk'urubuga rwo guhuza amahirwe hagati yamasosiyete mu nzego zinyuranye zo mu karere, itanga ubumenyi bwingenzi ku bijyanye n’isoko na serivisi zita ku bucuruzi zikenewe mu ngamba zo kwinjiza isoko mu bihugu nka Somaliya.
Nyamuneka menya ko umwete ukwiye gukorwa mbere yo kwishora kumurongo wa B2B kumurongo cyangwa gukora ibikorwa bijyanye nubucuruzi mugihugu cyangwa akarere.
Mu gihe ikoranabuhanga rikomeje gutera imbere ku isi ndetse n’ibikorwa remezo bikarushaho gutera imbere muri Somaliya, biteganijwe ko hazavuka izindi mbuga za B2B kugira ngo zihure n’ubucuruzi bukenewe mu gihugu.