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Incamake y'igihugu
Ifaranga ry'igihugu
Igipimo cy'ivunjisha
Ibiruhuko by'ingenzi
Ubucuruzi bw’amahanga
Iterambere ryisoko
Kugurisha ibicuruzwa bishyushye ku isoko
Ibiranga abakiriya na kirazira
Sisitemu yo gucunga gasutamo
Kuzana politiki y’imisoro
Politiki yo kohereza hanze
Impamyabumenyi isabwa kohereza hanze
Basabwe ibikoresho
Imiyoboro yo guteza imbere abaguzi

Espagne, izwi ku izina rya Bwami bwa Espagne, ni igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'Uburayi. Irahana imbibi na Porutugali mu burengerazuba n'Ubufaransa mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba. Espagne nayo isangiye imipaka na Andorra na Gibraltar. Ubuso bungana na kilometero kare 505.990, Espagne nicyo gihugu cya kane kinini mu Burayi. Ifite ahantu nyaburanga hatandukanye harimo imisozi nka Pyrenees na Siyera Nevada, hamwe n’inyanja nziza ku nkombe ya Mediterane n’inyanja ya Atalantika. Iki gihugu kandi kigizwe n'ibirwa bitandukanye nk'ibirwa bya Balearique byo mu birwa bya Mediterane na Canary biri mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Afurika. Espagne ituwe n'abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni 47 naho Madrid ikaba umurwa mukuru wacyo. Ururimi rwemewe ni icyesipanyoli, nubwo indimi nyinshi zo mu karere nka Catalonike, Abagalisiyani, Basque nazo zivugwa n'ibice byinshi by'uturere twabo. Espagne izwiho amateka akomeye n'umurage ndangamuco. Rimwe na rimwe ryari kimwe mu bihugu bikomeye mu mateka y'isi mu gihe cy’ubushakashatsi no gukolonizwa kuva mu binyejana byashize byasize ingaruka ku bihugu byinshi ku isi harimo na Amerika y'Epfo binyuze mu guhanahana umuco nko gukwirakwiza ururimi cyangwa ibishushanyo mbonera. Ubukungu bwa Espagne buza mu bihugu byinshi mu bihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU) bifite imirenge nk’ubukerarugendo bigira uruhare runini bikurikirwa n’inganda zikora inganda nk’imodoka cyangwa inganda z’imyenda, ariko yahuye nibibazo nyuma yubukungu bwisi yose (2008-2009). Vuba aha yerekanye iterambere rihamye pre-covid kubera imbaraga zinyuranye zinyuranye mumirenge harimo ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu ndetse no vuba aha Espagne yakira imigenzo itandukanye mu turere twose ariko isangiye imico gakondo nko gushimira imbyino zumuziki wa flamenco cyangwa ibyokurya bizwi harimo tapa.Iminsi mikuru gakondo ifata ingamba zikomeye kuri kalendari; Umunsi mukuru wa La Tomatina aho abantu baterana inyanya buri Kanama irazwi kwisi yose. Muri rusange, Espagne yerekana umuco ufite imbaraga, ibyiza nyaburanga hamwe n’amateka yinjije mu binyejana byinshi bituma iba ahantu nyaburanga ba mukerarugendo mu gihe igira uruhare runini mu mico itandukanye.

Ifaranga rya Espagne ni Euro (€), n’ifaranga ryemewe ry’ibihugu byinshi bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Espagne yafashe Euro nk'ifaranga ry’igihugu ku ya 1 Mutarama 2002, isimbuza Peseta yo muri Esipanye. Kuba igice cya Eurozone, Espagne ikoresha ama Euro mubikorwa byayo byose byimari, harimo kugura ibicuruzwa na serivisi, kwishyura fagitire, no kuvana amafaranga muri ATM. Amayero agabanijwemo amafaranga 100. Guhindura ama Euro byazanye inyungu nyinshi mubukungu bwa Espagne. Yakuyeho ihindagurika ry’ivunjisha mu bihugu bya Eurozone kandi ryorohereza ubucuruzi hagati y’ibihugu bigize uyu muryango. Yorohereje kandi ingendo kubanya Espagne ndetse na ba mukerarugendo b’abanyamahanga bashobora gukoresha ifaranga rimwe mu bihugu byinshi by’Uburayi. Urashobora kubona inoti mu madini atandukanye azenguruka muri Espagne: € 5, € 10, € 20, € 50, € 100 *, € 200 *, na 500 *. Ibiceri biraboneka mu madini 1 ku ijana (€ 0.01), amafaranga 2 (€ 0.02), amafaranga 5 (€ 0.05), amafaranga 10 (€ 0.10), amafaranga 20 (€ 0.20), amafaranga 50 (€ 0.50), € 1 *, na € 2 *. Banki nkuru ya Espagne ishinzwe gutanga no kugenzura itangwa ry’ama Euro mu gihugu kugira ngo ibiciro bihamye kandi bigenzure igipimo cy’ifaranga. Birakwiye ko tumenya ko mugihe usuye cyangwa uba muri Espagne nkumunyamahanga cyangwa umukerarugendo, nibyiza ko uhora utwara amafaranga runaka kuko ibigo byose bitemera amakarita yinguzanyo cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo kwishyura hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga. Muri rusange, hamwe no kwemeza amayero nk'ifaranga ryemewe kuva muri Mutarama 2002, Espagne ikora muri gahunda ihuriweho n'amafaranga ihuriweho n'ibihugu byinshi by'i Burayi byorohereza ubucuruzi no gukora ibikorwa by'imari mu buryo butagira umupaka ku mipaka.

Ifaranga ryemewe na Espagne ni Euro (€). Kubijyanye no kugereranya igipimo cy’ivunjisha ry’ifaranga rinini ugereranije na Euro, nyamuneka menya ko ibi biciro bihindagurika buri gihe kandi bizahinduka bitewe ninkomoko nigihe. Ariko, hano hari ibigereranyo bigezweho (bigomba guhinduka): 1 Euro (€) ni hafi: - 1.12 US $ ($) - 0,85 Ibiro by'Ubwongereza (£) - 126.11 Ikiyapani Yen (¥) - 1.17 Amafaranga yo mu Busuwisi (CHF) - 7.45 Umushinwa Yuan Renminbi (¥) Nyamuneka umenye ko iyi mibare yerekana kandi ntishobora kwerekana igipimo nyacyo cyo kuvunja mugihe runaka. Kumakuru agezweho kandi yukuri, birasabwa kugenzura nikigo cyimari cyizewe cyangwa urubuga ruhindura / porogaramu.

Espagne ni igihugu gikungahaye ku muco n'amateka, kandi cyizihiza iminsi mikuru myinshi ikomeye mu mwaka. Bimwe mubirori byingenzi birimo: 1. Semana Santa (Icyumweru gitagatifu): Uyu munsi mukuru w’amadini ubera mu mijyi itandukanye yo muri Esipanye, aho Seville ari hamwe mu hantu hazwi cyane kubera urugendo rwarwo. Iribuka ishyaka, urupfu, n'izuka rya Yesu Kristo. 2. La Tomatina: Yabaye ku wa gatatu wanyuma wa Kanama i Buñol hafi ya Valencia, iri serukiramuco ridasanzwe rizwi nk'urugamba runini rw'inyanya ku isi. Abitabiriye amahugurwa baterana inyanya kugirango bizihize iki gikorwa gikomeye kandi kibi. 3. Feria de Abril (Imurikagurisha ryo muri Mata): Bibera i Seville nyuma y'ibyumweru bibiri nyuma yicyumweru cya Pasika, iki cyumweru kimaze icyumweru cyerekana umuco wa Andalusiya binyuze mu babyinnyi ba flamenco, indorerwamo zo kurwanya ibimasa, parade y'amafarasi, ibitaramo bya muzika gakondo, n'imitako y'amabara. 4 5. La Falles de València: Yizihijwe kuva ku ya 15 Werurwe kugeza ku ya 19 Werurwe mu mujyi wa Valencia kimwe no mu tundi turere dutandukanye two mu ntara ya Valencia; bikubiyemo kubaka ibishusho binini bya papier-mâché bikurikirwa no kwerekana imiriro hamwe na parade mbere yuko bitwikwa kumunsi wanyuma. 6. Día de la Hispanidad (Umunsi w’Abanyesipanyoli): Yizihijwe ku ya 12 Ukwakira muri Esipanye yose mu rwego rwo kwibuka Christopher Columbus yageze muri Amerika; ikubiyemo parade ya gisirikare nibikorwa byumuco byerekana umurage wa Espagne. Izi ni ingero nke gusa z'iminsi mikuru ikomeye ya Espagne igaragaza imigenzo ikungahaye hamwe n’imico itandukanye igaragara mu turere dutandukanye tw’igihugu.

Espagne ni iyambere mu bucuruzi ku isi, izwiho ubukungu bushingiye ku byoherezwa mu mahanga. Igihugu gikomeza kuringaniza ubucuruzi, aho ibyoherezwa mu mahanga birenze ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga. Hano haribintu byingenzi byaranze ubucuruzi bwa Espagne: 1. Ibyoherezwa mu mahanga: Espagne ifite ibicuruzwa bitandukanye byoherezwa mu mahanga, birimo imodoka, imashini, imiti, imiti, n'ibikomoka ku buhinzi. Nimwe mubakora ibinyabiziga binini cyane mu Burayi kandi ikora ibinyabiziga haba mu gihugu ndetse no ku masoko mpuzamahanga. 2. Abafatanyabikorwa bakomeye mu bucuruzi: Espagne ikora ubucuruzi bukomeye n’ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU), cyane cyane Ubufaransa, Ubudage, n’Ubutaliyani. Hanze y'akarere ka EU, ifitanye umubano ukomeye w'ubucuruzi na Amerika n'ibihugu byo muri Amerika y'Epfo nka Mexico. 3. Inganda zitwara ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga: Gukora ibinyabiziga bikomeje kuba urwego rukomeye rutanga ibyoherezwa muri Espagne. Izindi nganda zikomeye zirimo tekinoroji y’ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa (nka turbine y’umuyaga n’izuba), ibiribwa nkamavuta ya elayo na vino ikorerwa mu turere dutandukanye muri Espanye. 4. Ibitumizwa mu mahanga: Mu gihe Espagne yohereza ibicuruzwa byinshi kuruta ibyo bitumiza muri rusange bitewe n’inganda zikomeye z’inganda, iracyashingira ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga bimwe na bimwe nk’umutungo w’ingufu (peteroli na gaze) kugira ngo byuzuze ibyifuzo by’imbere mu gihugu. 5. Amafaranga arenga ku bucuruzi: Mu myaka yashize, Espagne yagiye itanga umusaruro usagutse mu bucuruzi bitewe n’uburyo bwitondewe bwo guteza imbere ishoramari ry’amahanga mu nzego zitandukanye hamwe n’ibikorwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bikomeye. 6. Ubucuruzi bw’imigabane: Ifitanye isano n’amateka na Amerika y'Epfo binyuze mu murage w’abakoloni cyangwa guhuza ururimi (ibihugu bivuga icyesipanyoli), amasosiyete yo muri Esipanye yaguye aho ihari mu gushora imari mu bikorwa remezo cyangwa gutanga serivisi z’umwuga. 7.Ubucuruzi bw’ubucuruzi mu bihugu by’Uburayi: Kuba umunyamuryango w’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi kuva mu 1986 bituma ubucuruzi bwa Espagne bworoshye kugera mu bindi bihugu bigize uyu muryango bitiriwe bihura n’inzitizi nini iyo ucuruza ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi. 8.Gutezimbere Serivisi zohereza mu mahanga ： Nubwo bisanzwe bizwi ku bicuruzwa bifatika byoherezwa mu mahanga; Kugeza ubu ishoramari ryerekejweho gushimangira igice cya serivisi zikoranabuhanga nazo zirimo amakipe yiterambere rya IT ibisubizo byita kuri software mu Burayi cyangwa ibigo byamamaza ibicuruzwa byibanda kubakiriya baturutse mubihugu bitandukanye. Ubushobozi bwa Espagne mu nganda, aho uherereye, no kuba umunyamuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi byashyize ahagaragara uruhare rukomeye mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga. Ubukungu bwibanda ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga hamwe n’ibicuruzwa bitandukanye bituma umubano w’ubucuruzi ukomeye ndetse n’abafatanyabikorwa b’uburayi ndetse n’isi yose.

Espagne ifite amahirwe menshi yo guteza imbere isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga. Hamwe n’ahantu heza mu Burayi, ni irembo ryiza ry’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi n’amasoko yo muri Amerika y'Epfo. Ibikorwa remezo byateye imbere mu gihugu, birimo ibyambu bigezweho ndetse n’indege, byorohereza gutwara ibicuruzwa neza. Espagne izwiho ubuhinzi bukomeye, itanga imbuto nziza, imboga, vino, n'amavuta ya elayo. Iyi myanya igihugu nkigihugu cyohereza ibicuruzwa hanze ku isoko ryisi. Byongeye kandi, Espagne ifite inganda zinyuranye kuva ku binyabiziga kugeza ku ikoranabuhanga rishobora kongera ingufu. Ubuhanga bwayo muri izi nganda butanga amahirwe yo kohereza ibicuruzwa byihariye. Guverinoma ya Espagne ishishikarizwa gushora imari mu mahanga itanga uburyo bwo kugabanya imisoro no kunoza imikorere ya biro. Izi mbaraga zashishikarije amasosiyete mpuzamahanga kugirango ahagarare muri Espagne, arusheho kuzamura ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Byongeye kandi, ubukerarugendo bwa Espagne butera imbere kubera inyanja nziza, umuco ukungahaye, hamwe n’ahantu h'amateka. Ibi bitanga amahirwe yo kwagura ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga nka serivisi zo kwakira abashyitsi n'ibicuruzwa bijyanye n'ubukerarugendo. Byongeye kandi, Espagne ifite abakozi bafite ubumenyi buhanitse bafite urwego rwiza rwuburezi mu nzego zitandukanye. Uyu mutungo wabantu utuma iterambere ryibicuruzwa na serivisi bishya bishobora koherezwa mu mahanga neza. Icyakora, ni ngombwa kumenya ko hari ibibazo ku isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga muri Espanye. Igihugu gihura n’ibindi bihugu byo mu bihugu by’Uburayi bifite ubushobozi bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Byongeye kandi, ihindagurika ry'ubukungu rishobora kugira ingaruka ku baguzi ku isi. Muri rusange naho, hamwe n’ahantu hafite ingamba, inganda zinyuranye nk’ubuhinzi n’inganda zikorana n’inkunga ya leta mu ishoramari ry’amahanga bituma Espagne iba igihugu cyiza mu gushakisha amahirwe y’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga.

Ku bijyanye no gushaka ibicuruzwa bigurishwa bishyushye ku isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga muri Espagne, ni ngombwa gusuzuma ibintu by’umuco n’ubukungu by’igihugu. 1. Gastronomie: Espagne izwiho umuco wo guteka, gukora ibiryo n'ibinyobwa icyiciro cyunguka. Kwibizwa mumico ya tapas, amavuta ya elayo yo muri Espagne, vino, foromaje, hamwe na ham yakize nibicuruzwa bifite agaciro gakomeye haba mugihugu ndetse no mumahanga. 2. Imyambarire n'imyenda: Espagne imaze kumenyekana mubikorwa byimyambarire mu myaka yashize. By'umwihariko, ibicuruzwa by'uruhu rwo muri Esipanye nk'imifuka n'inkweto bikenerwa cyane ku isi kubera ubukorikori bwiza. 3. Ibicuruzwa bijyanye n'ubukerarugendo: Nka kimwe mu bihugu biza ku isonga mu bukerarugendo ku isi, Espagne itanga amahirwe menshi ku bintu bijyanye n'ubukerarugendo nk'urwibutso, ubukorikori bwaho (harimo ibikoresho by'ibumba cyangwa ibikoresho bya flamenco), imyambarire gakondo / ibicuruzwa bya rubanda. 4. Ibicuruzwa bitanga ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa: Hamwe nogukomeza kwibanda ku buryo burambye ku isi, Espagne iyoboye ikoranabuhanga ry’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu nkizuba cyangwa imirasire y’umuyaga. Kwohereza hanze ibisubizo byicyatsi birashobora gukemura ibibazo mpuzamahanga byiyongera. 5 6. Imitako yo munzu n'ibikoresho: Mubisanzwe bifitanye isano na elegance hamwe nubuhanga mu Banyesipanyoli ni uduce twihariye two gushushanya amazu nka ceramika yo muri Andalusiya cyangwa ibikoresho byo mu nzu byerekana imiterere gakondo ya Espagne ishimisha abenegihugu ndetse n'abaguzi ku isi. 7. Ikoranabuhanga & Electronics Urwego: Nkubukungu bwateye imbere, Espagne ifite amasosiyete yikoranabuhanga yapiganwa akora ibikoresho bishya birimo terefone zigendanwa / tableti, ibikoresho byambara, cyangwa sisitemu yo gukoresha urugo; kwibanda kuri utwo turere birashobora gutuma isoko ryinjira neza. Guhitamo neza ibicuruzwa bigurishwa bishyushye kumasoko yose yo hanze nka Espagne: - Kora ubushakashatsi ku isoko: Sobanukirwa nibyo abaguzi ukoresheje ubushakashatsi / ibibazo - Gusesengura abanywanyi: Menya neza ibicuruzwa byiza mugihe uteganya icyuho kugirango wirinde amarushanwa aremereye - Suzuma ibikoresho & amabwiriza bijyanye (imisoro ya gasutamo, ibyangombwa bisabwa, nibindi) - Shakisha ubufatanye nabagabuzi / abahanga kugirango borohereze isoko - Hindura ibipfunyika, ibikoresho byo kwamamaza hamwe nibisobanuro byibicuruzwa kugirango uhuze ibyo Abaguzi ba Espagne bakunda - Kurikirana imigendekere yisoko ubudahwema kugirango ugume imbere yumurongo. Muri rusange, gusobanukirwa neza umuco wa Espagne, ikirere cy’ubukungu, n’imyitwarire y’abaguzi ni ingenzi mu guhitamo ibyiciro by’ibicuruzwa byerekana ko bikenewe cyane kandi bikagenda neza ku isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga.

Espagne, iherereye mu majyepfo y’iburengerazuba bw’Uburayi, izwiho amateka akomeye, umuco utuje, ndetse no kwakira abashyitsi. Muri rusange Abesipanyoli ni abagenzi kandi bakira ba mukerarugendo. Bishimira indangagaciro n'imigenzo gakondo. Ariko, ni ngombwa kumenya bimwe mubiranga abakiriya na kirazira mugihe usuye Espagne. Abakiriya ba Espagne baha agaciro umubano bwite kandi bahitamo imikoranire myiza kandi yuje urugwiro nubucuruzi. Kubaka ikizere ningirakamaro mugushiraho umubano mwiza mubucuruzi muri Espagne. Birasanzwe ko Abesipanyoli bishora mu biganiro bito mbere yo kuganira kubibazo byubucuruzi nkuburyo bwo guhimba umuntu ku giti cye. Gucunga igihe birashobora gutandukana nindi mico, kuko Abesipanyoli baha agaciro ubuzima bwumuryango no gusabana. Inama akenshi itangira itinze cyangwa ikora igihe kirenze icyateganijwe kubera ibiganiro bidasanzwe cyangwa amahirwe yo guhuza imiyoboro bivuka mugihe cyo guterana. Kubijyanye no kurya neza, ni ngombwa kwibuka ko ifunguro rya sasita ariryo funguro ryumunsi muri Espanye. Abakiriya ba Espagne bashima amafunguro yoroheje aho bashobora kuruhukira no kwishimira ibiryo byabo hamwe no kuganira neza. Ifunguro ryihuse cyangwa gusaba fagitire vuba birashobora gufatwa nkubupfura. Byongeye kandi, kubahiriza igihe ntibishobora gushimangirwa cyane muburyo bwimibereho ariko bikomeza kuba ingenzi kubashinzwe umwuga cyangwa inama zubucuruzi. Kubyerekeye imigenzo yo gutanga impano, mugihe bidakenewe kwerekana impano mugihe cyinama cyangwa imishyikirano nabakiriya ba Espagne, iyo itumiwe murugo rwumuntu gusangira cyangwa kwizihiza (nka Noheri), kuzana impano nto nka shokora cyangwa icupa rya vino nk'ikimenyetso cyo gushimira gikunze gukorwa muri Espagne. Ni ngombwa kwirinda ingingo zoroshye nka politiki cyangwa itandukaniro ry’akarere mugihe uhuza nabakiriya ba Espagne kubera amakimbirane yamateka akigaragara muri iki gihe ku byerekeye uturere tumwe na tumwe twigenga. Muri rusange, gusobanukirwa imico yabakiriya birashobora gufasha gushiraho imikoranire myiza mugihe wirinze kirazira mugihe ukora ubucuruzi cyangwa kwishora hamwe nabantu baturutse muri Espagne.

Espagne, iherereye mu majyepfo y’iburengerazuba bw’Uburayi, ifite gahunda ya gasutamo kandi igenzura imipaka. Igihugu cyashyize mu bikorwa amabwiriza akomeye kugira ngo umutekano n'umutekano byacyo bigabanuke. Iyo winjiye cyangwa uvuye muri Espagne, hari ingingo nke zingenzi ugomba kuzirikana. Icyambere, ni ngombwa kugira ibyangombwa byingendo byemewe. Abatari Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bagomba kuba bafite pasiporo yemewe nibura amezi atandatu asigaye afite agaciro. Abenegihugu b’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi barashobora gutembera mu gace ka Schengen bakoresheje indangamuntu zabo. Ibicuruzwa byinjijwe kandi bivanwa muri Espagne bigengwa n’amabwiriza ya gasutamo. Abagenzi bagomba gutangaza ibintu byose birenze imipaka cyangwa bisaba uruhushya rwihariye nkimbunda, ibiribwa, cyangwa ibihangano ndangamuco. Amafaranga atangirwa umusoro ku nzoga, ibicuruzwa by'itabi, n'ibindi bicuruzwa arashobora gusaba. Ku bibuga by'indege bya Esipanye no ku byambu byo mu nyanja, abashinzwe za gasutamo bakunze kugenzura ku buryo butemewe ibiyobyabwenge n'ibindi bintu bibujijwe. Ni ngombwa kutajyana ibiyobyabwenge bitemewe mu gihugu kuko ibihano bikomeye bishobora gutangwa iyo byafashwe. Abashyitsi bagomba kandi kumenya ibibujijwe kwinjiza cyangwa kohereza hanze. Niba utwaye amayero arenga 10,000 (cyangwa ahwanye nayandi mafranga), agomba gutangazwa mugihe uhageze cyangwa ugiye. Byongeye kandi, abagenzi baturuka mu bihugu bitari Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bagomba kumenyera ibisabwa na viza mbere y’urugendo rwabo muri Espanye. Abenegihugu basonewe viza mubisanzwe barashobora kumara iminsi 90 mugihe cyiminsi 180 mugihe cyubukerarugendo ariko barashobora gukenera viza zihariye kubikorwa cyangwa kwiga. Byongeye kandi, abagenzi baturutse hanze y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi barashobora kunyura mu igenzura ry’umutekano rijyanye n’ingamba z’ubuzima nka COVID-19 yo gusuzuma protocole yashyizweho n’ubuyobozi bwa Espagne. Muri rusange, iyo winjiye cyangwa usohoka kumupaka wa Espagne: 1) Gutwara ibyangombwa byinzira byemewe. 2) Kurikiza amabwiriza ya gasutamo: Menyesha ibintu bibujijwe nibiba ngombwa. 3) Ntugatware ibiyobyabwenge bitemewe - ibihano bikurikizwa. 4) Menya kubuza ifaranga. 5) Sobanukirwa na viza ibisabwa mbere yo gukora ingendo. 6) Kurikiza ibisabwa bijyanye nubuzima byinjira mugihe cyibyorezo nka COVID-19. Mugukurikiza aya mabwiriza, abagenzi barashobora kugendera kuri gasutamo ya Espagne no kugenzura imipaka neza mugihe bakurikiza amabwiriza yaho.

Politiki y’imisoro yatumijwe muri Espagne igamije kugenzura no kugenzura iyinjira ry’ibicuruzwa mu gihugu bivuye mu mahanga. Guverinoma ya Espagne ishyiraho imisoro yihariye ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga mu rwego rwo kurinda inganda zo mu gihugu, kwinjiza amafaranga, no guharanira irushanwa ryiza. Umusoro ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa muri Espagne uratandukanye bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa, inkomoko yabyo, hamwe n'ibyiciro byayo mu masezerano mpuzamahanga y'ubucuruzi. Sisitemu ya Harmonized (HS) ikoreshwa mugutondekanya ibicuruzwa no kugena imisoro ikoreshwa. Hariho ibyiciro bitandukanye byibiciro bishingiye kuri ad valorem cyangwa ibiciro byihariye. Ibicuruzwa bimwe byingenzi nkibiribwa cyangwa ibikoresho byubuvuzi bishobora kuba byagabanije cyangwa ibiciro bya zeru kugirango bitezimbere kuboneka kubiciro byiza kubaguzi. Ibinyuranye, ibintu byiza cyane nka elegitoroniki yo mu rwego rwo hejuru cyangwa ibicuruzwa byerekana imideli akenshi bihura n’ibiciro biri hejuru. Kugirango ubare amahoro yatumijwe muri Espagne, umuntu akeneye gusuzuma agaciro kamenyekanye kubicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga, amafaranga yo gutwara abantu, amafaranga yubwishingizi, nibindi bintu bifatika. Iyi mibare ishingiye ku mategeko agenga igiciro cya gasutamo yashyizweho n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga nk’umuryango mpuzamahanga w’ubucuruzi (WTO) Amasezerano yo gusuzuma gasutamo. Usibye imisoro rusange yatumijwe mu mahanga, Espagne irashobora gushyiraho imisoro y’inyongera nk'umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (TVA) cyangwa umusoro ku byaguzwe ku bicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga mu byiciro bitandukanye byo kubikwirakwiza mu gihugu. Espagne kandi ifite amasezerano y’ubucuruzi n’ibindi bihugu bishobora kugira ingaruka kuri politiki y’imisoro yatumijwe mu mahanga. Kurugero, niba Espagne ifite amasezerano yubucuruzi bwubuntu nigihugu runaka gikuraho cyangwa kigabanya imisoro kubicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe bitumizwa aho. Muri rusange, politiki y’imisoro yatumijwe muri Espagne irashaka gushyira mu gaciro hagati yo kurinda inganda zo mu gihugu mu gihe abakiriya bahendwa. Ihuza kandi n’amabwiriza y’ubucuruzi ku isi kandi ikita ku masezerano y’ibihugu byombi agamije guteza imbere ubufatanye bw’ubukungu n’ibindi bihugu.

Espagne ifite politiki yimisoro kugirango ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bigenzure imisoro kuri ibyo bicuruzwa. Igihugu gikurikiza politiki y’ubucuruzi y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU), igamije guharanira ko habaho irushanwa ryiza no kurengera inganda z’imbere mu gihugu. Muri rusange, Espagne ntishyiraho imisoro yihariye ku bicuruzwa byoherejwe hanze. Nyamara, ibyoherezwa muri Espagne bitangirwa umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (TVA) hashingiwe ku mabwiriza y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Igipimo cy'umusoro ku nyongeragaciro giterwa n'ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga. Ku bicuruzwa byinshi, hasoreshwa umusoro ku nyongeragaciro wa 21%. Ibi bivuze ko abohereza ibicuruzwa hanze bagomba gushyira uyu musoro mugiciro cyibicuruzwa byabo mugihe babigurishije mumahanga. Ariko, niba ibyoherezwa mu mahanga byujuje umusoro ku nyongeragaciro ukurikije amategeko y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, nta misoro y’inyongera itangwa n’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Kugira ngo wuzuze umusoro ku nyongeragaciro, ibintu bimwe na bimwe bigomba kuba byujujwe. Kurugero, ibyoherezwa mubihugu bitari Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi cyangwa ibikoresho bifitanye isano itaziguye na serivisi mpuzamahanga yo gutwara abantu ubusanzwe bisonewe TVA. Byongeye kandi, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bimwe bishobora kwemererwa kugabanyirizwa ibiciro cyangwa gusonerwa bitewe n’inganda zihariye cyangwa amasezerano n’abafatanyabikorwa mu bucuruzi. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko amahoro ya gasutamo ashobora no gukoreshwa mugihe cyohereza ibicuruzwa muri Espagne mubihugu bitari Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi hashingiwe ku masezerano mpuzamahanga y’ubucuruzi n’amahoro yashyizweho n’ibihugu cyangwa uturere. Muri rusange, mu gihe Espagne ikurikiza politiki y’ubucuruzi y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi yerekeye imisoro ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga ikoresheje umusoro ku nyongeragaciro ukurikije ibiciro bitandukanye ndetse no gusonerwa hashingiwe ku bihe byihariye n'amasezerano yagiranye n’abafatanyabikorwa mu bucuruzi byakurikizwaga ,, nta misoro yihariye itangwa gusa ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa muri Espanye gusa ubwayo.

Espagne izwiho ubukungu butandukanye kandi butera imbere, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bikaba bifite uruhare runini. Kugirango hamenyekane ubuziranenge nukuri kwibyo bicuruzwa byoherejwe hanze, Espagne yashyize mubikorwa uburyo bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Guverinoma ya Espagne, ibinyujije muri Minisiteri y’ubukungu n’ipiganwa, igenzura ibyemezo byoherezwa mu mahanga. Ubuyobozi bukuru bushinzwe gutanga ibyemezo byoherezwa mu mahanga ni Ikigo cya Espagne gishinzwe ubucuruzi bw’amahanga (ICEX). Bakorana cyane nizindi nzego za leta kugirango ibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge mpuzamahanga kandi byubahirize amabwiriza yubucuruzi. ICEX itanga ubwoko butandukanye bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga. Icyemezo kimwe cyingenzi nicyemezo cyinkomoko, cyemeza ko ibicuruzwa byakozwe cyangwa byatunganijwe muri Espagne. Iyi nyandiko itanga umucyo mubikorwa byubucuruzi kandi ifasha gukumira uburiganya cyangwa ibicuruzwa byiganano byinjira mumasoko yamahanga. Ikindi cyemezo gikomeye ni ikimenyetso cya CE. Iki kimenyetso cyerekana ko ibicuruzwa byujuje ibyangombwa by’umutekano w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi, ubuzima, n’ibidukikije. Irerekana ko ibyoherezwa muri Espagne byujuje ubuziranenge bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi kandi bishobora kugurishwa mu bwisanzure mu bihugu bigize uyu muryango. Byongeye kandi, ukurikije imiterere yibicuruzwa byoherejwe hanze, hashobora gukenerwa ibyemezo byihariye. Kurugero, ibicuruzwa byibiribwa bigomba kubahiriza amabwiriza yumutekano wibiribwa ayobowe ninzego za leta nkikigo cya Espagne gishinzwe umutekano w’ibiribwa (AESAN). Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ibikomoka ku buhinzi bigomba kubahiriza ingamba za phytosanitarite zitangwa na Minisiteri y’ubuhinzi. Espagne kandi igirana amasezerano y'ibihugu byombi n'ibihugu by’abafatanyabikorwa kugirango byorohereze ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga. Aya masezerano atanga uburyo bwo kumenyekanisha uburyo bwo gusuzuma ihuza hagati ya Espagne n’abafatanyabikorwa bayo mu bucuruzi mu gihe hubahirizwa amabwiriza y’igihugu. Twabibutsa ko kubona ibyemezo bikenewe bikubiyemo gutanga inyandiko zikomeye hamwe nubugenzuzi cyangwa ubugenzuzi bwakozwe ninzego zibishinzwe. Abashora ibicuruzwa mu mahanga barasabwa kumenyera ibisabwa byihariye kubicuruzwa byabo mbere yo gutangira ibikorwa byoherezwa muri Espanye. Muri make, gahunda yo kwemeza ibyoherezwa muri Espagne igamije kwemeza ingamba zo kugenzura ubuziranenge mu gihe zujuje ubuziranenge mpuzamahanga bwashyizweho n’ibihugu bitumiza mu mahanga. Igihugu gishyira imbere gukorera mu mucyo mu bucuruzi binyuze mu buryo bunoze bwo kugenzura, kureba ko ibyoherezwa muri Esipanye byizewe kandi byizewe ku isi hose.

Espagne n'igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'Uburayi, kizwiho umurage gakondo n'umuco utandukanye. Ku bijyanye na serivisi n'ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu, Espagne itanga amahitamo meza kubucuruzi n'abantu ku giti cyabo. Ubwa mbere, Espagne ifite urusobe runini rwibikorwa remezo byorohereza ibikoresho neza. Igihugu gifite imihanda n’imihanda itunganijwe neza ihuza imijyi n’uturere dutandukanye muri Espanye, ku buryo byoroshye gutwara ibicuruzwa mu gihugu hose. Byongeye kandi, Espagne ifite sisitemu ya gari ya moshi ikomeye itanga serivisi zizewe zo gutwara ibintu. Ku bijyanye na serivisi zitwara imizigo, Espagne ibamo ibibuga byindege byinshi bifite ibikorwa byiza byo gutwara imizigo. Ikibuga cy'indege cya Barcelona-El Prat n'ikibuga cy'indege cya Madrid-Barajas ni ihuriro rikuru aho ubucuruzi bushobora kohereza cyangwa kwakira ibicuruzwa byoroshye binyuze mu bwikorezi bwo mu kirere. Ibi bibuga byindege byeguriwe imizigo ifite ibikoresho bigezweho bigamije gukora neza. Byongeye kandi, Espagne ifite ibyambu byinshi byo ku isi bikora ibicuruzwa byinshi byo mu nyanja. Icyambu cya Valencia ni urugero rumwe; ikora nk'irembo rikuru ryo gutumiza no kohereza mu Burayi bw'amajyepfo. Hamwe n’ibikoresho bigezweho bya kontineri hamwe nuburyo bukoreshwa neza na gasutamo, iki cyambu gitanga uburyo bwizewe bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa bishaka gutwara ibicuruzwa mu nyanja. Usibye ibikorwa remezo bifatika, Espagne ifite kandi amasosiyete menshi y’ibikoresho atanga ibisubizo byuzuye. Izi sosiyete zitanga serivisi zitandukanye nkububiko, imicungire yikwirakwizwa, ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo, no kohereza ibicuruzwa. Bamwe mubatanga ibikoresho bizwi cyane muri Espagne harimo DHL yo gutanga amasoko, DB Schenker Logistics Ibérica S.L.U., Kühne + Nagel Logistics S.A., nibindi. Byongeye kandi, niba ushaka serivisi zihariye zo gutwara abantu ninganda nka farumasi cyangwa ibicuruzwa byangirika - abatanga ibikoresho bikonje bikonje nka Norbert Dentressangle Iberica cyangwa Dachs España batanga ibikoresho bigenzurwa nubushyuhe hamwe nibisubizo byubwikorezi byemeza ubusugire bwibicuruzwa byoroshye mugihe cyo gutambuka. Muri rusange, Citas Yinjiza Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga indege de Logística s.l.ni ihitamo ryiza kubera uburambe bwabo bunini murwego, imiyoboro ikomeye, no kwiyemeza gutanga serivisi nziza kubakiriya. Mu gusoza, Espagne itanga umuyoboro wizewe kandi unoze ukubiyemo uburyo butandukanye bwo gutwara abantu harimo imihanda, gari ya moshi, serivisi zitwara imizigo yo mu kirere, hamwe n’ibyambu. Hamwe nibigo byinshi bitanga ibikoresho bitanga ibisubizo byuzuye, ubucuruzi bushobora kubona amahitamo akenewe kubyo bakeneye byihariye. Yaba imbere mu gihugu cyangwa ubwikorezi mpuzamahanga, Espagne ifite ibikorwa remezo nubuhanga bwo gukemura ibibazo byinshi bikenewe.

Ubucuruzi bwingenzi

Espagne nigihugu kizwi cyane mugihe cyamasoko mpuzamahanga. Itanga imiyoboro myinshi yingenzi kubaguzi kandi ikakira ibicuruzwa bitandukanye byerekana ubucuruzi. Izi nzira zigira uruhare runini mugutezimbere imiyoboro, guhuza imiyoboro, no gushakisha amahirwe yo kwagura ubucuruzi. Ubwa mbere, imwe munzira zikomeye kubaguzi mpuzamahanga muri Espagne ni mubyumba byubucuruzi cyangwa amashyirahamwe yubucuruzi. Aya mashyirahamwe akora nkurubuga rwingirakamaro rwo guhuza nabatanga Espagne nababikora mubice bitandukanye. Batanga ubuyobozi, inkunga, kandi bategura ibikorwa bitandukanye kugirango borohereze abaguzi-bagurisha. Icya kabiri, ibigo bya leta bya Espagne nka ICEX (Ikigo cya Espagne gishinzwe ubucuruzi bw’amahanga) biteza imbere umubano w’ubucuruzi hagati y’amasosiyete ya Espagne n’abaguzi mpuzamahanga. Batanga serivisi kuva mubushakashatsi bwisoko kugeza mubikorwa byo guhuza, bigatuma abaguzi b’amahanga bashakisha ubufatanye bushoboka n’ubucuruzi bwa Espagne. Byongeye kandi, Espagne yashyizeho uduce tw’ubucuruzi ku buntu (FTZs) ikurura abaguzi ku isi bashaka uburyo bwo gutanga amasoko buhendutse. Izi FTZ zitanga imisoro, uburyo bwa gasutamo bworoshye, nibikorwa remezo bifitiye akamaro ibikorwa mpuzamahanga biva mu mahanga. Byongeye kandi, Espagne yakiriye imurikagurisha ryinshi ry’ubucuruzi rikurura abaguzi mpuzamahanga mu nganda zitandukanye. Ingero zimwe zigaragara zirimo: 1. Mobile World Congress: Imwe mu imurikagurisha rinini rya tekinoroji igendanwa ku isi ikorwa buri mwaka muri Barcelona ikurura abayobozi b’inganda bashaka ibisubizo bigezweho. 2. FITUR: Imurikagurisha rikomeye ry’ubukerarugendo ryabereye i Madrid ritanga amahirwe ku bigo by’ingendo, abakora ingendo, abanyamahoteri kwerekana ibicuruzwa / serivisi kuri bagenzi babo ku isi. 3.GIfTEXPO: Iri murikagurisha mpuzamahanga ryerekana impano zitandukanye zirimo ubukorikori, 4. Gukurura imbuto: Igikorwa cyingenzi cyibanze ku mbuto n'imboga bikurura abaguzi benshi ku buhinzi bashaka umusaruro wa Espagne, 5 Iri murikagurisha rikora nk'urubuga rwiza aho abaguzi mpuzamahanga bashobora guhura n'abashobora gutanga amasoko imbonankubone mugihe bakomeje kugezwaho amakuru ku masoko agaragara mu nzego zabo. Mu gusoza, j kubaguzi mpuzamahanga, Espagne irerekana inzira zitandukanye zingenzi zogutezimbere umubano wubucuruzi nubucuruzi bwa Espagne. Ingereko z'ubucuruzi, ibigo bya leta, hamwe n’ubucuruzi bw’ubucuruzi bitanga ubufasha bukenewe, mu gihe imurikagurisha n’imurikagurisha bitanga amahirwe yo guhura n’abashobora gutanga ibicuruzwa. Izi nzira zigira uruhare runini muri Espagne nk'ahantu heza h'ibikorwa mpuzamahanga byo gutanga amasoko.

Imashini zishakisha

Muri Espagne, hari moteri nyinshi zishakisha zikoreshwa. Dore bimwe mubikunzwe cyane hamwe nurubuga rwabo URL: 1. Google: moteri ishakisha ikoreshwa cyane kwisi yose, irazwi cyane muri Espagne. Abantu barashobora kuyigeraho kuri www.google.es. 2. Bing: Indi moteri ishakisha ikoreshwa cyane kwisi yose, Bing nayo ikoreshwa kenshi muri Espagne. Urashobora kubisanga kuri www.bing.com. 3. Yahoo: Nubwo Yahoo yamenyekanye cyane mu myaka yashize, iracyakomeza kuba moteri ishakisha muri Espanye. Urubuga rwarwo URL ni www.yahoo.es. 4. DuckDuckGo: Azwiho gushyira imbere ubuzima bwite bwabakoresha no kudakurikirana amakuru yihariye, DuckDuckGo yamenyekanye cyane nkubundi buryo bwo gushakisha moteri muri Espanye. Urubuga rwarwo URL ni duckduckgo.com/es. 5. Yandex: Yandex ni moteri ishakisha ikirusiya itanga ibisubizo byubushakashatsi bwurubuga hamwe na serivise kumurongo kubakoresha icyesipanyoli. Abantu muri Espagne barashobora kubona serivisi zayo binyuze kuri www.yandex.es. Nyamuneka menya ko izi ari ingero nkeya za moteri zishakisha zikoreshwa muri Espagne, kandi hashobora kubaho ubundi buryo bwo mukarere cyangwa bwihariye bushobora kuboneka.

Impapuro nini z'umuhondo

Impapuro nyamukuru z'umuhondo muri Espagne zirimo: 1. Paginas Amarillas (https://www.paginasamarillas. 2. Itangazamakuru rya QDQ (https://www.qdq.com/): QDQ Media itanga ububiko bwagutse kumurongo kubucuruzi muri Espagne, butuma abayikoresha bashakisha amakuru kubintu bitandukanye nkahantu, inganda, na serivisi. 3. 11870 (https://www.11870.com/): 11870 numuyoboro uzwi cyane kumurongo aho abakoresha bashobora kubona amakuru yamakuru kubucuruzi muri Espagne. Iragaragaza kandi isubiramo hamwe n amanota yatanzwe nabandi bakoresha. 4. Guía Telefónica de España (https://www.guiatelefonicadeespana.com/): Aka gatabo gatanga urutonde rwubucuruzi ninzobere muri Espagne, byashyizwe mumujyi cyangwa akarere. 5. Directorio de Empresas de España (https://empresas.hospitalet.cat/es/home.html): Ubu ni igitabo cy’ubucuruzi cyemewe n’inama Njyanama y’Umujyi wa Hospitalet muri Cataloniya gikubiyemo urutonde rw’amasosiyete n’imiryango mu nganda zitandukanye. 6. Infobel Espagne Ubucuruzi (https://infobel.com/en/spain/business): Infobel itanga igitabo cyubucuruzi kumurongo gikubiyemo ibihugu byinshi harimo na Espagne, gitanga ibisobanuro byubwoko butandukanye bwibigo. 7 gushakisha ukurikije ibipimo byihariye nkinganda cyangwa ingano yikigo. Izi nizo ngero nke gusa zurupapuro runini rwumuhondo ububiko buboneka muri Espagne. Wibuke ko buri gitabo gishobora kugira umwihariko wacyo cyangwa ahantu hibandwa bitewe nahantu hateganijwe cyangwa serivisi zinyongera zitangwa.

Ihuriro rikuru ryubucuruzi

Espagne, igihugu cyiza mu Burayi bw’Amajyepfo, cyagaragaye nkimwe mu bihugu biza ku isonga mu bijyanye n’urubuga rwa interineti. Dore bimwe mubikorwa byingenzi bya e-ubucuruzi muri Espagne hamwe nurubuga rwabo: 1. Amazone Espagne: Nkigihangange mpuzamahanga, Amazon ifite umwanya wingenzi kumasoko ya Espagne. Itanga ibicuruzwa byinshi mubyiciro bitandukanye. Urubuga: https://www.amazon.es/ 2. El Corte Inglés: Uyu ni umwe mu minyururu minini yububiko ya Espagne yaguye ku isoko rya interineti. Itanga ibicuruzwa bitandukanye birimo imyambarire, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, nibikoresho byo murugo. Urubuga: https://www.elcorteingles.es/ 3. AliExpress: Yaturutse mu Bushinwa ariko ifite abakiriya benshi muri Espagne, AliExpress izwi cyane kubera ibiciro bihendutse no guhitamo ibicuruzwa byinshi mu byiciro byinshi. Urubuga: https://es.aliexpress.com/ 4. eBay Espagne: Imwe mu isi izwi cyane ku cyamunara no ku mbuga za interineti, eBay ikorera no muri Espagne aho abakoresha bashobora kugura ibintu bishya kandi bikoreshwa mu buryo bworoshye. Urubuga: https://www.ebay.es/ 5.JD.com: JD.com yigaragaje nk'umucuruzi ukomeye mu Bushinwa ariko yanagutse ku isi hose mu bihugu nka Espagne itanga ibicuruzwa bitandukanye nka elegitoroniki, imyambaro, ibicuruzwa byiza n'ibindi .Urubuga: https: //global.jd .com / es 6.Worten: Umucuruzi uzwi cyane wo muri Espagne uzobereye mu bikoresho bya elegitoroniki n’ibikoresho byo mu rugo bikora haba kumurongo ndetse no mububiko bwumubiri mugihugu hose.Urubuga: https: //www.worten.es 7.MediaMarkt ES: Undi mucuruzi uzwi cyane wo kugurisha ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki ukorera mu bihugu byinshi harimo na Espagne. Itanga ibikoresho byinshi bya elegitoronike nka terefone zigendanwa, mudasobwa zigendanwa n'ibindi .Urubuga: https: //www.mediamarkt.es/ Izi ni zimwe mu ngero zingenzi za e-ubucuruzi bukomeye bwa e-ubucuruzi bwita kubaguzi muri Espagne.Batanga abakiriya uburyo bworoshye bwo kubona ibicuruzwa byinshi biva hirya no hino kwisi. Gukorana nibi bibuga bituma abantu bo muri Espagne bishimira uburyo bwo guhaha kumurongo.

Imbuga nkoranyambaga

Muri Espagne, hari imbuga nkoranyambaga zizwi cyane zihuza abantu no guteza imbere itumanaho. Hano hari zimwe mu mbuga nkoranyambaga zikoreshwa cyane muri Espagne, hamwe na URL zijyanye: 1. Facebook - https://www.facebook.com Facebook nuru rubuga ruzwi cyane kandi rukoreshwa cyane kurubuga rusange, harimo no muri Espagne. Abakoresha barashobora guhuza inshuti nimiryango, gusangira ibishya, amafoto, videwo, no kwinjira mumatsinda atandukanye. 2. Instagram - https://www.instagram.com Instagram ni urubuga rugaragara cyane aho abakoresha bashobora gusangira amafoto na videwo ngufi. Yamamaye cyane muri Espagne ndetse no ku isi yose kubera kwibanda ku bintu bigaragara. 3. Twitter - https://twitter.com Twitter ifasha abakoresha kohereza ubutumwa bugufi bwitwa "tweet" bw'inyuguti zigera kuri 280. Ikora nkigihe nyacyo cyo gusangira amakuru aho abakoresha bashobora gukurikira abandi no kwishora mubiganiro ukoresheje hashtags. 4. LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com LinkedIn ni urubuga rwumwuga rwemerera abantu gukora imyirondoro yerekana ubuhanga bwabo, uburezi, uburambe bwakazi, nibikorwa bagezeho. Ifasha abanyamwuga kwagura umuyoboro wabo wumwuga uhuza abo mukorana cyangwa abashobora gukoresha abakoresha. 5. TikTok - https://www.tiktok.com TikTok ni urubuga rwo guhanga rwo gusangira videwo ngufi kuva ku bitaramo byo guhuza iminwa kugeza ku gusetsa gusetsa cyangwa kubyina imbyino zizwi cyane mu rubyiruko rwo muri Espanye. 6. WhatsApp - https://www.whatsapp.com Mugihe bidafatwa nkurubuga rusanzwe rwimbuga rusange; WhatsApp igira uruhare runini muri societe ya Espagne hagamijwe itumanaho binyuze mu butumwa bugufi cyangwa guhamagara amajwi / videwo hagati y'abantu cyangwa ibiganiro mu matsinda. 7. Usibye iyi mbuga yisi yose yavuzwe haruguru ifite ishingiro ryabakoresha muri societe ya Espagne; imbuga nkoranyambaga zimwe zo muri Espagne zirimo: Xing (https://www.xing.es) Tuenti (https://tuenti.es) Nyamuneka menya ko gukundwa kwizi mbuga bishobora gutandukana mugihe no mumyaka itandukanye.

Amashyirahamwe akomeye yinganda

Espagne ifite ubukungu bukize kandi butandukanye hamwe n’amashyirahamwe atandukanye yinganda zihagarariye inzego zitandukanye. Dore urutonde rwamashyirahamwe yingenzi yinganda muri Espagne hamwe nurubuga rwabo: 1. Ihuriro ry’amashyirahamwe y’ubucuruzi muri Espagne (CEOE) - rikubiyemo inganda zitandukanye, zirimo inganda, ubwubatsi, ubukerarugendo, n’imari. Urubuga: http://www.ceoe.es 2. Ishyirahamwe rya Espagne ryabatanga ibinyabiziga (SERNAUTO) - rihagarariye ibigo bigira uruhare murwego rwo gutanga amasoko yimodoka. Urubuga: http://www.sernauto.es 3. Ihuriro rya Espagne ry’amahoteri n’uburaro bwa ba mukerarugendo (CEHAT) - ryerekana inyungu z’amahoteri n’ibindi bigo by’amacumbi. Urubuga: https://www.cehat.com 4. Ishyirahamwe rya Espagne rishinzwe kongera ingufu (APPARE) - ryibanda ku kuzamura ibishya nk’umuyaga, izuba, ingufu z’amashanyarazi. Urubuga: https://appare.asociaciones.org/ 5. Ihuriro ry’igihugu ry’inganda n’ibiribwa (FIAB) - rihagarariye inganda z’ibiribwa zirimo gutunganya, gukora, no gukwirakwiza. Urubuga: https://fiab.es/ 6. Ubumwe bwa Espagne Photovoltaic Union (UNEF) - buteza imbere ingufu z'izuba binyuze muri sisitemu yo gufotora. Urubuga: http://unefotovoltaica.org/ 7. Ishyirahamwe ry’igihugu gishinzwe gukora ibyuma muri Espagne (SIDEREX) - rihagarariye ibigo bikora ibyuma bikorera muri Espagne Urubuga: http://siderex.com/en/ 8. Komite ishinzwe indege Espagne-Porutugali (COCAE) - ihagarariye abakora mu ndege ku bibazo bikora ku bibuga by’indege muri Espagne na Porutugali Urubuga: http: //cocae.aena.es/en/urugo-en/ 9.Spanish Meterology Society (SEM) - ihuza abahanga bakora ibijyanye nubumenyi bwikirere cyangwa siyanse bijyanye nayo kugirango bateze imbere amahirwe yubushakashatsi muriki gice urubuga: http: /https//urubuga.google.com/view/sociedad-semen/homespan> Izi nizo ngero nkeya ziva mumubare munini wamashyirahamwe muri Espagne. Buri shyirahamwe rifite uruhare runini muguhagararira, kuzamura, no gutanga inkunga mubikorwa byabo.

Urubuga rwubucuruzi nubucuruzi

Muri Espagne hari imbuga nyinshi zubukungu n’ubucuruzi zitanga amakuru ku bukungu bw’igihugu, ubucuruzi, n’ubucuruzi. Dore bamwe muribo hamwe na aderesi zabo kurubuga: 1. Urubuga rwemewe rwubucuruzi rwa Espagne: http://www.camaras.org/en/urugo/ Uru rubuga rutanga amakuru yuzuye kubukungu bwa Espagne, urwego rwubucuruzi, ubufasha mpuzamahanga, hamwe n’imibare y’ubucuruzi. 2. Espagne Urubuga rwubucuruzi rwisi: https://www.spainbusiness.com/ Uru rubuga rutanga ubumenyi bwingenzi mumahirwe yubucuruzi ya Espagne mubice byinshi. Harimo ibisobanuro birambuye kumishinga yishoramari, raporo yisoko, serivisi za banki kumasosiyete, hamwe nubucuruzi mpuzamahanga. 3. ICEX Espagne Ubucuruzi & Ishoramari: https://www.icex.es/icex/es/index.html Urubuga rwemewe rwa ICEX (Institute for Foreign Trade) rutanga amakuru menshi yerekeye gukora ubucuruzi muri Espagne. Itanga ubuyobozi ku masosiyete y’amahanga ashishikajwe no gushora imari cyangwa kwagura isoko rya Espagne. 4. Gushora muri Espagne: http://www.investinspain.org/ Uru rubuga rwa leta rugaragaza ibintu bijyanye nishoramari bijyanye ninzego zitandukanye nkubukerarugendo, iterambere ryimitungo itimukanwa, ibikorwa remezo, parike yikoranabuhanga, imishinga y’ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa nibindi. 5. Urubuga rwemewe rw'Ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe ibarurishamibare (INE): https://www.indexmundi.com/spain/economy_profile.html Urubuga rwa INE rutanga ibipimo byubukungu nkigipimo cyubwiyongere bwa GDP; imigendekere y'abaturage; amakuru yihariye y'inganda; imibare yisoko ryumurimo nibindi, bishobora gufasha ubucuruzi gusuzuma amahirwe yo gushora imari. 6. Ikigo gishinzwe ubucuruzi bwa Barcelona Activa: http://w41.bcn.cat/activaciobcn/cat/tradebureau/wakirwa.jsp?espai_sp=1000 Yibanze cyane cyane kuri Barcelona nkikigo cyingenzi cyubukungu muri Espagne uru rubuga rutanga inkunga nubutunzi kubucuruzi bwaho kimwe nabashaka gushinga ibikorwa cyangwa gushora imari mukarere. 7. Urugaga rwubucuruzi rwa Madrid: https://www.camaramadrid.es/es-ES/Paginas/Urugo.aspx Urubuga rwuru rugereko rutanga amakuru kubyerekeranye nibikorwa, imiyoboro yubucuruzi, n’imurikagurisha ryabereye i Madrid kandi biteza imbere iterambere ry’ubucuruzi n’amahirwe mpuzamahanga mu karere. Izi mbuga zirashobora kuba umutungo wingenzi kubantu cyangwa ibigo bishaka kumva imiterere yubukungu bwa Espagne, gushakisha amahirwe yishoramari, cyangwa gushiraho umubano wubucuruzi mugihugu.

Ubucuruzi bwibibazo byurubuga

Hariho amakuru menshi yubucuruzi yibibazo biboneka kuri Espagne. Dore urutonde rwa bamwe muribo hamwe na URL zabo: 1. Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ibarurishamibare muri Espanye (INE) - Uru rubuga rutanga amakuru y’ubucuruzi n’imibare yuzuye kuri Espagne. URL: https://www.ine.es/en/wakirwa.shtml 2. Minisiteri y’inganda, ubucuruzi, n’ubukerarugendo - Urubuga rwemewe rwa minisiteri ya guverinoma ya Espagne rutanga amakuru ajyanye n’ubucuruzi. URL: https://www.mincotur.gob.es/en-us/Paginas/default.aspx 3. ICEX España Exportación e Inversiones - Uru ni urubuga rwa leta ya Espagne rwemewe ku rwego mpuzamahanga no gushora imari mu mahanga. URL: https://www.icex.es/icex/es/index.html 4. Banco de España (Banki ya Espagne) - Urubuga rwa banki nkuru rutanga ibipimo byubukungu harimo namakuru yubucuruzi. URL: http://www.bde.es/bde/en/ 5. Eurostat - Nubwo idasanzwe muri Espagne, Eurostat ikusanya imibare yuzuye y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi harimo imibare y’ubucuruzi ku bihugu bigize uyu muryango nka Espanye. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/urugo Nyamuneka menya ko imbuga zimwe zishobora gusaba guhitamo ururimi cyangwa gutanga amahitamo yo kureba mucyongereza niba biboneka kurupapuro rwabo. Izi mbuga zizaguha amakuru agezweho ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, impirimbanyi z’ubucuruzi, amahoro, ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga, n’ibindi bintu bifitanye isano n’ubucuruzi bijyanye n’igihugu cya Espagne.

B2b

Espagne, kuba igihugu cyateye imbere gifite ubukungu bukomeye, gitanga urubuga rwa B2B rutandukanye kugirango ubucuruzi buhuze kandi bufatanye. Hano hari urubuga rwa B2B muri Espagne hamwe nurubuga rwabo: 1. SoloStocks (www.solostocks.com): SoloStocks nimwe mumahuriro akomeye ya e-ubucuruzi muri Espagne ahuza abaguzi n’abagurisha mu nganda zitandukanye. 2. TradeKey (www.tradekey.com): TradeKey ni isoko mpuzamahanga rya B2B ryorohereza ubucuruzi hagati yamasosiyete yo muri Espagne n’abaguzi ku isi, ritanga ibicuruzwa byinshi na serivisi. 3. Inkomoko yisi yose (www.globalsources.com): Isoko ryisi ni urundi rwego rukomeye rwa B2B aho abakora ibicuruzwa nabatanga ibicuruzwa muri Espagne bashobora kwerekana ibicuruzwa byabo kubaguzi mpuzamahanga, bikazamura ubucuruzi bwabo. 4. Europage (www.europages.es): Europage nubuyobozi bwuzuye kumurongo butuma ubucuruzi buteza imbere ibicuruzwa / serivisi mugihe uhuza nabafatanyabikorwa mubucuruzi muburayi. 5. Toboc (www. 6. Mwaramutse Ibigo (muraho.com 7. EWorldTrade (eworldtrade.com/spain/): EWorldTrade itanga urubuga runini aho abacuruzi bo muri Espagne bashobora guhuza nabakiriya mpuzamahanga no gucukumbura amasoko mashya kwisi yose. 8. Ofertia (ofertia. Izi nizo ngero nke gusa za platform ya B2B iboneka muri Espagne; hashobora kuba hari nibindi byinshi byihariye cyangwa inganda zihariye zita kubikenewe byihariye. Nyamuneka menya ko urubuga no kuboneka bishobora guhinduka. Birasabwa gusura imbuga zavuzwe kugirango umenye amakuru arambuye kuri serivisi zitangwa ku isoko rya B2B muri Espagne.