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Incamake y'igihugu
Bosiniya na Herzegovina, bakunze kwita Bosiniya gusa, ni igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bw'Uburayi ku gice cya Balkan. Igabana imbibi zayo na Korowasiya mu majyaruguru, iburengerazuba, no mu majyepfo, Seribiya mu burasirazuba, na Montenegro mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba. Iri shyanga rifite amateka akomeye kuva kera. Nyuma yo kugwa k'Ingoma y'Abaroma, Bosiniya yabaye imwe mu bwami butandukanye bwo mu kinyejana cya mbere mbere yuko yinjira mu Bwami bwa Ottoman mu kinyejana cya 15. Ubutegetsi bwakurikiyeho bwa Otirishiya-Hongiriya mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 bwarushijeho guhindura imico itandukanye. Igihugu cyabonye ubwigenge kuri Yugosilaviya mu 1992 nyuma y'intambara ikaze y'abenegihugu yamaze imyaka itatu. Ubu ni republika ishingiye kuri demokarasi ifite gahunda ya politiki igoye igizwe n'inzego ebyiri zitandukanye: Republika Srpska na Federasiyo ya Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Umurwa mukuru ni Sarajevo. Bosiniya na Herzegovina bifite ahantu nyaburanga bitangaje, harimo imisozi itoshye, imigezi isobanutse neza nka Una na Neretva, ibiyaga byiza cyane nk'ikiyaga cya Boračko n'ikiyaga cya Jablanica, bikaba ari ahantu heza ho gukorera ibikorwa byo hanze nko gutembera cyangwa gutembera. Ku bijyanye n'umurage ndangamuco, iki gihugu gitandukanye kigaragaza ingaruka ziva mu myubakire ya Byzantine kugeza ku misigiti imeze nka Ottoman ndetse n’inyubako za Australiya-Hongiriya. Umujyi uzwi cyane wa Sarajevo werekana iyi mvange mumihanda migufi aho ushobora gusanga amasoko gakondo atanga ubukorikori bwaho. Abaturage bigizwe ahanini n’amoko atatu y’ingenzi: Bosniaks (Abayisilamu bo muri Bosiniya), Abaseribe (Abakirisitu ba orotodogisi), n’Abanyakorowasiya (Abakirisitu Gatolika). Hamwe naya mateka adasanzwe hazamo imigenzo itandukanye harimo umuziki nka sevdalinka cyangwa orchestre ya tamburitza ikina injyana ya rubanda hamwe nubwoko bwa pop. Ibyokurya bya Bosiniya byerekana iyi mico itandukanye; ibyokurya bizwi cyane birimo cevapi (inyama zometseho), burek (umutsima wuzuye inyama cyangwa foromaje), na dolma (imboga zuzuye) zatewe na flavours ya Ottoman na Mediterane. Nubwo amakimbirane yashize, Bosiniya na Herzegovina barimo gutera intambwe igana ku mahoro n'iterambere. Irifuza kwinjira mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, nubwo hakiri ibibazo mu nzira yo kwishyira hamwe kwuzuye. Igihugu gifite ubushobozi bwo kuzamuka kiri mu mutungo kamere, ubukerarugendo, ubuhinzi, n’inganda. Muri rusange, Bosiniya na Herzegovina bitanga amateka yihariye, amateka, imico itandukanye, ndetse no kwakira abashyitsi bikurura abashyitsi baturutse impande zose zisi.
Ifaranga ry'igihugu
Bosiniya na Herzegovina, igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo y’Uburayi, gifite ikibazo cy’ifaranga ridasanzwe. Ifaranga ryemewe rya Bosiniya na Herzegovina ni Ikimenyetso gihinduka (BAM). Yashyizweho mu 1998 mu rwego rwo guhungabanya ubukungu nyuma y’intambara ya Bosiniya. Ikimenyetso gihinduka cyashyizwe kuri euro ku gipimo cyagenwe cya 1 BAM = 0.5113 EUR. Ibi bivuze ko kuri buri kimenyetso gihinduka, ushobora kubona hafi igice cyama euro. Ifaranga ritangwa na Banki Nkuru ya Bosiniya na Herzegovina, ryemeza ko rihamye kandi ryizewe. Banki icunga politiki y’ifaranga, igenga amabanki y’ubucuruzi, kandi igamije gukomeza ihungabana ry’ibiciro mu gihugu. Ifaranga riraboneka mu madini atandukanye nka inoti - 10, 20, 50, 100 BAM - n'ibiceri - ikimenyetso 1 (KM), 2 KM, n'amadini mato mato azwi ku izina rya Fening. Nubwo ahantu hamwe hashobora kwemerwa ama euro cyangwa andi mafranga akomeye nkamadorari yAmerika nkuburyo bwo kwishyura mubikorwa byubukerarugendo cyangwa ibikorwa mpuzamahanga mubikorwa bimwe na bimwe bifite ibikorwa byubukerarugendo nka Sarajevo cyangwa Mostar; birasabwa guhanahana amafaranga yawe mubimenyetso bihinduka mugihe usuye Bosiniya na Herzegovina kugirango ubone agaciro keza kubyo waguze. ATM ziraboneka henshi mu gihugu aho ushobora gukuramo amafaranga yaho ukoresheje ikarita yawe yo kubikuza cyangwa ikarita y'inguzanyo. Nibyiza kumenyesha banki yawe mbere yingendo kugirango wirinde ikibazo cyose mugihe cyo kubikuza ATM mumahanga. Amafaranga y’amahanga arashobora kuvunja ku biro byemewe by’ivunjisha biri muri banki cyangwa ahantu hatandukanye mu mijyi minini. Witondere guhanahana amafaranga kumasoko adasanzwe hanze yibi bibanza byemewe kuko bishobora kuba birimo ingaruka nkinoti mpimbano cyangwa ibiciro bitameze neza. Muri rusange, iyo usuye Bosiniya na Herzegovina menya ko ufite amafaranga y’ibanze ahagije kubera ko ibigo bito bito bidashobora kwakira amafaranga y’amahanga cyangwa amakarita.
Igipimo cy'ivunjisha
Ifaranga ryemewe rya Bosiniya na Herzegovina ni Ikimenyetso gihinduka (BAM). Ikigereranyo cyo kuvunja hafi y’ifaranga rikuru nko muri Gicurasi 2021 ni: - 1 BAM ihwanye na 0.61 USD - 1 BAM ihwanye na 0.52 EUR - 1 BAM ihwanye na 0.45 GBP - 1 BAM ihwanye na 6.97 CNY Nyamuneka menya ko ibiciro byivunjisha bigereranijwe kandi birashobora gutandukana gato kubera ihindagurika ryisoko.
Ibiruhuko by'ingenzi
Bosiniya na Herzegovina n'igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bw'Uburayi, kizwiho imico itandukanye ndetse n'amoko. Iminsi mikuru myinshi yizihizwa muri iki gihugu, igaragaza umurage wihariye wabaturage bayo. Imwe mu minsi mikuru ikomeye muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina ni umunsi wubwigenge, wizihizwa ku ya 1 Werurwe buri mwaka. Uyu munsi uribuka ko igihugu cyatangaje ubwigenge bwa Yugosilaviya mu 1992. Igereranya ubwisanzure n’ubusugire bw’igihugu nkigihugu cyigenga. Undi munsi mukuru w'ingenzi ni umunsi w’igihugu, wizihizwa ku ya 25 Ugushyingo. Iyi tariki yizihiza isabukuru ya Bosiniya na Herzegovina ibaye repubulika igizwe na Yugosilaviya mu 1943 mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose. Umunsi w’igihugu wizihiza akamaro k’amateka y’ubumwe mu moko atandukanye mu bihe bigoye. Eid al-Fitr, izwi kandi ku izina rya Ramadhan Bayram cyangwa Bajram, ni undi munsi mukuru ukomeye wizihizwa n'abayisilamu bo muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Irerekana Ramazani irangiye, ukwezi kwisonzesha kwabayisilamu kwisi yose. Imiryango ihurira hamwe kwizihiza iminsi mikuru, guhana impano, amasengesho ku misigiti, n'ibikorwa by'urukundo bigenerwa abatishoboye. Noheri ya orotodogisi cyangwa Božić (bisobanurwa ngo Bozheech) yubahirizwa cyane n'abakristu bakurikiza imigenzo ya orotodogisi mu burasirazuba muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Bizihizwa buri mwaka ku ya 7 Mutarama ukurikije ikirangaminsi ya Julian (ihuye n'itariki ya 25 Ukuboza ishingiye kuri kalendari yo mu Burengerazuba bwa Geregori), Noheri ya orotodogisi yubaha ivuka rya Yesu Kristo hamwe n'imirimo y'idini yaberaga mu nsengero iherekejwe n'ibiterane hamwe n'abagize umuryango. Byongeye kandi, Abanyabosiniya kandi bishimiye kwizihiza umwaka mushya muhire wuzuye imiriro hamwe n’ibirori bitandukanye kuko bakira buri mwaka utaha bafite ibyiringiro byo gutera imbere. Izi ni ingero nkeya zerekana iminsi mikuru ikomeye yizihizwa muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina mumiryango yabo itandukanye mugihe bagaragaza umwihariko wabo wumuco ugira uruhare mubitereko byiza bisobanura iki gihugu cyiza.
Ubucuruzi bw’amahanga
Bosiniya na Herzegovina ni igihugu giherereye mu gace ka Balkan gaherereye mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bw'Uburayi. Kugeza mu 2021, ituwe n'abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni 3.3. Ubukungu bwigihugu bushingiye cyane kubucuruzi mpuzamahanga. Ku bijyanye n’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, Bosiniya na Herzegovina bigurisha cyane cyane ibikoresho fatizo, ibicuruzwa hagati, n’ibicuruzwa byakozwe. Inganda zikomeye zohereza ibicuruzwa hanze zirimo gutunganya ibyuma, ibice byimodoka, imyenda, imiti, gutunganya ibiryo, nibicuruzwa. Abafatanyabikorwa bakomeye mu bihugu byohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga ni ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU), nk'Ubudage, Korowasiya, Ubutaliyani, Seribiya, na Sloweniya. Ibi bihugu bifite igice kinini cyibicuruzwa byoherezwa muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Ku rundi ruhande, Bosiniya na Herzegovina bashingira ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga kugira ngo babone ibyo bakeneye mu gihugu ku bicuruzwa na serivisi bitandukanye. Ibicuruzwa nyamukuru bitumizwa mu mahanga birimo imashini n'ibikoresho (cyane cyane mu rwego rwo gukora), ibicanwa (nka peteroli), imiti, ibiribwa (harimo ibiryo bitunganijwe), imiti, imiti (harimo imodoka), ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi / ibikoresho. Inkomoko y’ibanze itumizwa mu mahanga n’ibihugu by’Uburayi hamwe n’ibihugu bituranye nka Seribiya cyangwa Turukiya; ariko twakwibutsa ko Bosiniya idafite uburenganzira bwo kugera ku isoko ry’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi kubera ko itari umunyamuryango muri uyu muryango. Impirimbanyi z’ubucuruzi hagati y’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga n’ibitumizwa muri Bosiniya akenshi usanga ari bibi kubera ubwinshi bw’ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga ugereranije n’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Ariko, guverinoma yashyize ingufu mu kuzamura ubukungu bw’igihugu ishishikariza ishoramari ry’amahanga, guteza imbere inganda zishingiye ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga binyuze mu buryo butandukanye nko kugabanya imisoro no kugabanya ibiciro. Izi ngamba zigamije kugabanya gushingira ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga mu gihe byongera ubushobozi bw’umusaruro mu gihugu. Muri rusange, Bosiniya ikomeza ubukungu bw’isoko ryibanze hibandwa ku bucuruzi bw’akarere mu majyepfo y’Uburayi nubucuruzi mpuzamahanga nabafatanyabikorwa kwisi.Bosnia yahuye nibibazo byubukungu bikurikira iseswa rya Yugosilaviya 1992-1995 byaviriyemo kurimbuka kwatewe n'intambara no kugabanuka k'ubukungu .Nyamara, igihugu cyateye imbere mumyaka yashize kandi kigenda gihindura buhoro buhoro ubukungu bwacyo hagamijwe kwishyira hamwe muburayi.
Iterambere ryisoko
Bosiniya na Herzegovina bifite amahirwe menshi yo guteza imbere isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga. Igihugu giherereye mubikorwa, gikora nk'irembo hagati yuburayi bwiburengerazuba na Balkans, byerekana umwanya mwiza mubikorwa byubucuruzi. Imwe mu nzego zingenzi muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina ubucuruzi bwo hanze ni ubuhinzi. Igihugu gifite ubutaka burumbuka bushyigikira umusaruro w’ubuhinzi butandukanye, harimo imbuto, imboga, ibinyampeke, n’amatungo. Byongeye kandi, hari byinshi byiyongera kubicuruzwa kama ku isi. Kubwibyo, hamwe nishoramari rikwiye no kuvugurura muburyo bwubuhinzi, urwego rwubuhinzi rushobora kwagurwa kugirango rwuzuze ibisabwa mu gihugu ndetse no mu mahanga. Ahandi hantu hashobora kuba ubucuruzi bw’amahanga ni muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Igihugu gifite abakozi bafite ubumenyi bushobora gutanga umusanzu mu gukora ibicuruzwa bitandukanye nk'imyenda, ibikoresho byo mu nzu, gutunganya ibyuma, ibikoresho by'imashini, ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi, n'ibindi. Imbaraga zo kuvugurura ibikoresho byo gukora no kuzamura ireme ry'ibicuruzwa zishobora kuzamura irushanwa ku masoko mpuzamahanga. Byongeye kandi, urwego rw'ubukerarugendo rufite kandi amahirwe menshi yo kuzamura ubucuruzi bw'amahanga. Umurage ndangamuco gakondo wa Bosiniya na Herzegovina utanga uburambe budasanzwe kuri ba mukerarugendo bashaka ahantu h'amateka nka Bridge ya Bridge cyangwa ibitangaza nyaburanga nka Parike y'ibiyaga bya Plitvice. Mu gushora imari mu iterambere ry’ibikorwa remezo bigamije kunoza uburyo bwo kugera no guteza imbere ubukerarugendo ku rwego mpuzamahanga, igihugu gishobora gukurura abashyitsi benshi baturutse mu bice bitandukanye byisi. Ibi byatuma habaho kwiyongera kwinjiza ba mukerarugendo mpuzamahanga binyuze muri serivisi zitandukanye zitangwa na hoteri, resitora, n'abakora ingendo. Byongeye, Bosiniya 【na zego Herzegovina yamaze kugirana ubufatanye n’ubucuruzi n’ibihugu bituranye binyuze mu bikorwa byo mu karere nk’amasezerano y’ubucuruzi bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi yo hagati (CEFTA). Gushimangira umubano uriho mugihe icyarimwe ushakisha amasoko mashya kurenga akarere kayo bizafasha gutandukanya ibicuruzwa byoherezwa hanze. Muri rusange, nubwo hari ibibazo nkibikorwa bya bureucratique, ruswa, no kubona uburyo buke bwo kubona imari, Bosiniya 【Icc2】 na 【Icc3】 Herzegovina 【Icc4】 ifite ubushobozi bwo kuzamura isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga binyuze mu guteza imbere urwego nk’ubuhinzi, inganda, n’ubukerarugendo. Ni ngombwa ko guverinoma n'abafatanyabikorwa bireba bashiraho uburyo bwiza bwo gushora imari mu gihe hibandwa no kuzamura ibikorwa remezo, bigezweho, no kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa byabo na serivisi kwisi yose.
Kugurisha ibicuruzwa bishyushye ku isoko
Ku bijyanye no guhitamo ibicuruzwa bigurishwa bishyushye ku isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina (BiH), hari ibintu byinshi tugomba gusuzuma. BiH ifite isoko ritandukanye rifite amahirwe mubikorwa bitandukanye nkubuhinzi, inganda, ubukerarugendo, nikoranabuhanga ryamakuru. 1. Ibiribwa n'ibinyobwa: BiH izwiho umurage ukungahaye ku guteka, gukora ibiryo n'ibinyobwa urwego rutanga icyizere. Ibicuruzwa byaho nkubuki, vino, ibikomoka kumata gakondo, n'imbuto kama n'imboga bikunzwe mubaturage ndetse na ba mukerarugendo kimwe. Abatanga ibicuruzwa mu mahanga barashobora kwibanda ku gutanga ibicuruzwa bidasanzwe cyangwa byujuje ubuziranenge bitumizwa mu mahanga byuzuza isoko ryaho. 2. Gukora: BiH ifite inganda zikora zikora zifite imbaraga mu gukora ibikoresho byo mu nzu, ibice by’imodoka, imyenda, gutunganya ibiti, gukora ibyuma, n'ibindi. Kugira ngo umenye niba urwego rushobora gukenera ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga cyangwa ibikoresho fatizo byaba byinjiza amafaranga. Ibicuruzwa nkibikoresho byimashini cyangwa udushya twa tekinoloji ntabwo byoroshye kuboneka mugihugu byashoboraga kubona ababyakira neza. 3. Ibintu bijyanye n'ubukerarugendo: Hamwe na nyaburanga nziza (nka parike y'igihugu) hamwe n’ibiranga amateka (urugero, Ikiraro cya kera cya Mostar), ubukerarugendo ni umushoramari w’ubukungu muri BiH. Ibintu bijyanye nibikorwa byo hanze nko gutembera ibikoresho / imyenda / ibikoresho birashobora gufatwa nkuburyo bwiza bwo kubona amahirwe yo gucuruza. 4. Ikoranabuhanga mu Itumanaho: Urwego rwa IT rugenda rwiyongera cyane muri BiH bitewe n’abakozi bafite ubuhanga buke ku giciro cyiza ugereranije n’ibihugu by’Uburayi bw’iburengerazuba hafi. Guhitamo ibicuruzwa bijyanye na IT nkibikoresho byuma cyangwa porogaramu za software byafasha neza iri soko rishya. 5.Ibikoresho bya peteroli na gazi - Bosiniya ifite umutungo wa peteroli na gaze udakoreshwa neza bituma uru rwego rushimisha cyane abashoramari b’abanyamahanga. Gutanga ibikoresho / ibikoresho bisabwa n’inganda zikora ubushakashatsi kuri peteroli na gaze bishobora kuba imishinga ibyara inyungu. Guhitamo neza ibicuruzwa bigurishwa bishyushye kumasoko yubucuruzi yo muri Bosiniya: - Kora ubushakashatsi ku isoko kubyerekeranye nuburyo abaguzi bagenda. - Suzuma amarushanwa yaho / ibiciro byibintu bisa. - Sobanukirwa ibyifuzo byumuco / ibisabwa. - Gufatanya nabafatanyabikorwa baho cyangwa imiyoboro yo gukwirakwiza. - Kurikiza amabwiriza yatumijwe mu mahanga. - Kwitabira ibikorwa byiza byo kwamamaza no kuzamura. Wibuke, gukurikirana buri gihe imbaraga zamasoko nibyingenzi kugirango uhuze ingamba zo guhitamo ibicuruzwa ukurikije.
Ibiranga abakiriya na kirazira
Bosiniya na Herzegovina, igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y’Uburayi bw’Uburayi, gifite umwihariko w’umuco n’abakiriya. Gusobanukirwa niyi mico birashobora gufasha ubucuruzi kwishora hamwe nabaguzi kuri iri soko. Kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi by'abakiriya ba Bosiniya ni imyumvire yabo ikomeye yo kuranga umuganda. Sosiyete yo muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina yashinze imizi mu ndangagaciro gakondo, umubano w’umuryango, ndetse n’umuryango wunze ubumwe. Nkigisubizo, hari icyifuzo cyumubano wihariye kuruta ubucuruzi busanzwe. Kubaka ikizere binyuze mu nama imbona nkubone no gushiraho amasano maremare ni ngombwa kugirango habeho umubano mwiza mubucuruzi. Abanyabosiniya bakunda guha agaciro ubunyangamugayo no gukorera mu mucyo ku bijyanye n'ubucuruzi. Ni ngombwa ko ibigo bisohoza ibyo byasezeranije kandi bitaziguye mu itumanaho ryabyo. Ubunyangamugayo bugira uruhare runini mukubaka ikizere hamwe nabakiriya. Ikindi kintu cyaranze abakiriya ba Bosiniya ni ugushimangira ubuziranenge kurenza igiciro. Mugihe igiciro kigira uruhare, abaguzi akenshi baba biteguye kwishyura byinshi kubicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi byujuje ubuziranenge cyangwa bitanga ubuziranenge. Ibigo bigomba kwibanda ku gushimangira icyifuzo aho kwishora mu marushanwa ashingiye ku biciro. Ku bijyanye na kirazira cyangwa ibintu bibujijwe, ni ngombwa ko ubucuruzi bwitondera kuganira ku ngingo z’amadini cyangwa politiki iyo zikorana n’abakiriya ba Bosiniya. Iyobokamana rifite uruhare runini mubuzima bwa buri munsi bwabanya Bosiniya benshi; kubwibyo, ibiganiro bijyanye n’imyemerere y’amadini bigomba kwirindwa keretse bitangijwe nabakiriya ubwabo. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ingingo za politiki zijyanye n'amakimbirane yashize nazo zigomba kwegerwa witonze kuko zishobora kubyutsa amarangamutima. Muri rusange, ubucuruzi bushaka kwishora hamwe nabakiriya ba Bosiniya bugomba gushyira imbere kubaka umubano wumuntu ushingiye ku kwizerana no kuba inyangamugayo mugihe utanga ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi byujuje ubuziranenge utabangamiye amarangamutima ya kirazira nk’amadini cyangwa politiki
Sisitemu yo gucunga gasutamo
Bosiniya na Herzegovina ni igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bw’Uburayi gifite gasutamo idasanzwe na gahunda yo kugenzura imipaka. Igihugu gifite amabwiriza yihariye agenga urujya n'uruza rw'abantu, ibicuruzwa, n'imodoka ku mipaka yacyo. Ku bijyanye no kugenzura abinjira, abashyitsi muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina bagomba kuba bafite pasiporo yemewe nibura amezi atandatu asigaye. Bamwe mu banyagihugu barashobora kandi gusaba viza yo kwinjira mu gihugu. Nibyiza kugenzura ibyangombwa bisabwa bya viza mbere yo gukora ingendo. Kuri bariyeri, abagenzi bagomba kwitegura kwerekana ibyangombwa byabo byurugendo kugirango bagenzurwe nabashinzwe za gasutamo. Abantu bose binjira cyangwa bava mu gihugu barashobora kugenzurwa n'imizigo cyangwa kubazwa n'abashinzwe imipaka. Ni ngombwa gufatanya naba bayobozi no gusubiza ibibazo byose mubyukuri. Ku bicuruzwa byinjijwe cyangwa byavanywe muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina, hari amategeko abuza ibintu bibujijwe nk'ibiyobyabwenge bitemewe, imbunda, ibisasu, amafaranga y'amiganano, n'ibicuruzwa bya ba rushimusi. Abagenzi bagomba kwemeza ko badatwaye ibintu bibujijwe mumizigo yabo. Hariho kandi imbogamizi ku mafaranga atishyurwa ku byiciro bitandukanye by’ibicuruzwa nka alcool, ibicuruzwa by’itabi, parufe, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, n’ibindi, bitandukanye bitewe n’ibikenerwa ku giti cyawe cyangwa impano zitwarwa n'abantu ku giti cyabo. Kurenza ayo mafaranga birashobora kuvamo imisoro yinyongera cyangwa ibicuruzwa byafashwe. Twabibutsa ko Bosiniya na Herzegovina bifite imipaka itandukanye y’ubutaka kimwe n’ibibuga by’indege mpuzamahanga aho gasutamo ishobora gukorerwa. Buri cyerekezo gishobora kugira amategeko n'amabwiriza yacyo; ni ngombwa rero ko abagenzi bamenyera ingingo zinjira bateganya gukoresha. Muri make, iyo usuye Bosiniya na Herzegovina ni ngombwa kubahiriza amategeko n'amabwiriza y'abinjira n'abasohoka igihe cyose. Abagenzi bagomba kuba bafite ibyangombwa byose byingendo biteguye kugenzurwa bahageze / bahagurutse; kubahiriza imipaka ya gasutamo kubintu bibujijwe; kubaha imipaka itishyurwa ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga / kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze; gukomeza ubufatanye mugihe cy'igenzura ryakozwe n'abashinzwe imipaka; uburezi ubwabo kumategeko yihariye kumipaka itandukanye yinjira / gusohoka. Mugukurikiza aya mabwiriza, abagenzi barashobora kwemeza uburambe bwa gasutamo muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina.
Kuzana politiki y’imisoro
Bosiniya na Herzegovina, igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bw’Uburayi, gifite politiki y’imisoro itumizwa mu mahanga igenga imisoro ku bicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga. Imisoro yatumijwe muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina igamije kugenzura ubucuruzi no kurengera inganda zo mu gihugu. Imiterere y’imisoro yatumijwe muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina ishingiye kuri code ya Harmonized Sisitemu (HS), ishyira ibicuruzwa mu byiciro bitandukanye. Buri cyiciro kigira igipimo cyacyo cyimisoro. Politiki y’imisoro yashyizweho kugira ngo leta yinjize kandi ishyireho urwego ruringaniza ibicuruzwa biva mu gihugu. Ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga bitangirwa umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (TVA) n'amahoro ya gasutamo. Igipimo cy'umusoro ku nyongeragaciro gikoreshwa ku bicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga ubu gishyizwe kuri 17%. Uyu musoro ubarwa ukurikije agaciro ka gasutamo yibicuruzwa, bikubiyemo ikiguzi cyibintu, amafaranga yubwishingizi, amafaranga yubwikorezi, hamwe n’imisoro iyo ari yo yose ikoreshwa. Amahoro ya gasutamo yakwa ku bicuruzwa byihariye bitumizwa muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Ibiciro birashobora gutandukana bitewe nubwoko bwibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga. Kurugero, ibintu bimwe byingenzi nkibiryo cyangwa imiti birashobora kungukirwa nigiciro cyo hasi cyangwa na zeru yumusoro ugereranije nibicuruzwa byiza cyangwa ibintu bitari ngombwa. Usibye umusoro ku nyongeragaciro na gasutamo, hashobora kubaho amafaranga yinyongera nkamafaranga yubuyobozi cyangwa amafaranga yo kugenzura yashyizweho nubuyobozi mugihe cyo gukuraho gasutamo. Ni ngombwa ko abatumiza ibicuruzwa basuzuma iyi misoro mugihe bakora ibikorwa byubucuruzi na Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Abatumiza mu mahanga bagomba gusuzuma neza amabwiriza abigenga mbere yo kwinjiza ibicuruzwa byabo mu gihugu kugira ngo hubahirizwe amategeko y’ibanze yerekeye gushyira mu bikorwa imisoro no kubara neza imisoro yishyurwa. Muri rusange, gusobanukirwa na politiki y’imisoro yatumijwe muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina birashobora gufasha ubucuruzi gufata ibyemezo byuzuye mugihe bishora mubucuruzi mpuzamahanga niki gihugu.
Politiki yo kohereza hanze
Bosiniya na Herzegovina, igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bw’Uburayi, gifite ubukungu butandukanye n’inzego zitandukanye zigira uruhare mu nganda zohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Ku bijyanye na politiki y’imisoro ku bicuruzwa byoherejwe mu mahanga, Bosiniya na Herzegovina bikurikiza amabwiriza amwe. Icya mbere, ni ngombwa kumenya ko Bosiniya na Herzegovina bitari mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU), bitandukanye n’ibihugu bimwe bituranye nka Korowasiya. Kubera iyo mpamvu, politiki y’ubucuruzi ntabwo ihujwe n’amabwiriza y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Politiki y’imisoro ku bicuruzwa byoherejwe muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina ikubiyemo ibintu byinshi. Kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bigena imisoro ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga ni ugushyira mu bikorwa ibicuruzwa bishingiye kuri kodegisi ya Harmonized Sisitemu (HS). Iyi kodegisi itondekanya ibicuruzwa kubikorwa byo gutumiza no kohereza hanze kwisi yose ubaha imibare yihariye cyangwa code. Igipimo cy'umusoro kuri ibyo bicuruzwa kiratandukanye bitewe na kode ya HS. Ibintu bimwe birashobora gusonerwa imisoro cyangwa kwishimira ibiciro byagabanijwe kubera amasezerano yubucuruzi akunda hamwe nibihugu cyangwa uturere tumwe na tumwe. Byongeye kandi, ni ngombwa gutekereza ko Bosiniya na Herzegovina bigizwe n’ibice bibiri: Federasiyo ya Bosiniya na Herzegovina (FBiH) na Repubulika Srpska (RS). Buri kigo gifite amategeko y’imisoro; bityo, igipimo cyimisoro gishobora gutandukana hagati yabo. Byongeye kandi, abatumiza ibicuruzwa muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina bashobora kandi kubona uburyo butandukanye butangwa na guverinoma zombi. Izi nkunga zigamije guteza imbere ibikorwa byoherezwa mu mahanga hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye nko gutera inkunga amafaranga, inkunga, inkunga, cyangwa gusonerwa imisoro cyangwa imisoro. Twabibutsa ko ibi bisobanuro bigufi bitanga gusa muri rusange politiki yo gusoresha ibyoherezwa mu mahanga muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Amakuru arambuye yerekeye igipimo cy’imisoro yihariye ku byiciro by’ibicuruzwa urashobora kubisanga mu nzego za leta nk’ubuyobozi bwa gasutamo cyangwa minisiteri zibishinzwe zishinzwe ubucuruzi ku nzego zombi. Mu gusoza, kimwe n’ibindi bihugu byose bigira uruhare mu bikorwa by’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, Bosiniya na Herzegovina bishyira mu bikorwa politiki y’imisoro yoherezwa mu mahanga itekereza ibyiciro by’ibicuruzwa bishingiye ku mahame ya HS, ibiciro bitandukanye by’imisoro bitewe n’ibi byiciro, hamwe n’ubushake cyangwa ubusonerwe bushobora gutangwa ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga.
Impamyabumenyi isabwa kohereza hanze
Bosiniya na Herzegovina ni igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bw’Uburayi kandi gifite ubukungu butandukanye hamwe n’imirenge myinshi igira uruhare mu kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Mu rwego rwo koroshya ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, igihugu cyashyize mu bikorwa ibyemezo bitandukanye byoherezwa mu mahanga. Kimwe mu byemezo byambere byohereza ibicuruzwa muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina nicyemezo cyinkomoko. Iyi nyandiko yemeza ko ibicuruzwa byoherejwe mu gihugu byakozwe cyangwa bitunganyirizwa mu mbibi zabyo. Itanga gihamya yinkomoko kandi ifasha gukumira uburiganya, kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko. Ikindi cyemezo cyingenzi kijyanye nubuziranenge. Ibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge busabwa birashobora kubona ibyemezo nka ISO (International Organization for Standardization) cyangwa CE (Conformité Européene). Izi mpamyabumenyi zigaragaza kubahiriza amahame mpuzamahanga, kuzamura irushanwa ry’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa muri Bosiniya ku masoko y’isi. Usibye ibyemezo rusange byoherezwa hanze, inganda zimwe zishobora gusaba inyandiko zihariye ukurikije imiterere yabyo. Kurugero, Bosiniya na Herzegovina bizwiho gutanga umusaruro wubuhinzi nkimbuto, imboga, ibikomoka ku mata, ninyama. Ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa muri uru rwego, izindi mpamyabumenyi zijyanye no kwihaza mu biribwa zishobora gukenerwa kugira ngo hubahirizwe amabwiriza mpuzamahanga. Ubucuruzi bwa Bosiniya bwinjira mu mahanga bugomba kandi gusobanukirwa inzira za gasutamo mu bihugu bitandukanye. Ibi bikubiyemo ubumenyi kubyerekeye impushya zitumizwa mu mahanga cyangwa impushya zisabwa n’ibihugu kubicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi byoherezwa mu mahanga. Mu rwego rwo gufasha abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga kugendana ibyo bibazo, Bosiniya na Herzegovina byashyizeho imiryango nk’Urugaga rw’Ubucuruzi n’Ububanyi n’amahanga (FTC) rutanga ubuyobozi ku buryo bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze hamwe n’amakuru ajyanye n’umutungo uhari woherezwa mu mahanga harimo na gahunda z’ubufasha bw’amafaranga. Muri rusange, kubahiriza ibyemezo byoherezwa mu mahanga byemeza ko ibicuruzwa bya Bosiniya byujuje ubuziranenge bw’isi mu gihe byorohereza umubano w’ubucuruzi hagati ya Bosiniya na Herzegovina byohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga n’abatumiza mu mahanga ku isi.
Basabwe ibikoresho
Bosiniya na Herzegovina, biherereye mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bw’Uburayi, bitanga amahitamo menshi yizewe muri serivisi z’ibikoresho mu karere. Waba ukeneye ubwikorezi, ububiko, cyangwa ibisubizo byo kugabura, hariho ibigo byinshi bishobora kuguha ibyo ukeneye. Ubwikorezi: 1. Poste Srpske: Nka Bosiniya na Herzegovina itanga serivisi z’amaposita ku rwego rw’igihugu, Poste Srpske itanga serivisi zo kohereza mu gihugu no mu mahanga. Bafite imiyoboro ihamye y’ibiro by’iposita mu gihugu hose. 2. BH Pošta: Undi mutanga serivisi ziposita ni BH Pošta. Batanga ibikoresho byuzuye birimo gutanga parcelle, serivisi za posita, no kohereza ibicuruzwa haba mugihugu ndetse no mumahanga. 3. DHL Bosiniya na Herzegovina: DHL numuyobozi wisi yose mubisubizo byibikoresho hamwe na Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Batanga serivisi zitandukanye zo gutwara abantu zirimo kugemura byihuse, gutwara ibicuruzwa mu kirere, gutwara abantu n'ibintu, no gutumiza gasutamo. Ububiko: 1. Serivisi zububiko bwa Euro West: Euro West itanga ibisubizo byububiko bwumwuga harimo ibikoresho byo kubikamo bifite sisitemu yo gucunga ibigezweho. Ubuhanga bwabo bushingiye mugukoresha ibicuruzwa bitandukanye mugihe ingamba zifatika zumutekano zihari. 2. Wiss Logistika: Wiss Logistika kabuhariwe mu gutanga serivisi zububiko bunoze mu nganda zitandukanye nk'ibiribwa n'ibinyobwa, gukwirakwiza ibikoresho by'imodoka, imiti, n'ibindi. Ikwirakwizwa: 1. Serivise yo gukwirakwiza Eronet: Eronet numwe mubambere bakwirakwiza ibicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki by’abaguzi muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina.Bashyizeho ubufatanye bukomeye n’ibirango byinshi ku isi kugira ngo bikwirakwizwe ku gihe mu gihugu hose. 2.Seka Logistics Ltd. Ibi nibimwe mubisabwa gutanga serivise zo gutanga ibikoresho ziboneka muri Bosiniya & Herzegovina.Isesengura rirambuye rishingiye kubisabwa byihariye ryemeza guhitamo umufatanyabikorwa ukenewe kubyo ukeneye ibikoresho.
Imiyoboro yo guteza imbere abaguzi

Ubucuruzi bwingenzi

Bosiniya na Herzegovina ni igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y’Uburayi. Nubwo ari ntoya, igihugu gitanga inzira zingenzi zamasoko mpuzamahanga hamwe nubucuruzi bwerekana ubucuruzi bushaka kwagura ibikorwa byabwo. Muri iki kiganiro, tuzasuzuma zimwe mu nzira zingenzi ziterambere ry’isoko muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. 1. Urugereko rw’Ubucuruzi: Urugereko rw’Ubucuruzi rwa Federasiyo ya Bosiniya na Herzegovina (CCFBH) n’Urugaga rw’Ubukungu rwa Republika Srpska (CERS) ni ibyumba bibiri bikomeye bitanga serivisi z’ubucuruzi. Bategura ibirori bitandukanye, harimo amahuriro yubucuruzi, inama, inama za B2B, hamwe ninama yo guhuza. Ibi birori bitanga amahirwe kubatanga isoko kugirango bahuze nabaguzi mpuzamahanga. 2. Imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ry’ubucuruzi: Imurikagurisha rya Sarajevo ni umwe mu bategura imurikagurisha ry’ubucuruzi muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Irakira imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ryibanze ku nzego zitandukanye nk'ubwubatsi, gukora ibikoresho byo mu nzu, ubuhinzi, ubukerarugendo, gukoresha ingufu, n'ibindi. Kwitabira iri murikagurisha birashobora gufasha ubucuruzi kwerekana ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi ku baguzi batandukanye baturutse ku isi. 3. Ihuriro rya e-ubucuruzi: Hamwe niterambere ryiterambere rya tekinoroji no kugera kuri interineti bigenda bigaragara cyane muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina, urubuga rwa e-ubucuruzi rwabaye igice cyingenzi mu ngamba ziterambere ry’ubucuruzi. Urubuga ruzwi cyane nka Amazon cyangwa eBay rushobora gukoreshwa nabatanga isoko kimwe nabaguzi mpuzamahanga bashaka ibicuruzwa biva mu gihugu. 4. Ambasade z’amahanga / Ibiro by’ubucuruzi: Ambasade nyinshi z’amahanga zifite ibice by’ubucuruzi cyangwa ibiro by’ubucuruzi byibanda ku guteza imbere ubucuruzi bw’ibihugu byombi hagati y’ibihugu byabo na Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Ibi biro birashobora gutanga ubumenyi bwingenzi kumahirwe yisoko munganda cyangwa imirenge yihariye kandi ikanafasha ibigo guhuza hagati yabatanga ibicuruzwa n’abaguzi b’amahanga. 5.Inkunga ziteza imbere ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga: Ingereko z’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga (FTCs) zerekana ikindi kintu cyingenzi mu bijyanye n’imiyoboro mpuzamahanga itanga amasoko ku bucuruzi bwa Bosiniya. Batanga inkunga nubuyobozi mubigo byimbere mugushaka abaguzi mpuzamahanga. Kurugero, Urugereko rwubucuruzi rwamahanga rwa Bosiniya na Herzegovina rutanga ubufasha kubohereza ibicuruzwa hanze mugushakisha abafatanyabikorwa n’amasoko kubicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi. 6. Kwitabira imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga: Bosiniya na Herzegovina bitabira kandi imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ryabereye mu mahanga mu rwego rwo kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa byabo no gukurura abaguzi b’amahanga. Ibi birori bitanga urubuga rwubucuruzi kwerekana ubushobozi bwabo, guhuza nabashobora kugura, gushiraho umubano wubucuruzi, no gushakisha amahirwe yubufatanye. Mu gusoza, Bosiniya na Herzegovina bitanga inzira zitandukanye zingenzi mugutezimbere amasoko mpuzamahanga. Binyuze mu ngereko z’ubucuruzi, imurikagurisha ry’ubucuruzi, urubuga rwa e-ubucuruzi, inkunga y’urusobe rwa ambasade, ubufasha bw’ibigo biteza imbere ibyoherezwa mu mahanga- cyane cyane ibyumba by’ubucuruzi by’amahanga- ndetse no kwitabira imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga mu mahanga; Ubucuruzi bwa Bosiniya bushobora kugera ku masoko yisi yose uhuza nabashobora kugura mpuzamahanga mu nganda n’imirenge itandukanye.
Muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina, hari moteri nyinshi zishakisha abantu bakoresha mugushakisha kwabo kumurongo. Dore zimwe muri moteri zishakisha zizwi mugihugu hamwe na URL zabo kurubuga: 1. Gushakisha Google: - Urubuga: www.google.ba 2. Bing: - Urubuga: www.bing.com 3. Yahoo: - Urubuga: www.yahoo.com 4. Yandex: - Urubuga: www.yandex.com 5. DuckDuckGo: - Urubuga: duckduckgo.com Izi moteri zishakisha zikoreshwa cyane muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina, zitanga uburyo butandukanye bwo gushakisha kugirango zifashe abakoresha kubona amakuru kubintu bitandukanye bishimishije harimo amakuru, amashusho, amashusho, nibindi byinshi. Byongeye kandi, batanga uburyo bwo kugera kubutaka ndetse no kwisi yose byorohereza abakoresha kubona amakuru ajyanye nibyifuzo byabo mugihugu cyangwa kwisi yose. Nyamuneka menya ko mugihe izi ari moteri zikoreshwa mubushakashatsi muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina, abantu barashobora kugira ibyo bakunda bishingiye kubyo bahisemo cyangwa ibisabwa byihariye mugihe bakora ubushakashatsi kumurongo.

Impapuro nini z'umuhondo

Impapuro nyamukuru z'umuhondo muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina zirimo: 1. Urupapuro rwumuhondo Bosiniya na Herzegovina: Ubu bubiko bwo kumurongo butanga urutonde rwuzuye rwubucuruzi, serivisi, namakuru yamakuru muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Urashobora kuyigeraho kuri www.urubuga.ba. 2. BH Urupapuro rwumuhondo: Ubundi bubiko bukomeye mu gihugu, BH Urupapuro rwumuhondo rutanga amakuru menshi yibigo, ibyiciro, hamwe niyamamaza ryubucuruzi. Urubuga urashobora kubisanga kuri www.bhyellowpages.com. 3. Ubucuruzi bwubucuruzi bwa Bosiniya na Herzegovina (Poslovni imenik BiH): Ubu bubiko bukora nkurubuga rwubucuruzi bwaho bwo kwerekana ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi hamwe nibisobanuro byabo. Urubuga ruhuza ni www.poslovniimenikbih.com. 4. Moja Firma BiH: Ihuriro ryamapaji yumuhondo azwi cyane ryemerera abakoresha gushakisha ubucuruzi mubyiciro cyangwa ahantu muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Itanga kandi amahirwe yo kwamamaza kumasosiyete ashaka kuzamura amashusho yabo kumurongo. Sura urubuga kuri www.mf.ba. 5. Sarajevo365: Nubwo yibanda cyane kuri Sarajevo, umurwa mukuru wa Bosiniya na Herzegovina, Sarajevo365 igaragaramo urutonde rwuzuye rwibigo byaho kuva muri resitora, amahoteri kugeza kumaduka yo mukarere. Shakisha urutonde kuri www.sarajevo365.com/urubuga-paji. 6. Urupapuro rwumuhondo rwa Mostar: Kugaburira byumwihariko umujyi wa Mostar, Urupapuro rwumuhondo rwa Mostar rutanga urutonde rwa elegitoronike rugaragaza ubwoko butandukanye bwubucuruzi harimo ibikorwa bijyanye nubukerarugendo nka hoteri, ibigo by’ubukerarugendo, nibindi, hamwe nibindi bikorwa byingenzi mumujyi ndetse. Sura urubuga rwabo - mostaryellowpages.ba. Nyamuneka menya ko izi mbuga zishobora guhinduka cyangwa verisiyo igezweho irashobora kuboneka; birasabwa rero gukoresha moteri zishakisha ukoresheje ijambo ryibanze niba uhuye nikibazo cyo kubigeraho muburyo butaziguye.

Ihuriro rikuru ryubucuruzi

Muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina, hari urubuga runini rwa e-ubucuruzi ruhuza uburyo bwo guhaha kuri interineti bugenda bwiyongera. Hano hari bimwe mubyingenzi hamwe nurubuga rwabo: 1. KupujemProdajem.ba - Uru rubuga ni rumwe mu masoko manini yo kuri interineti muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Itanga ibicuruzwa byinshi mubyiciro bitandukanye nka electronics, imyambarire, ibikoresho byo murugo, nibindi byinshi. Urubuga: www.kupujemprodajem.ba 2. OLX.ba - OLX ni urubuga rwo kwamamaza rwamamaye ku isi rukorera mu bihugu byinshi, harimo Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Abakoresha barashobora kugura cyangwa kugurisha ibintu bishya kandi byakoreshejwe binyuze kururu rubuga. Urubuga: www.olx.ba 3. B.LIVE - B.LIVE itanga amahitamo menshi kubicuruzwa bitandukanye n'abacuruzi batandukanye muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Batanga ibyiciro bitandukanye nkibintu byimyambarire, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, imitako yo murugo, ibicuruzwa byiza, nibindi. Urubuga: www.b-live.ba 4. WinWinShop. Urubuga: www.winwinshop.ba 5. Tehnomanija. Urubuga: www.tehnomanija.com/ba/ 6. Konzum Kumurongo - Konzum numwe mumurongo munini wa supermarket muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina waguye serivise mugutangiza iduka kumurongo aho abakiriya bashobora gutumiza ibiribwa kugirango babigeze kumuryango wabo. Urubuga: www.konzumaplikacija-kopas.com/konzumbih/ (porogaramu igendanwa) Ni ngombwa kumenya ko izo ari zimwe mu ngero zerekana imiyoboro ya e-ubucuruzi izwi cyane muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina; icyakora, hashobora kuba hari izindi mbuga zaho cyangwa niche yihariye yurubuga rwita kubicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi byihariye.

Imbuga nkoranyambaga

Bosiniya na Herzegovina n'igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bw'Uburayi kizwiho ibyiza nyaburanga n'umurage gakondo. Kimwe n'ibindi bihugu byinshi, Bosiniya na Herzegovina na byo bifite imbuga nkoranyambaga aho abantu bashobora guhuza, gusangira ibitekerezo, no gukomeza kuvugururwa ku ngingo zitandukanye zishimishije. Hano hari imbuga nkoranyambaga zizwi cyane muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina: 1. Klix.ba (https: mu biganiro. 2. Fokus.ba (https://www.fokus.ba) - Fokus. cyangwa ibitekerezo, nibindi. 3. Cafe.ba (https: . 4. Crovibe.com (http: abandi. 5. LiveJournal (https: 6. MrezaHercegovina.org (http://mrezahercegovina.org/) - Uru rubuga rukora nk'umuyoboro wa interineti uhuza abantu baturutse mu turere dutandukanye twa Herzegovina binyuze mu mahuriro aganira ku ngingo z’akarere nk'umuco, Nyamuneka nyamuneka menya ko gukundwa cyangwa gukoresha imbuga nkoranyambaga zishobora gutandukana bitewe nibyo ukunda cyangwa demokarasi. Izi porogaramu zikoreshwa cyane, ariko hashobora kubaho izindi mbuga nkoranyambaga zo mu karere cyangwa mpuzamahanga imbuga nkoranyambaga Abanyabosiniya na bo bakoresha mu guhuza hamwe no gukomeza gusezerana.

Amashyirahamwe akomeye yinganda

Bosiniya na Herzegovina n'igihugu giherereye mu karere ka Balkan gaherereye mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bw'Uburayi. Ifite ubukungu butandukanye hamwe ninzego zitandukanye zigira uruhare mu iterambere ryayo muri rusange. Dore amwe mumashyirahamwe akomeye yinganda muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina hamwe nurubuga rwabo: 1. Ishyirahamwe ryabakoresha ba Bosiniya na Herzegovina (UPBiH) Urubuga: http://www.upbih.ba/ 2. Urugereko rw’ubucuruzi n’inganda rwa Federasiyo ya Bosiniya na Herzegovina (FBIH) Urubuga: https://komorafbih.ba/ 3. Urugereko rwubucuruzi ninganda Republika Srpska (PKSRS) Urubuga: https://www.pkrs.org/ 4. Ishyirahamwe ryikoranabuhanga ryamakuru ZEPTER IT Cluster Urubuga: http://zepteritcluster.com/ 5. Amashyirahamwe yubucuruzi bwibidukikije muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina - EBA BiH Urubuga: https://en.eba-bih.com/ 6. Ishyirahamwe ryakira abashyitsi rya Republika Srpska - HOTRES RS Urubuga: https://hederal.org.rs/index.php/hotres 7. Ishyirahamwe ryimyenda, inkweto, uruhu, inganda za rubber, inganda zo gucapa, Gushushanya Imyenda ATOK - Sarajevo Urubuga: http://atok.ba/en/urugo-2/euro-modex-2018 Aya mashyirahamwe ahagarariye inzego zitandukanye nkamashyirahamwe yabakoresha, ubucuruzi ninganda, ikoranabuhanga ryamakuru, ubucuruzi bwibidukikije, inganda zo kwakira abashyitsi, inganda n’imyenda n’izindi. Nyamuneka menya ko izi mbuga zishobora guhinduka mugihe ukurikije ivugururwa ryimiryango yabo cyangwa ibikorwa byo kubungabunga. Buri gihe birasabwa kugenzura amakuru ukoresheje amasoko yizewe cyangwa kuvugana naya mashyirahamwe kubisobanuro birambuye cyangwa ibibazo ushobora kuba ufite bijyanye nibikorwa byabo cyangwa serivisi zitangwa.

Urubuga rwubucuruzi nubucuruzi

Bosiniya na Herzegovina, igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y’Uburayi bw’Uburayi, gifite imbuga nyinshi z’ubukungu n’ubucuruzi zitanga amakuru y’ingirakamaro ku bijyanye n’ubucuruzi bw’igihugu ndetse n’amahirwe yo gushora imari. Zimwe mu mbuga za interineti zizwi cyane mu bukungu n’ubucuruzi muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina zirimo: 1. Ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere ishoramari mu mahanga cya Bosiniya na Herzegovina (FIPA): FIPA ishinzwe gukurura ishoramari ritaziguye ry’amahanga muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Urubuga rwabo rutanga amakuru yuzuye kubyerekeye amahirwe yo gushora imari, gushimangira, gusesengura isoko, uburyo bwo kwiyandikisha mubucuruzi, nibindi. Urubuga: https://www.fipa.gov.ba/ 2. Urugereko rw’ubukungu rwa Federasiyo ya Bosiniya na Herzegovina: Iki cyumba gihagarariye ubucuruzi bukorera muri Federasiyo ya Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Urubuga rwabo rutanga amakuru, ibisohokayandikiro, raporo zerekana ibipimo byubukungu, hamwe nibisobanuro bijyanye nuburyo bwo kwiyandikisha mu bigo. Urubuga: http://www.kfbih-sarajevo.org/ 3. Urugereko rwubukungu rwa Republika Srpska: Iki cyumba gihagarariye ubucuruzi bukorera mu karere ka Republika Srpska. Urubuga rwabo rutanga amakuru kumahirwe yo gushora imari mukarere ka Republika Srpska hamwe namabwiriza yerekeye ubucuruzi. Urubuga: http://www.pk-vl.de/ 4. Minisiteri y’ubucuruzi n’ububanyi n’ubukungu n’ubukungu: Urubuga rwemewe rwa minisiteri rukubiyemo amakuru ajyanye na politiki y’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga, gahunda zo guteza imbere ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, amasezerano mpuzamahanga ajyanye n’amasezerano y’ubucuruzi yashyizweho umukono na Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Urubuga: http://www.mvteo.gov.ba/ 5. Banki Nkuru ya Bosiniya na Herzegovina (CBBH): Urubuga rwemewe rwa CBBH rutanga amakuru ku bijyanye na politiki y’ifaranga ry’igihugu hamwe n’ibipimo ngenderwaho bitandukanye by’imari nk’ivunjisha, igipimo cy’inyungu ububiko bukenewe kugira ngo hakorwe isesengura rifatika ku bashoramari Urubuga: https://www.cbbh.ba/default.aspx Izi mbuga zitanga amakuru menshi kubantu cyangwa ibigo bifuza gushakisha amahirwe yubucuruzi cyangwa gushora imari muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Nibyiza gusura izi mbuga buri gihe kugirango dukomeze kugezwaho amakuru agezweho mu bukungu n’ubucuruzi mu gihugu.

Ubucuruzi bwibibazo byurubuga

Hano hari imbuga nyinshi zishakisha amakuru yubucuruzi aboneka muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Hano hari imbuga nke hamwe na URL zabo: 1. Isesengura ryisoko namakuru yamakuru (MAIS) - Urubuga rwemewe rwo gukusanya, gutunganya, no gukwirakwiza amakuru yubucuruzi muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. URL: https://www.mis.gov.ba/ 2. Banki Nkuru ya Bosiniya na Herzegovina - Itanga uburyo bwo kugera ku bipimo bitandukanye by’ubukungu, harimo amafaranga asigaye, imyenda yo hanze, n’imibare y’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga. URL: https://www.cbbh.ba/Ibisanzwe.aspx?langTag=en-US 3. Ikigo gishinzwe ibarurishamibare muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina - Itanga amakuru yuzuye y'ibarurishamibare harimo amakuru y’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, impirimbanyi z’ubucuruzi, n’ibihugu n’amatsinda y’ibicuruzwa. URL: http://www.bhas.ba/ 4. Urugaga rw’ubucuruzi rw’amahanga muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina - Ishyirahamwe ry’ubucuruzi ritanga serivisi zijyanye n’ibikorwa mpuzamahanga by’ubucuruzi harimo n’ububiko bw’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga. URL: https://komorabih.ba/amakuru-kandi-yatangajwe/ 5 URL: https://wits.worldbank.org/ Nyamuneka menya ko zimwe mururu rubuga zishobora gusaba kwiyandikisha cyangwa kwishura kugirango ubone amakuru arambuye cyangwa ibintu bihebuje.

B2b

Bosiniya na Herzegovina, igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bw’Uburayi, gifite isoko rya B2B ryiyongera hamwe n’ibibuga byinshi byita ku bucuruzi bushakisha amahirwe muri kano karere. Dore zimwe muma platform ya B2B muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina hamwe na aderesi zabo: 1. Isoko.ba (www.market.ba): Isoko.ba ni urubuga rwa B2B ruyoboye muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina ruhuza abaguzi n’abagurisha mu nganda zitandukanye. Itanga isoko kumurongo aho ubucuruzi bushobora kwerekana ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi, gukora amasezerano, no gufatanya. 2. EDC.ba (www.edc.ba): EDC ni urubuga rwa e-ubucuruzi rwibanda ku bucuruzi hagati y’ubucuruzi muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Itanga ibicuruzwa byinshi mubice bitandukanye, birimo imashini zinganda, ibikoresho byubwubatsi, ibikoresho byubuhinzi, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, nibindi byinshi. 3. ParuSolu.com (www.parusolu.com): ParuSolu.com ni isoko ryo kumurongo ryagenewe kugurisha byinshi muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Ihuza abakora ibicuruzwa, abatanga ibicuruzwa, abadandaza, abadandaza, nubundi bucuruzi kugirango byorohereze B2B. 4. BiH Business Hub (bihbusineshub.com): BiH Business Hub ikora nk'ubuyobozi bwubucuruzi ndetse nu rubuga rwa e-ubucuruzi ruhuza amasosiyete yo muri Bosiniya n’abafatanyabikorwa mpuzamahanga bashishikajwe no kugirana umubano wa B2B. Urubuga rutanga amakuru yingirakamaro ku isoko rya Bosiniya hamwe n'amahirwe yo gufatanya. 5. Bizbook.ba (bizbook. 6. Ihuriro ry’imigabane - ISEN-BIH (isen-bih.org): ISEN-BIH ni umuyoboro wa interineti utanga uburyo bwo kubona ibicuruzwa biva mu nganda nko kubara ibicuruzwa bisagutse cyangwa ibikoresho by’ibicuruzwa byibanda cyane cyane ku nganda nko gukora cyangwa kubaka muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Izi porogaramu zitanga inzira zitandukanye kubucuruzi bwo guhuza, gukorana, no kwishora mubikorwa bya B2B muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Nibyiza gushakisha izi mbuga hamwe nibitangwa byazo kugirango ubone imwe ijyanye nibikorwa byawe bikenewe.
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