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Incamake y'igihugu
Ifaranga ry'igihugu
Igipimo cy'ivunjisha
Ibiruhuko by'ingenzi
Ubucuruzi bw’amahanga
Iterambere ryisoko
Kugurisha ibicuruzwa bishyushye ku isoko
Ibiranga abakiriya na kirazira
Sisitemu yo gucunga gasutamo
Kuzana politiki y’imisoro
Politiki yo kohereza hanze
Impamyabumenyi isabwa kohereza hanze
Basabwe ibikoresho
Imiyoboro yo guteza imbere abaguzi

Ubudage, Repubulika y’Ubudage ku mugaragaro, ni republika y’inteko ishinga amategeko mu Burayi bw’iburengerazuba. Ni igihugu cya kane mu bihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, n’akarere gakize cyane mu Burayi gipimwa na GDP. Umurwa mukuru n'umujyi munini ni Berlin. Ibindi mijyi minini irimo Hamburg, Munich, Frankfurt, Cologne, Hanover, Stuttgart na Düsseldorf. Ubudage nigihugu cyegerejwe abaturage cyane, buri gihugu muri 16 gifite guverinoma yacyo. Ubukungu bw’Ubudage n’ubwa kane mu bunini ku isi, bushingiye kuri GDP. Nibintu bitatu bya gatatu byohereza ibicuruzwa hanze kwisi. Urwego rwa serivisi rutanga hafi 70% ya GDP, n'inganda zigera kuri 30%. Ubudage bufite gahunda ivanze ya leta n’abikorera ku giti cyabo ishingiye ku buryo rusange bwo kwivuza bukabije. Ubudage bufite gahunda y’ubwiteganyirize butanga ubwishingizi bw’ubuzima bwuzuye, pansiyo, amafaranga y’ubushomeri n’izindi serivisi zita ku mibereho. Ubudage n’umunyamuryango washinze Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi n’igihugu cya mbere cy’abanyamuryango bemeje Amasezerano ya Lisbonne. Numunyamuryango washinze NATO akaba umunyamuryango wa G7, G20 na OECD. Mu Cyongereza, izina ry’Ubudage ni Repubulika y’Ubudage ku mugaragaro (Ikidage: Bundesrepublik Deutschland).

Ifaranga ry'Ubudage ni Euro. Euro yatangijwe mu Budage ku ya 1 Mutarama 1999, mu rwego rwo gushyira mu bikorwa Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Guverinoma y'Ubudage hamwe n’ibihugu byose by’Ubudage byasohoye ibiceri by’ama Euro, bicapirwa mu Budage bwa Mint i Munich. Euro ni ifaranga ryemewe rya eurozone, rigizwe n’ibihugu 19 bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi byemeje ko Euro ari ifaranga ryabo. Amayero agabanijwemo amafaranga 100. Mu Budage, ikoreshwa rya Euro rirakwirakwiriye kandi ryemerwa nkifaranga ryemewe mu bihugu byose by’Ubudage. Guverinoma y'Ubudage yashyizeho umuyoboro rusange wa ATM zirenga 160.000 kugira ngo utange amafaranga mu ma Euro. Ubukungu bw’Ubudage bwibasiwe cyane na Euro, yasimbuye Deutsche Mark nkifaranga ryemewe. Amayero yabaye ifaranga rihamye ku masoko mpuzamahanga kandi yafashije kuzamura ubucuruzi bw’Ubudage no guhangana.

Igipimo cy’ivunjisha ry’ifaranga ry’Ubudage, Euro, ugereranije n’andi mafaranga akomeye yagiye atandukana mugihe. Dore muri make incamake y'ibiciro by'ivunjisha n'ibigezweho mu mateka: Amayero kugeza ku madorari y'Abanyamerika: Muri iki gihe Euro iracuruza amadolari ya Amerika 0.85, akaba ari hafi y’amateka yayo. Igipimo cy’ivunjisha ry’amayero kugeza kuri Amerika cyahagaze neza mu myaka yashize, hamwe n’imihindagurikire mito. Amayero kugeza ku Bwongereza pound: Muri iki gihe Euro iracuruza hafi 0.89 pound yo mu Bwongereza. Igipimo cy’ivunjisha rya Euro kugeza kuri pound cyahindutse mu myaka yashize, aho pound yagabanutse na Euro nyuma ya Brexit. Amayero kugeza ku gishinwa: Muri iki gihe Euro iracuruza hafi 6.5 yu Bushinwa, iri hafi y’amateka yayo. Igipimo cy’ivunjisha ry’amayero kugeza kuri Yuan cyarushijeho gukomera mu myaka yashize ubwo ubukungu bw’Ubushinwa bwazamutse ndetse n’ifaranga rikoreshwa cyane mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko igipimo cy’ivunjisha gifite imbaraga kandi gishobora guhinduka kenshi, bitewe nimpamvu nyinshi zubukungu na politiki. Igipimo cyivunjisha cyatanzwe hejuru kigamije amakuru gusa kandi ntigishobora kwerekana igipimo nyacyo mugihe cyo gusoma. Buri gihe ni byiza kugenzura igipimo cyivunjisha giheruka hamwe n’ifaranga cyangwa ikigo cy’imari mbere yo gukora ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose.

Ubudage bufite iminsi mikuru myinshi nibiruhuko byizihizwa umwaka wose. Dore bimwe mubirori byingenzi nibisobanuro byabo: Noheri (Weihnachten): Noheri ni umunsi mukuru w'ingenzi mu Budage kandi wizihizwa ku ya 25 Ukuboza hamwe no guhana impano, guterana mu miryango, hamwe na Feuerzangenbowle gakondo (ubwoko bwa vino yavuzwe). Umwaka Mushya muhire (Silvester): Umunsi mukuru mushya wizihizwa ku ya 31 Ukuboza hamwe n’umuriro n’ibirori. Abadage kandi bubahiriza Silvesterchocke, umuco aho abantu bagerageza gusomana mu gicuku. Pasika (Ostern): Pasika ni umunsi mukuru w'idini wizihizwa ku cyumweru cya mbere nyuma y'ukwezi kuzuye cyangwa ku ya 21 Werurwe. Abadage bishimira ibiryo gakondo bya pasika nka Osterbrötchen (imigati iryoshye) na Osterhasen (inkwavu za pasika). Oktoberfest (Oktoberfest): Oktoberfest ni umunsi mukuru w’inzoga nini ku isi kandi wizihizwa i Munich buri mwaka guhera mu mpera za Nzeri kugeza mu Kwakira. Ni umunsi mukuru wiminsi 16 kugeza 18 ukurura miriyoni zabasura buri mwaka. Umunsi w’Ubumwe bw’Abadage (Tag der Deutschen Einheit): Umunsi w’Ubumwe bw’Abadage wizihizwa ku ya 3 Ukwakira mu rwego rwo kwizihiza isabukuru y’Ubudage bwunze ubumwe mu 1990. Ni umunsi mukuru w’igihugu kandi wizihizwa hamwe n’imihango yo kuzamura ibendera, imiriro, n’ibirori. Pfingsten (Whitsun): Pfingsten yizihizwa muri wikendi ya pentekote, ni iminsi 50 nyuma ya Pasika. Nigihe cyo kwidagadura, gutembera, nibindi bikorwa byo hanze. Volkstrauertag (Umunsi w’icyunamo cy’igihugu): Volkstrauertag yizihizwa ku ya 30 Ukwakira mu rwego rwo kwibuka abishwe n’intambara n’ihohoterwa rya politiki. Numunsi wo kwibuka no guceceka. Usibye iyi minsi mikuru y'igihugu, buri ntara y'Ubudage nayo ifite iminsi mikuru n'ibirori byizihizwa aho.

Ubudage n’ibicuruzwa byohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga ku isi, byibanda cyane ku bucuruzi bw’amahanga. Dore incamake yubudage bwubucuruzi bwububanyi n’amahanga: Ubudage nigihugu cyateye imbere cyane gifite inganda zikomeye. Ibyoherezwa mu mahanga biratandukanye kandi bitandukanye kuva imashini, ibinyabiziga, n’imiti kugeza kuri elegitoroniki, ibicuruzwa byiza, n’imyenda. Abafatanyabikorwa bakomeye bo mu Budage bohereza mu mahanga ni ibindi bihugu by’Uburayi, Amerika, n'Ubushinwa. Abafatanyabikorwa ba mbere batumiza mu Budage n’ibihugu by’Uburayi, Ubushinwa na Amerika bikurikirana bitatu bya mbere. Ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu Budage birimo ibikoresho fatizo, ibikomoka ku ngufu, n'ibicuruzwa. Amasezerano y’ubucuruzi ni ikintu cyingenzi muri politiki y’ubucuruzi y’ubudage. Igihugu cyasinyanye n’ibindi bihugu byinshi by’ubucuruzi ku buntu hagamijwe guteza imbere ubucuruzi n’ishoramari. Kurugero, Ubudage ni umunyamuryango w’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi kandi bwasinyanye amasezerano n’ibindi bihugu nk’Ubusuwisi, Kanada, na Koreya yepfo. Ubudage nabwo bwibanda cyane ku byoherezwa mu masoko agaragara. Yashyizeho umubano w’ubucuruzi n’ibihugu nku Buhinde, Burezili, n’Uburusiya kugira ngo byongere imigabane ku isoko muri ubu bukungu bwihuta cyane. Muri rusange, ubucuruzi bw’ububanyi n’amahanga bw’Ubudage ni ingenzi cyane mu bukungu bwabwo, aho ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bingana na 45% bya GDP. Guverinoma iteza imbere ubucuruzi bw’amahanga binyuze mu bigo bitandukanye ndetse n’ibigo by’inguzanyo byohereza mu mahanga kugira ngo amasosiyete yo mu Budage agere ku masoko mpuzamahanga kandi ashobora guhangana neza.

Ubushobozi bwo guteza imbere isoko mubudage ni ingenzi kubohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Dore zimwe mu mpamvu zituma Ubudage bukomeza kuba isoko ishimishije kubyoherezwa mu mahanga: Ubukungu bwateye imbere cyane: Ubudage nubukungu bunini mu Burayi nubwa kane ku isi. Umusaruro rusange w’umuturage uri mu bihugu by’Uburayi, bitanga isoko rihamye kandi rikungahaye ku bicuruzwa na serivisi by’amahanga. Gukenera cyane ibicuruzwa byiza: Abadage bazwiho ubuziranenge bwabo no gukenera ibicuruzwa byiza. Ibi bitanga amahirwe kubohereza ibicuruzwa hanze kugirango batange ibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge no guhatanira isoko ry’Ubudage. Imikoreshereze ikomeye mu gihugu: Isoko ry’Ubudage rifite urwego rwo hejuru rw’imikoreshereze y’imbere mu gihugu, ruyobowe n’icyiciro kinini kandi gitera imbere. Ibi bituma ibicuruzwa na serivisi bitandukanye bikenerwa, bigatuma Ubudage bwisoko ryizewe ryohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Kuborohereza gukora ubucuruzi: Ubudage bufite ibikorwa remezo byateye imbere neza, amategeko yemewe mu mucyo, hamwe ninzego zikomeye zigenga amategeko byorohereza ubucuruzi gukora. Amasosiyete y’amahanga arashobora gushinga ibikorwa mubudage byoroshye kandi akabona abakozi batojwe neza. Kuba hafi y’andi masoko y’i Burayi: Ubudage buri hagati mu Burayi butanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kugera ku yandi masoko akomeye yo mu Burayi. Ibi bitanga amahirwe kubohereza ibicuruzwa hanze kugirango bakoreshe Ubudage nk'irembo ryibindi bihugu byu Burayi. Ubukungu butandukanye: Ubukungu bw’Ubudage buratandukanye, hamwe n’inganda nk’inganda, ikoranabuhanga, na serivisi zitera imbere. Ibi bitanga ibyifuzo bitandukanye kubicuruzwa na serivisi byamahanga mu nganda zitandukanye. Muri make, Ubudage bukomeje kuba isoko ishimishije cyane kubohereza ibicuruzwa hanze kubera ubukungu bwifashe neza, ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa mu gihugu imbere, ibidukikije byorohereza ubucuruzi, kuba hafi y’andi masoko y’i Burayi, ndetse n’ubukungu butandukanye. Icyakora, ni ngombwa kumenya ko kwinjira ku isoko ry’Ubudage bisaba ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku isoko, gusobanukirwa amabwiriza y’ibanze n’imikorere y’ubucuruzi, no kwiyemeza kubahiriza amahame yo hejuru y’abaguzi b’Ubudage.

Ibicuruzwa bizwi cyane byoherezwa mu Budage harimo: Imashini n'ibikoresho: Ubudage nambere buza gukora imashini nibikoresho byinganda. Abanyamahanga bohereza mu mahanga barashobora kungukirwa no gutanga imashini n’ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru mu nganda zitandukanye nk'imodoka, inganda, n'ubwubatsi. Ibice by'ibinyabiziga n'ibikoresho: Ubudage nicyo kiza ku isonga mu gukora ibinyabiziga, kandi inganda z’imodoka nizo zigira uruhare runini mu bukungu bwacyo. Abanyamahanga bohereza ibicuruzwa hanze barashobora kubyaza umusaruro ibicuruzwa bitanga ibinyabiziga, ibice, hamwe nibindi bikoresho kubadage bakora imodoka nabatanga ibicuruzwa. Ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi na elegitoronike: Ubudage bufite inganda zikoresha amashanyarazi na elegitoronike, zikenera cyane ibice, ibikoresho, na sisitemu. Abanyamahanga bohereza ibicuruzwa hanze barashobora gutanga ibicuruzwa bishya muriki gice, harimo semiconductor, imbaho zumuzunguruko, nibindi bikoresho bya elegitoroniki. Imiti n’ibikoresho bigezweho: Ubudage nicyo kiza ku isonga mu gukora imiti n’ibikoresho bigezweho, hibandwa ku guhanga udushya no kuramba. Abanyamahanga bohereza ibicuruzwa hanze barashobora gutanga imiti mishya, polymers, nibindi bikoresho bigezweho bishobora gukoreshwa mu nganda zitandukanye nk'ubuvuzi, amavuta yo kwisiga, n'ubwubatsi. Ibicuruzwa byabaguzi: Ubudage bufite isoko rikomeye ryabaguzi rikeneye ibicuruzwa byiza. Abanyamahanga bohereza ibicuruzwa hanze barashobora gutanga ibicuruzwa bitandukanye byabaguzi, harimo imyenda yimyambarire, inkweto, ibikoresho byo munzu, hamwe nibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byo mu rwego rwo hejuru. Ibiribwa n’ibikomoka ku buhinzi: Ubudage bufite isoko ry’ibiribwa bitandukanye kandi bushishoza, hibandwa ku bicuruzwa byaho kandi birambye. Abanyamahanga bohereza ibicuruzwa hanze barashobora kubyaza umusaruro isoko ryo gutanga ibiribwa byiza, ibikomoka ku buhinzi, n’ibinyobwa byujuje ubudage. Muri make, ibicuruzwa bizwi cyane byoherezwa mu Budage ni imashini n'ibikoresho, ibice by'imodoka n'ibikoresho, ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi na elegitoronike, imiti n'ibikoresho bigezweho, ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa, n'ibiribwa n'ibikomoka ku buhinzi. Nyamara, ni ngombwa gukora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku isoko kugirango umenye ibicuruzwa cyangwa ibyiciro byihariye bikenerwa cyane cyangwa byihariye ku isoko ry’Ubudage.

Iyo byohereza mu Budage, ni ngombwa kumva ibiranga ibyo abakiriya b’Abadage bakunda kugira ngo bagurishe neza kandi binjire ku isoko. Hano hari ingingo z'ingenzi ugomba gusuzuma: Ibipimo ngenderwaho: Abadage baha agaciro kanini ubuziranenge, neza, no kwizerwa. Bategereje ibicuruzwa na serivisi byujuje ubuziranenge bwabo, kandi bashima kwitondera amakuru arambuye. Ni ngombwa kwemeza ubwiza bwibicuruzwa byawe no kwerekana biri hejuru. Kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa: Abadage bafite imyumvire ikomeye yo kuba indahemuka kandi akenshi ni abizerwa kubirango bizwi kandi byizewe. Ni ngombwa kubaka ikirango gikomeye nicyubahiro kugirango duhatane kumasoko yubudage. Ibyifuzo byaho: Abadage bafite uburyohe bwihariye nibyifuzo byabo mubicuruzwa na serivisi. Ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa ibyo ukunda, amahame mbwirizamuco, hamwe nuburyo bwo guhuza ituro ryawe. Ibanga n’umutekano wamakuru: Abadage bahangayikishijwe cyane n’ibanga n’umutekano w’amakuru. Ni ngombwa kwemeza ko ukurikiza amabwiriza akomeye yo kurinda amakuru no gukoresha amakuru y'abakiriya mu ibanga. Gufata ibyemezo bigoye: Abadage bakunda kwitonda no gusesengura mubikorwa byabo byo gufata ibyemezo. Birashobora gufata igihe kugirango bafate icyemezo cyubuguzi, nibyingenzi rero gutanga amakuru yose akenewe no kwerekana agaciro k'ibicuruzwa byawe cyangwa serivisi. Kubaha Inzego: Abadage bafite imyumvire ikomeye yubuyobozi na protocole, bashimangira ubunyangamugayo no kubaha ubuyobozi. Iyo ukorana nabakiriya b’Ubudage, ni ngombwa gukomeza ikinyabupfura gikwiye, gukoresha imvugo yemewe, no kubahiriza imiterere yabyo. Imikorere isanzwe yubucuruzi: Abadage bahitamo ibikorwa byubucuruzi byemewe na protocole. Ni ngombwa gukurikiza inzira zikwiye, gukoresha amakarita yubucuruzi asanzwe, no kwerekana ibyo utanze muburyo bwumwuga. Muri make, abakiriya b'Abadage bakunda guha agaciro ubuziranenge, busobanutse, kwiringirwa, no kumenyekana. Bafite ibyifuzo byihariye byaho, bahangayikishijwe n’ibanga n’umutekano wamakuru, kandi bahitamo ibikorwa byubucuruzi bisanzwe. Ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa ibi biranga no guhuza ibicuruzwa byawe, uburyo bwitumanaho, hamwe nubucuruzi kugirango ubashe gutsinda isoko ryubudage.

Ubuyobozi bwa gasutamo y'Ubudage ni kimwe mu bigize politiki y’ubucuruzi n’ubukungu by’Ubudage. Iremeza gukurikiza neza amategeko ya gasutamo, ikusanya imisoro ya gasutamo n’indi misoro, kandi igashyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza yo gutumiza no kohereza mu mahanga. Ubuyobozi bwa gasutamo y'Ubudage butunganijwe neza kandi neza, hibandwa cyane ku mutekano n'umutekano. Ifite izina ryo gukomera no gukora neza mu igenzura ryayo no kugenzura ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga n'abasohoka. Kuzana cyangwa kohereza ibicuruzwa mu Budage, birakenewe kubahiriza amategeko n'amabwiriza ya gasutamo. Muri byo harimo kuzuza imenyekanisha rya gasutamo, kubona impushya n'impamyabumenyi zikenewe, no kwishyura imisoro n'amahoro. Abatumiza mu mahanga n'abasohoka mu mahanga bagomba kandi kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa byabo byubahiriza ibicuruzwa by’Ubudage n’ubuziranenge. Abashinzwe gasutamo mu Budage bashimangiye cyane kurwanya magendu, ihohoterwa ry'umutungo bwite mu by'ubwenge, n'ibindi bikorwa bitemewe. Bakorana cyane n’ibindi bihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi kugira ngo basangire amakuru kandi bahuze imbaraga muri utwo turere. Muri make, ubuyobozi bwa gasutamo bw’Ubudage bufite uruhare runini mu gutuma imigendekere myiza y’ubucuruzi n’ubukungu byinjira mu Budage no mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Abatumiza mu mahanga n'abasohoka mu mahanga bagomba kumenya no kubahiriza amabwiriza yayo kugira ngo birinde gutinda, ihazabu, cyangwa ibindi bihano.

Politiki y’imisoro yatumijwe mu Budage iragoye kandi igizwe n’imisoro n’ibiciro bitandukanye bishobora gutandukana bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga. Dore muri make incamake yimisoro n’ibiciro bikoreshwa ku bicuruzwa byatumijwe mu Budage: Umusoro wa gasutamo: Iki ni igiciro cyashyizweho ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga bitandukanye bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa, inkomoko yabyo, n'agaciro kabo. Amahoro ya gasutamo abarwa nkijanisha ryagaciro k'ibicuruzwa cyangwa muburyo bwihariye. Umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (TVA): Umusoro ku byaguzwe ukoreshwa mu kugurisha ibicuruzwa na serivisi mu Budage. Iyo gutumiza ibicuruzwa hanze, TVA ikoreshwa ku gipimo gisanzwe cya 19% (cyangwa ibiciro biri hasi y'ibicuruzwa na serivisi). Umusoro ku nyongeragaciro usanzwe ushyirwa mubiciro byibicuruzwa kandi byegeranijwe nugurisha mugihe cyo kugurisha. Umusoro ku musoro: Uyu ni umusoro ushyirwa ku bicuruzwa byihariye, nk'inzoga, itabi, n'ibicanwa. Umusoro ku musoro ubarwa ukurikije ubwinshi bwibicuruzwa kandi birashobora gukoreshwa ku biciro bitandukanye bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa. Umusoro wa kashe: Umusoro ushyirwa ku nyandiko zimwe n’ubucuruzi, nka fagitire, amasezerano, n’impapuro. Umusoro wa kashe ubarwa ukurikije agaciro k'igikorwa n'ubwoko bw'inyandiko zirimo. Usibye iyi misoro, hashobora kubaho andi mabwiriza yihariye yo gutumiza mu mahanga n'ibisabwa bikurikizwa ku bicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe, nka kota, impushya zo gutumiza mu mahanga, hamwe n'icyemezo cy'ibicuruzwa. Abatumiza mu mahanga bagomba kubahiriza amabwiriza yose n’imisoro bijyanye kugira ngo ibyo batumiza mu mahanga byemewe kandi bishobora gukurwaho na gasutamo.

Politiki y’imisoro yatumijwe mu Budage yashyizweho mu rwego rwo kurinda inganda z’imbere mu gihugu no guteza imbere amarushanwa akwiye kandi ikaninjiza leta amafaranga. Politiki igizwe n'imisoro n'ibiciro bitandukanye bitandukanye bishobora gutandukana bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga. Imwe mu misoro nyamukuru ikoreshwa ku bicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga ni amahoro ya gasutamo. Uyu musoro ubarwa ukurikije agaciro k'ibicuruzwa, inkomoko yabyo, n'ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa. Umusoro wa gasutamo uri hagati ya bike ku ijana kugeza hejuru ya 20% byagaciro k’ibicuruzwa, bitewe n’ibicuruzwa byihariye. Usibye amahoro ya gasutamo, ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga bishobora no gusoreshwa umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (TVA). Umusoro ku nyongeragaciro ni umusoro ku byaguzwe ukoreshwa mu kugurisha ibicuruzwa na serivisi mu Budage. Igipimo cy'umusoro ku nyongeragaciro ni 19%, ariko hariho no kugabanya ibiciro kubicuruzwa na serivisi bimwe. Umusoro ku nyongeragaciro usanzwe ushyirwa mubiciro byibicuruzwa kandi byegeranijwe nugurisha mugihe cyo kugurisha. Indi misoro ishobora gukoreshwa mubicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga harimo umusoro ku musoro n'amahoro ya kashe. Umusoro ku musoro ni umusoro ushyirwa ku bicuruzwa byihariye nk'inzoga, itabi, n'ibicanwa. Umusoro wa kashe ni umusoro ukoreshwa ku nyandiko zimwe n’ubucuruzi nka fagitire, amasezerano, n’impapuro. Usibye iyi misoro, hashobora kubaho andi mabwiriza yihariye yo gutumiza mu mahanga n'ibisabwa bikoreshwa ku bicuruzwa bimwe. Ibi birashobora kubamo kwota, impushya zo gutumiza mu mahanga, hamwe nibisabwa byemeza ibicuruzwa. Abatumiza mu mahanga bagomba kubahiriza amabwiriza yose n’imisoro bijyanye kugira ngo ibyo batumiza mu mahanga byemewe kandi bishobora gukurwaho na gasutamo. Politiki y’imisoro yatumijwe mu Budage igamije guhuza inyungu z’abakora ibicuruzwa mu gihugu, abaguzi, n’amafaranga yinjira muri leta ari nako biteza imbere ubucuruzi n’ipiganwa biboneye. Abatumiza mu mahanga bakeneye kumenya imisoro n'ibiciro bitandukanye bikoreshwa ku bicuruzwa byabo kandi bakemeza ko hubahirizwa amabwiriza yose abigenga kugira ngo birinde ibihano cyangwa gutinda ku bicuruzwa bya gasutamo.

Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu Budage mubisanzwe birasabwa kuba byujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa kugira ngo ubuziranenge n’umutekano by’ibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Hano hari bimwe mubisabwa byujuje ibyangombwa byoherezwa mubudage: Icyemezo cya CE: Icyemezo cya CE ni icyemezo cyemewe cy’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, kandi ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu Budage bigomba kubahiriza amabwiriza n’ibipimo ngenderwaho bya CE. Icyemezo cya CE gikubiyemo ibice byinshi byibicuruzwa, birimo imashini, ibikoresho byubuvuzi, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, nibindi. Abasohoka mu mahanga bakeneye gusaba icyemezo cya CE kurwego rwabimenyeshejwe n’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, kandi bagakora ibizamini n’isuzuma bakurikije ibipimo bijyanye kandi amabwiriza. Icyemezo cya GS: Icyemezo cya GS ni ikimenyetso cy’umutekano w’Ubudage, cyane cyane ku bikoresho byo mu rugo, ibikoresho byo kumurika, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n’ibindi bicuruzwa. Niba ushaka kubona icyemezo cya GS, ugomba gutsinda ibizamini bisuzumwa n’isuzuma ry’ishyaka ry’abandi bantu ryemewe mu Budage, kandi ukuzuza umutekano, imikorere n’ibidukikije bijyanye. Icyemezo cya TuV: Icyemezo cya TuV ni ikimenyetso cyerekana ishyirahamwe ry’ubudage bugenzura tekinike, rikoreshwa cyane cyane ku bicuruzwa mu bijyanye na elegitoroniki, imashini n’ikoranabuhanga mu makuru. Abashora ibicuruzwa hanze bagomba kwemezwa na TuV kugirango bagaragaze ko ibicuruzwa byabo byujuje ubuziranenge n’amabwiriza, kandi bagatsinda ibizamini bikomeye n’isuzuma ry’amashyirahamwe y’ibizamini. Icyemezo cya VDE: Icyemezo cya VDE ni ikimenyetso cy’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi n’ibikoresho by’ubudage, kubikoresho bya elegitoroniki, ibikoresho byo mu rugo n’ibindi bicuruzwa. Kugirango ubone icyemezo cya VDE, ibicuruzwa byoherejwe mu Budage bigomba gutsinda ibizamini nisuzuma byakozwe n’imiryango yemewe y’ibizamini byemewe mu Budage kandi byujuje umutekano, imikorere n’ibidukikije bijyanye. Usibye ibisabwa byavuzwe haruguru byujuje ibisabwa, ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu Budage bigomba no kubahiriza andi mahame n'amabwiriza bijyanye, nk'amategeko agenga umutekano w’ibicuruzwa mu Budage ndetse n’amategeko arengera umuguzi. Mbere yo kohereza mu mahanga, birasabwa ko abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bavugana n’Ubudage butumiza mu mahanga cyangwa ikigo cy’ibizamini cy’abadage cyemewe cy’Ubudage kugira ngo basobanukirwe ibyangombwa bisabwa kugira ngo barebe ko ibicuruzwa byinjira ku isoko ry’Ubudage.

Mu Budage gutumiza no kohereza mu mahanga amasosiyete ajyanye n'ibikoresho, hari ibigo byinshi bizwi guhitamo. Hano hari ibigo byemewe byo gutanga ibikoresho: DHL: DHL nisosiyete ikora ku isonga mu gutanga ibicuruzwa no gutanga ibikoresho, ndetse n’isosiyete ikora Courier yo mu Budage, ishobora gutanga serivisi z’imisoro. FedEx: Icyicaro gikuru muri Amerika, ni imwe mu masosiyete akomeye yohereza ibicuruzwa byihuta ku isi, atanga ibicuruzwa byihuta, ibicuruzwa byo mu kirere, ubwikorezi ku butaka n'ibindi bikorwa bya logistique. UPS: Icyicaro gikuru muri Amerika, UPS ni imwe mu masosiyete akomeye ku isi atanga ibicuruzwa, atanga serivisi zitandukanye zo gutanga ibikoresho nko gutanga ibicuruzwa, imizigo yo mu kirere, n'imizigo yo mu nyanja. Kuehne + Nagel: Icyicaro gikuru mu Busuwisi, Kuehne + Nagel ni umwe mu bantu benshi ku isi batanga serivisi z’ibikoresho by’abandi bantu, batanga serivisi zitandukanye zirimo inyanja, ikirere, ubutaka, ububiko, ibisubizo byihariye byo gutanga amasoko n'ibindi. DB Schenker: Icyicaro gikuru mu Budage, DB Schenker ni imwe mu masosiyete akomeye ku isi akorera hamwe mu gutanga ibikoresho, atanga imizigo yo mu kirere, inyanja, ubwikorezi ku butaka, ububiko n'ibindi bikorwa. Abashakashatsi: Icyicaro gikuru muri Amerika, Expeditors ni imwe mu masosiyete akomeye ku isi mu bucuruzi bw’ibikoresho, atanga serivisi zitandukanye nk'ikirere, inyanja, ubutaka ndetse na gasutamo. Panalpina: Icyicaro gikuru mu Busuwisi, Panalpina ni umwe mu batanga serivisi z’ibikoresho byo ku isi ku isi, bitanga inyanja, ikirere, ubutaka, ububiko, ibisubizo by’ibicuruzwa byatanzwe hamwe n’izindi serivisi. Izi sosiyete zikoresha ibikoresho zifite imiyoboro minini ya serivisi ku isi kandi irashobora gutanga ibisubizo byuzuye by’ibikoresho, birimo ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo, ubwikorezi, ububiko n’ibindi bikorwa. Mugihe uhisemo isosiyete ikora ibikoresho, birasabwa gusuzuma ibintu nkurwego rwa serivisi, igiciro, kwiringirwa, hamwe nuburambe mu gukorana nisoko ryaho.

Ubucuruzi bwingenzi

Hano hari imurikagurisha ryinshi ryitabirwa nabatumiza ibicuruzwa hanze mubudage, harimo: Hannover Messe: Hannover Messe ni imurikagurisha rikoresha ikoranabuhanga mu nganda ku isi, riba buri mwaka i Hanover, mu Budage. Ikubiyemo ibice byinshi nko gutangiza inganda, ikoranabuhanga mu nganda, hamwe n’inganda zitanga inganda. Abatumiza mu mahanga ibicuruzwa n'ikoranabuhanga bitandukanye bijyanye n'iyi nzego barashobora kwitabira iri murika kugira ngo berekane ibicuruzwa byabo n'ikoranabuhanga no gushakisha amahirwe mu bucuruzi. CeBIT: CeBIT n’imurikagurisha rinini ku isi rikoresha ikoranabuhanga, rikorwa buri mwaka i Hanover, mu Budage. Yibanze ku bigezweho n'ikoranabuhanga bigezweho mu bijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga ry'amakuru, harimo kubara ibicu, amakuru manini, ikoranabuhanga rigendanwa, n'ibindi. Abatumiza ibicuruzwa na serivisi bya digitale barashobora kwitabira iri murika kugirango bamenyekanishe ibicuruzwa n'ikoranabuhanga no kwagura umugabane wabo ku isoko. IFA: IFA n’imurikagurisha rikoresha ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki ku isi, riba buri mwaka i Berlin, mu Budage. Irerekana ibicuruzwa na tekinoroji bigezweho mubijyanye na elegitoroniki y’abaguzi, harimo urugo rwubwenge, terefone zigendanwa, tableti, ibikoresho byambara, nibindi byinshi. Abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu bikoresho bya elegitoroniki barashobora kwitabira iri murika kugira ngo bamenyekanishe ibicuruzwa byabo kandi bashakishe amahirwe y’ubufatanye n’ibirango by’Abadage n’Uburayi hamwe n’ababitanga. Düsseldorf Caravan Salon: Salon ya Düsseldorf Caravan ni imurikagurisha rikomeye ku isi mu nganda za RV n’imodoka, rikorwa buri mwaka i Düsseldorf, mu Budage. Ikurura abamurika n'abashyitsi baturutse hirya no hino ku isi bakora inganda za RV na caravan. Abatumiza ibicuruzwa bya RV hamwe na caravan barashobora kwitabira iri murika kugirango berekane ibicuruzwa byabo nikoranabuhanga no kwagura imigabane yabo ku isoko. Iri murika ni urubuga rukomeye kubohereza ibicuruzwa hanze kugirango bamenyekanishe ibicuruzwa byabo n’ikoranabuhanga, kwagura umugabane wabo ku isoko, no gushakisha amahirwe y’ubufatanye n’ibirango by’Abadage n’Uburayi ndetse n’abakwirakwiza. Ariko, kubera inganda nibicuruzwa bitandukanye, guhitamo imurikagurisha ryitabira nabyo biratandukanye. Birasabwa ko abatumiza ibicuruzwa hanze bahitamo imurikagurisha bakurikije ibiranga inganda zabo n'imirongo y'ibicuruzwa kugirango bagere ku ngaruka nziza zo kuzamura.

Imashini zishakisha

Ubudage bukunze gukoresha imbuga zishakisha zikurikira: Google: Google niyo moteri ishakisha izwi cyane mu Budage, ndetse no ku isi. Itanga uburambe bwubushakashatsi bworoshye kandi bunoze, kandi butanga serivisi zinyuranye zingirakamaro, nka Google Ikarita, Google Translate, na YouTube. Bing: Bing ni moteri ishakisha izwi cyane mu Budage, hamwe n’abakoresha bagenda biyongera buhoro buhoro. Ibisubizo by'ishakisha rya Bing bikunze gufatwa nkibisobanutse kandi bifatika kuruta ibya Google, kandi bitanga kandi ibintu bitandukanye byingirakamaro, nko gushakisha amashusho no gutegura ingendo. Yahoo: Yahoo niyindi moteri ishakisha izwi cyane mubudage, hamwe nabakoresha bakoresha cyane cyane mubyiciro byabasaza. Ishakisha rya Yahoo ritanga interineti yoroshye kandi yorohereza abakoresha, kandi inatanga serivisi zinyuranye zingirakamaro, nka Yahoo Mail na Yahoo Finance. Usibye izo moteri zishakisha, hari n’ubushakashatsi bwihariye mu Budage, nka Baidu (ikoreshwa cyane n’abavuga Igishinwa) na Kijiji ya Ebay (moteri ishakisha ibyiciro). Nyamara, izi moteri zishakisha zihariye ntizikunzwe nka moteri rusange yo gushakisha yavuzwe haruguru.

Impapuro nini z'umuhondo

Iyo byohereza mubudage, hari page nyinshi zikoreshwa cyane zumuhondo zishobora gutanga amakuru ningirakamaro kubohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Dore bimwe muribi hamwe na URL zabo: Yell.de: Yell.de ni urubuga ruzwi cyane rw'urupapuro rw'umuhondo rwo mu Budage rutanga amakuru arambuye ku bucuruzi na serivisi mu Budage. Iyemerera abakoresha gushakisha ibicuruzwa na serivisi ukurikije ibyiciro, aho biherereye, cyangwa ijambo ryibanze, kandi itanga ibisobanuro birambuye hamwe namakuru yinyongera kubucuruzi bwashyizwe ku rutonde. URL: http://www.yell.de/ T Kupfer: TKupfer nurundi rubuga ruzwi cyane rwurupapuro rwumuhondo rwubudage rutanga amakuru yuzuye kubucuruzi na serivisi byubudage. Iyemerera abakoresha gushakisha ibicuruzwa na serivisi ukurikije ibyiciro cyangwa ijambo ryibanze, kandi itanga ibisobanuro birambuye, amakarita, namakuru yinyongera kubucuruzi bwashyizwe ku rutonde. URL: https://www.tkupfer.de/ G Übelt: Gübelin ni urubuga rwumuhondo wurupapuro rwumuhondo rutanga amakuru arambuye yubucuruzi, harimo amakuru arambuye, ibicuruzwa na serivisi, nibindi byinshi. Iyemerera abakoresha gushakisha ubucuruzi ukurikije ibyiciro, ahantu, cyangwa ijambo ryibanze, kandi itanga ibintu bitandukanye byinyongera nkibisobanuro byubucuruzi nibikoresho byo kugereranya. URL: https://www.g-uebelt.de/ B Urupapuro rwumuhondo: B Urupapuro rwumuhondo nurupapuro rwumuhondo rwubudage urubuga rutanga amakuru arambuye yubucuruzi nibisobanuro birambuye. Iyemerera abakoresha gushakisha ubucuruzi ukurikije ibyiciro, aho biherereye, cyangwa ijambo ryibanze, kandi itanga ibintu byongeweho nkubuyobozi bwa interineti na moteri ishakisha yaho. URL: https://www.b-urubuga.de/ Ipaji yumuhondo irashobora gutanga amakuru yingirakamaro kubucuruzi na serivisi byubudage, harimo amakuru arambuye, ibicuruzwa na serivisi zitangwa, hamwe namakuru yinyongera afasha abohereza ibicuruzwa hanze kumenya abafatanyabikorwa mubucuruzi no kumva neza isoko ryaho. Icyakora, birasabwa ko abohereza ibicuruzwa hanze bagenzura niba amakuru yatanzwe ari ukuri kandi bakabaza ibigo kugira ngo habeho itumanaho n’ubufatanye.

Ihuriro rikuru ryubucuruzi

Ubudage bukunze gukoresha imiyoboro ya e-ubucuruzi ikurikira: Amazon.de: Amazon ni urubuga runini rwa e-ubucuruzi mu Budage, rutanga ibicuruzwa byinshi na serivisi. Itanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kugura kumurongo, ibiciro byapiganwa, nuburyo bwo gutanga byihuse. URL: https://www.amazon.de/ eBay.de: eBay ni urundi rubuga ruzwi cyane rwa e-ubucuruzi mu Budage, rutanga ibicuruzwa na serivisi bitandukanye kubagurisha n’abacuruzi ku giti cyabo. Iyemerera abakoresha gupiganira ibintu cyangwa kubigura kubiciro byagenwe. URL: https://www.ebay.de/ Zalando: Zalando ni urubuga rwa e-ubucuruzi rwo mu Budage ruzobereye mu kwerekana imideli n'ibicuruzwa. Itanga imyenda myinshi, inkweto, ibikoresho, nibindi byinshi, hibandwa kubintu bigezweho kandi bigezweho. URL: https://www.zalando.de/ Otto: Otto ni urubuga rwa e-ubucuruzi rwo mu Budage ruzobereye mu myambaro y’abagabo n’abagore, ndetse n’ibicuruzwa byo mu rugo ndetse n’ibinyabuzima. Itanga amahitamo menshi yibiranga ubuziranenge kubiciro byapiganwa. URL: https://www.otto.de/ MyHermes: MyHermes ni urubuga rwa e-ubucuruzi rwo mu Budage ruzobereye mu kugeza parcelle mu ngo z’abakiriya. Itanga serivisi nziza kandi yizewe yo kugura kumurongo, hamwe namahitamo yatanzwe cyangwa amanota yo gutora. URL: https://www.myhermes.de/ Izi porogaramu za e-ubucuruzi zitanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kugura kumurongo kubakiriya b’Ubudage, hamwe nibicuruzwa na serivisi bitandukanye byo guhitamo. Abashora ibicuruzwa hanze bashaka kugera ku isoko ry’Ubudage bagomba gutekereza kurutonde rwibicuruzwa byabo kuriyi mbuga kugirango barusheho kugaragara no kugurisha. Ariko, ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa imbaraga zisoko ryihariye hamwe nabateze amatwi kuri buri rubuga kugirango bagere ku ntsinzi ku isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’Ubudage.

Imbuga nkoranyambaga

Iyo bigeze ku mbuga nkoranyambaga mu Budage, dore izwi cyane hamwe na URL zabo: Facebook: Facebook nimbuga nkoranyambaga izwi cyane mu Budage, ikoreshwa na miliyoni zabantu mu guhuza inshuti, umuryango, nizindi nyungu. Itanga ibintu bitandukanye birimo gusangira amafoto na videwo, kohereza amakuru agezweho, no kwinjiza mumatsinda. URL: https://www.facebook.com/ Instagram: Instagram ni imbuga nkoranyambaga izwi cyane mu Budage, cyane cyane mu bakoresha bato. Azwiho ubushobozi bwo gusangira amafoto na videwo, hamwe nayunguruzo ninkuru kugirango uzamure uburambe bwabakoresha. URL: https://www.instagram.com/ Twitter: Twitter nayo izwi cyane mubudage, ikoreshwa mugusangira ubutumwa bugufi cyangwa "tweet" hamwe nabayoboke. Abakoresha barashobora gukurikira, kwishora mubiganiro, no kuvumbura ingingo zigenda. URL: https://www.twitter.com/ YouTube: YouTube ni urubuga rwo gusangira amashusho ruzwi cyane mu Budage. Abakoresha barashobora kureba amashusho kumutwe utandukanye, harimo umuziki, imyidagaduro, amakuru, nibindi byinshi. Iyemerera kandi abayiremye gushiraho ibikubiyemo no kubaka ibikurikira. URL: https://www.youtube.com/ TikTok: TikTok ni urubuga rushya rusanzwe rwamamaye mu Budage, cyane cyane mubakoresha bato. Azwiho ibintu bigufi byerekana amashusho hamwe no guhanga muyunguruzi n'ingaruka. URL: https://www.tiktok.com/ Izi mbuga nkoranyambaga zikoreshwa cyane n’Abadage kugirango bakomeze guhuza, gusangira amakuru, no kwishora hamwe nabandi. Abashora ibicuruzwa mu mahanga barashobora gukoresha iyi mbuga kugirango bamenyekanishe ibicuruzwa byabo kandi bubake umuryango ukikije ibirango byabo muguhuza abakiriya, gusangira ibikubiyemo, no kwamamaza ibicuruzwa byabo neza. Ariko, ni ngombwa kwibasira abumva neza no gukoresha ingamba zijyanye no kwamamaza kugirango ugere ku ntsinzi ku mbuga nkoranyambaga mu Budage.

Amashyirahamwe akomeye yinganda

Ku bijyanye n’amashyirahamwe yinganda mu Budage, hari imiryango myinshi yashinzwe itanga umutungo wingenzi ninkunga kubohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Hano hari amashyirahamwe yinganda asabwa mubudage: Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie (BDI): BDI n’ishyirahamwe rinini mu nganda mu Budage, rihagarariye inyungu z’inganda z’Abadage n’abakoresha. Itanga amakuru ninama zijyanye no kohereza mubudage, hamwe n'amahirwe yo guhuza amasosiyete yo mubudage ninzobere mu nganda. URL: https://www.bdi.eu/ Bundesvereinigung der Deutschen Wirtschaft (BVDW): BVDW ni ishyirahamwe riyobora ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse (SMEs) mu Budage. Itanga amakuru n'inkunga yo kohereza mu Budage, ndetse no gutanga imiyoboro n'amahirwe yo gukorana na SMEs. URL: https://www.bvdw.de/ VDMA: VDMA ihagarariye inyungu zinganda zubukanishi bwubudage. Itanga amakuru n'inkunga yo kohereza mu Budage, harimo ubushakashatsi ku isoko, ubutumwa bw’ubucuruzi, no kwitabira imurikagurisha. URL: https://www.vdma.org/ ZVEI: ZVEI ihagarariye inganda z'amashanyarazi na elegitoroniki mu Budage. Itanga amakuru n'inkunga yo kohereza mu Budage, harimo ubushakashatsi ku isoko, kwemeza ibicuruzwa, no kwitabira imurikagurisha. URL: https://www.zvei.org/ BME: BME ihagarariye inganda zububiko bwubudage. Itanga amakuru n'inkunga yo kohereza mu Budage, harimo ubushakashatsi ku isoko, kwemeza ibicuruzwa, no kwitabira imurikagurisha. URL: https://www.bme.eu/ Aya mashyirahamwe yinganda atanga ibikoresho byingirakamaro ninkunga kubohereza ibicuruzwa hanze bashaka kwinjira mubudage. Bashobora gutanga amakuru kubyerekeranye nisoko, amabwiriza, hamwe nibikorwa byiza, hamwe n'amahirwe yo guhuza amasosiyete yo mubudage ninzobere mu nganda. Birasabwa kuvugana naya mashyirahamwe kugirango umenye amakuru menshi kandi ushakishe amahirwe yo gufatanya no gutsinda ku isoko ry’Ubudage.

Urubuga rwubucuruzi nubucuruzi

Iyo bigeze kurubuga rwubukungu nubucuruzi mubudage, hari ibikoresho byinshi byizewe biboneka kubohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Hano hari imbuga zimwe zisabwa zitanga amakuru kubibazo byubukungu nubudage: Ubucuruzi bw’Ubudage (Deutscher Handelsinstitut): Urubuga rw’ubucuruzi rw’Ubudage ni urubuga rwuzuye rwa interineti rutanga amakuru ajyanye no kohereza mu Budage, harimo ubushakashatsi ku isoko, ubucuruzi, ndetse na serivisi zihuza ubucuruzi. URL: https://www.dhbw.de/ Byakozwe mu Budage (Byakozwe mu Budage byohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga): Byakozwe mu Budage ni urubuga rwa interineti rwerekana ibyiza by’inganda n’ubuhanga mu Budage, bihuza abaguzi ku isi n’abatanga Ubudage. URL: https://www.made-muri-germany.com/ Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (Ikigo cy’Ubudage gishinzwe Ubushakashatsi mu by'Ubukungu): Ikigo cy’Ubudage cy’ubushakashatsi mu by'ubukungu n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi mu by'ubukungu mu Budage gisohora raporo n’isesengura ku ngingo zitandukanye z’ubukungu, harimo n’ubucuruzi n’inganda. URL: https://www.diw.de/ Bundesamt für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (Ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’Ubudage): Ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’Ubudage gifite inshingano zo guteza imbere ubufatanye mu iterambere ry’ubukungu hagati y’Ubudage n’ibindi bihugu, harimo gutanga amakuru ku bucuruzi n’amahirwe yo gushora imari. URL: https://www.giz.de/ Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie (BDI): Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, BDI n’ishyirahamwe rinini mu nganda mu Budage kandi itanga amakuru ninama zijyanye no kohereza mu Budage, harimo ubushakashatsi ku isoko ndetse n’inganda. URL: https://www.bdi.eu/ Izi mbuga zitanga amakuru ningirakamaro kubohereza ibicuruzwa hanze bashaka kwinjira mu isoko ry’Ubudage cyangwa kwagura ubucuruzi bwabo mu Budage. Batanga ubushakashatsi ku isoko, ubucuruzi buyobora, serivisi zihuza ubucuruzi, nandi makuru afatika ashobora gufasha abohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga gufata ibyemezo byuzuye no kugera ku ntsinzi ku isoko ry’Ubudage. Birasabwa gushakisha izi mbuga no gukoresha umutungo wazo kugirango urusheho gusobanukirwa nubukungu bwubudage nubucuruzi bwubucuruzi.

Ubucuruzi bwibibazo byurubuga

Ku bijyanye no kubona amakuru y’ubucuruzi mu Budage, hari imbuga nyinshi zizewe zitanga amakuru arambuye ku mibare y’ubucuruzi n’ubudage. Hano hari imbuga zimwe zisabwa kugirango ubone amakuru yubucuruzi bwubudage: Ibiro bishinzwe ibarurishamibare mu Budage (DESTATIS): DESTATIS ni urubuga rwemewe rw’ibiro bishinzwe ibarurishamibare mu Budage kandi rutanga amakuru yuzuye ku bucuruzi bw’Ubudage, harimo imibare itumizwa mu mahanga n’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, abafatanyabikorwa mu bucuruzi, n’ibyiciro by’ibicuruzwa. URL: https://www.destatis.de/ Urubuga rw’ubucuruzi rwa Komisiyo y’Uburayi (Imibare y’ubucuruzi): Urubuga rw’ubucuruzi rwa Komisiyo y’Uburayi rutanga amakuru arambuye y’ubucuruzi ku bihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, harimo n’Ubudage. Iyemerera abakoresha kubona imibare itumizwa no kohereza hanze, impirimbanyi zubucuruzi, nandi makuru yubucuruzi ajyanye. URL: https://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradestatistic Inama y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe ubucuruzi n’iterambere (UNCTAD): UNCTAD n’isoko rikomeye mu gutanga amakuru y’ubucuruzi n’ishoramari, harimo imibare irambuye ku bucuruzi bw’Ubudage. Itanga amakuru kubyerekeranye nubucuruzi, ibiciro, nibindi bipimo bijyanye nubucuruzi. URL: https://unctad.org/en/Page/Urugo.aspx Ubuyobozi mpuzamahanga bw’ubucuruzi (ITA): ITA ni ikigo cya leta gitanga uburyo bwo kubona amakuru yinjira muri Amerika no kohereza mu mahanga, harimo amakuru y’ubucuruzi bw’Ubudage. Abakoresha barashobora gushakisha amakuru arambuye yo kohereza no kohereza hanze kumurongo mugari wibicuruzwa n'amasoko. URL: https://www.trade.gov/mas/ian/importexport/toolsresearch/dataresources/index.asp Izi mbuga zitanga amakuru y’ubucuruzi yuzuye kandi yizewe ku bucuruzi bw’Ubudage bushobora gukoreshwa n’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, ubucuruzi, n’abashakashatsi mu gusobanukirwa imigendekere y’isoko, kumenya amahirwe, no gufata ibyemezo byuzuye ku isoko ry’Ubudage. Kubona amakuru yubucuruzi nintambwe yingenzi kubohereza ibicuruzwa hanze kuko itanga ubumenyi bwingenzi mubukungu bwubudage nubucuruzi bwubucuruzi. Birasabwa gushakisha izi mbuga no gukoresha ibikoresho byazo kugirango urusheho gusobanukirwa n’ubucuruzi bw’Ubudage.

B2b

Iyo bigeze ku mbuga za B2B (Business-to-Business) zohereza mu Budage, hari urubuga rwinshi ruhuza abatanga ibicuruzwa n'abaguzi kandi byorohereza ubucuruzi. Dore zimwe mu mbuga za B2B zisabwa kohereza mu Budage: 1.globalsources.com: Globalsources.com nisoko rya mbere rya B2B rihuza abatanga isoko nabaguzi kwisi yose. Itanga serivisi zitandukanye hamwe nibiranga ubufasha bwohereza ibicuruzwa hanze kugera kumasoko yagenewe no gukora ibikorwa byubucuruzi neza. URL: https://www.globalsources.com/ 2.yakozwe-mu-china.com: Yakozwe-muri-China.com ni urubuga rwa B2B rwita kubaguzi kwisi bashaka ibicuruzwa nabatanga ibicuruzwa mubushinwa. Itanga urubuga kubatanga ibicuruzwa byabo no kugera kubaguzi mpuzamahanga. URL: https://www.made-muri-china.com/ 3.europages.com: Europage nubuyobozi bwa B2B ihuza abatanga ibicuruzwa nabaguzi muburayi. Itanga imyirondoro irambuye yisosiyete, urutonde rwibicuruzwa, namakuru ku nganda n’amasoko atandukanye yo mu Burayi. URL: https://www.europages.com/ 4.DHgate: DHgate ni urubuga rwa B2B ruyoboye ubuhanga bwo guhuza abatanga Ubushinwa n'abaguzi mpuzamahanga. Itanga serivisi zitandukanye zubucuruzi nibisubizo byorohereza ubucuruzi bwisi yose. URL: https://www.dhgate.com/ Izi mbuga za B2B zitanga urubuga kubohereza ibicuruzwa hanze kugirango bahuze nabashobora kugura, kwerekana ibicuruzwa byabo, no kwagura isoko ryabo mubudage. Buri rubuga rufite ibintu byihariye na serivisi byihariye, birasabwa rero ko abatumiza ibicuruzwa hanze bashakisha uburyo butandukanye kandi bagahitamo imwe ijyanye nibikorwa byabo nibisabwa. Gukoresha izi mbuga za B2B birashobora gufasha abohereza ibicuruzwa hanze kongera ubushobozi bwabo, kugera kumasoko yagenewe, no gushiraho umubano wubucuruzi ufite agaciro nabaguzi mubudage.