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Incamake y'igihugu
Ifaranga ry'igihugu
Igipimo cy'ivunjisha
Ibiruhuko by'ingenzi
Ubucuruzi bw’amahanga
Iterambere ryisoko
Kugurisha ibicuruzwa bishyushye ku isoko
Ibiranga abakiriya na kirazira
Sisitemu yo gucunga gasutamo
Kuzana politiki y’imisoro
Politiki yo kohereza hanze
Impamyabumenyi isabwa kohereza hanze
Basabwe ibikoresho
Imiyoboro yo guteza imbere abaguzi

Ubushinwa, buzwi ku izina rya Repubulika y’Ubushinwa, ni igihugu kinini giherereye muri Aziya y'Uburasirazuba. Hatuwe n'abantu barenga miliyari 1.4, nicyo gihugu gituwe cyane ku isi. Umurwa mukuru ni Beijing. Ubushinwa bufite amateka akomeye kuva mu myaka ibihumbi n'ibihumbi kandi bufatwa nk'imwe mu mico ya kera cyane ku isi. Yatanze umusanzu ukomeye mubice bitandukanye nka filozofiya, siyanse, ubuhanzi, n'ubuvanganzo. Ku bijyanye na geografiya, Ubushinwa bukubiyemo ahantu nyaburanga hatandukanye kuva ku misozi no mu bibaya kugera mu butayu no mu bibaya byo ku nkombe. Iki gihugu gisangiye imipaka n'ibihugu 14 bituranye, birimo Uburusiya, Ubuhinde, na Koreya y'Amajyaruguru. Nk’ubukungu bukomeye, Ubushinwa bwagize iterambere ryihuse kuva bwashyira mu bikorwa ivugurura rishingiye ku isoko mu mpera za za 70. Ubu ni ubukungu bwa kabiri mu bunini ku isi na GDP ku izina kandi buyobora mu nganda nyinshi nk'inganda n'ikoranabuhanga. Guverinoma y'Ubushinwa ikurikiza gahunda ya politiki y’abasosiyalisiti iyobowe n’ishyaka rya gikomunisiti ry’Ubushinwa (CPC). Ifite igenzura ku nzego z’ingenzi z’ubukungu ariko yanafunguye ishoramari ry’amahanga n’ubufatanye mu bucuruzi. Umuco w'Abashinwa wakiriye imigenzo yashinze imizi muri Confucianism ndetse inashyiramo ibintu biva muri Budisime na Taoism. Uyu murage ndangamuco urashobora kugaragara binyuze mu biryo byawo - bizwi ku isi hose ku byokurya nk'udusimba na paki ya peking - ndetse n'ubuhanzi gakondo nko kwandika, gushushanya, opera, ubuhanzi bw'intambara (Kung Fu), n'imihango y'icyayi y'Ubushinwa. Ubushinwa buhura n’ibibazo nk’umwanda w’ibidukikije bitewe n’iterambere ry’inganda n’ubusumbane bw’imibereho n’ubukungu hagati y’imijyi yateye imbere cyane ugereranije n’icyaro. Icyakora, guverinoma irimo gushyirwamo ingufu kugira ngo intego z’iterambere zirambye zibanda kuri gahunda z’inzibacyuho y’ingufu. Mu myaka yashize iyobowe na Perezida Xi Jinping (kuva mu 2013), Ubushinwa bwakurikiranye ingamba nka Belt & Road Initiative hagamijwe kongera umubano n’ibindi bihugu mu nzira z’ubucuruzi bw’amateka ndetse binashimangira uruhare rwacyo ku isi yose nk’umuryango w’abibumbye. Muri rusange, ikubiyemo amateka akomeye, imico itandukanye, n’ubukungu bw’ubukungu, Ubushinwa bugira uruhare runini mu guhindura ibibazo by’isi kandi bukomeje gutera intambwe igana ku iterambere ry’imibereho n’ubukungu.

Imiterere y’ifaranga ry’Ubushinwa irangwa no gukoresha Renminbi (Amafaranga) nk'ifaranga ryayo. Igice cya konti kumafaranga ni Yuan, gikunze guhagararirwa na CNY cyangwa amafaranga kumasoko mpuzamahanga. Banki y'Abaturage y'Ubushinwa (PBOC) ifite ububasha bwo gutanga no kugenzura politiki y'ifaranga ry'igihugu. Renminbi yagiye yidegembya buhoro buhoro uko igihe kigenda gihita, bituma habaho amahanga menshi kandi byiyongera ku gipimo cy’ivunjisha. Mu mwaka wa 2005, Ubushinwa bwashyize mu bikorwa uburyo bwo kuvunja ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga, bihuza Yuan n'agaseke k'ifaranga aho kurwanya USD gusa. Iyi ntambwe yari igamije kugabanya gushingira kuri USD no guteza imbere umutekano mu bucuruzi bw’amahanga. Byongeye kandi, kuva mu mwaka wa 2016, Ubushinwa bwafashe ingamba zo gushyira ifaranga ryayo mu kigega mpuzamahanga cy’imari (IMF) Uburenganzira bwihariye bwo gushushanya (SDR) hamwe n’ifaranga rikomeye nka USD, GBP, EUR, na JPY. Uku kwishyira hamwe kwerekana Ubushinwa bugenda bwiyongera mu bukungu ku isi. Ku bijyanye no kugenzura ivunjisha, nubwo hakiri imbogamizi zimwe na zimwe zibuza kwinjiza imari mu Bushinwa no gusohoka bitewe n’igenzura ry’imari ryashyizwe mu bikorwa n’abayobozi b’Ubushinwa kubera impungenge z’ubukungu bw’ubukungu n’ubushobozi bwo gucunga ubukungu; hashyizweho ingufu mu kwibohora buhoro buhoro. Kugenzura imikorere ya gahunda y’imari no kugenzura politiki y’ifaranga neza nyuma y’ivugurura rigabanya imipaka ku nyungu zitangwa na banki z’ubucuruzi mu 2013 mbere y’uko inyungu zose zashyizweho hagati ya PBOC ubu ziri mu nzira yo kuvugurura mu gihe abanyamahanga bafite akamaro kanini -Amabanki yashowe abona ubwisanzure burenze kubijyanye n'amafaranga yuuu ajyanye nibikorwa byayo mubushinwa Byongeye kandi, ingamba zitandukanye zashyizweho hagamijwe ivugurura rishingiye ku isoko harimo no kunoza imikorere y’isoko ry’ivunjisha mu gihugu mu gihe ritanga ibikoresho byinshi byo gucunga ibyago / gukumira mu rwego rwemewe usibye izindi ngamba zo kwidagadura ziyongera zemerera guhinduka hagati y’ifaranga umutungo wujuje ibyangombwa byemewe ku nkunga zambukiranya imipaka cyangwa intego zishoramari nazo zigira uruhare mu iterambere mpuzamahanga rya Renminbi. Muri rusange, amafaranga y’ifaranga ry’Ubushinwa ahora agenda atera imbere mu gihe iki gihugu gikomeje gufungura amasoko y’imari, guhangana n’igenzura ry’ivunjisha, kandi kigakomeza imbaraga zacyo mu rwego mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga.

Ifaranga ry’Ubushinwa ni Yuan yo mu Bushinwa, izwi kandi ku izina rya Renminbi (Amafaranga). Kubijyanye n’igereranya ry’ivunjisha ry’amafaranga akomeye ku isi, nyamuneka menya ko iyi mibare ishobora gutandukana kandi buri gihe ni byiza kugenzura hamwe n’ibiciro biriho ubu. Dore ingero zigereranyo cy’ivunjisha: 1 USD (Amadorari y'Amerika) ≈ 6.40-6.50 CNY 1 EUR (Euro) ≈ 7.70-7.80 CNY 1 GBP (Pound yo mu Bwongereza) ≈ 8.80-9.00 CNY 1 JPY (Yapani Yen) ≈ 0.06-0.07 CNY 1 AUD (Amadolari ya Ositarariya) ≈ 4.60-4.70 CNY Nyamuneka uzirikane ko izo ndangagaciro zigereranijwe kandi zishobora guhinduka bitewe nimpamvu zitandukanye ku isoko ry’ivunjisha nkibihe byubukungu, ibihe bya politiki, nibindi.

Ubushinwa bufite iminsi mikuru gakondo gakondo, bugaragaza umurage gakondo gakondo. Imwe mu minsi mikuru ikomeye mu Bushinwa ni umunsi mukuru w'impeshyi, uzwi kandi nk'umwaka mushya w'Ubushinwa. Iri serukiramuco ryizihizwa n’ishyaka ryinshi kandi ryerekana intangiriro yumwaka mushya. Umwaka mushya w'Ubushinwa ugwa hagati ya Mutarama na ntangiriro za Gashyantare ukamara iminsi cumi n'itanu. Muri kiriya gihe, abantu bakora ibikorwa bitandukanye nko guterana kwimiryango, gusangira ibiryo biryoshye, guhana amabahasha atukura arimo amafaranga, gucana imiriro, no kureba imbyino gakondo. Undi munsi mukuru ukomeye mu Bushinwa ni Mid-Autumn Festival, uzwi kandi kwizina rya Ukwezi. Uyu munsi mukuru uba kumunsi wa 15 wukwezi kwa munani ukwezi (mubisanzwe muri Nzeri cyangwa Ukwakira) mugihe ukwezi kuzuye. Abantu bishimira gutanga ukwezi kumuryango ninshuti mugihe bishimira ibikorwa byo hanze nko kumurika amatara. Umunsi mukuru w’umunsi w’igihugu ni ikindi gikorwa gikomeye cyibutsa ishingwa ry’Ubushinwa bugezweho ku ya 1 Ukwakira 1949. Muri iki kiruhuko cy’icyumweru cyiswe Icyumweru cya Zahabu (1-7 Ukwakira), abantu bafata ibiruhuko cyangwa bagasura ahantu nyaburanga hakorerwa ubukerarugendo mu Bushinwa kugira ngo bishimire ishema ry'igihugu. Usibye iyi minsi mikuru ikomeye, hari nibindi birori bizwi cyane nka Festival ya Qingming (Umunsi wo Kuzunguruka Imva), Iserukiramuco rya Boat Dragon (Duanwu), Itara ryamatara (Yuanxiao), nibindi. Iyi minsi mikuru yerekana ibintu bitandukanye byumuco wubushinwa nk imyizerere ya Confucius cyangwa imigenzo yubuhinzi. Mu gusoza, Ubushinwa bufite iminsi mikuru myinshi ikomeye ifite akamaro gakomeye kumuco kubaturage bayo. Ibi birori bihuza imiryango, bigateza imbere ubumwe mubenegihugu mugihe cyibiruhuko byigihugu nkicyumweru cyigihugu cyicyumweru cya Zahabu kandi bigaha amahirwe buriwese kwishora mumigenzo gakondo mumyaka yose.

Ubushinwa buzwi ku izina rya Repubulika y’Ubushinwa (PRC), bufite uruhare runini mu bucuruzi bw’isi. Yagaragaye byihuse nk’ibicuruzwa byohereza ibicuruzwa byinshi ku isi ndetse n’ibicuruzwa bya kabiri mu bihugu bitumiza mu mahanga. Urwego rw’ubucuruzi mu Bushinwa rwabonye iterambere ridasanzwe mu myaka mike ishize, ahanini rushingiye ku buhanga bw’inganda n’abakozi bahendutse. Igihugu cyahinduye ubukungu bushingiye ku byoherezwa mu mahanga, kabuhariwe mu gukora ibicuruzwa byinshi by’abaguzi, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, imashini, imyenda, n'ibindi. Ku bijyanye n’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, Ubushinwa bwohereza ibicuruzwa mu mpande zose z’isi. Abafatanyabikorwa bayo benshi mu bucuruzi barimo Amerika, Ibihugu by’Uburayi nk’Ubudage n’Ubufaransa, ibihugu bya ASEAN nkUbuyapani na Koreya yepfo. Aya masoko afite uruhare runini mubyoherezwa mu Bushinwa. Ku ruhande rw'ibitumizwa mu mahanga, Ubushinwa bushingiye cyane ku bicuruzwa nka peteroli, ubutare bw'icyuma, umuringa, soya kugira ngo bikemure inganda zikenera. Abatanga ibicuruzwa byinshi nibihugu nka Ositaraliya (kubutare bwicyuma), Arabiya Sawudite (kuri peteroli), Berezile (kuri soya), nibindi. Umubare w’ubucuruzi w’Ubushinwa (itandukaniro riri hagati y’ibicuruzwa n’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga) bikomeje kuba byinshi ariko byagaragaje ibimenyetso bigabanuka mu myaka yashize bitewe n’impamvu zitandukanye nko kuzamuka kw’umusaruro no kongera ibicuruzwa by’imbere mu gihugu. Igihugu kandi gihura n’ibibazo nk’amakimbirane y’ubucuruzi n’ibihugu bimwe na bimwe bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bucuruzi bw’ejo hazaza. Guverinoma y'Ubushinwa yakurikiranye byimazeyo politiki yo guteza imbere ubucuruzi bw’amahanga binyuze muri gahunda nka Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) igamije kuzamura ibikorwa remezo n’ibihugu by’abafatanyabikorwa mu turere twa Aziya-Uburayi-Afurika. Mu gusoza, Ubushinwa bugaragara nk’uruhare rukomeye mu bucuruzi bw’isi yose kubera ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gukora mu gihe ari ibicuruzwa bikomeye byohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga ndetse n’ibitumizwa mu mahanga. Intego yayo yo kwishyira hamwe mu bukungu mpuzamahanga ikomeje binyuze mu bikorwa biteza imbere amahirwe yo gushora imari mu bucuruzi bw’imbere mu gihugu ndetse no gushimangira umubano w’ibihugu byombi n’abafatanyabikorwa bakomeye mu bucuruzi ku isi.

Ubushinwa, nk’ibicuruzwa byohereza ibicuruzwa byinshi ku isi n’igihugu cya kabiri mu bihugu bitumiza mu mahanga, bifite amahirwe menshi yo guteza imbere isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga. Hariho ibintu byinshi bigira uruhare mubushinwa bukomeye muri kano karere. Ubwa mbere, Ubushinwa buherereyemo butanga umwanya mwiza nkubucuruzi bwisi yose. Iherereye muri Aziya y'Uburasirazuba, ikora nk'irembo hagati y'amasoko y'iburengerazuba n'iburasirazuba. Umuyoboro munini w’ibikorwa remezo byo gutwara abantu, harimo ibyambu na gari ya moshi, bituma habaho gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa mu gihugu no mu mahanga. Icya kabiri, Ubushinwa bufite isoko rinini ry’abaguzi rifite abantu barenga miliyari 1.4. Iki cyifuzo cy’imbere mu gihugu gitanga umusingi mwiza wo kwagura ubucuruzi bw’amahanga kuko butanga amahirwe ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga n’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Icyiciro cyo hagati kigenda cyiyongera mubushinwa cyerekana abakiriya bahindagurika bashishikajwe nibicuruzwa byiza byo mu mahanga. Icya gatatu, Ubushinwa bwashyize ingufu nyinshi mu kuzamura ubucuruzi bwabwo bushyira mu bikorwa ivugurura na politiki yo kwishyira ukizana. Ibikorwa nka Belt and Road Initiative byashyizeho koridoro nshya y’ubukungu ihuza Aziya n’Uburayi na Afurika, iteza imbere umubano w’ibihugu bigira uruhare muri iyo mishinga y’ibikorwa remezo. Byongeye kandi, Ubushinwa bufite umutungo mwinshi nkumurimo wubuhanga ku giciro cyo gupiganwa gikurura amasosiyete y’amahanga ashaka gushora mu bikorwa by’inganda cyangwa gushinga ibirindiro mu gihugu. Ubushobozi bwikoranabuhanga bugezweho nabwo butuma iba ahantu heza h'inganda zishaka ubufatanye cyangwa amahirwe yo gushora imari. Byongeye kandi, ibigo by’abashinwa byagiye bigira uruhare runini mu kwagura isi binyuze mu ishoramari cyangwa mu mahanga. Iyi myumvire yerekana icyifuzo cyabo cyo gushakisha amasoko mashya mugihe baha abafatanyabikorwa amahirwe yo kugera kumasoko yubushinwa binyuze mubufatanye cyangwa ubufatanye. Mu gusoza, biteganijwe ko isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’ububanyi n’amahanga mu Bushinwa rizakomeza gutera imbere bitewe n’ahantu heza h’imiterere y’imiterere y’imiterere y’imiterere y’imiterere y’imikoreshereze y’imikoreshereze y’imbere mu gihugu, ibikorwa by’ivugurura ry’ubucuruzi bikomeje hamwe n’ibikoresho byinshi biboneka mu mbibi zayo. Izi ngingo hamwe zigaragaza ubushobozi bukomeye kubucuruzi kwisi yose bugamije gushakisha amahirwe muri iri soko rifite imbaraga ziterambere ryinshi

Ku bijyanye no guhitamo ibicuruzwa bigurishwa bishyushye ku isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’Ubushinwa, hari ibintu byinshi tugomba gusuzuma. Hano hari inama zuburyo bwo kugenda uhitamo ibicuruzwa: 1. Ubushakashatsi ku isoko: Tangira ukora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku isoko kugirango umenye ibigezweho n'ibisabwa mu bucuruzi bw’ubucuruzi bw’Ubushinwa. Gisesengura ibyifuzo byabaguzi hamwe nuburyo bwo kugura, witondere inganda zigenda zigaragara nibyiciro byibicuruzwa byerekana ubushobozi. 2. Gusesengura amarushanwa: Witegereze neza ibyo abanywanyi bawe batanga kumasoko y'Ubushinwa. Menya icyuho cyangwa ahantu ushobora gutandukanya ibicuruzwa byawe nibisanzwe bihari. Iri sesengura rizagufasha kumva ubwoko bwibicuruzwa bifite icyifuzo kinini kandi ahari umwanya w’abinjira bashya. 3. Sobanukirwa nibyifuzo byumuco: Menya ko Ubushinwa bufite umuco wihariye wumuco nimyitwarire y'abaguzi. Tekereza guhuza cyangwa guhuza ibicuruzwa byawe ukurikije ibyo ukunda, imigenzo, n'imigenzo. 4. Ubwishingizi bufite ireme: Abaguzi b'Abashinwa bagenda baha agaciro ibicuruzwa byiza kandi byizewe. Witondere ingamba zubwishingizi bufite ireme nkibyemezo byibicuruzwa, ibipimo byumutekano, amahitamo ya garanti, nibindi, urebe ko ibintu byatoranijwe byujuje cyangwa birenze ibyo byateganijwe. 5. Ubushobozi bwa e-ubucuruzi: Hamwe niterambere ryihuse rya e-ubucuruzi mubushinwa, shyira imbere guhitamo ibicuruzwa bifite amahirwe yo kugurisha kumurongo kimwe nibishoboka byo kugurisha kumurongo. 6.Gutanga amasoko neza: Suzuma uburyo bushoboka bwo kubona ibintu byatoranijwe neza murusobe rwawe rutanga isoko mugihe ukomeza ibiciro byapiganwa utabangamiye ubuziranenge. 7.Ihitamo rirambye cyangwa ryangiza ibidukikije: Mugihe ubukangurambaga bwibidukikije bugenda bwiyongera mubaguzi b’abashinwa, tekereza kwinjiza ibikorwa birambye mugikorwa cyo guhitamo ibicuruzwa utanga amahitamo yangiza ibidukikije aho bishoboka hose. 8.Isuzuma ryibicuruzwa & guhuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere: Mbere yo kwiyemeza neza umutungo mwinshi cyangwa gutanga amasoko, kora igeragezwa ryisoko rito ku gipimo gito (urugero, imishinga yicyitegererezo) hamwe nibicuruzwa byatoranijwe neza byerekana ibyiciro bitandukanye mubyo ushobora kuvanga. Iyo usuzumye ibyo bintu mugihe ukora isesengura ryisoko hamwe nuburyo bwo gufata ibyemezo bifata ibyemezo muburyo bunoze, ubucuruzi bufite akamaro burashobora kongera amahirwe yo guhitamo ibicuruzwa bigurishwa bishyushye kumasoko yubucuruzi bwubushinwa kandi bikagera ku ntsinzi kuri iri soko rinini kandi ryunguka.

Ubushinwa nigihugu kinini kandi gitandukanye gifite imiterere yihariye mugihe cyimyitwarire yabakiriya. Gusobanukirwa ibyo biranga na kirazira birashobora gufasha cyane mugushiraho umubano mwiza wubucuruzi: Ibiranga abakiriya: 1. Kwibanda cyane ku mibanire bwite: Abakiriya b’abashinwa baha agaciro ikizere n’ubudahemuka, akenshi bahitamo gukora ubucuruzi nabantu bazi cyangwa babasabwe. 2. Akamaro k'isura: Kugumana isura nziza n'icyubahiro ni ngombwa mu muco w'Abashinwa. Abakiriya barashobora kugenda ibirometero byinshi kugirango babike isura kuri bo cyangwa abafatanyabikorwa babo. 3. Kumenya ibiciro: Mugihe abakiriya b abashinwa bashima ubuziranenge, nabo ntibita kubiciro kandi akenshi bashakisha agaciro keza kumafaranga yabo. 4. Urwego rwohejuru rwo gusezerana kumurongo: Hamwe numubare munini wabakoresha telefone, abakiriya b abashinwa bakunda cyane kugura kumurongo bakora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse kandi bagasoma ibyasuzumwe nabakiriya mbere yo gufata ibyemezo byubuguzi. Kirazira y'abakiriya: 1. Irinde gutakaza isura: Ntukigere unenga cyangwa ngo utere isoni umukiriya wumushinwa kumugaragaro, kuko ibyo bishobora gutera gutakaza isura yubahwa cyane mumuco. 2. Impano zigomba kuba zikwiye: Witondere mugihe utanga impano, kuko ibimenyetso bidakwiye bishobora kubonwa nabi cyangwa bitemewe kubera amategeko arwanya ruswa. 3. Kubaha urwego n'imyaka: Erekana kubaha ubukuru mumatsinda ubwira abantu bakuze mbere mugihe cy'inama cyangwa imikoranire. 4. Ibimenyetso bitavuze bifite akamaro: Witondere ibimenyetso bitavuze nkururimi rwumubiri, ijwi ryijwi, hamwe nisura yo mumaso kuko bifite ubusobanuro bukomeye mubiganiro byabashinwa. Mugusobanukirwa ibiranga abakiriya no kwirinda kirazira mugihe ukora ubucuruzi mubushinwa, amasosiyete arashobora kubaka umubano ukomeye na bagenzi babo bo mubushinwa biganisha kubufatanye bwiza no kongera amahirwe yo kugurisha

Ubushinwa bufite uburyo bunoze bwo gucunga gasutamo kugira ngo bugenzure ibicuruzwa byambukiranya imipaka. Ubuyobozi bwa gasutamo bwashyizeho ingamba n’amabwiriza atandukanye kugira ngo ubucuruzi bugende neza mu gihe kandi burinda umutekano w’igihugu n’inyungu z’ubukungu. Hano hari ibintu by'ingenzi bigize gahunda yo gucunga gasutamo y'Ubushinwa hamwe n'ibintu by'ingenzi ugomba kuzirikana: 1. Uburyo bwa gasutamo: Umuntu wese cyangwa isosiyete itumiza cyangwa yohereza ibicuruzwa hanze igomba kunyura mubikorwa byagenwe na gasutamo. Ibi bikubiyemo gutanga ibyangombwa, kwishyura imisoro n'imisoro ikoreshwa, no kubahiriza amabwiriza abigenga. 2. Amatangazo ya gasutamo: Abatumiza mu mahanga n'abasohoka mu mahanga bose basabwa gutanga imenyekanisha ryuzuye kandi ryuzuye rya gasutamo ritanga amakuru arambuye ku miterere y'ibicuruzwa, agaciro kabo, ubwinshi, inkomoko, aho bigana, n'ibindi. 3. Inshingano n'imisoro: Ubushinwa bushyiraho imisoro ku bicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga hashingiwe ku byiciro byabo hakurikijwe amategeko ya Harmonized System (HS). Byongeye kandi, umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (TVA) usoreshwa ku bicuruzwa byinshi bitumizwa mu mahanga ku gipimo gisanzwe cya 13%. 4. Ibicuruzwa bibujijwe kandi bibujijwe: Ibintu bimwe birabujijwe cyangwa bibujijwe gutumizwa mu mahanga cyangwa koherezwa hanze kubera impungenge z'umutekano cyangwa amategeko abuza. Harimo ibiyobyabwenge, intwaro, ibicuruzwa byangiritse, ibintu byiganano, nibindi. 5. Uburenganzira ku mutungo bwite mu by'ubwenge (IPR): Ubushinwa bwita cyane ku kurinda umutungo bwite mu by'ubwenge ku mbibi zabwo. Gutumiza mu mahanga ibicuruzwa byiganano bishobora kuganisha ku bihano nko kwambura ibicuruzwa cyangwa amande. 6. Igenzura rya gasutamo: Kugira ngo amategeko n'amabwiriza yubahirizwe, abayobozi ba gasutamo bafite uburenganzira bwo kugenzura ibicuruzwa ku bushake cyangwa igihe bakeka ko hari amakosa yarenze. 7. Amafaranga y'Abagenzi: Iyo winjiye mu Bushinwa nk'umugenzi ku giti cye udafite intego z'ubucuruzi, umubare runaka wibintu byawe nkimyenda, imiti irashobora kuzanwa utishyuye imisoro. Ariko hashobora kuba imipaka kubintu byagaciro nkibikoresho byamashanyarazi, imitako, n'inzoga, kugirango wirinde intego za magendu. Burigihe nibyiza kubantu bagenda mumahanga kumenyera ibisabwa bya gasutamo byihariye byigihugu cyerekezo. Kudakurikiza amabwiriza ya gasutamo y'Ubushinwa birashobora gutuma hacibwa amande, gutinda, cyangwa kwamburwa ibicuruzwa.

Ubushinwa bwashyize mu bikorwa politiki y’imisoro itumizwa mu mahanga kugira ngo igenzure imisoro ku bicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga. Amahoro yatumijwe mu mahanga atangwa ku byiciro bitandukanye by’ibicuruzwa kandi bigakorera mu bikorwa byinshi nko kurinda inganda zo mu gihugu, kugenzura ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga, no kwinjiza leta amafaranga. Amahoro yatumijwe mu Bushinwa ashingiye cyane cyane kuri gahunda yo gushyira mu bikorwa amahoro ya gasutamo, ashyira ibicuruzwa mu bicuruzwa bitandukanye. Aya mahoro ashyirwa mubyiciro bibiri byingenzi: ibiciro rusange nibiciro byingenzi. Ibiciro rusange bireba ibicuruzwa byinshi bitumizwa mu mahanga mugihe ibiciro byihutirwa bitangwa mubihugu Ubushinwa bwashyizeho amasezerano yubucuruzi. Imiterere rusange yimisoro itumizwa mu mahanga igizwe nu byiciro byinshi kuva kuri 0% kugeza hejuru ya 100%. Ibicuruzwa byingenzi nkibiryo byingenzi, ibikoresho byibanze byibanze, nibikoresho bimwe na bimwe byikoranabuhanga byishimira ibiciro biri hasi cyangwa zeru. Ku rundi ruhande, ibicuruzwa byiza n’ibintu bishobora guhungabanya umutekano w’igihugu cyangwa ubuzima bw’abaturage birashobora gutangirwa amahoro menshi. Ubushinwa kandi bukoresha umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (TVA) ku bicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga ku gipimo gisanzwe cya 13%. Umusoro ku nyongeragaciro ubarwa hashingiwe ku giciro rusange cy’ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga birimo amahoro ya gasutamo (niba bihari), amafaranga yo gutwara abantu, amafaranga y’ubwishingizi, n’andi mafaranga yakoreshejwe mu kohereza. Byongeye kandi, hari gusonerwa cyangwa kugabanuka kuboneka mubyiciro byihariye nkibicuruzwa bijyanye nubuhinzi, uburezi, ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, gahunda zo guhanahana umuco cyangwa ibikorwa byubutabazi. Ni ngombwa ko abatumiza mu mahanga bakurikiza amabwiriza y'Ubushinwa yerekeye imenyekanisha rya gasutamo. Kutabikora bishobora kuvamo ibihano cyangwa kwamburwa ibicuruzwa. Muri make, politiki y’imisoro itumizwa mu Bushinwa igamije kurinda inganda zo mu gihugu mu gihe hajyaho umubano mpuzamahanga w’ubucuruzi. Iremeza irushanwa ryiza hagati yinganda zaho mu guca intege ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga bishobora guhungabanya irushanwa ryabo.

Ubushinwa bwashyize mu bikorwa politiki y’imisoro yoherezwa mu mahanga kugira ngo bugenzure inganda zohereza mu mahanga no guteza imbere ubukungu. Igihugu gikoresha umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (TVA) ku bicuruzwa byinshi byoherezwa mu mahanga. Ku bicuruzwa rusange, politiki yo gusubiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga byoherezwa mu mahanga ituma abohereza ibicuruzwa hanze basubiza umusoro ku nyongeragaciro wishyuwe ku bikoresho fatizo, ibigize, n’ibindi bicuruzwa byakoreshejwe mu musaruro. Ibi bifasha kugabanya ibiciro byumusaruro no kuzamura irushanwa kumasoko mpuzamahanga. Igiciro cyo gusubizwa kiratandukanye ukurikije icyiciro cyibicuruzwa, hamwe nibiciro biri hejuru bihabwa ibintu nkimyenda, imyenda, na elegitoroniki. Nyamara, ibicuruzwa bimwe ntibyemewe gusubizwa umusoro ku nyongeragaciro cyangwa birashobora kugabanya igiciro cyo gusubizwa kubera impungenge z’ibidukikije cyangwa amabwiriza ya leta. Kurugero, gukoresha ingufu nyinshi cyangwa ibicuruzwa byanduye cyane bishobora guhura n’imisoro yiyongereye nkigipimo cyo gushimangira imikorere irambye. Byongeye kandi, Ubushinwa bushyiraho kandi ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga ku bicuruzwa byihariye nk'ibicuruzwa by'ibyuma, amakara, amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe ku isi, ndetse n'ibikomoka ku buhinzi. Ikigamijwe ni ukugenzura itangwa ryimbere mu gihugu no gukomeza umutekano muri izi nganda. Byongeye kandi, Ubushinwa bwashyizeho akarere k’ubucuruzi bwisanzuye (FTZ) aho politiki yihariye yerekeye imisoro ikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye ugereranije n’utundi turere tw’igihugu. FTZ itanga umusoro ku nyungu cyangwa gusonerwa ku nganda zimwe na zimwe mu rwego rwo gukurura ishoramari ry’amahanga no guteza imbere ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga. Ni ngombwa ko abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga mu Bushinwa bakomeza guhora bahindurwa n’impinduka muri politiki y’imisoro kuko zishobora guhindurwa rimwe na rimwe na guverinoma ishingiye ku bukungu bukenewe ndetse n’imiterere y’isi. Mu gusoza, abakoresha) + (s), uburyo Ubushinwa bwerekeye imisoro yoherezwa mu mahanga bugamije gutera inkunga inganda zo mu gihugu no gukomeza guhangana ku rwego mpuzamahanga binyuze mu gusubizwa umusoro ku nyongeragaciro ku bicuruzwa rusange hamwe n’amahoro yihariye ashyirwa ku bicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe.

Ubushinwa, nk'imwe mu bukungu bunini ku isi, bufite gahunda ihamye yo kwemeza ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga. Igihugu cyumva akamaro ko kureba niba ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga byujuje ubuziranenge mpuzamahanga. Gahunda yo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze mubushinwa ikubiyemo intambwe zitandukanye nibisabwa. Icyambere, abatumiza ibicuruzwa hanze bakeneye kubona uruhushya rwo kohereza hanze rutangwa ninzego za leta zibishinzwe nkubuyobozi rusange bwa gasutamo (GAC) cyangwa minisiteri yubucuruzi. Uru ruhushya rubemerera kwishora mubikorwa byo kohereza hanze. Byongeye kandi, ibyemezo byibicuruzwa byihariye birashobora gukenerwa bitewe nubwoko bwibicuruzwa byoherezwa hanze. Kurugero, niba ibyohereza ibicuruzwa hanze, ibicuruzwa byohereza ibicuruzwa hanze bigomba kubahiriza amabwiriza y’umutekano w’ibiribwa yashyizweho n’ibigo nk’Ubushinwa bishinzwe ibiryo n’ibiyobyabwenge (CFDA), bitanga ibyemezo by’isuku kubyoherezwa mu mahanga. Abashora ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bagomba kandi kubahiriza ibipimo ngenderwaho byo kugenzura ubuziranenge byashyizweho n’ibigo nka China Certificate & Inspection Group (CCIC), bigenzura mbere yo kohereza ibicuruzwa kugira ngo ibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge. Byongeye kandi, icyemezo cyinkomoko gishobora gusabwa kwerekana ko ibicuruzwa byakorewe cyangwa bikorerwa mubushinwa. Iki cyemezo kigenzura ko ibicuruzwa byoherejwe mu mahanga biva mu Bushinwa kandi bikagena niba byujuje ibisabwa mu masezerano y’ubucuruzi cyangwa kugabanya imisoro hakurikijwe amasezerano y’ubucuruzi ku buntu (FTAs). Kugirango ibyo bigende neza, benshi bohereza ibicuruzwa hanze basaba ubufasha kubakozi babigize umwuga kabuhariwe mu gukora impapuro hamwe nuburyo bujyanye no kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Izi ntumwa zifite ubumenyi bwuzuye kubijyanye no gutumiza / kohereza hanze kandi birashobora gufasha kubahiriza ibyangombwa byose bikenewe. Mu gusoza, Ubushinwa buha agaciro kanini ibyemezo byoherezwa mu mahanga kugira ngo ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga byujuje ubuziranenge mpuzamahanga. Gukurikiza amabwiriza akomeye yashyizweho n’ubuyobozi nka GAC no kubona ibyemezo byihariye by’ibicuruzwa nk’icyemezo cya CFDA bigira uruhare mu koroshya umubano w’ubucuruzi n’ibindi bihugu ku isi.

Ubushinwa, nkigihugu cyateye imbere cyane mubijyanye n’ibikorwa remezo, bitanga serivisi zitandukanye kandi zizewe. Ubwa mbere, kubyohereza mpuzamahanga no kohereza ibicuruzwa bikenewe, ibigo nka Cosco Shipping Line hamwe nu Bushinwa byohereza ibicuruzwa bitanga amahitamo meza. Izi sosiyete zikoresha amato manini kandi zitanga serivisi zuzuye zo gutwara imizigo kwisi yose. Hamwe numuyoboro wabo uhuza neza ibyambu nabakozi bitanze, baremeza gutanga mugihe gikwiye hamwe na serivise nziza zabakiriya. Icya kabiri, kubijyanye no gutwara abantu mu gihugu mugihugu kinini cyUbushinwa, hariho amasosiyete menshi azwi cyane y'ibikoresho. Imwe muri iyo sosiyete ni China Railways Corporation (CR), ikora umuyoboro mugari wa gari ya moshi ukikije impande zose z'igihugu. Hamwe na tekinoroji igezweho nka gari ya moshi yihuta, CR itanga umutekano kandi byihuse kuva mumujyi ujya muwundi. Byongeye kandi, kubijyanye no gutwara imizigo ikenerwa mu gihugu cy’Ubushinwa cyangwa mu bihugu duturanye binyuze mu nzira z’ubutaka nka Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), Sinotrans Limited itanga serivisi zizewe. Hamwe namakamyo yamakamyo afite sisitemu yo gukurikirana GPS hamwe nabashoferi babimenyereye bamenyereye inzira zitandukanye, Sinotrans itanga ubwikorezi bwiza ndetse no mukarere ka kure. Byongeye kandi, ku bijyanye n’ibisubizo by’ibikoresho byo mu kirere mu Bushinwa cyangwa ku isi hose ku bibuga by’indege by’Ubushinwa nk’ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Beijing cyangwa ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Shanghai Pudong n’ibindi, Air China Cargo yerekana ko ari amahitamo yizewe. Iyi kompanyi yabigenewe indege zitwara ibintu zitwara neza ibicuruzwa ku mugabane wa Afurika mugihe zitanga uburyo bwiza bwo gutambuka. Usibye serivisi zitwara abantu zitangwa namasosiyete manini yavuzwe haruguru; hari kandi inzira igaragara yerekeza kuri e-ubucuruzi bwishora mubikorwa byabo bwite. Ibigo nka JD.com bikoresha imiyoboro yabyo yo gukwirakwiza mugihugu hose itanga serivisi zitangwa byihuse kumasoko manini y'Ubushinwa. Muri rusange, urebye izina ryisi yose kubera ubuhanga bwo gukora hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryubukungu; ntibitangaje kuba Ubushinwa bwarateje imbere urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima byita ku bidukikije byita ku bintu bitandukanye haba mu gihugu ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Waba ukeneye uburyo bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa mpuzamahanga cyangwa gukemura ibibazo byo murugo imbere; amasosiyete atagira ingano y'ibikoresho mu Bushinwa yiteguye gukorana na sisitemu zateye imbere mu ikoranabuhanga, imiyoboro yuzuye, no kwiyemeza guhaza abakiriya.

Ubucuruzi bwingenzi

Ubushinwa nigihugu cyihuta cyane gifite ubukungu butera imbere, gikurura abaguzi n’abashoramari mpuzamahanga. Ibi byatumye hashyirwaho inzira zitandukanye zingenzi zitanga amasoko n’imurikagurisha. Imwe mumahuriro yibanze yo kugura mpuzamahanga mubushinwa ni imurikagurisha rya Canton, rizwi kandi ku imurikagurisha ry’Ubushinwa no kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Bibaho kabiri mu mwaka muri Guangzhou kandi byerekana ibicuruzwa byinshi biva mu nganda zitandukanye. Imurikagurisha rikurura abaguzi baturutse impande zose zisi bashaka ibicuruzwa byiza kubiciro byapiganwa. Urundi rubuga rukomeye rwo gushakisha amasoko mpuzamahanga ni Alibaba.com. Iri soko ryo kumurongo rihuza abaguzi kwisi nabatanga ibicuruzwa biva mubushinwa batanga ibicuruzwa byinshi mubikorwa bitandukanye. Alibaba.com yemerera ubucuruzi gushakisha ibicuruzwa byihariye, guhuza byimazeyo nababikora, kugereranya ibiciro, no gutanga ibicuruzwa byoroshye. Usibye izi mbuga rusange, hari n’ubucuruzi bwihariye bw’inganda bukorerwa mu Bushinwa bukurura abaguzi mpuzamahanga bashaka ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi byihariye. Urugero: 1. Auto China: Bikorwa buri mwaka i Beijing, iri murika nimwe mubigaragaza ibinyabiziga binini ku isi. Irerekana iterambere rigezweho mumodoka kandi ikurura abakinnyi bakomeye kuva kumasoko yimbere mugihugu ndetse no mumahanga. 2. CIFF (Imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ry’ibikoresho byo mu Bushinwa): Iri murikagurisha ngarukamwaka ribera muri Shanghai ryibanda ku nganda zo mu rugo n’ibikoresho byo mu nzu. Itanga amahirwe yo guhuza nababikora, abadandaza, abadandaza, abashushanya, abubatsi, nibindi, bashaka ibisubizo byibikoresho bishya. 3. PTC Aziya (Transmission & Control): Bikorwa buri mwaka muri Shanghai kuva 1991, iri murika ryerekana ibikoresho byohereza amashanyarazi munganda zikora inganda nka gare, ibyuma, moteri & drives bikurura inganda mpuzamahanga zishaka ubufatanye cyangwa abatanga ibicuruzwa mubushinwa. 4.Canton Beauty Expo: Hamwe no kwibanda kumavuta yo kwisiga & ubwiza; ibirori ngarukamwaka bitanga amasosiyete akorera kwisi yose harimo ibirango bizwi amahirwe yo kwerekana imirongo yabo iheruka yo kwita ku ruhu cyangwa gukusanya imisatsi mugihe uhuza nabashinwa / abatumiza mu mahanga bashakisha ibicuruzwa bidasanzwe. Usibye ibyo bicuruzwa byabigenewe byerekanwe ku nganda zihariye; imijyi minini nka Shanghai, Beijing, na Guangzhou ihora ikora ibirori mpuzamahanga byubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, biteza imbere umubano hagati yinganda n’abashinwa n’abaguzi mpuzamahanga mu nzego zitandukanye. Kuba Ubushinwa bwaragaragaye nk'ihuriro ry’inganda ku isi mu bisanzwe byatumye hashyirwaho imiyoboro inyuranye ku baguzi mpuzamahanga bashaka ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga cyangwa bashiraho ubufatanye. Ihuriro ntabwo ritanga amahirwe yubucuruzi gusa ahubwo rifasha no guteza imbere udushya, kungurana ubumenyi no kubaka umubano urambye wubucuruzi.

Imashini zishakisha

Ubushinwa, nkigihugu kinini gifite abaturage benshi kandi n’ikoranabuhanga ryiyongera cyane, ryateje imbere moteri y’ishakisha izwi. Hano hari moteri zishakisha zikoreshwa mubushinwa hamwe na URL zabo: 1. Baidu (www.baidu.com): Baidu ni moteri ishakisha ikoreshwa cyane mu Bushinwa, akenshi ugereranije na Google mu bijyanye n'imikorere no gukundwa. Itanga paji y'urubuga, amashusho, videwo, inkuru zamakuru, amakarita, nibindi bintu bitandukanye. 2. Sogou (www.sogou.com): Sogou niyindi moteri ikomeye yubushinwa itanga ubushakashatsi bushingiye kumyandiko ndetse no gushakisha amashusho. Azwiho porogaramu yinjiza ururimi na serivisi zo guhindura. 3. 360 Gushakisha (www.so.com): Ifitwe na Qihoo 360 Technology Co., Ltd., iyi moteri ishakisha yibanda kumutekano wa interineti mugihe itanga ibikorwa rusange byo gushakisha kurubuga. 4. Haosou (www. 5. Shenma (sm.cn): Yakozwe na Alibaba Group Holding Limited igendanwa ya mushakisha igendanwa ya UCWeb Inc. 6. Youdao (www.youdao.com): Ifitwe na NetEase Inc., Youdao yibanze cyane mugutanga serivisi zubuhinduzi ariko ikubiyemo n'ubushobozi rusange bwo gushakisha kurubuga. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko gukoresha moteri yubushakashatsi bwabashinwa bishobora gusaba guhindurwa nintoki cyangwa ubufasha bwumusemuzi wa Mandarin niba utamenyereye ururimi cyangwa inyuguti zikoreshwa kururu rubuga.

Impapuro nini z'umuhondo

Ubushinwa nigihugu kinini gifite ubucuruzi bwinshi butanga serivisi zitandukanye nibicuruzwa. Amapaji yingenzi yumuhondo mubushinwa arimo ibi bikurikira: 1. Ubushinwa Urupapuro rwumuhondo (中国黄页) - Iyi ni imwe mu mpapuro zuzuye z'umuhondo mu Bushinwa, ikubiyemo inganda n’imirenge itandukanye. Urubuga rwabo ni: www.chinayellowpage.net. 2. Igishinwa YP (中文黄页) - YP yo mu Bushinwa itanga igitabo cy’ubucuruzi gikorera cyane cyane abashinwa ku isi. Irashobora kuboneka kuri: www.chineseyellowpages.com. 3. 58.com (58) Urubuga rwabo ni: www.en.58.com. 4. Ikarita ya Baidu (百度地图) - Ikarita ya Baidu ntabwo itanga amakarita na serivisi zo kugendana gusa ahubwo inatanga amakuru ku miriyoni y’ubucuruzi bw’ibanze mu Bushinwa, ikora nk'ububiko bwiza bw'impapuro z'umuhondo kuri interineti. Urubuga rwabo murashobora kubisanga kuri: ikarita.baidu.com. 5. Urupapuro rwumuhondo wa Sogou (搜狗黄页) - Urupapuro rwumuhondo rwa Sogou rutuma abayikoresha bashakisha ubucuruzi bwaho hashingiwe ku cyiciro n’inganda ziri mu gihugu cy’Ubushinwa, bitanga amakuru arambuye hamwe namakuru yinyongera kuri buri rutonde rwubucuruzi. Urashobora kuyigeraho ukoresheje: huangye.sogou.com. 6.Telb2b Urupapuro rwumuhondo (电话簿网) - Telb2b itanga imibare nini yamasosiyete yaturutse mu nganda zitandukanye mu turere dutandukanye two mubushinwa. Urubuga rwabo URL ni ： www.telb21.cn Ni ngombwa kumenya ko imbuga zimwe zishobora gukora cyane cyane mu gishinwa cya Mandarin; icyakora, akenshi bafite verisiyo yicyongereza cyangwa amahitamo yo gusobanura aboneka kubakoresha mpuzamahanga cyangwa abashyitsi bashaka amakuru kubyerekeye ubucuruzi cyangwa serivisi mugihugu.

Ihuriro rikuru ryubucuruzi

Ubushinwa buzwiho ubucuruzi bwa e-bucuruzi butera imbere butanga uburyo butandukanye bwita ku baguzi batandukanye. Bimwe mubikorwa byingenzi bya e-ubucuruzi mubushinwa birimo: 1. Itsinda rya Alibaba: Itsinda rya Alibaba rikoresha urubuga rwamamaye, harimo: - Taobao (淘宝): Umuguzi-ku-muguzi (C2C) utanga ibicuruzwa byinshi. - Tmall (天猫): Urubuga rwubucuruzi-ku-baguzi (B2C) rwerekana ibicuruzwa byamamaza. - Alibaba.com: Ihuriro B2B ryisi yose ihuza abaguzi nabatanga isoko. Urubuga: www.alibaba.com 2. JD.com: JD.com nimwe mubushinwa bunini bwa B2C bucuruza kumurongo, butanga ibicuruzwa byinshi mubyiciro bitandukanye. Urubuga: www.jd.com 3. Pinduoduo (拼多多): Pinduoduo ni urubuga rwa e-ubucuruzi rushyigikira abakoresha guhuriza hamwe no kugura ibicuruzwa ku giciro cyagabanijwe binyuze mu kugura amatsinda. Urubuga: www.pinduoduo.com 4. Izuba Rirashe (苏宁易购): Izuba Rirashe.com ni umucuruzi ukomeye wa B2C utanga ibikoresho bitandukanye bya elegitoroniki, ibicuruzwa byo murugo, kwisiga, nibindi bicuruzwa. Urubuga: www.suning.com 5. Vipshop (唯品会): Vipshop kabuhariwe mu kugurisha flash kandi itanga ibiciro byagabanijwe kumyenda yanditswemo, ibikoresho, nibicuruzwa byo murugo. Urubuga: www.vipshop.com 6. Meituan-Dianping (美团点评): Meituan-Dianping yatangiye nk'urubuga rwo kugura amatsinda kumurongo ariko yagutse itanga serivisi nko gutanga ibiryo, kubika amahoteri, no kugura amatike ya firime. Urubuga: www.meituan.com/en/ 7. Xiaohongshu / RED （小红书）: Xiaohongshu cyangwa RED ni urubuga rushya rwimbuga nkoranyambaga aho abakoresha basangira ibicuruzwa, uburambe bwurugendo, hamwe ninama zubuzima. Ikora kandi nk'ahantu ho guhaha. Urubuga: www.xiaohongshu.com 8. Taobao Yisi ya Alibaba (淘宝全球购): Taobao Global ni urubuga rwihariye muri Alibaba, rutanga ibisubizo bya e-ubucuruzi bwambukiranya imipaka kubaguzi mpuzamahanga bifuza kugura mubushinwa. Urubuga: isi.taobao.com Izi ni zimwe mu mbuga zikomeye za e-ubucuruzi mu Bushinwa, kandi zitanga abaguzi uburyo bworoshye bwo kugura ibicuruzwa bitandukanye kuva ku bicuruzwa by’abaguzi kugeza kuri elegitoroniki ndetse n’ahandi.

Imbuga nkoranyambaga

Ubushinwa nigihugu gifite imbuga zitandukanye zimbuga nkoranyambaga zita kubikenewe bitandukanye. Izi mbuga nkoranyambaga zimaze kumenyekana cyane mu baturage bacyo. Reka dusuzume zimwe mu mbuga nkoranyambaga mu Bushinwa: 1. WeChat (微信): Yakozwe na Tencent, WeChat ni imwe muri porogaramu zohererezanya ubutumwa mu Bushinwa. Ntabwo itanga ubutumwa gusa nubutumwa bwijwi gusa ahubwo inatanga ibintu nkibihe (bisa namakuru ya Facebook ya Feed), porogaramu nto, kwishura kuri terefone, nibindi byinshi. Urubuga: https://web.wechat.com/ 2. Sina Weibo (新浪微博): Akenshi bakunze kwita "Twitter y'Ubushinwa," Sina Weibo yemerera abakoresha kohereza ubutumwa bugufi cyangwa microblogs, hamwe n'amashusho na videwo. Byahindutse urubuga rwingenzi rwo kuvugurura amakuru, amazimwe y'ibyamamare, imigendekere, n'ibiganiro ku ngingo zitandukanye. Urubuga: https://weibo.com/ 3. Douyin / TikTok (抖音): Azwi nka Douyin mu Bushinwa, iyi porogaramu ngufi ya virusi yitwa TikTok hanze y'Ubushinwa imaze kumenyekana ku isi yose vuba aha. Abakoresha barashobora gukora no gusangira amashusho 15-amasegonda yashizwe mumuziki cyangwa amajwi. Urubuga: https://www.douyin.com/urubuga/ 4 Urubuga: http://qzone.qq.com/ 5. Douban (豆瓣): Douban ikora nk'urubuga rusange ndetse n'ihuriro rya interineti kubakoresha bashishikajwe n'ibitabo / firime / umuziki / ubuhanzi / umuco / imibereho - bitanga ibyifuzo bishingiye ku nyungu zabo. Urubuga: https://www.douban.com/ 6.Bilibili (哔哩哔哩): Bilibili yibanze kubintu bijyanye na animasiyo harimo anime, manga, nimikino. Abakoresha barashobora kohereza, gusangira, no gutanga ibitekerezo kuri videwo mugihe bakorana nabaturage. Urubuga: https://www.bilibili.com/ 7. XiaoHongShu (小红书): Akenshi bita "Igitabo gito gitukura," iyi platform ihuza imbuga nkoranyambaga na e-ubucuruzi. Abakoresha barashobora kohereza ibyifuzo cyangwa gusubiramo ibijyanye no kwisiga, ibirango by'imyambarire, aho berekeza mugihe bafite amahitamo yo kugura ibicuruzwa muri porogaramu. Urubuga: https://www.xiaohongshu.com/ Izi ni mbarwa muma mbuga nkoranyambaga nyinshi ziboneka mu Bushinwa. Buri platform ikora intego zitandukanye kandi ifite ibintu byihariye bihuza abumva ninyungu zitandukanye.

Amashyirahamwe akomeye yinganda

Ubushinwa bufite amashyirahamwe atandukanye yinganda zifite uruhare runini mugutezimbere no guhagararira inzego zitandukanye zubukungu. Dore amwe mumashyirahamwe akomeye yubushinwa hamwe nurubuga rwabo: 1. Ishyirahamwe ry’ubukungu bw’inganda mu Bushinwa (CFIE) - CFIE ni ishyirahamwe rikomeye rihagarariye inganda z’inganda mu Bushinwa. Urubuga: http://www.cfie.org.cn/e/ 2. Ishyirahamwe ry’inganda n’ubucuruzi mu Bushinwa (ACFIC) - ACFIC ihagarariye ibigo na ba rwiyemezamirimo bategamiye kuri Leta mu nganda zose. Urubuga: http://www.acfic.org.cn/ 3. Ishyirahamwe ry’ubushinwa n’ikoranabuhanga (CAST) - CAST igamije guteza imbere ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, n’ubufatanye mu bwenge. Urubuga: http://www.cast.org.cn/icyongereza/index.html 4. Inama y'Ubushinwa ishinzwe guteza imbere ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga (CCPIT) - CCPIT ikora mu kuzamura ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, ishoramari, n’ubufatanye mu bukungu. Urubuga: http://en.ccpit.org/ 5. Ishyirahamwe ry’amabanki mu Bushinwa (CBA) - CBA ihagarariye urwego rw’amabanki mu Bushinwa, harimo amabanki y’ubucuruzi, amabanki ya politiki, n’ibindi bigo by’imari. Urubuga: https://eng.cbapc.net.cn/ 6. Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubushinwa (CIE) - CIE ni ishyirahamwe ryumwuga ryibanda ku bushakashatsi n’ikoranabuhanga rya elegitoroniki. Urubuga: http://english.cie-info.org/cn/index.aspx 7. Sosiyete ishinzwe imashini yubushinwa (CMES) - CMES iteza imbere iterambere ryubwubatsi bukoresheje ibikorwa byubushakashatsi no gusangira ubumenyi hagati yinzobere. Urubuga: https://en.cmestr.net/ 8. Sosiyete y'Abashinwa (CCS) - CCS yiyemeje guteza imbere ubushakashatsi mu bumenyi bwa shimi, uburezi, guhererekanya ikoranabuhanga, ndetse no guteza imbere ubufatanye mpuzamahanga mu nganda z’imiti. Urubuga: https://en.skuup.com/org/Abashinwa-Imiti-yumuryango/1967509d0ec29660170ef90e055e321b 9.China Iron & Steel Association (CISA) - CISA nijwi ryinganda zicyuma nicyuma mubushinwa, zikemura ibibazo bijyanye numusaruro, ubucuruzi, nibidukikije. Urubuga: http://en.chinaisa.org.cn/ 10. Ishyirahamwe ry’ubukerarugendo mu Bushinwa (CTA) - CTA ihagarariye kandi ishyigikira abafatanyabikorwa batandukanye mu nganda z’ubukerarugendo, igira uruhare mu iterambere rirambye. Urubuga: http://cta.cnta.gov.cn/en/index.html Izi ni ingero nke gusa z’amashyirahamwe akomeye y’inganda mu Bushinwa, akubiyemo urwego nk’ubukungu bw’inganda, ubucuruzi n’iterambere ry’ubucuruzi, siyanse n’ikoranabuhanga, amabanki n’imari, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, imashini y’ubukanishi, amatsinda aharanira ubushakashatsi bwa chimie.

Urubuga rwubucuruzi nubucuruzi

Ubushinwa, kuba bumwe mu bukungu buza ku isi, bufite imbuga za interineti nyinshi z’ubukungu n’ubucuruzi zita ku nganda n’imirenge itandukanye. Hano hari bimwe byingenzi hamwe na aderesi zabo kurubuga: 1. Itsinda rya Alibaba (www.alibaba.com): Iri ni ihuriro ry’ibihugu byinshi kabuhariwe mu bucuruzi bwa e-ubucuruzi, gucuruza, serivisi za interineti, n’ikoranabuhanga. Itanga urubuga rwubucuruzi guhuza isi yose. 2. Made-in-China.com (www.made-in-china.com): Nubuyobozi bwubucuruzi kumurongo uhuza abaguzi nabatanga ibicuruzwa mubushinwa mubikorwa bitandukanye nkinganda, imyenda, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, nibindi byinshi. 3. Inkomoko yisi yose (www.globalsources.com): Isoko rya B2B kumurongo ryorohereza ubucuruzi hagati yabaguzi mpuzamahanga nabatanga ibicuruzwa mubushinwa. Irimo ibyiciro byinshi byibicuruzwa nka electronics yabaguzi, imashini, imyenda, nibindi. 4 5 6. Imurikagurisha rya Canton - Imurikagurisha ry’ibicuruzwa n’ibyoherezwa mu Bushinwa (www.cantonfair.org.cn/en/): Nka rimwe mu imurikagurisha rinini ry’ubucuruzi ku isi ryakozwe buri mwaka mu mujyi wa Guangzhou ryerekana ibicuruzwa bitagira ingano by’abashinwa mu nganda nyinshi nk'ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki; ibikoresho by'ibyuma; ibikoresho byo mu rugo; nibindi, uru rubuga rutanga amakuru ajyanye na gahunda yimurikagurisha nibisobanuro birambuye. 7.TradeKeyChina (https://en.tradekeychina.cn/) acts Ikora nk'umuhuza hagati y'abaguzi ku isi n'abaguzi b'Abashinwa itanga urutonde rwibicuruzwa byinshi birimo imyenda yimyenda yimyenda yimodoka ibice byimiti ibikoresho ibikoresho byamashanyarazi ibikoresho byubukorikori inganda ibikoresho bya mashini amabuye y'agaciro ipakira ibikoresho byo gucapa ibikoresho by'imyidagaduro ibikoresho by'itumanaho ibikoresho by'itumanaho ibikinisho by'imodoka. Izi mbuga nisoko yingenzi kubantu nisosiyete ishaka kwishora mubucuruzi cyangwa mubushinwa. Batanga urutonde rwibicuruzwa byuzuye, amakuru yabatanga, ibicuruzwa byerekana ibicuruzwa, nibikoresho bitandukanye byorohereza itumanaho nubucuruzi hagati yubucuruzi kwisi yose.

Ubucuruzi bwibibazo byurubuga

Hano hari imbuga nyinshi zamakuru yibibazo biboneka kubushinwa. Dore urutonde rwa bimwe byingenzi hamwe na aderesi zabo kurubuga: 1. Gasutamo y'Ubushinwa (Ubuyobozi rusange bwa gasutamo): https://www.customs.gov.cn/ 2. Ubucuruzi bwisi yose: https://www.globaltradetracker.com/ 3. Igenzura ryibicuruzwa nu rusobe rwamakuru ya karantine: http://q.mep.gov.cn/gzxx/Icyongereza/index.htm 4. Ububiko bwohereza ibicuruzwa hanze mu Bushinwa (CEID): http://www.ceid.gov.cn/icyongereza/ 5. Chinaimportexport.org: http://chinaimportexport.org/ 6. Sisitemu mpuzamahanga yubucuruzi bwa Alibaba: https://sts.alibaba.com/en_US/service/i18n/queryDownloadTradeData.htm 7. ETCN (Ubushinwa Bwinjira mu mahanga-Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga): http://english.etomc.com/ 8. Ubushakashatsi bwa HKTDC: https://hkmb.hktdc.com/en/1X04JWL9/ikimenyetso-amakuru-yamakuru Ni ngombwa kumenya ko kuboneka no kumenya neza amakuru bishobora gutandukana kururu rubuga, bityo rero ni byiza guhuza amakuru aturuka ahantu henshi kugirango ibisubizo byizewe.

B2b

Ubushinwa buzwiho gutera imbere kwa B2B byorohereza ubucuruzi hagati yamasosiyete. Hano hari urubuga rukomeye hamwe nurubuga rwabo: 1. Alibaba (www.alibaba.com): Yashinzwe mu 1999, Alibaba ni imwe mu mbuga nini za B2B ku isi zihuza abaguzi n’abagurisha baturutse ku isi. Itanga ibicuruzwa byinshi na serivisi, harimo Alibaba.com kubucuruzi mpuzamahanga. 2. Inkomoko yisi yose (www.globalsources.com): Yashinzwe mu 1971, Global Sources ihuza abaguzi kwisi yose nabatanga ibicuruzwa cyane cyane mubushinwa no mubindi bihugu bya Aziya. Itanga ibisubizo biva mu nganda zitandukanye, imurikagurisha, hamwe n’isoko rya interineti. 3. Byakozwe mu Bushinwa (www.made-in-china.com): Byatangiye mu 1998, Made-in-China yibanda ku guhuza abaguzi ku isi n’abakora ibicuruzwa n’abatanga ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa mu nganda nyinshi. Itanga ububiko bwuzuye bwibicuruzwa hamwe nibisubizo byabigenewe. 4. DHgate (www.dhgate.com): DHgate ni urubuga rwa e-ubucuruzi ruzobereye mu bucuruzi bwambukiranya imipaka hagati y’abatanga ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa ndetse n’abaguzi mpuzamahanga kuva rwashingwa mu 2004. Itanga ibicuruzwa byinshi ku giciro cyo gupiganwa. 5. EC21. 6.Alibaba Itsinda izindi serivisi: Usibye Alibaba.com twavuze haruguru, itsinda rikora izindi mbuga zitandukanye za B2B nka AliExpress - zigamije ubucuruzi buciriritse; Taobao - yibanze ku bucuruzi bwo mu gihugu; Tmall - kwibanda ku bicuruzwa byanditswemo; kimwe na Cainiao Network - yihariye ibisubizo bya logistique. Izi ni zimwe mu ngero zigaragara mu mbuga nyinshi za B2B zikorera mu Bushinwa bwa none.