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Ilizwe jikelele
I-China, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni njengeRiphabhlikhi yaBantu baseTshayina, lilizwe elikhulu elikwiMpuma yeAsia. Inabemi abangaphezu kwe-1.4 yezigidigidi zabantu, lelona lizwe linabantu abaninzi emhlabeni. Idolophu elikomkhulu yiBeijing. I-China inembali etyebileyo eqala kumawaka eminyaka kwaye ithathwa njengenye yezona mpucuko zakudala zehlabathi. Yenze igalelo elibalulekileyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nefilosofi, isayensi, ubugcisa kunye noncwadi. Ngokubhekiselele kwijografi, iChina ibandakanya imbonakalo yomhlaba eyahlukeneyo ukusuka kwiintaba kunye namathafa ukuya kwintlango kunye namathafa aselunxwemeni. Ilizwe labelana ngemida kunye namazwe angabamelwane ali-14, kuquka iRashiya, iIndiya kunye noMntla Korea. Njengendlu yamandla ezoqoqosho, i-China ifumene ukukhula okukhawulezayo ukusukela ekuphumezeni uhlaziyo olujolise kwimarike ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1970. Ngoku lilizwe lesibini ngobukhulu kuqoqosho lwehlabathi nge-GDP ngegama kwaye likhokela kumashishini aliqela afana nelemveliso kunye nobuchwepheshe. Urhulumente waseTshayina ulandela inkqubo yezopolitiko yobusoshiyali ekhokelwa liQela lamaKomanisi laseTshayina (CPC). Isebenzisa ulawulo kumacandelo angundoqo oqoqosho kodwa ikwavulele utyalo-mali lwangaphandle kunye nobudlelwane borhwebo. Inkcubeko yamaTshayina yamkela izithethe ezimiliselwe ngokunzulu kubuConfucius ngelixa ikwabandakanya izinto ezivela kubuBhuda kunye nobuTao. Eli lifa lenkcubeko linokubonwa ngokutya kwalo - elidume kwihlabathi jikelele ngezitya ezinje ngamadombolo kunye nedada lasePeking - kunye nobugcisa bemveli obufana necalligraphy, ukupeyinta, iopera, ubugcisa bokulwa (Kung Fu), kunye nemisitho yeti yaseTshayina. I-China ijongene nemingeni efana nongcoliseko lwendalo esingqongileyo ngenxa yophuhliso lwamashishini kunye nokungafani kwezentlalo noqoqosho phakathi kweendawo zasezidolophini eziphuhliswe kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nemimandla yasemaphandleni. Nangona kunjalo, iinzame ziyenziwa ngurhulumente ngokubhekiselele kwiinjongo zophuhliso oluzinzileyo ezigxile kwizicwangciso zenguqu yamandla ohlaza. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje phantsi kobunkokeli bukaMongameli Xi Jinping (ukususela ngo-2013), i-China iye yalandela amanyathelo afana ne-Belt & Road Initiative yokuphucula uqhagamshelwano namanye amazwe kwiindlela zorhwebo zembali ngelixa ikwagxininisa impembelelo yayo kumaqonga ehlabathi afana neZizwe eziManyeneyo. Lilonke, eliquka imbali etyebileyo, iyantlukwano yenkcubeko, kunye namandla ezoqoqosho, iChina idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni imicimbi yehlabathi kwaye iyaqhubeka nokwenza imitsi kuphuhliso lwentlalo noqoqosho.
Imali yeSizwe
Imeko yemali yaseTshayina ibonakaliswa ngokusetyenziswa kweRenminbi (RMB) njengemali yayo esemthethweni. Iyunithi ye-akhawunti ye-RMB yiYuan, ehlala imelwe yi-CNY okanye i-RMB kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe. I-People's Bank of China (PBOC) inegunya lokukhupha nokulawula umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali welizwe. I-Renminbi iye yakhululwa ngokuthe ngcembe ngokuhamba kwexesha, ivumela urhwebo olukhulu lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokwanda kokuguquguquka kwinqanaba lotshintshiselwano. Ngo-2005, i-China yaphumeza ulawulo lwezinga lotshintshiselwano olulawulwayo, elidibanisa iYuan kwibhaskithi yemali endaweni ye-USD kuphela. Eli nyathelo lijolise ekunciphiseni ukuthembela kwi-USD kunye nokukhuthaza uzinzo kurhwebo lwangaphandle. Ngaphezu koko, ukususela ngo-2016, i-China ithatha amanyathelo okubandakanya imali yayo kwi-International Monetary Fund's (IMF) Special Drawing Rights (SDR) ibhaskiti kunye neemali ezinkulu ezifana ne-USD, GBP, EUR, kunye ne-JPY. Oku kubandakanywa kubonisa ukukhula kokubaluleka koqoqosho lwaseTshayina kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngokubhekiselele kulawulo lotshintshiselwano, nangona kusekho izithintelo ezithile kwimali engena nokuphuma eTshayina ngenxa yolawulo lwenkunzi oluphunyezwe ngabasemagunyeni baseTshayina malunga neenkxalabo malunga nozinzo lwemali kunye nobuchule bolawulo loqoqosho olukhulu; iinzame zenziwe malunga nenkululeko ngokuthe ngcembe. Ukulawula ukusebenza ngocwangco kwenkqubo yayo yezemali kunye nokulawula umgaqo-nkqubo wemali ngempumelelo ngakumbi emva kohlaziyo lokukhulula izithintelo kumazinga enzala anikezelwa ziibhanki zorhwebo ngo-2013 phambi koku zonke iireyithi zenzala zamiselwa embindini yi-PBOC ngoku ziphantsi kwenkqubo yohlaziyo ngelixa iNkqubo eBalulekileyo yaNgaphandle. -IiBhanki ezityaliwe zifumana inkululeko ethe chatha ngokumalunga neemali zeyuan eziphathelele kwimisebenzi yazo ngaphakathi kwe-Mainland China. Ngaphaya koko, kuye kwavezwa amanyathelo awohlukeneyo abhekiselele kuhlaziyo olujolise kwimarike kubandakanya nokuphucula imisebenzi yemarike yotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle ngeli lixa kubonelelwa ngezixhobo ezongezelelekileyo zolawulo lomngcipheko/kubiyelwa ngaphakathi kwesakhelo esivumelekileyo ngaphandle kweminye imilinganiselo yokuphumla eyongezelelweyo evumela uguquko oluthe ngqo phakathi kweyuan nempahla efanelekileyo evumelekileyo. yenkxaso-mali enqumla imida okanye iinjongo zotyalo-mali nazo ezinegalelo kwinkqubela phambili ye-Renminbi kumazwe ngamazwe. Lilonke, imeko yemali yaseTshayina ihlala iguquka njengoko ilizwe livula ngakumbi iimalike zezemali, lijijisana nolawulo lotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle, kwaye liqhubeka nemizamo yalo yokwazisa iRenminbi kumazwe ngamazwe.
Imali yokutshintsha
Imali yaseTshayina esemthethweni yiYuan yaseTshayina, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiRenminbi (RMB). Ngokumalunga nemilinganiselo yotshintshiselwano eqikelelwayo yeemali ezinkulu zehlabathi, nceda uqaphele ukuba la manani anokwahluka kwaye kusoloko kucetyiswa ukuba ujonge amaxabiso akhoyo emarike. Nantsi imizekelo yemilinganiselo yotshintshiselwano eqikelelwayo: I-1 USD (iDola yaseMelika) ≈ 6.40-6.50 CNY I-EUR eyi-1 (i-Euro) ≈ 7.70-7.80 CNY I-1 GBP (i-British Pound) ≈ 8.80-9.00 CNY I-JPY eyi-1 (iYen yaseJapan) ≈ 0.06-0.07 CNY I-1 AUD (iDola yase-Australia) ≈ 4.60-4.70 CNY Nceda ukhumbule ukuba ezi xabiso ziqikelele kwaye zinokutshintsha ngenxa yezinto ezahlukeneyo kwiimarike zokutshintshiselana kwamanye amazwe ezifana neemeko zoqoqosho, iimeko zezopolitiko, njl.
Iiholide ezibalulekileyo
I-China ineminyhadala emininzi ebalulekileyo yemveli, ebonisa ilifa lenkcubeko kunye nezithethe ezityebileyo. Omnye weminyhadala ebaluleke kakhulu eTshayina nguMnyhadala waseNtwasahlobo, okwaziwa ngokuba nguNyaka oMtsha waseTshayina. Lo mnyhadala ubhiyozelwa ngomdla omkhulu kwaye uphawula ukuqala konyaka omtsha wenyanga. UNyaka oMtsha waseTshayina udla ngokuba phakathi kokuphela kukaJanuwari nasekuqaleni kukaFebruwari kwaye uhlala iintsuku ezilishumi elinesihlanu. Ngeli xesha, abantu benza izinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana neendibano zentsapho, ukutya ukutya okumnandi, ukutshintshiselana ngeimvulophu ezibomvu ezinemali, ukukhanyisa iziqhushumbisi, nokubukela imidaniso yamagongqongqo. Omnye umnyhadala omkhulu e-China nguMnyhadala we-Mid-Autumn, owaziwa ngokuba nguMnyhadala weNyanga. Lo mbhiyozo wenziwa ngomhla we-15 wenyanga yesibhozo (ngokuqhelekileyo ngoSeptemba okanye ngo-Oktobha) xa inyanga iphelele. Abantu babhiyozela ngokunikezela ngeemoncakes kusapho kunye nabahlobo ngelixa besonwabela imisebenzi yangaphandle efana nemiboniso yesibane. Iholide yoSuku lweSizwe sesinye isiganeko esibalulekileyo esisisikhumbuzo sokusekwa kweTshayina yanamhlanje ngo-Oktobha 1, 1949. Ebudeni bale holide yeveki yonke ebizwa ngokuba yiVeki yeGolden Week (ngo-Oktobha 1-7), abantu bathabatha ikhefu okanye batyelele iindawo ezithandwa ngabakhenkethi kulo lonke elaseTshayina ukuze babhiyozele ukuzingca ngobuzwe. Ngaphandle kwale mithendeleko mikhulu, kukho eminye imibhiyozo ephawulekayo njengoMnyhadala we-Qingming (uSuku lokuTyelwa kwamangcwaba), uMnyhadala wesikhephe seDragon (Duanwu), uMnyhadala weLantern (Yuanxiao), phakathi kwabanye. Le mithendeleko ibonisa iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko yaseTshayina ezifana neenkolelo zeConfucian okanye izithethe zezolimo. Ukuqukumbela, iChina ineminyhadala emininzi ebalulekileyo ebambe ukubaluleka kwenkcubeko enzulu kubantu bayo. Le misitho idibanisa iintsapho, ikhuthaza umanyano phakathi kwabemi ngexesha leeholide zesizwe njengoSuku lweSizwe lweVeki yeGolide kwaye ibonelela ngamathuba kuye wonke umntu ukuba azibandakanye kumasiko nezithethe zakudala unyaka wonke.
Imeko yoRhwebo lwaNgaphandle
I-China, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni njengeRiphabhliki Yabantu baseTshayina (PRC), ngumdlali ophambili kurhwebo lwehlabathi. Ivele ngokukhawuleza njengelona lizwe lithumela impahla ngaphandle kunye nelikwindawo yesibini ngobukhulu. Icandelo lezorhwebo laseTshayina libone ukukhula okumangalisayo kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, iqhutywa ikakhulu bubuchule balo bokuvelisa kunye nabasebenzi abanexabiso eliphantsi. Ilizwe liziguqule laba kuqoqosho olujolise kumazwe angaphandle, ligxile ekuveliseni uluhlu olubanzi lwezinto ezithengwayo, izinto zombane, oomatshini, iimpahla ezilukiweyo, nokunye. Ngokumalunga neendawo zokuthumela ngaphandle, iChina ithumela iimveliso zayo phantse kuzo zonke iimbombo zehlabathi. Amaqabane ayo amakhulu orhwebo aquka iUnited States, amazwe eManyano yaseYurophu afana neJamani neFransi, amazwe ase-ASEAN afana neJapan noMzantsi Korea. Ezi marike zibalelwa kwisabelo esibalulekileyo sokuthumela ngaphandle kweTshayina. Kwicala lokungenisa elizweni, i-China ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiimveliso ezifana ne-oyile, intsimbi ekrwada, ubhedu, iimbotyi zesoya ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zayo ezikhulayo zemizi-mveliso. Ababoneleli abakhulu ngamazwe afana ne-Australia (yentsimbi yentsimbi), iSaudi Arabia (yeoli), iBrazil (yeembotyi zesoya), njl. Intsalela yorhwebo yaseTshayina (umahluko phakathi kokuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle kunye nokuthengwa kwamanye amazwe) isahleli ininzi kodwa ibonakalise iimpawu zokucutheka kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngenxa yezinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokunyuka kweendleko zemveliso kunye nokwanda kokusetyenziswa ekhaya. Ilizwe likwajongene nemingeni efana neengxabano zorhwebo namanye amazwe ezinokuchaphazela urhwebo lwexesha elizayo. Urhulumente waseTshayina ulandele imigaqo-nkqubo yokukhuthaza urhwebo namazwe angaphandle ngamaphulo afana neLinge le-Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) elijolise ekwandiseni uqhagamshelwano lweziseko ezingundoqo namazwe angamahlakani kwingingqi ye-Asia-Europe-Afrika. Ukuqukumbela, i-China ivela njengomdlali obalulekileyo kurhwebo lwehlabathi ngenxa yesakhono sayo sokwenza izinto ngelixa ithengisa ngaphandle kunye nomthengisi ongaphandle. Iphulo layo lokuhlanganisa uqoqosho lwamazwe ngamazwe liqhubela phambili ngamaphulo okukhuthaza amathuba otyalo-mali lwangaphandle kumashishini asekhaya ngelixa isomeleza ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe amabini namaqabane aphambili orhwebo kwihlabathi jikelele.
Uphuhliso lweMakethi olunokubakho
I-China, njengelona lizwe lithumela impahla ngaphandle kunye nelikwindawo yesibini ngobukhulu, linamandla amakhulu okuphuhlisa imarike yorhwebo lwangaphandle. Kukho izinto ezininzi ezinegalelo kwithemba eliqinileyo laseTshayina kule ndawo. Okokuqala, indawo yaseTshayina ibonelela ngesikhundla esincomekayo njengendawo yorhwebo yehlabathi. Ime eMpuma Asia, isebenza njengesango phakathi kweemarike zaseNtshona naseMpuma. Uthungelwano lwayo lweziseko ezingundoqo zezothutho, kubandakanywa amazibuko kunye noololiwe, luvumela ukuhanjiswa okufanelekileyo kwempahla ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Okwesibini, i-China inemarike enkulu yabathengi enabantu abangaphezu kwe-1.4 yebhiliyoni. Le mfuno yangaphakathi ibonelela ngesiseko esihle kakhulu sokwandiswa korhwebo lwangaphandle njengoko ibonelela ngamathuba okuphuma kumazwe angaphandle kunye nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle. Udidi oluphakathi olukhulayo e-China lubonelela ngesiseko sabathengi esiguqukayo esilangazelela iimveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezivela kwihlabathi liphela. Okwesithathu, i-China yenze iinzame ezinkulu zokuphucula imeko-bume yoshishino ngokuphumeza iinguqu ezahlukeneyo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokukhulula. Amanyathelo afana ne-Belt and Road Initiative adale iipaseji zezoqoqosho ezintsha ezidibanisa i-Asia neYurophu kunye ne-Afrika, ekhuthaza ubudlelwane obusondeleyo phakathi kwamazwe abandakanyekayo kwezi projekthi zeziseko zophuhliso. Ngaphaya koko, i-China inezixhobo ezininzi ezifana nabasebenzi abanezakhono ngeendleko ezikhuphisanayo ezitsala iinkampani zangaphandle ezijonge ukukhupha iinkqubo zazo zokuvelisa okanye ukuseka iziseko zemveliso ngaphakathi elizweni. Izakhono zayo eziphucukileyo zetekhnoloji nazo ziyenza ibe yindawo enomtsalane kumashishini afuna intsebenziswano okanye amathuba otyalo-mali. Ukongeza, amashishini aseTshayina aye asebenza ngokwandayo ekwandiseni ubukho bawo behlabathi ngotyalo-mali lwaphesheya okanye ngokuthengwa. Lo mkhwa uqaqambisa umnqweno wabo wokungena kwiimarike ezintsha ngelixa bebonelela amaqabane anokubakho ithuba lokufikelela kwimarike yaseTshayina ngokusebenzisana okanye ukusebenzisana. Ukuqukumbela, imakethi yorhwebo yangaphandle yaseTshayina kuqikelelwa ukuba iza kuqhubeka ichuma ngenxa yendawo enenzuzo kuyo, isiseko esikhulu sabathengi basekhaya, amanyathelo ohlengahlengiso oluqhubekayo lweshishini kunye nemithombo eninzi ekhoyo ngaphakathi kwemida yayo. Ezi zinto zidibene zinika amandla amakhulu kumashishini kwihlabathi liphela ajonge ukuphonononga amathuba kule ndawo yentengiso iguqukayo yethemba lokukhula.
Iimveliso ezishushu ezithengiswayo kwimarike
Xa kuziwa ekukhetheni iimveliso ezishushu ezithengiswa kwimarike yorhwebo lwangaphandle lwaseTshayina, kukho izinto ezininzi ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Nanga amanye amacebiso okuba ungahamba njani ngokukhetha ezi mveliso: 1. Uphando lwemalike: Qala ngokwenza uphando olunzulu lwemarike ukuze uchonge iindlela zamva nje kunye neemfuno kwicandelo lorhwebo lwangaphandle lwaseTshayina. Hlalutya ukhetho lwangoku lwabathengi kunye neepatheni zokuthenga, ubeke ingqalelo kumashishini asakhulayo kunye neendidi zeemveliso ezibonisa amandla. 2. Hlalutya ukhuphiswano: Jonga ngononophelo izinto okhuphisana nazo kwimarike yaseTshayina. Chonga izikhewu okanye iindawo apho unokwahlula khona iimveliso zakho kwinto esele ikhona. Olu hlalutyo luya kukunceda uqonde ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zeemveliso ezinemfuno ephezulu kwaye apho kukho indawo yabangenayo abatsha. 3. Qonda izinto ezikhethwa yinkcubeko: Qaphela ukuba i-China inokhetho lwayo olulodwa lwenkcubeko kunye nokuziphatha kwabathengi. Cinga ngokuhlengahlengisa okanye ulungelelanise ukhetho lwakho lwemveliso ngokufanelekileyo ukulungiselela ukuthanda, izithethe, kunye nezithethe zasekuhlaleni. 4. Ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho: Abathengi baseTshayina baya kuxabisa ngakumbi iimveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye nezithembekileyo. Nika ingqalelo kumanyathelo okuqinisekisa umgangatho afana neziqinisekiso zemveliso, imigangatho yokhuseleko, iinketho zewaranti, njl. njl., ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinto ezikhethiweyo ziyahlangabezana okanye zigqithise ezo zilindelekileyo. 5. Urhwebo olunokubakho: Ngokukhula okukhawulezayo kwe-e-commerce e-China, beka phambili ukukhetha iimveliso ezinokuthengisa okulungileyo kwi-intanethi kunye namathuba okuthengisa ngaphandle kwe-intanethi. 6.Ukusebenza kakuhle kwekhonkco lonikezelo: Vavanya ukuba nokwenzeka kokukhangela izinto ezikhethiweyo ngokufanelekileyo ngaphakathi kwinethiwekhi yakho yokubonelela ngelixa ugcina amaxabiso okukhuphisana ngaphandle kokunciphisa imigangatho yomgangatho. 7.Ukhetho oluzinzileyo okanye olulungele indalo: Njengoko ulwazi lokusingqongileyo lukhula phakathi kwabathengi baseTshayina, cinga ngokubandakanya izenzo ezizinzileyo kwinkqubo yakho yokukhetha imveliso ngokunikezela ngeendlela ezilungele ukuphilisana kwendalo nanini na kunokwenzeka. I-8.Uvavanyo lwemarike kunye nokulungelelaniswa: Ngaphambi kokuzibophelela ngokupheleleyo izibonelelo kwimveliso yobuninzi okanye ukuthengwa kwempahla, yenza uvavanyo lwentengiso olulinganiselweyo kwinqanaba elincinci (umzekelo, iiprojekthi zokulinga) kunye neemveliso ezikhethwe ngononophelo ezimele iindidi ezahlukeneyo ngaphakathi komxube wakho wepotfoliyo. Ngokuqwalasela ezi zinto ngelixa kusenziwa uhlalutyo lwemarike kunye neenkqubo zokwenziwa kwezigqibo eziqhutywa luphando ngokucwangcisiweyo, amashishini afanelekileyo anokonyusa amathuba awo okukhetha iimveliso ezishushu ezithengiswa kwimarike yorhwebo lwangaphandle lwaseTshayina kwaye aphumelele impumelelo kolu rhwebo lukhulu nolunengeniso.
Iimpawu zabathengi kunye ne-taboo
I-China lilizwe elikhulu kwaye elahlukileyo elineempawu ezizodwa xa kuziwa ekuziphatheni kwabathengi. Ukuqonda ezi mpawu kunye ne-taboos kunokunceda kakhulu ekusekeni ubudlelwane obuphumelelayo beshishini: Iimpawu zoMthengi: 1. Ugxininiso olumandla kulwalamano lobuqu: Abathengi baseTshayina bakuxabisile ukuthembana nokunyaniseka, ngokufuthi bekhetha ukwenza ishishini nabantu ababaziyo okanye abacetyiswe kubo. 2. Ukubaluleka kobuso: Ukugcina umfanekiso omhle kunye nodumo kubalulekile kwinkcubeko yaseTshayina. Abathengi banokuhamba umgama owongezelelweyo ukugcina ubuso babo okanye amaqabane abo ezoshishino. 3. Ukuqaphela ixabiso: Ngelixa abathengi baseTshayina bexabisa umgangatho, bayakwazi ukuvakalelwa ngamaxabiso kwaye bahlala befuna elona xabiso lihle ngemali yabo. 4. Amanqanaba aphezulu okuzibandakanya kwi-intanethi: Ngenani elikhulu labasebenzisi be-smartphone, abathengi baseTshayina ngabathengi abakhutheleyo be-intanethi abaphanda kakhulu ngeemveliso kwaye bafunde uphononongo lwabathengi ngaphambi kokuba benze izigqibo zokuthenga. IiNtetho zabaThengi: 1. Kuphephe ukuphulukana nobuso: Ungaze ugxeke okanye uhlaze umthengi waseTshayina esidlangalaleni, njengoko oku kunokubangela ukulahleka kobuso obuthathwa kakhulu kwinkcubeko. 2. Izipho zifanele zifaneleke: Lumka xa unikela izipho, njengoko izimbo zomzimba ezingafanelekanga zinokujongwa ngendlela engafanelekanga okanye ngokungekho mthethweni ngenxa yemithetho echasene nokunyotywa. 3. Hlonipha ulawulo kunye neminyaka yobudala: Bonisa intlonipho kubantu abadala phakathi kweqela ngokuthetha nabantu abadala kuqala ngeentlanganiso okanye kwiindibano. 4. Izikhokelo ezingezizo ezolwimi zibalulekile: Nikela ingqalelo kwizinto ezingathethwayo ezifana nolwimi lomzimba, ithoni yelizwi, kunye nembonakalo yobuso njengoko zinentsingiselo ebalulekileyo kunxibelelwano lwaseTshayina. Ngokuqonda ezi mpawu zabathengi kunye nokuphepha i-taboos ngelixa uqhuba ishishini e-China, iinkampani zinokwakha ubudlelwane obuqinileyo kunye nabalingane babo baseTshayina abakhokelela kubudlelwane obuyimpumelelo kunye nokwanda kwamathuba okuthengisa.
Inkqubo yolawulo lweCustoms
I-China inenkqubo ebanzi yolawulo lwezithethe ukuze ilawule ukuhamba kwempahla kwimida yayo. Iziphathamandla zempahla ephumayo ziye zabeka imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo kunye nemimiselo yokuqinisekisa ukuhamba kakuhle korhwebo lo gama ikwakhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nomdla woqoqosho. Nantsi eminye imiba ephambili yenkqubo yolawulo lwesiko laseTshayina kunye nezinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzigcine engqondweni: 1. Iinkqubo zeCustoms: Wonke umntu okanye inkampani engenisa okanye ethumela impahla ngaphandle kufuneka ihambe ngokwemigaqo ebekiweyo yecustom. Oku kubandakanya ukufayila amaxwebhu ayimfuneko, ukuhlawula imisebenzi efanelekileyo kunye neerhafu, kunye nokuthobela imimiselo efanelekileyo. 2. I-Customs Declarations: Bonke abathumeli kunye nabathumela ngaphandle kufuneka bangenise izibhengezo ezichanekileyo nezipheleleyo zezithethe ezinikezela ngolwazi olucacileyo malunga nobume bempahla, ixabiso labo, ubuninzi, imvelaphi, indawo yokufika, njl. 3. Imisebenzi kunye neeRhafu: I-China ibeka imisebenzi kwiimpahla ezisuka kwamanye amazwe ngokusekelwe kuhlelo lwazo ngokwe-Harmonized System (HS) Code. Ukongeza, irhafu yexabiso elongeziweyo (i-VAT) itsalwa kwiimpahla ezininzi ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle ngeqondo eliqhelekileyo le-13%. 4. IiMpahla eziThintelweyo neziThintelweyo: Izinto ezithile azivumelekanga okanye zithintelwe ukuba zingangeniswa kumazwe angaphandle okanye zithunyelwe kumazwe angaphandle ngenxa yeenkxalabo zokhuseleko okanye izithintelo zomthetho. Ezi ziquka ii-narcotics, izixhobo, iimveliso zeentlobo ezisengozini, izinto zomgunyathi, njl. 5. Amalungelo ePropati yoBukrelekrele (IPR): I-China ithathela ingqalelo ukhuseleko lwepropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda kwimida yayo. Ukungenisa iimveliso ezinegama lomgunyathi kunokukhokelela kwizohlwayo ezifana nokuthinjwa kwempahla okanye izohlwayo. 6. Ukuhlolwa kweCustoms: Ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kunye nemimiselo, abasemagunyeni bezentengiselwano banelungelo lokuhlola ukuthunyelwa ngokungenamkhethe okanye xa bekrokrela naluphi na ukuphulwa. 7. Izibonelelo zabahambi: Xa ungena eTshayina njengomhambi ngamnye ngaphandle kweenjongo zorhwebo, ubungakanani obuthile bezinto zomntu njengempahla, amayeza angaziswa ngaphandle kokuhlawula imisebenzi. Kodwa kunokubakho imida yezinto ezixabisekileyo ezifana nezixhobo zombane, ubucwebe, kunye notywala, ukunqanda iinjongo zokurhweba ngokungekho mthethweni. Kusoloko kucetyiswa kubantu abahamba kumazwe ngamazwe ukuziqhelanisa neemfuno ezithile zezithethe zelizwe ekusingwa kulo. Ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela imimiselo yezithethe zaseTshayina kunokukhokelela kwisohlwayo, ukulibaziseka, okanye ukuhluthwa kwempahla.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu
I-China iphumeze umgaqo-nkqubo obanzi werhafu yokungenisa elizweni ukulawula ukurhafiswa kwempahla ephuma kumazwe angaphandle kweli lizwe. Imirhumo evela kwamanye amazwe irhafiswa kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeempahla kwaye isebenza ngeenjongo ezininzi ezinjengokukhusela imizi-mveliso yasekhaya, ukulawula ukuhamba korhwebo, kunye nokungenisa ingeniso kurhulumente. Imisebenzi yokungenisa elizweni eTshayina isekelwe ikakhulu kwiSicwangciso sokuPhunyezwa koMrhumo weCustoms, ohlela iimveliso kwiikhowudi ezahlukeneyo zoluhlu lwerhafu. Ezi ntlawulo zihlelwe phantsi kweendidi ezimbini eziphambili: iireyithi eziqhelekileyo kunye neereyithi ezikhethiweyo. Amaxabiso aqhelekileyo asebenza kuninzi lwempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle ngelixa amanani akhethekileyo anikezelwa kumazwe apho iTshayina iseke izivumelwano zorhwebo. Ubume bomrhumo wokungenisa elizweni jikelele luquka amanqanaba amaninzi ukusuka kwi-0% ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-100%. Izinto ezibalulekileyo ezifana nokutya okusisiseko, imathiriyeli ekrwada yokuqala, kunye nezixhobo ezithile zobuchwepheshe zonwabela iirhafu eziphantsi okanye eziziro. Kwelinye icala, izinto zodidi oluphezulu kunye nezinto ezinokubeka emngciphekweni ukhuseleko lwesizwe okanye impilo yoluntu zinokuhlawuliswa kakhulu. I-China ikwasebenzisa irhafu yexabiso elongeziweyo (i-VAT) kwimpahla ethunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle ngeqondo eliqhelekileyo le-13%. I-VAT ibalwa ngokusekelwe kwixabiso lilonke lemveliso engenisiweyo kuquka nemirhumo yempahla ephuma ngaphandle (ukuba ikhona), iindleko zothutho, iifizi ze-inshorensi, kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye iindleko ezenziwe ngexesha lothutho. Ukongeza, kukho ukukhululwa okanye unciphiso olukhoyo kwiindidi ezithile ezifana neemveliso ezinxulumene nezolimo, imfundo, uphando lwezenzululwazi, iinkqubo zotshintshiselwano ngenkcubeko okanye iinzame zoncedo loluntu. Kubalulekile ukuba abarhwebi abavela kumazwe angaphandle bahambelane nemigaqo yaseTshayina malunga nokuchazwa kwempahla ngokuchanekileyo. Ukungakwenzi oko kunokukhokelela kwizohlwayo okanye ukuthinjwa kweempahla. Ngamafutshane, umgaqo-nkqubo wase-China werhafu yokungenisa elizweni ujolise ekukhuseleni amashishini asekhaya ngelixa ulinganisa ubudlelwane borhwebo bamazwe ngamazwe. Iqinisekisa ukhuphiswano olufanelekileyo phakathi kwabavelisi basekhaya ngokukhuthaza ukuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe okunokuthi kujongele phantsi ukukhuphisana kwabo.
Iipolisi zerhafu ezithumela ngaphandle
I-China iphumeze imigaqo-nkqubo eyahlukeneyo yerhafu yokuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle ukuze ilawule ishishini layo lokuthumela ngaphandle kunye nokukhuthaza uphuhliso loqoqosho. Ilizwe lamkela inkqubo yerhafu eyongeziweyo (i-VAT) kuninzi lwempahla ethunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle. Kurhwebo jikelele, umgaqo-nkqubo wembuyekezo ye-VAT yokuthumela ngaphandle uvumela abathumeli bangaphandle ukuba babuyise i-VAT ehlawulwe kwizinto ezikrwada, iikhomponenti, kunye namanye amagalelo asetyenziswa kwinkqubo yemveliso. Oku kunceda ukunciphisa iindleko zemveliso kunye nokwandisa ukhuphiswano kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe. Iireyithi zembuyekezo ziyahluka ngokusekwe kudidi lwemveliso, kunye namaxabiso aphezulu anikwa izinto ezifana nempahla, amalaphu, kunye nombane. Nangona kunjalo, iimveliso ezithile akufanelekanga ukuba zibuyiswe i-VAT okanye zinokuba zithotyiwe amaxabiso embuyekezo ngenxa yeenkxalabo zokusingqongileyo okanye imigaqo karhulumente. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu okanye iimpahla ezingcoliseke kakhulu zinokujongana neerhafu ezongeziweyo njengomlinganiselo wokukhuthaza izenzo ezizinzileyo. Ngaphaya koko, i-China ikwanyanzelisa iintlawulo zokuthumela ngaphandle kwiimveliso ezithile ezifana neemveliso zentsimbi, amalahle, izimbiwa zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, kunye nezinye iimveliso zezolimo. Injongo kukulawula unikezelo lwangaphakathi kunye nokugcina uzinzo kula mashishini. Ukongeza, i-China iseke iMimandla yoRhwebo oluKhululwa (FTZs) apho imigaqo-nkqubo ethile emalunga nerhafu isetyenziswa ngokwahlukileyo xa kuthelekiswa neminye imimandla yelizwe. Ii-FTZs zibonelela ngeerhafu ezikhethekileyo okanye ukukhululwa kumashishini athile njengenxalenye yemizamo yokutsala utyalo-mali lwangaphandle nokukhuthaza urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Kubalulekile ukuba abathumeli bangaphandle e-China bazigcine behlaziyiwe ngotshintsho kwimigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu njengoko inokuthi ihlengahlengiswe ngamaxesha athile ngurhulumente ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zoqoqosho kunye neemeko zehlabathi. Ukuqukumbela, umsebenzisi)+(s), indlela yaseTshayina malunga nerhafu yokuthumela ngaphandle ijolise ekuxhaseni amashishini asekhaya ngelixa igcina ukukhuphisana namazwe ngamazwe ngokubuyiswa kwe-VAT kwimpahla jikelele ecaleni kwemisebenzi ethile ebekwe kwiimveliso ezithile.
Iziqinisekiso ezifunekayo zokuthumela ngaphandle
I-China, njengelinye lawona mazwe anoqoqosho likhulu ehlabathini, inenkqubo esekwe kakuhle yokukhutshwa kwezatifikethi kumazwe angaphandle. Ilizwe liyakuqonda ukubaluleka kokuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso zalo ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho nemimiselo yamazwe ngamazwe. Inkqubo yokukhutshwa kwesatifikethi e-China ibandakanya amanyathelo ahlukeneyo kunye neemfuno. Okokuqala, abathumeli-mpahla ngaphandle kufuneka bafumane iLayisenisi yokuThumela ngaphandle ekhutshwe ngabasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo bakarhulumente abafana noLawulo Jikelele lweRhafu (GAC) okanye iSebe lezoRhwebo. Eli phepha-mvume libavumela ukuba bazibandakanye kwimisebenzi yokuthumela ngaphandle. Ukongeza, ukuqinisekiswa kwemveliso ethile kunokuba yimfuneko ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweempahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Umzekelo, ukuba ukuthunyelwa kwemveliso yokutya kumazwe angaphandle, abathumeli bangaphandle kufuneka bathobele imimiselo yokhuseleko lokutya esekwe ziiarhente ezifana noLawulo lwezoKutya neziyobisi lwaseTshayina (CFDA), olukhupha izatifikethi zococeko zokuthunyelwa kokutya kumazwe angaphandle. Abathengisi bamazwe angaphandle kufuneka kwakhona bahambisane nemigangatho yokulawula umgangatho osekwe ngamaqumrhu afana neChina Certification & Inspection Group (CCIC), eqhuba ukuhlolwa kokuthunyelwa kwangaphambili ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso zihlangabezana neemfuno zomgangatho. Ngaphaya koko, iSatifikethi seMvelaphi sinokufuneka ukubonisa ukuba iimpahla zenziwe okanye ziveliswa eTshayina. Esi satifikethi siqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zisuka kwimithombo yaseTshayina kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba zikulungele na ukufumana izivumelwano zorhwebo ezikhethekileyo okanye ukucutha imirhumo phantsi kweZivumelwano zoRhwebo oluKhululwa (FTAs). Ukuzulazula kwezi nkqubo ngokutyibilikayo, abaninzi abathumeli bangaphandle bafuna uncedo kwii-arhente ezichwepheshile ezigxile ekuphatheni amaphepha kunye neenkqubo ezinxulumene nesiqinisekiso sokuthumela ngaphandle. Ezi arhente zinolwazi olubanzi malunga nemimiselo yokungenisa / ukuthumela ngaphandle kwaye inokunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwawo onke amaxwebhu ayimfuneko. Ukuqukumbela, i-China ibeka ukubaluleka okubalulekileyo kwisatifikethi sokuthumela ngaphandle ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimpahla zayo ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe. Ukulandela izikhokelo ezingqongqo ezibekwe ngabasemagunyeni abafana ne-GAC kunye nokufumana izatifikethi ezingqale kwimveliso efana nolwamkelo lwe-CFDA negalelo ekuququzeleleni ubudlelwane borhwebo obungenamagingxi-gingxi namanye amazwe kwihlabathi jikelele.
Ulungiselelo lolungiselelo olucetyiswayo
I-China, njengelizwe eliphuhliswe kakhulu ngokweziseko zolungiselelo, ibonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo ezisebenzayo nezithembekileyo. Okokuqala, kwiimfuno zamazwe ngamazwe kunye neemfuno zokuthunyelwa kwempahla, iinkampani ezifana ne-Cosco Shipping Lines kunye ne-China Shipping Group zibonelela ngeendlela ezibalaseleyo. Ezi nkampani zisebenza ngothotho lweenqanawa kwaye zibonelela ngeenkonzo ezibanzi zothutho lomthwalo kwihlabathi liphela. Ngothungelwano lwabo oludityanisiweyo lwamazibuko kunye nabasebenzi abazinikeleyo, baqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwangexesha kunye nenkonzo yabathengi ephezulu. Okwesibini, kuthutho lwasekhaya ngaphakathi kumhlaba omkhulu waseTshayina, kukho iinkampani ezininzi ezaziwayo zolungiselelo. Enye inkampani enjalo yiChina Railways Corporation (CR), esebenza ngothungelwano olubanzi lukaloliwe olugubungela phantse zonke iimbombo zelizwe. Ixhotyiswe ngetekhnoloji ephezulu njengoololiwe abahamba ngesantya esiphezulu, iCR iqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okukhuselekileyo kunye nokukhawuleza ukusuka kwesinye isixeko ukuya kwesinye. Ngaphezu koko, kwiimfuno zothutho ezindleleni phakathi kwelizwe laseTshayina okanye kumazwe angabamelwane ngokusebenzisa iindlela zomhlaba ezifana neBelt and Road Initiative (BRI), iSinotrans Limited ibonelela ngeenkonzo ezithembekileyo. Ngoluhlu lwayo lweelori ezixhotyiswe ngeenkqubo zokulandela umkhondo weGPS kunye nabaqhubi abanamava abaqhelene neendlela ezahlukeneyo, iSinotrans iqinisekisa uthutho olusebenzayo nakwiindawo ezikude. Ngaphaya koko, xa kufikwa kwizisombululo zothutho lwempahla yomoya eTshayina okanye kwihlabathi liphela ukusuka kwizikhululo zeenqwelomoya zaseTshayina ezifana neBeijing Capital International Airport okanye iShanghai Pudong International Airport njl.njl., iAir China Cargo ingqina ukuba lukhetho oluthembekileyo. Le nqwelo-moya inikezele ngeenqwelo-moya zothutho ezihambisa iimpahla ngokufanelekileyo kumazwekazi onke ngelixa zibonelela ngolawulo olukhuselekileyo kuyo yonke inkqubo yohambo. Ukongeza kwiinkonzo zothutho ezibonelelwa ziinkampani ezinkulu ezikhankanywe ngasentla; kukwakho umkhwa ovelayo oya kumaqonga e-e-commerce abandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yawo yolungiselelo. Iinkampani ezifana ne-JD.com zisebenza ngokwazo uthungelwano losasazo lwelizwe lonke ezibonelela ngeenkonzo ezikhawulezayo zokuhanjiswa kweenkonzo kuyo yonke imarike enkulu yaseTshayina. Lilonke, kuthathelwa ingqalelo udumo lwehlabathi ngobuchule bayo bokuvelisa zidityaniswe nokukhula koqoqosho olukhawulezayo; ayingomnqa into yokuba i-China iphuhlise inkqubo yolungiselelo lwendalo ebanzi yokubonelela ngeemfuno ezahlukeneyo zalapha ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Nokuba ufuna iinketho zokuthumela ngenqanawa kumazwe ngamazwe okanye izisombululo zolawulo lonikezelo lwangaphakathi; iinkampani ezingenakubalwa zezothutho e-China zikulungele ukukhonza kunye neenkqubo zabo zetekhnoloji ephucukileyo, uthungelwano olubanzi, kunye nokuzinikela ekwanelisekeni kwabathengi.
Imijelo yophuhliso lwabathengi

Imiboniso yorhwebo ebalulekileyo

I-China lilizwe elikhula ngokukhawuleza elinoqoqosho olukhulayo, litsala abathengi abaninzi bamazwe ngamazwe kunye nabatyali-mali. Oku kukhokelele ekusekweni kweendlela ezahlukeneyo ezibalulekileyo zokuthengwa kwempahla kumazwe ngamazwe kunye nemiboniso yorhwebo. Elinye lamaqonga aphambili okuthengwa kumazwe ngamazwe e-China yiCanton Fair, ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-China Import and Export Fair. Kwenzeka kabini ngonyaka eGuangzhou kwaye ibonisa uluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso ezivela kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Lo mboniso utsala abathengi abavela kwihlabathi liphela abafuna iimveliso ezisemgangathweni ngamaxabiso akhuphisanayo. Elinye iqonga elibalulekileyo lokukhangela amazwe ngamazwe yi-Alibaba.com. Le ndawo yentengiso ye-intanethi idibanisa abathengi behlabathi kunye nababoneleli abavela eTshayina ababonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso kumashishini ahlukeneyo. I-Alibaba.com ivumela amashishini ukuba akhangele iimveliso ezithile, adibanise ngokuthe ngqo nabavelisi, athelekise amaxabiso, kwaye abeke iiodolo ngokulula. Ukongeza kula maqonga aqhelekileyo, kukwakho nemiboniso yorhwebo ethe ngqo ebanjelwe e-China etsala abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe abafuna iimveliso okanye iinkonzo ezizodwa. Umzekelo: 1. I-Auto China: Lo mboniso ubanjwa minyaka le eBeijing, lo mboniso ngomnye wemiboniso emikhulu yeemoto kwihlabathi jikelele. Ibonisa inkqubela phambili yamva nje kwiimoto kwaye itsale abadlali ababalaseleyo abavela kwiimarike zasekhaya nezangaphandle. 2. I-CIFF (i-China International Furniture Fair): Lo mboniso ubanjwa kabini ngonyaka e-Shanghai ugxile kumashishini okwenziwa kwefenitshala yasekhaya. Ibonelela ngamathuba okunxibelelana nabavelisi, abathengisi, abathengisi, abaqulunqi, abayili bezakhiwo, njl., bafuna izisombululo ezintsha zefenitshala. 3. I-PTC Asia (uThutho lwaMandla kunye noLawulo): Ubanjelwa ngonyaka e-Shanghai ukususela ngo-1991, lo mboniso ubonisa izinto ezintsha zeshishini lezixhobo zokuhambisa amandla njengeegiya, iibheringi, iimoto kunye neenkqubo zokuqhuba ezitsala abavelisi bamazwe ngamazwe abafuna intsebenziswano okanye ababoneleli abavela eChina. 4.Canton Beauty Expo: Ngokujolisa kwizithambiso & amacandelo ubuhle; Lo msitho ubanjwa minyaka le ubonelela iinkampani ezisebenza kwihlabathi liphela kubandakanya iimveliso ezidumileyo ithuba lokubonisa imigca yazo yamva nje yokhathalelo lwesikhumba okanye ingqokelela yokhathalelo lweenwele ngelixa zinxibelelana nabasasazi/abarhwebi abavela kwamanye amazwe baseTshayina befuna izivumelwano zodwa. Ngaphandle kwezi miboniso zorhwebo zizinikeleyo zijoliswe kumashishini athile; Izixeko ezikhulu ezifana neShanghai, iBeijing, kunye neGuangzhou zihlala zibamba imisitho eyahlukeneyo yorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ikhuthaza unxibelelwano phakathi kwabavelisi baseTshayina kunye nabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe kuluhlu olubanzi lwamacandelo. Ukuvela kweTshayina njengendawo yemveliso yehlabathi ngokwemvelo kukhokelele ekudaleni amajelo ahlukeneyo abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe abajonge ukuvelisa iimveliso okanye ukuseka intsebenziswano. La maqonga awaboneleli kuphela ngamathuba okurhweba kodwa akwanceda ekukhuthazeni ukusungulwa kwezinto ezintsha, ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi kunye nokwakha ubudlelwane boshishino oluhlala luhleli.
I-China, njengelizwe elikhulu elinabemi abaninzi kunye necandelo letekhnoloji elikhula ngokukhawuleza, liphuhlise iinjini zayo zokukhangela ezidumileyo. Nazi ezinye iinjini zokukhangela eziqhele ukusetyenziswa e-China kunye nee-URL zazo: 1. I-Baidu (www.baidu.com): I-Baidu yeyona injini yokukhangela esetyenziswa kakhulu e-China, ehlala ithelekiswa ne-Google malunga nokusebenza kunye nokuthandwa. Ibonelela ngamaphepha ewebhu, imifanekiso, iividiyo, amanqaku eendaba, iimephu, kunye nezinye izinto ezahlukeneyo. 2. I-Sogou (www.sogou.com): I-Sogou yenye injini yokukhangela enkulu yaseTshayina ebonelela ngokubhaliweyo kunye nophendlo olusekwe kwimifanekiso. Iyaziwa ngesoftware yayo yokufaka ulwimi kunye neenkonzo zokuguqulela. 3. 360 Ukukhangela (www.so.com): Ephethwe yi-Qihoo 360 Technology Co., Ltd., le njini yokukhangela igxile kukhuseleko lwe-Intanethi ngelixa inikezela ngokusebenza ngokubanzi kokukhangela kwiwebhu. 4. I-Haosou (www.haosou.com): Eyaziwa nangokuthi "i-Haoso", i-Haosou iziveza njenge-portal ebanzi enikezela ngeenkonzo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokukhangela kwewebhu, ukuhlanganiswa kweendaba, ukuhamba kweemephu, ukhetho lokuthenga njl. 5. I-Shenma (sm.cn): Iphuhliswe licandelo le-Alibaba Group Holding Limited ye-browser ye-UCWeb Inc., i-Shenma Search igxile kukhangelo lweselula ngaphakathi kwe-Alibaba ecosystem. 6. I-Youdao (www.youdao.com): InguMnini we-NetEase Inc., i-Youdao igxile kakhulu ekuboneleleni ngeenkonzo zoguqulo kodwa ikwabandakanya amandla okukhangela iwebhu ngokubanzi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukusebenzisa ezi njini zokukhangela zamaTshayina kunokufuna ukuguqulelwa ngesandla okanye uncedo lomguquleli wesiMandarin ukuba awuqhelananga nolwimi okanye amagama asetyenziswa kwezi webhusayithi.

Amaphepha amakhulu atyheli

I-China lilizwe elikhulu elinamashishini amaninzi anika uluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo kunye neemveliso. Abona maxwebhu aphambili amaxwebhu amthubi eTshayina aquka oku kulandelayo: 1. China Yellow Pages (中国黄页) - Le yenye yezona nkcukacha zamaphepha atyheli abanzi e-China, equka amashishini kunye namacandelo ahlukeneyo. Iwebhusayithi yabo ithi: www.chinayellowpage.net. 2. I-YP yamaTshayina (中文黄页) - iYP yaseTshayina ibonelela ngoluhlu lwamashishini ikakhulu asebenzela uluntu lwaseTshayina kwihlabathi jikelele. Inokufumaneka apha: www.chineseyellowpages.com. 3. 58.com (58同城) - Nangona ingelulo uluhlu lwamaphepha atyheli kuphela, i-58.com lelinye lamaqonga amakhulu e-intanethi e-China, enoluhlu lweenkonzo ezahlukeneyo kunye neemveliso kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Iwebhusayithi yabo yile: www.en.58.com. 4. I-Baidu Maps (百度地图) - Iimephu ze-Baidu aziboneleli kuphela ngeemephu kunye neenkonzo zokujonga kodwa zinika ulwazi kwizigidi zamashishini asekuhlaleni kwi-China yonke, esebenza njengoluhlu olusebenzayo lwamaphepha atyheli kwi-intanethi. Iwebhusayithi yabo inokufumaneka: map.baidu.com. 5. I-Sogou Yellow Pages (搜狗黄页) - I-Sogou Yellow Pages ivumela abasebenzisi ukukhangela amashishini asekuhlaleni ngokusekelwe kwindawo kunye necandelo loshishino ngaphakathi kwelizwe laseChina, ukubonelela ngeenkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano kunye nolwazi olongezelelweyo malunga noluhlu lweshishini ngalinye. Ungafikelela kuyo ngokusebenzisa: huangye.sogou.com. I-6.Telb2b Yellow Pages(电话簿网)- I-Telb2b ibonelela ngogcino-lwazi olubanzi lweenkampani ezisuka kumashishini ahlukeneyo kwingingqi ezahlukeneyo kwilizwe laseTshayina. I-URL yewebhusayithi yabo ithi: www.telb21.cn Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ezinye iiwebhusayithi zinokusebenza ngesiMandarin Chinese; nangona kunjalo, bahlala beneenguqulelo zesiNgesi okanye iinketho zokuguqulela ezikhoyo ukulungiselela abasebenzisi bamazwe ngamazwe okanye iindwendwe ezifuna ulwazi malunga namashishini okanye iinkonzo ngaphakathi kwelizwe.

Amaqonga amakhulu orhwebo

I-China yaziwa ngokukhula kweshishini le-e-commerce elibonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lwamaqonga okubonelela ngeemfuno ezahlukeneyo zabathengi. Amanye amaqonga amakhulu e-e-commerce eTshayina abandakanya: 1. Iqela le-Alibaba: Iqela le-Alibaba lisebenza amaqonga amaninzi adumileyo, kubandakanya: - Taobao (淘宝): Iqonga lomthengi-kumthengi (C2C) elibonelela ngoluhlu oluninzi lweemveliso. - Tmall (天猫): Iqonga leshishini kumthengi (B2C) elineemveliso zegama lebrand. -Alibaba.com: Iqonga lehlabathi leB2B elidibanisa abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe kunye nababoneleli. umthombo: www.alibaba.com 2. JD.com: I-JD.com yenye yabathengisi abakhulu baseTshayina beB2C kwi-intanethi, ibonelela ngokhetho olubanzi lweemveliso kuzo zonke iindidi ezahlukeneyo. umthombo: www.jd.com 3. I-Pinduoduo (拼多多): I-Pinduoduo yindawo ye-e-commerce yentlalo ekhuthaza abasebenzisi ukuba bahlangane kwaye bathenge iimveliso ngamaxabiso athotyiweyo ngokuthengwa kweqela. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.pinduoduo.com 4. Suning.com (苏宁易购): I-Suning.com ngumthengisi omkhulu we-B2C obonelela ngezixhobo zombane ezahlukeneyo, iimpahla zasekhaya, izinto zokuthambisa, kunye nezinye iimveliso zabathengi. umthombo: www.suning.com 5. IVipshop (唯品会): IVipshop igxile kakhulu ekuthengisweni kweflash kwaye ibonelela ngamaxabiso athotyiweyo kwiimpahla ezinophawu, izincedisi, kunye nempahla yasekhaya. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.vipshop.com 6. Meituan-Dianping (美团点评): I-Meituan-Dianping yaqala njengeqonga lokuthenga iqela kwi-intanethi kodwa iye yanda ekuboneleleni ngeenkonzo ezinjengokuhanjiswa kokutya, ukubhukisha ihotele, kunye nokuthenga amatikiti emuvi. umthombo: www.meituan.com/en/ 7. Xiaohongshu/RED(小红书): I-Xiaohongshu okanye iRED liqonga leendaba lentlalo elitsha apho abasebenzisi babelane ngophononongo lwemveliso, amava okuhamba, kunye neengcebiso zendlela yokuphila. Ikwasebenza njengendawo yokuthenga. umthombo: www.xiaohongshu.com 8. I-Alibaba's Taobao Global (淘宝全球购): I-Taobao Global liqonga elikhethekileyo ngaphakathi kwe-Alibaba, elibonelela ngezisombululo ze-e-commerce ezinqumla umda kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe abanomdla wokuthenga e-China. umthombo: world.taobao.com Ezi zezinye zeqonga elikhulu le-e-commerce e-China, kwaye babonelela abathengi ngendlela elula yokuthenga iimveliso ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwizinto zabathengi ukuya kwizinto zombane nangaphaya.

Amaqonga amakhulu eendaba zoluntu

I-China lilizwe elinoluhlu olwahlukeneyo lwamaqonga eendaba ezentlalo abonelela ngeemfuno ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo. La maqonga ezentlalo afumene ukuthandwa okukhulu phakathi kwabemi bayo. Makhe sijonge amanye amaqonga eendaba ezentlalo aphambili eTshayina: 1. I-WeChat (微信): Iphuhliswe nguTencent, i-WeChat yenye yezona zinto zidumileyo zokuthumela imiyalezo eTshayina. Ayinikezeli kuphela imiyalezo ebhaliweyo kunye nelizwi kodwa ikwaneempawu ezifana neMizuzwana (efana neNdaba yeNdaba zikaFacebook), iinkqubo ezincinci, iintlawulo eziphathwayo, kunye nokunye. iwebhusayithi: https://web.wechat.com/ 2. USina Weibo (新浪微博): Idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi "Twitter yaseChina," uSina Weibo uvumela abasebenzisi ukuba bathumele imiyalezo emifutshane okanye ii-microblogs, kunye nemifanekiso kunye namavidiyo. Ibe liqonga elibalulekileyo lohlaziyo lweendaba, intlebendwane yabantu abadumileyo, iintsingiselo, kunye neengxoxo ngezihloko ezahlukeneyo. umthombo: https://weibo.com/ 3. I-Douyin/ TikTok (抖音): Yaziwa njenge-Douyin e-China, le vidiyo imfutshane ye-app ebizwa ngokuba yi-TikTok ngaphandle kwe-China iye yafumana ukuthandwa kwihlabathi jikelele kutshanje. Abasebenzisi banokwenza kwaye babelane ngeevidiyo ze-15-yesibini ezisetelwe kumculo okanye izandi. umthombo: https://www.douyin.com/about/ 4. I-QQ空间 (QZone): I-Tencent, i-QQ空间 ifana neblogi yomntu apho abasebenzisi banokwenza ngokwezifiso indawo yabo ye-intanethi kunye nezithuba zeblogi, ii-albhamu zezithombe, iidayari ngelixa bedibanisa nabahlobo ngemiyalezo ekhawulezayo. umthombo: http://qzone.qq.com/ 5. I-Douban (豆瓣): I-Douban isebenza njengeendawo zombini zenethiwekhi yoluntu kunye neforum ye-intanethi yabasebenzisi abanomdla kwiincwadi / iimuvi / umculo / ubugcisa / inkcubeko / indlela yokuphila-ukubonelela ngeengcebiso ngokusekelwe kwizinto abazithandayo. umthombo: https://www.douban.com/ 6.Bilibili(哔哩哔哩): IBilibili igxile kumxholo onxulumene noopopayi kubandakanya ianime, manga, kunye nemidlalo. Abasebenzisi banokulayisha, babelane, kwaye baphawule ngeevidiyo ngelixa bezibandakanya noluntu. umthombo: https://www.bilibili.com/ 7. I-XiaoHongShu (小红书): Idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi "Little Red Book," eli qonga lidibanisa imidiya yoluntu kunye ne-e-commerce. Abasebenzisi banokuthumela iingcebiso okanye uphononongo malunga nezithambiso, iimpawu zefashoni, iindawo zokuhamba ngelixa benokhetho lokuthenga iimveliso ngokuthe ngqo kwi-app. umthombo: https://www.xiaohongshu.com/ Ezi zimbalwa zamaqonga eendaba ezentlalo akhoyo eTshayina. Iqonga ngalinye lineenjongo ezahlukeneyo kwaye lineempawu zalo ezizodwa ezilungiselela abaphulaphuli abahlukeneyo kunye nezinto ezinomdla.

Imibutho emikhulu yoshishino

I-China inoluhlu olubanzi lwemibutho yoshishino edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni nasekumeleni amacandelo ahlukeneyo oqoqosho. Nantsi eminye yemibutho emikhulu yeshishini laseTshayina kunye neewebhusayithi zabo: 1. China Federation of Industrial Economics (CFIE) - CFIE ngumbutho onempembelelo omele amashishini e-China. umthombo: http://www.cfie.org.cn/e/ 2. I-All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce (ACFIC) - I-ACFIC imele amashishini angengowakarhulumente kunye noosomashishini kuwo onke amashishini. umthombo: http://www.acfic.org.cn/ 3. Umbutho waseTshayina weSayensi kunye neTekhnoloji (i-CAST) - i-CAST ijolise ekukhuthazeni uphando lwezenzululwazi, ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, kunye nentsebenziswano yengqondo. Iwebhusayithi http://www.cast.org.cn/english/index.html 4. IBhunga laseTshayina lokuKhuthaza uRhwebo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe (CCPIT) - iCCPIT isebenzela ukomeleza urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, utyalo-mali, kunye nentsebenziswano kuqoqosho. umthombo: http://en.ccpit.org/ 5. I-China Banking Association (CBA) - i-CBA imele icandelo lebhanki e-China, kubandakanywa iibhanki zorhwebo, iibhanki zomgaqo-nkqubo, kunye namanye amaziko emali. umthombo: https://eng.cbapc.net.cn/ 6. Iziko laseTshayina le-Electronics (CIE) - I-CIE ngumbutho weengcali ogxile kuphando lweteknoloji ye-elektroniki kunye nophuhliso. Iwebhusayithi http://english.cie-info.org/cn/index.aspx 7. Umbutho woBunjineli baseTshayina (CMES) - I-CMES ikhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kobunjineli bomatshini ngemisebenzi yophando kunye nokwabelana ngolwazi phakathi kweengcali. umthombo: https://en.cmestr.net/ 8. UMbutho weMichiza waseTshayina (CCS) - I-CCS izinikele ekuqhubeleni phambili uphando lwesayensi yemichiza, imfundo, utshintshiselwano lwethekhinoloji, kunye nokukhuthaza intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe kushishino lweekhemikhali. umthombo: https://en.skuup.com/org/chinese-chemical-society/1967509d0ec29660170ef90e055e321b I-9.China Iron & Steel Association (CISA) - I-CISA lilizwi le-iron kunye ne-industry yensimbi e-China, ejongene nemiba enxulumene nemveliso, ukurhweba kunye nokukhathazeka kokusingqongileyo. umthombo: http://en.chinaisa.org.cn/ 10. Umbutho wezoKhenketho waseChina (CTA) - iCTA imele kwaye ixhase abachaphazelekayo abohlukeneyo kushishino lwezokhenketho, inegalelo kuphuhliso lwalo oluzinzileyo. IWebhsayithi: http://cta.cnta.gov.cn/en/index.html Le yimizekelo nje embalwa yemibutho emikhulu yoshishino yaseTshayina, equka amacandelo afana noqoqosho lwemizi-mveliso, urhwebo nokukhuthaza urhwebo, inzululwazi nobugcisa, iibhanki nezemali, ubunjineli bombane, ubunjineli boomatshini, amaqela okuxhasa uphando lwekhemistri.

Iiwebhusayithi zeshishini kunye norhwebo

I-China, lelinye lamazwe ahamba phambili kwezoqoqosho kwihlabathi, inentaphane yewebhusayithi zoqoqosho kunye nezorhwebo ezibonelela amashishini kunye namacandelo ahlukeneyo. Nazi ezinye ezibalaseleyo kunye needilesi zabo zewebhusayithi: 1. Iqela le-Alibaba (www.alibaba.com): Le yindibano yamazwe ngamazwe egxile kwi-e-commerce, ukuthengisa, iinkonzo ze-intanethi kunye nobuchwepheshe. Ibonelela ngeqonga kumashishini ukunxibelelana kwihlabathi jikelele. 2. Made-in-China.com (www.made-in-china.com): Yincwadi yeshishini le-intanethi edibanisa abathengi kunye nabanikezeli abavela e-China kumashishini ahlukeneyo afana nemveliso, impahla, i-electronics, kunye nokunye. 3. Imithombo yeHlabathi (www.globalsources.com): Indawo yentengiso ye-intanethi ye-B2B eququzelela urhwebo phakathi kwabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe kunye nababoneleli baseTshayina. Ibandakanya iindidi ezininzi zeemveliso ezifana nee-elektroniki zabathengi, oomatshini, iimpahla, njl. 4. I-Tradewheel (www.tradewheel.com): Iqonga lokurhweba kwihlabathi eligxile ekudibaniseni abarhwebi behlabathi jikelele kunye nabavelisi abathembekileyo baseTshayina okanye abathumela ngaphandle kumacandelo awohlukeneyo aquka iinxalenye zeemoto, iimveliso zempilo, imathiriyeli yokupakisha. 5. I-DHgate (www.dhgate.com): I-website ye-e-commerce elungiselela amashishini amancinci ukuya kwaphakathi afuna iimveliso ezithengiswayo ngamaxabiso akhuphisanayo avela kubathengisi base-China kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo ezifana nezixhobo zefashoni kunye nempahla. 6. Umboniso waseCanton-uMbono wokuThunyela ngaphandle nokuThunyelelwa ngaphandle kwaseTshayina (www.cantonfair.org.cn/en/): Njengomnye wemiboniso emikhulu yehlabathi ebanjwa kabini ngonyaka kwisixeko sase-Guangzhou ebonisa inyambalala yeemveliso zabavelisi baseTshayina kumashishini amaninzi afana nezixhobo zombane; izixhobo zehardware; izinto zokuhombisa ekhaya; njl., le webhusayithi ibonelela ngolwazi malunga neshedyuli yomboniso kunye neenkcukacha zomboniso. 7.TradeKeyChina(https://en.tradekeychina.cn/):Isebenza njengomthetheli phakathi kwabathengi behlabathi kunye nababoneleli baseTshayina ngokubonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso ezibandakanya isinxibo sempahla yomatshini wempahla yomatshini iikhemikhali izixhobo zombane iimveliso zokutya zefanitshala izipho zobugcisa kushishino amalungu oomatshini iiminerali isinyithi ukupakisha imathiriyeli yoshicilelo ezemidlalo iimpahla zokuzonwabisa unxibelelwano ngefowuni izixhobo zokudlala izithuthi zothutho. Ezi webhusayithi zisebenza njengezixhobo ezixabisekileyo kubantu kunye neenkampani ezifuna ukubandakanyeka kushishino okanye urhwebo neTshayina. Banikezela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso, ulwazi lwababoneleli, uhlaziyo lwemiboniso yorhwebo, kunye nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokuququzelela unxibelelwano kunye nokuthengiselana phakathi kwamashishini kwihlabathi liphela.

Iiwebhusayithi zemibuzo yedatha yorhwebo

Kukho iiwebhusayithi ezininzi zemibuzo yorhwebo ekhoyo eTshayina. Nalu uluhlu lwezinye eziphambili kunye needilesi zabo zewebhusayithi: 1. Izithethe zaseTshayina (uLawulo Jikelele lweZinto): https://www.customs.gov.cn/ 2. I-Global Trade Tracker: https://www.globaltradetracker.com/ 3. UHlolo lweMpahla kunye neNethiwekhi yoLwazi lokuValwa: http://q.mep.gov.cn/gzxx/English/index.htm 4. Uvimba weDatha waseTshayina wokuThunyelelwa kwamanye amazwe (CEID): http://www.ceid.gov.cn/english/ 5. Chinaimportexport.org: http://chinaimportexport.org/ 6. Inkqubo yeDatha yoRhwebo ye-Alibaba: https://sts.alibaba.com/en_US/service/i18n/queryDownloadTradeData.htm 7. I-ETCN (i-China yeSizwe yoMnatha weMveliso yokuThumela ngaphandle kokuThunyelwa ngaphandle kweSizwe): http://english.etomc.com/ 8. Uphando lwe-HKTDC: https://hkmb.hktdc.com/en/1X04JWL9/market-reports/market-insights-on-china-and-global-trade Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukufumaneka kunye nokuchaneka kwedatha kunokwahluka kuzo zonke ezi webhusayithi, ngoko kuyacetyiswa ukuba uhlolisise ulwazi oluvela kwimithombo emininzi ukuze ufumane iziphumo ezithembekileyo.

amaqonga B2b

I-China yaziwa ngamaqonga ayo e-B2B aphumelelayo aququzelela ukuthengiselana kweshishini phakathi kweenkampani. Nanga amanye amaqonga abalaseleyo kunye neewebhusayithi zabo: 1. I-Alibaba (www.alibaba.com): Yasekwa ngo-1999, i-Alibaba yenye yeqonga elikhulu lehlabathi le-B2B elidibanisa abathengi kunye nabathengisi abavela kwihlabathi jikelele. Inika uluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso kunye neenkonzo, kubandakanya i-Alibaba.com yorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. 2. IGlobal Sources (www.globalsources.com): Yasekwa ngo-1971, iGlobal Sources idibanisa abathengi kwihlabathi jikelele nababoneleli ikakhulu abavela eChina nakwamanye amazwe aseAsia. Ibonelela ngezisombululo zokukhangela amashishini ahlukeneyo, imiboniso, kunye neemarike ze-intanethi. 3. I-Made-in-China (www.made-in-china.com): Yaqalwa kwi-1998, i-Made-in-China igxile ekudibaniseni abathengi behlabathi kunye nabavelisi baseTshayina kunye nabanikezeli kuwo onke amashishini amaninzi. Ibonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso kunye nezisombululo ezilungiselelwe wena. 4. I-DHgate (www.dhgate.com): I-DHgate liqonga le-e-commerce elikhethekileyo kurhwebo oluwela umda phakathi kwabanikezeli baseTshayina kunye nabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe ukususela ekusekweni kwayo kwi-2004. Inika uluhlu olukhulu lweemveliso kumaxabiso akhuphisanayo. 5. I-EC21 (china.ec21.com): I-EC21 isebenza njengendawo yokuthengisa ye-B2B yehlabathi jikelele ivumela amashishini ukuba aqhagamshelane nehlabathi ngeenjongo zorhwebo ukususela ekusungulweni kwayo ngo-2000. Ngokusebenzisa i-EC21 yase-China, ugxininiso oluthile lunikezelwa ekukhuthazeni ubudlelwane borhwebo phakathi kwemarike yaseChina. I-6.Iqela le-Alibaba ezinye iinkonzo: Ngaphandle kwe-Alibaba.com ekhankanywe ngaphambili, iqela liqhuba ezinye iiplatifomu ezahlukeneyo ze-B2B ezifana ne-AliExpress - ejoliswe kumashishini amancinci; I-Taobao - igxile kwishishini lasekhaya; I-Tmall - igxininise kwiimpahla ezinegama; kunye neCainiao Network - enikezelwe kwizisombululo zolungiselelo. Le yimizekelo nje ephawulekayo phakathi kwamaqonga e-B2B amaninzi asebenza ngaphakathi kwendawo yedijithali yaseTshayina namhlanje.
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