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Iimarike eziphambili
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Ilizwe jikelele
ITurkey, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni njengeRiphabhlikhi yaseTurkey, lilizwe elinqumla ilizwekazi elibekwe ikakhulu kuSingasiqithi we-Anatolian eNtshona ye-Asiya, kunye nenxalenye encinci kuSingasiqithi weBalkan kuMzantsi-mpuma Yurophu. Inembali etyebileyo neyahlukeneyo ethatha amawaka eminyaka. Igubungela ummandla omalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-780,580, iTurkey yabelana ngemida namazwe asibhozo aquka iGrisi, iBulgaria, iGeorgia, iArmenia, iAzerbaijan, i-Iran, i-Iraq neSiriya. Ijikelezwe ziilwandle ezintathu ezinkulu: uLwandle lweMeditera ukuya emazantsi, uLwandle lweAegean ngasentshona kunye noLwandle oluMnyama ukuya emantla. Ngabemi abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-84 abantu ababandakanya iintlanga neenkolo ezahlukeneyo, iTurkey yaziwa ngokwahlukana kwenkcubeko. Ulwimi olusemthethweni sisiTurkey ngelixa ezinye iilwimi ezincinci ezifana nesiKurdish nazo zithethwa. I-Ankara isebenza njengekomkhulu laseTurkey ngelixa i-Istanbul isesona sixeko sikhulu. I-Istanbul inokubaluleka okukhulu ngokwembali njengoko yayikhe yalikomkhulu kwi-Byzantine kunye ne-Ottoman Empire. Uqoqosho lwaseTurkey luphakathi kwama-20 aphezulu ehlabathini ngokusekwe kwi-GDP. Indawo yayo yobuchule iyenze yayindawo ebalulekileyo yorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe phakathi kweYurophu neAsia. Ukhenketho ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwaseTurkey ngenxa yelifa lenkcubeko etyebileyo kunye neendawo ezimangalisayo zendalo. Inika abakhenkethi umxube wamabhodlo amandulo njenge-Efese neTroy kunye neelwandle ezintle ezigudle unxweme lweMeditera. I-Turkish cuisine idume kwihlabathi liphela inezitya ezinje nge-kebabs, i-baklava, kunye neti yaseTurkey ezongeza kwisibongozo sayo se-gastronomic. Nangona yahlulwe ngokwezelizwe phakathi kwamazwekazi amabini, iTurkey yamkele izithethe ezisuka kuMbindi Mpuma weYurophu.
Imali yeSizwe
Imali yaseTurkey yaziwa ngokuba yiLira yaseTurkey (TRY). I-lira yaseTurkey yimali esemthethweni yaseTurkey, kwaye ikhutshwe kwaye ilawulwa yiBhanki Enkulu yeRiphabhlikhi yaseTurkey. Sele isasazwa ukusukela ngo-1923 xa yasekwayo iTurkey yanamhlanje. Izinga lotshintshiselwano lwangoku lwe-1 yedola yaseMelika ukuya kwi-TRY malunga ne-8.5 lira. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ngenxa yeemeko zoqoqosho, izinga lotshintshiselwano linokuguquguquka eTurkey. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, iTurkey iye yafumana imingeni ethile ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokuguquguquka kwexabiso layo lemali. Oku kukhokelele ekuguquguqukeni kwamathuba kunye nokuhla kwexabiso le-lira yaseTurkey xa ithelekiswa nezinye iimali ezinkulu ezifana needola zaseMelika okanye ii-Euro. Urhulumente nebhanki enguvimba baye bathabatha amanyathelo okuzinzisa imali yabo ngokusebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo efana nokunyusa inzala, ukusebenzisa imigaqo-mali engqongqo, nokukhuthaza utyalo-mali lwamazwe angaphandle. Ezi nzame zijolise ekugcineni uzinzo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yabo yezemali kunye nokukhusela ixabiso le-lira yaseTurkey. Abakhenkethi abatyelela eTurkey banokutshintsha ngokulula imali yabo yangaphandle kwiiliras zaseTurkey kwiibhanki, kwiiofisi zokutshintshiselana, okanye ngee-ATM kwilizwe lonke. Amashishini amaninzi ayayamkela intlawulo kwezinye iimali ezinkulu njengeedola zaseMelika okanye iiEuro kwiindawo zabakhenkethi ezidumileyo. Isishwankathelo, imali yaseTurkey ibizwa ngokuba yi-Turkish lira (TRY), ifumana ukuguquguquka ngamaxesha athile ngenxa yeemeko zoqoqosho kodwa iinzame zenziwe ngabasemagunyeni ukuzinzisa. Iindwendwe zinokutshintsha ngokulula imali yazo kwimali yasekhaya kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kulo lonke elaseTurkey.
Imali yokutshintsha
Imali esemthethweni yaseTurkey yiLira yaseTurkey (TRY). Ngokumalunga neereyithi zotshintshiselwano ngeemali ezinkulu zehlabathi, nceda uqaphele ukuba la maxabiso asenokuguquguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha. Nangona kunjalo, ukusukela ngoSeptemba ka-2021, nantsi imilinganiselo yotshintshiselwano eqikelelweyo: I-1 US Dollar (USD) = 8.50 iLira yaseTurkey (TRY) I-Euro eyi-1 (EUR) = 10.00 iLira yaseTurkey (TRY) Iponti yaseBritani e-1 (GBP) = 11.70 Turkish Lira (TRY) 1 Yen yaseJapan (JPY) = 0.08 Turkish Lira (TRY) Nceda ukhumbule ukuba ezi ntlawulo zisenokutshintsha kwaye kuyacetyiswa ukuba ujonge iireyithi zangoku xa kuyimfuneko.
Iiholide ezibalulekileyo
ITurkey, ilizwe elahlukileyo elibekwe ekudibaneni kweendlela zaseYurophu naseAsia, libhiyozela iiholide ezininzi ezibalulekileyo unyaka wonke. Ezi holide azibonisi nje kuphela ilifa lenkcubeko etyebileyo yaseTurkey kodwa zinokubaluleka okunzulu kubantu bayo. Enye yeeholide ezibaluleke kakhulu eTurkey nguSuku lweRiphabhliki, olubhiyozelwa ngo-Oktobha 29. Olu suku luphawula ukusekwa kweRiphabhlikhi yaseTurkey ngo-1923 phantsi kobunkokeli bukaMustafa Kemal Atatürk. Yiholide yesizwe xa abemi bedibana ukuze bakhumbule esi siganeko siyimbali ngemingcelele, imiboniso yeziqhushumbisi, kunye nemidlalo yenkcubeko. Enye iholide ebalulekileyo yi-Eid al-Fitr, ephawula ukuphela kweRamadan - inyanga engcwele yokuzila ukutya kwi-Islam. Ibhiyozelwa ngamaSilamsi kwihlabathi liphela, i-Eid al-Fitr eTurkey ibandakanya imithandazo ekhethekileyo kwiimosque elandelwa yimibhiyozo ekwabelwana ngayo nosapho kunye nabahlobo. Izitrato zihonjiswe ngemihombiso emibalabala ngoxa abantwana befumana izipho neelekese njengenxalenye yesi sihlandlo sovuyo. Usuku lokuzimela lwaseTurkey lubhiyozelwa ngo-Matshi 18th ukuhlonipha abo balwela inkululeko yabo ngexesha leMfazwe yaseTurkey ye-Independence (1919-1922). Ibaluleke kakhulu njengoko ibonakalisa umanyano kunye nokuzingca phakathi kwabemi baseTurkey. Iminyhadala yesikhumbuzo yenzeka kwilizwe lonke, kubandakanya nemisitho yokubeka izithsaba kwizikhumbuzo ezinikezelwe eAtatürk kunye neendibano eziqaqambisa ukuthanda izwe. IKurban Bayramı okanye iEid al-Adha ngomnye umnyhadala omkhulu wenkolo obhiyozelwa ngamaSilamsi eTurkey. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka kwiinyanga ezimbini emva kwe-Eid al-Fitr, ihlonipha ukuzimisela kuka-Ibrahim ukunikela ngonyana wakhe njengesenzo sokuzinikela kuThixo. Iintsapho zihlangana kwimithandazo kwii-mosque ngaphambi kokuba zibingelele ngezilwanyana ezinjengeegusha okanye iinkomo ezilandela izithethe zamaSilamsi. Inyama yala madini yabelwa izalamane ize inikwe abo bangathathi ntweni. Ekugqibeleni, imibhiyozo yoNyaka oMtsha idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwikhalenda yeholide yaseTurkey. Nangona kusenokugqalwa njengombhiyozo wehlabathi ehlabathini lonke, abantu baseTurkey ngehlombe bathabatha inxaxheba kwizinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ezinjengamatheko asesitratweni, imiboniso yefireworks, nezidlo ezikhethekileyo zangokuhlwa. I-Istanbul, enesibhakabhaka esinembonakalo entle kunye nomoya odlamkileyo, yindawo ethandwayo ngabantu basekhaya kunye nabakhenkethi ukukhala kuNyaka oMtsha. Ezi holide zibonisa iyantlukwano etyebileyo yenkcubeko yaseTurkey, ukunyamezelana ngokwenkolo, kunye nokubaluleka kwembali. Badibanisa abantu ukuze babhiyozele iinqobo ezisemgangathweni ekwabelwana ngazo ngelixa behlonipha izithethe zabo ezikhethekileyo- bebonisa kakuhle umongo welizwe.
Imeko yoRhwebo lwaNgaphandle
ITurkey lilizwe elibekwe ekudibaneni kweendlela zeYurophu neAsia, nto leyo eyenza ibe liziko lorhwebo lobuchule. Inoqoqosho oluxubeneyo namacandelo ezolimo, ezoshishino, kunye neenkonzo ezinegalelo elikhulu kwi-GDP yayo. Ngokumalunga nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, iTurkey inoluhlu olwahlukeneyo lweemveliso ezibandakanya amalaphu, iinxalenye zemoto, oomatshini, izixhobo zombane, kunye nokutya okulungisiweyo. Amaqabane amakhulu orhwebo okuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweTurkey aquka iJamani, i-Iraq, i-United Kingdom, i-Itali, ne-France. Iimveliso zelaphu zibaluleke kakhulu kwibhaskithi yokuthumela ngaphandle yaseTurkey njengoko ingomnye wabavelisi belaphu abakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele. Kwicala lokungenisa elizweni, iTurkey ikakhulu ithenga iimpahla ezifana nezixhobo zoomatshini kunye neenxalenye zecandelo leshishini layo. Okunye ukungenisa elizweni okubalulekileyo kubandakanya iimveliso zepetroleum, iikhemikhali, intsimbi kunye neemveliso zentsimbi. Amaqabane ayo aphambili ekurhwebelana nawo ekuthengisweni kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle yi-China, iManyano yaseYurophu kuquka iJamani neRashiya. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, iTurkey iye yaqhuba ngokukhutheleyo izivumelwano zokurhweba ngenkululeko kunye namazwe ahlukeneyo ukukhulisa urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. izama ukwandisa amashishini kuMbindi Mpuma, amazwe aseAfrika, naseAsia ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano zamazwe amabini. Ngaphandle kwezi zinto zintle, iTurkey ijongene nemiceli mngeni kwicandelo layo lezorhwebo.Ukuguquguquka kweLira yaseTurkey kunokuchaphazela iindleko zokungeniswa / ukuthumela ngaphandle. Ngaphezu koko, ukungavisisani kwezopolitiko, okufana neengxabano kunye namazwe angabamelwane okanye utshintsho kwimimiselo karhulumente, kunokuphazamisa ukunqumla imida. Ukongeza, ubhubhani we-COVID-19 ube nempembelelo embi kurhwebo lwehlabathi, kwaye iTurkey ayizange ikhethe, kodwa, ithe chu yaphinda yaqalisa imisebenzi yezoqoqosho ngokuphumeza amanyathelo okhuseleko. Lilonke, indawo yaseTurkey ekudibaneni kweYurophu, kuMbindi Mpuma, kunye ne-Asiya, inika ithuba lorhwebo lwehlabathi jikelele.Ipotfoliyo yayo yokuthumela ngaphandle eyohlukeneyo, isiseko esomeleleyo sokwenziwa kwemveliso, kunye neenzame zokuququzelela ishishini lamazwe ngamazwe liyibeke ngendlela efanelekileyo kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.Nangona kunjalo, kwixesha elizayo. Uphuhliso luya kuxhomekeka kwindlela iTurkey ejongene ngayo nemingeni yasekhaya ngelixa iqhubeka nokubandakanyeka kumathuba emarike yehlabathi.
Uphuhliso lweMakethi olunokubakho
ITurkey, emi ekudibaneni kweendlela zeYurophu neAsia, inamandla amakhulu okuphuhlisa imarike yorhwebo lwangaphandle. Ubume belizwe obucwangcisiweyo buyenza ibe likhonkco elibalulekileyo phakathi kwemimandla eyahlukeneyo kunye neemarike. Okokuqala, iTurkey yaziwa ngoluhlu lwayo lweemveliso kumacandelo ahlukeneyo. Inandipha inzuzo yokhuphiswano kumashishini afana nelaphu, eleemoto, ele-elektroniki kunye nezolimo. Ngabasebenzi abanobuchule kunye nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji, iinkampani zaseTurkey zinamandla okuvelisa iimpahla ezikumgangatho ophezulu ngamaxabiso akhuphisanayo. Okwesibini, indawo enenzuzo yaseTurkey ibonelela ngokulula kwiimarike eziphambili ezifana neYurophu, iRashiya, uMbindi weAsia, uMbindi Mpuma, kunye neAfrika. Oku kwenza ukuba abathengisi bangaphandle baseTurkey bangene kwiziseko ezinkulu zabathengi kule mimandla kwaye benze uthungelwano lwezorhwebo olomeleleyo. Ngaphaya koko, iTurkey iseke izivumelwano zorhwebo ezikhethekileyo kunye namazwe aliqela okanye imimandla efana nesivumelwano seEuropean Union Customs Union esiquka amazwe angama-30. Okwesithathu, iTurkey ibisoloko iphucula amaziko ayo eziseko ezingundoqo kuquka izikhululo zezikhululo zeenqwelomoya amaziko ezikhululo zeendlela zikaloliwe ezinegalelo ekuphuculweni koqhakamshelwano phakathi kwelizwe nakwamanye amazwe ngokuququzelela uthutho olusebenzayo oluphucula ukhuphiswano lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokutsala utyalo-mali lwangaphandle. Ngaphezu koko, iTurkey inika inkuthazo yotyalo-mali kuquka ukukhululelwa kwirhafu kwixabiso lenzala izibonelelo zenkxaso-mali yenkxaso yolwabiwo lomhlaba inkxaso yengqesho ekhuthaza amathuba kumashishini ehlabathi ukuseka ubukho bawo ngaloo ndlela ekhuthaza imisebenzi yezoqoqosho. Okokugqibela, urhulumente waseTurkey ukwanyusa iinzame zokwandisa izivumelwano zamazwe amabini ngokwenza imisebenzi yokwazisa efana nokuququzelela imiboniso zorhwebo ebonisa iipPoducts zaseTurkey zizimase imiboniso yezizwe ngezizwe ezincedayo ngokufikeleleka okuthe kratya zenza umdla phakathi koosomashishini bamazwe angaphandle bakhuthaza intsebenziswano. Ukuqukumbela, uphuhliso lwemarike yorhwebo lwangaphandle lwaseTurkey lusenokwenzeka kwisiseko sayo esomeleleyo semveliso eyahlukeneyo yoluhlu lwemveliso eyona ndawo iphuculweyo yeziseko ezingundoqo ezinomtsalane wotyalo-mali inkuthazo exhasa inkxaso yemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente.
Iimveliso ezishushu ezithengiswayo kwimarike
Xa kufikwa ekukhetheni iimveliso ezishushu ezithengiswa kumazwe angaphandle kwimarike yaseTurkey, kukho izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. ITurkey ibekwe ngokucwangcisekileyo ekudibaneni kweendlela zeYurophu neAsia, iyenza ibe yindawo efanelekileyo yorhwebo. Inoqoqosho olwahlukeneyo olunamacandelo emveliso aqinileyo aquka izithuthi, amalaphu, ezombane, kunye namashishini okulungisa ukutya. Ukuchonga iimveliso ezithengiswayo ezishushu eziya kuthunyelwa ngaphandle eTurkey, nanga amanyathelo athile ekufuneka uwalandele: 1. Phanda imarike: Yenza uphando olunzulu lwemarike ukuqonda izinto ezikhethwa ngabathengi kunye neendlela. Oku kunokwenziwa ngeengxelo ezivela kwimibutho yorhwebo, ii-arhente zikarhulumente, okanye ngokuya kwimiboniso yorhwebo. 2. Chonga amathuba e-niche: Khangela izithuba kwiimarike ezinokuzaliswa yimveliso ekhethekileyo okanye ekhethekileyo. Umzekelo, abathengi baseTurkey babonise umdla owongeziweyo kwiimveliso zokutya eziphilayo okanye izinto zefashoni ezizinzileyo. 3. Qwalasela imiba yenkcubeko: I-Turkey lilizwe elinenkcubeko eyahlukeneyo kunye neempembelelo ezivela kwiinkcubeko zombini zaseMpuma naseNtshona. Qonda amasiko asekuhlaleni kunye nezithethe xa ukhetha iimveliso ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle ukuqinisekisa ukuba zihambelana nexabiso labathengi. 4. Ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho: Abathengi baseTurkey baxabisa iimveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu ngamaxabiso akhuphisanayo. Qinisekisa ukuba izinto ozikhethileyo ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho yomgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe kwaye zibonelela ngexabiso elihle ngemali. 5. Uhlalutyo lokukhuphisana: Fundisisa iminikelo yabakhuphisana basekuhlaleni ukuze uchonge iindidi zemveliso enokubakho apho unokwahlula khona ngokunikezela ngento eyodwa okanye engcono kunento ekhoyo ngoku. 6. Imfuno yaphesheya kweelwandle: Thatha ingqalelo iintsingiselo kunye neemfuno zehlabathi ngelixa ukhetha iimveliso eziya kuthunyelwa ngaphandle eTurkey njengoko ezi zinokuchaphazela kakhulu impumelelo yazo naphesheya. 7 . Ukuthobela imithetho: Ziqhelanise nemigaqo yokungenisa elizweni, imisebenzi yempahla engenayo, iimfuno zokuleyibhile, imigangatho yokhuseleko lweemarike ekujoliswe kuzo njengoko ezi zinokuphembelela inkqubo yakho yokukhethwa kwemveliso ngokufanelekileyo; 8 . Yakha ubudlelwane ekuhlaleni : Seka ubuhlakani nabanikezeli bendawo abathembekileyo abayiqonda kakuhle imarike yasekhaya; oku kunokunceda ukukhangela imiqobo enokubakho ngelixa uthumela ngaphandle iimveliso ozikhethileyo ngempumelelo. Ngokulandela la manyathelo kunye nokuhlala uhlaziywa kwizinto ezikhethwa ngabathengi kunye neendlela zehlabathi, uya kuba kwindawo engcono yokukhetha izinto ezithengiswayo ezithengiswa kumazwe angaphandle kwimarike yaseTurkey.
Iimpawu zabathengi kunye ne-taboo
I-Turkey, ilizwe elinqumla kwilizwekazi elihamba ngeMpuma Yurophu kunye neNtshona ye-Asiya, lineempawu ezizodwa zabathengi kunye nenkcubeko yenkcubeko. Abathengi baseTurkey baziwa ngobubele babo kunye nokufudumala kwabo kubatyeleli. Bazidla ngokuphatha iindwendwe ngembeko nangesisa. Xa usenza ishishini eTurkey, lindela ukubuliswa ngomdla kwaye unikwe iti okanye ikofu njengophawu lobubele. Ukwakha ubudlelwane kubalulekile kwinkcubeko yeshishini laseTurkey. Uqhagamshelo lobuqu luxatyiswe kakhulu, ke ngoko ukuthatha ixesha lokuseka ukuthembana kunye nobudlelwane nabathengi bakho baseTurkey kubalulekile. Ukwakha ubudlelwane obuqinileyo kunokukhokelela kwintsebenziswano yexesha elide. Abathengi baseTurkey bayaluxabisa unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo kodwa bayaluxabisa ubuqhophololo xa kufikwa kuthethathethwano okanye ukuxoxa ngezihloko ezinobuzaza. Ukuba ndlongondlongo kakhulu okanye ukutyhala kunokubangela ukungakhululeki, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukugcina ulungelelwano phakathi kokuzithemba kunye nentlonipho. Ingcamango "yexesha" inokuqondwa ngokwahlukileyo ngabathengi baseTurkey xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iinkcubeko. Ukugcina ixesha kuyaxatyiswa kodwa kuhlala kukho ukuguquguquka xa kuziwa kwiishedyuli okanye imihla ebekiweyo ngenxa yokubaluleka okubekwe kuqhagamshelo lomntu. Zilungiselele iintlanganiso eziqala emva kwexesha okanye wenze utshintsho ngomzuzu wokugqibela. Ngokubhekiselele kwimiba yenkcubeko, kubalulekile ukuba ungaxoxi ngemibandela yezopolitiko ngaphandle kokuba wakhe ubudlelwane obuqinileyo obusekelwe ekuthembekeni apho izihloko ezinjalo zinokuxoxwa ngokuphandle ngaphandle kokukhubekisa. Unqulo lukwagqalwa njengobuthathaka; kuphephe ukugxeka okanye ukungahloneli naziphi na iinkolelo zonqulo. Ukongezelela, ukubonisa intlonelo kubadala kujongwa kakhulu kuluntu lwaseTurkey; ke ngoko, ukunika imbeko kubathengi abadala ngexesha leentlanganiso kunokubonwa njengophawu lwesimilo esihle. Okokugqibela, khumbula ukuba ukusetyenziswa kotywala kuyahluka phakathi kwabantu ngenxa yeenkolelo zonqulo ezigxininiswa yinkolo yamaSilamsi ukuba yeyona nkolo ininzi eTurkey - ke soloko usebenzisa ingqiqo xa usela utywala ngexesha lesidlo sangokuhlwa okanye iminyhadala. Ukuqonda ezi mpawu zabathengi kunye nezithethe zenkcubeko kuya kukuvumela ukuba uhambe ngempumelelo ngonxibelelwano lweshishini kunye nabalingane bakho baseTurkey ngelixa uhlonipha amasiko kunye nezithethe zabo.
Inkqubo yolawulo lweCustoms
I-Turkey inenkqubo yolawulo lwesithethe esekwe kakuhle eqinisekisa ukuhamba kakuhle kwempahla kunye nabantu kwimida yayo. Abasemagunyeni eTurkey yecustom banoxanduva lokubeka iliso kunye nokulawula ukungeniswa, ukuthumela ngaphandle, kunye nokuthuthwa kwempahla ngaphakathi elizweni. Xa bengena eTurkey, abahambi kufuneka baqaphele imithetho ethile kunye nemimiselo enyanzeliswa ngamasiko aseTurkey. Ezi ziquka: 1. Isibhengezo seCustoms: Abahambi abangena okanye abaphuma eTurkey kufuneka bagcwalise ifomu yokubhengeza isithethe (efumaneka kwizikhululo zeenqwelomoya, kumazibuko, nakwimida yokunqumla umhlaba) ukuba baphethe imali engaphezu kwe-10,000 yee-Euro okanye ilingana nayo kwezinye iimali. 2. Izinto ezithintelweyo: Izinto ezithile zixhomekeke kwizithintelo okanye izithintelo xa ungena okanye uphuma eTurkey. Ezi ziquka izixhobo, iziyobisi, iimpahla zomgunyathi, izinto zenkcubeko ngaphandle kwamaxwebhu afanelekileyo, nayo nayiphi na into ebonwa iyingozi kwimpilo yoluntu. 3. Izibonelelo ezingahlawulelwayo: Kukho imida kwisixa seempahla ezingahlawulelwa rhafu ezinokungeniswa eTurkey. Ezi zibonelelo ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwemveliso (utywala, iimveliso zecuba) kunye nendlela yothutho (umoya okanye umhlaba). Kubalulekile ukuthobela le mida ukuphepha izohlwayo. 4. Ukungazisebenzisi izinto zobuqu: Abakhenkethi banokuza nezinto zabo zobuqu njengempahla nezixhobo ze-elektroniki ukuze bazisebenzisele ngokwabo ngaphandle kokuhlawula iirhafu okanye irhafu lo gama nje zingajoliswanga kukuthengiswa. 5. Ukuthengiswa ngaphandle / ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe akuvumelekanga: Ezinye izinto zithintelwe ngokungqongqo ukuba zingangeniswa / zithunyelwe eTurkey ngenxa yenkxalabo yokhuseleko okanye izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe. Imizekelo ibandakanya ii-narcotics, iikhemikhali ezithile, iimveliso zezilwanyana ezisemngciphekweni wokuphela ezikhuselweyo phantsi kweCITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), njl. 6. Amalungelo abakhweli benqwelomoya kunye noxanduva lolwazi :Ngokungqinelanayo, imiqathango esekwe yimimiselo iya kusebenza kwiimeko apho ilahleko imoshakala ngexesha lokuhamba kwiipaspoti ezichazwe ngokucacileyo ziya kubhalwa ngokufanelekileyo. Kucetyiswa ukuba abahambi baziqhelanise nale migaqo yesiko ngaphambi kokuba batyelele eTurkey ukuze baphephe naziphi na iziphumo ezingafunekiyo ngexesha lohambo lwabo.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu
Umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu yokungenisa eTurkey ngumba obalulekileyo wesakhelo sorhwebo. Ilizwe liphumeze inkqubo yerhafu eqhubekayo esekelwe kwiikhowudi ze-Harmonized System (HS), ezihlela iimveliso ngokwamaqela ahlukeneyo ngokwendalo kunye nenjongo yokusetyenziswa. Ixabiso lerhafu yokungenisa eTurkey ukusuka kwi-0% ukuya kwi-130%, kuxhomekeke kudidi lwemveliso. Iimveliso ezikumgangatho onguziro zibandakanya izinto eziyimfuneko ezifana neyeza, iincwadi, kunye nemathiriyeli ethile ekrwada esetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokuvelisa. Ezi mpahla zingena kweli lizwe ngaphandle komthwalo owongezelelweyo werhafu. Ngeli xesha, uninzi lweemveliso zitsala amanqanaba ahlukeneyo amaxabiso ngokusekwe kuhlelo lwekhowudi yeHS. Umzekelo, oomatshini kunye nezixhobo zobugcisa obuphezulu zixhomekeke kwimirhumo ephantsi yokungenisa elizweni, ngelixa iimpahla zabathengi ezinje ngamalaphu, izinto zombane, kunye neemoto zinemirhumo ephezulu ebekwe kubo. Ukongezelela, iTurkey ibeka irhafu yexabiso elongeziweyo (i-VAT) kwiimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwinqanaba eliqhelekileyo le-18%. Le rhafu ibalwa ngokusekelwe kwixabiso lexabiso elibandakanya i-inshurensi kunye neentlawulo zomthwalo owenziweyo de iimpahla zifike kwizithethe zaseTurkey. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iindidi ezithile zinokuba phantsi kweerhafu ezahlukeneyo zerhafu okanye ukukhululwa ngokuxhomekeke kubume bazo okanye imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iTurkey inezivumelwano zokurhweba phakathi kwamazwe amabini kunye namazwe amaninzi abonelela ngonyango olukhethekileyo ngokwemirhumo ethotyiweyo okanye ukufikelela simahla kwiimveliso ezithile ezifanelekileyo phantsi kwezi zivumelwano. Ezi ntlawulo zikhethekileyo zijolise ekukhuthazeni intsebenziswano yezoqoqosho kunye nokomeleza intsebenziswano phakathi kweTurkey kunye namaqabane ayo orhwebo. Lilonke, umgaqo-nkqubo waseTurkey wokurhweba ngaphandle kwempahla ujonge ukulingana phakathi kokukhusela amashishini asekhaya kunye nokukhuthaza urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngokuqinisekisa ukhuphiswano olufanelekileyo kwimarike yehlabathi.
Iipolisi zerhafu ezithumela ngaphandle
ITurkey, njengelizwe elisaphuhlayo, iphumeze imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu eyahlukahlukeneyo ukuze ikhuthaze ishishini lokuthumela ngaphandle. Impahla yelizwe ethunyelwa ngaphandle iphantsi kwerhafu phantsi kweemeko ezithile kunye nemimiselo. I-Turkey ilandela inkqubo yerhafu eyongeziweyo (i-VAT) kwizinto ezininzi ezithumela ngaphandle. Izinga le-VAT eliqhelekileyo kwiimpahla eziveliswe eTurkey yi-18%. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zisenokufumana iirhafu ezithotyiweyo okanye ukukhululwa ngokuxhomekeke kubume bazo kunye nendawo ekuyiwa kuyo. Ukuze kukhuthazwe amashishini ajolise kumazwe angaphandle, iTurkey ibonelela ngeenkuthazo ezininzi zerhafu kunye nokukhululwa. Iinkampani ezizibandakanya ekuthumeleni impahla kumazwe angaphandle zikhululekile ekuhlawuleni irhafu yengeniso yenkampani kwiingeniso zazo zokuthumela ngaphandle. Lo mlinganiso ujolise ekukhuliseni ukhuphiswano lweemveliso zaseTurkey kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngaphezu koko, iTurkey iseke imimandla yorhwebo yasimahla (FTZs) kwilizwe lonke ebonelela ngeenzuzo ezongezelelweyo kubathumeli ngaphandle. Ezi FTZ zibonelela ngokhululo ekuhlawuleni irhafu kunye ne-VAT kwimathiriyeli ekrwada esetyenziswa kumazwe angaphandle esetyenziselwa imveliso ngokukodwa ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwezi zowuni. Oku kunciphisa iindleko zemveliso, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukuthengisa ngaphandle kukhuphisane ngakumbi kwihlabathi jikelele. Imirhumo yeCustoms yenye inkalo yomgaqo-nkqubo werhafu yokuthumela ngaphandle eTurkey. Imirhumo yeCustoms iyahluka ngokusekelwe kuhlobo lwemveliso ethunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle kunye nelizwe/ingingqi ekuyiwa kuyo. Umrhumo werhafu uphunyezwa ngokusekwe kwizivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezisayinwe yiTurkey okanye unilaterally ngurhulumente waseTurkey. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba iirhafu zinokutshintsha ngamaxesha athile ngenxa yothethathethwano zorhwebo okanye utshintsho kwiimeko zoqoqosho lwehlabathi. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuba abarhwebi bangaphandle baqaphele amaxabiso ahlaziyiweyo xa beqhuba ushishino namazwe ahlukeneyo. Isishwankathelo, iTurkey isebenzisa inkqubo yerhafu eyongeziweyo kunye nokukhululwa okuthile kunye nokunciphisa amaxabiso okuthunyelwa kwayo ngaphandle. Urhulumente ubonelela ngenkuthazo eyongezelelweyo efana nokukhululwa kwirhafu yengeniso yenkampani kwiinkampani ezithumela ngaphandle kunye nezibonelelo ezinikezelwa phakathi kweendawo zorhwebo simahla. Ukuqonda imirhumo ethile ngokohlobo lwemveliso kunye nendawo ekuyiwa kuyo kubalulekile ngelixa kuthunyelwa ngaphandle eTurkey ngenxa yokuguquguquka okunokwenzeka okubangelwa kukutshintsha kwezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe okanye iimeko zoqoqosho.
Iziqinisekiso ezifunekayo zokuthumela ngaphandle
ITurkey lilizwe elibekwe ekudibaneni kweendlela zeYurophu neAsia, elaziwa ngembali yalo etyebileyo kunye nelifa lenkcubeko. Ilizwe linoqoqosho olwahluka-hlukeneyo, oluxhomekeke kakhulu kwimisebenzi yokuthengisa kumazwe angaphandle ukukhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho. I-Turkey iphumeze iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zesatifikethi sokuthumela ngaphandle ukuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nokuthotyelwa kweempahla zayo ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Isiqinisekiso esinye esibalulekileyo sokuthumela ngaphandle eTurkey siSatifikethi seZiko lemiGangatho yaseTurkey (TSE). Esi satifikethi siqinisekisa ukuba imveliso ihlangabezana nemigangatho ethile esekwe yi-TSE, kubandakanywa umgangatho, ukhuseleko, kunye neemfuno zokusingqongileyo. I-TSE yenza uhlolo kunye novavanyo kwiimveliso phambi kokuba inike esi satifikethi, inika isiqinisekiso kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe ukuba iimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zaseTurkey zikumgangatho ophezulu. Abathengisi bangaphandle baseTurkey nabo banokufumana isatifikethi se-ISO 9001, ebonisa ukuzinikela kwabo ekugcineni inkqubo yolawulo lomgangatho esebenzayo. Esi satifikethi sigxile ekuphuculeni ukwaneliseka kwabathengi ngokuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo rhoqo. Ayiphuculi nje kuphela intembeko yabathumeli bangaphandle baseTurkey kodwa ikwavula iingcango zamathuba oshishino kwihlabathi liphela. Ukongeza, iSiqinisekiso seHalal sifumene ukubaluleka kwiminyaka yamva nje ngenxa yokunyuka kwemfuno yeemveliso ze-halal kwihlabathi liphela. Isiqinisekiso seHalal siqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso zokutya ziyahambelana nemithetho kunye nemimiselo yezondlo yamaSilamsi. Kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi okanye imimandla enabemi abaninzi abangamaSilamsi njengeemarike ezinokubakho zokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwaseTurkey, esi satifikethi sibonelela ngomda wokukhuphisana ekutsaleni abathengi. Ngaphaya koko, iZatifikethi zokuThobela zibalulekile kumashishini aliqela abandakanyekayo kurhwebo olungaphandle olufana namacandelo eendwangu kunye nempahla ngenxa yeenguqu ezithe gqolo kwiimfuno zomthetho ezinxulumene nemimiselo yokuleyibhelishwa okanye imida yokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezithintelweyo. Lilonke, iTurkey ibeka ugxininiso olukhulu kwizatifiketi zokuthumela ngaphandle njengoko zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kungekuphela nje ekuququzeleleni urhwebo kodwa nasekuqinisekiseni ukwaneliseka kwabathengi kunye nokuthembela kwimigangatho yomgangatho weempahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle.
Ulungiselelo lolungiselelo olucetyiswayo
ITurkey lilizwe elibekwe ekudibaneni kweendlela zeYurophu neAsia, iyenza ibe yeyona ndawo ifanelekileyo yolungiselelo kunye neenkonzo zothutho. Ngendawo yayo yesicwangciso sobuchule bejografi, iTurkey isebenza njengesango phakathi kwamazwekazi kwaye ibonelela ngezinto ezahlukeneyo eziluncedo. I-Istanbul, esona sixeko sikhulu eTurkey, yeyona ndawo iphambili yezothutho edibanisa iYurophu neAsia. Inezikhululo zeenqwelomoya ezimbini zamazwe ngamazwe - iSikhululo seenqwelomoya sase-Istanbul kunye nesikhululo seenqwelomoya iSabiha Gökçen International - esiphatha izigidi zothutho lwempahla minyaka le. Ezi zikhululo zeenqwelo moya zineendawo ezibanzi zokuthwala imithwalo kwaye zibonelela ngeenkonzo zothutho ngomoya ezifanelekileyo kwiindawo zehlabathi jikelele. Ukongeza kuthutho lomoya, iTurkey ikwanendlela ebalaseleyo yothungelwano oludibanisa namazwe angabamelwane. Uhola wendlela i-E80, okwaziwa ngokuba yiTrans-European Motorway okanye iNkqubo yaMazwe ngaMazwe yeeNdlela zeMoto (E-indlela), uhamba ngeTurkey kwaye ubonelela ngokufikelela lula kumazwe aseNtshona Yurophu afana neGrisi, Bulgaria, Serbia, kunye neRomania. Ulwakhiwo lwaselwandle lwaseTurkey lelinye icandelo eliphambili kushishino lwezothutho. Inamazibuko amakhulu aliqela ecaleni konxweme lwayo aphatha umthamo omkhulu wezithuthi zeekhonteyina. Izibuko le-Izmir kuLwandle lwe-Aegean lelinye elinjalo elaziwa ngobuchule balo bokuphatha iikhonteyina ezikhethekileyo. Amanye amazibuko abalulekileyo abandakanya i-Istanbul Ambarli Port kunye neMersin Port kuLwandle lweMeditera. Kwiinkampani ezifuna indawo yokugcina iimpahla eTurkey, kukho iindawo ezininzi zemizi-mveliso ezibekwe ngokucwangcisekileyo kwilizwe liphela ezibonelela ngamaziko axhotyiswe kakuhle aneendawo zokugcina zale mihla. Ezi zindlu zokugcina iimpahla zibonelela amashishini ahlukeneyo afana neemoto, i-electronics, impahla yangaphandle, ukulungiswa kokutya, njl. Urhulumente waseTurkey wenze utyalo-mali olusebenzayo ekuphuculeni izixhobo zakhe zokusebenza kule minyaka idlulileyo. Iiprojekthi ezinjengokwakhiwa koohola beendlela ezintsha phakathi kwezixeko zongeza uqhagamshelo ngelixa uphuculo olubalulekileyo kwizikhululo zeenqwelomoya lujolise ekunyuseni umthamo wabo bobabini abakhweli kunye nothutho lwempahla. Ngaphaya koko, iTurkey ibonelela ngeemeko zoqoqosho ezifanelekileyo ezinje ngeendleko zabasebenzi ezikhuphisanayo xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe aseYurophu, iyenza ibe yindawo enomtsalane yokuvelisa okanye yokuhambisa. ired tape kunye nokuququzelela iinkqubo zorhwebo. Ngendawo enobuchule bejografi, iziseko ezingundoqo zale mihla, kunye nemeko yeshishini efanelekileyo, iTurkey ibonelela ngothotho lweendlela zokhetho kumashishini asebenza kulo mmandla. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba kuthuthwa ngomoya, ukuthuthwa kweendlela, ukuthunyelwa kweenqanawa zaselwandle okanye indawo yokugcina impahla, iTurkey inezixhobo eziyimfuneko kunye neenkonzo zokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zolungiselelo ngokufanelekileyo.
Imijelo yophuhliso lwabathengi

Imiboniso yorhwebo ebalulekileyo

ITurkey lilizwe elibekwe ngokucwangcisekileyo ekudibaneni kweendlela zeYurophu neAsia. Sele iyindawo ebalulekileyo yorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kwaye itsale abathengi abaninzi kunye nabatyali-zimali behlabathi. Eli nqaku liza kuchaza ezinye zeendlela ezibalulekileyo zophuhliso lwabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemiboniso eTurkey. 1. I-Istanbul Chamber of Commerce (ITO): I-ITO yenye yamagumbi amakhulu orhwebo eTurkey, ekhonza njengomthombo oxabisekileyo kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe. Iququzelela iminyhadala eyahlukeneyo yothungelwano, iiseshini zokudibanisa ishishini, kunye nemishini yorhwebo edibanisa ababoneleli bendawo kunye nabathengi behlabathi. 2. I-Istanbul Exporters' Association (IEA): Njengombutho omele abathumeli bangaphandle abavela kumacandelo ngamacandelo, i-IEA idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekudibaniseni abavelisi baseTurkey nabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe. Iququzelela imiboniso, iintlanganiso zomthengi-nomthengisi, kunye nabathunywa borhwebo ukwakha unxibelelwano lwezoshishino. 3. IiPlatform zeB2B zamazwe ngamazwe: Iiplatifti ezininzi ze-intanethi ziququzelela intsebenziswano ye-B2B phakathi kwababoneleli baseTurkey kunye nabathengi behlabathi. La maqonga aquka itshaneli yaseTurkey ye-Alibaba.com, indawo yentengiso yaseTurkey ye-TradeKey.com, okanye icandelo elinikezelweyo le-Made-in-China kubaboneleli baseTurkey. 4. IQela leMiboniso yeTuyap: ITuyap ngomnye wabaququzeleli bemiboniso abaphambili baseTurkey abathi rhoqo ngonyaka babambe imiboniso zorhwebo eyamkelekileyo kumazwe ngamazwe etsala amawakawaka abavelisi balapha ekhaya kunye nabathengi bamanye amazwe. Ezinye eziphawulekayo ziquka: - Zuchex: Umboniso ogxile kwimpahla yasekhaya, ifenitshala, iimveliso ezilukiweyo zasekhaya ezitsala abathathi-nxaxheba belizwe nabamazwe ngamazwe. - Hostech nguTusid: Lo mboniso ubonelela abantu abachwephesha abasuka kushishino lokwamkela iindwendwe olubonisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuchwepheshe obunxulumene neehotele. -I-Istanbul Jewelry Show: Omnye wemiboniso yobucwebe obuphambili kwihlabathi apho abathengisi behlabathi bafumana amatye anqabileyo akumgangatho ophezulu, izixhobo kunye nokufumana uyilo olulodwa. UMboniso woKhuseleko we-ISAF: Umsitho ozinikeleyo wabasebenzi benkqubo yokhuseleko apho iimveliso zokhuseleko ezintsha ziboniswa ziinkampani zalapha zaseTurkey kunye nabadlali bamanye amazwe. 5. I-Izmir International Fair (IEF): Eyaziwa ngokuba "ngumbutho omkhulu okhethekileyo okhethekileyo" eTurkey ukususela ngo-1923, i-IEF ibamba inxaxheba ebanzi yoshishino ukusuka kwiimoto ukuya koomatshini, i-electronics yabathengi ukutya kunye nesiselo. Ibonelela ngeqonga kubathengi bamazwe aphesheya ukuba baphonononge abavelisi baseTurkey kwaye benze intsebenziswano kushishino. 6. I-Antalya EXPO: Ibanjwa kanye emva kweminyaka emihlanu ukusukela ngo-1998 e-Antalya, lo ngomnye wemiboniso emikhulu yorhwebo etsala abathathi-nxaxheba abasuka kumacandelo awohlukeneyo afana nelokwakha, ezolimo, amalaphu, ukhathalelo lwempilo, nokunye. Ibonelela ngamathuba abalaseleyo kubathengi bamanye amazwe abafuna ababoneleli baseTurkey kuwo wonke amashishini amaninzi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le yimizekelo nje embalwa phakathi kwezinto ezininzi zokukhuthaza urhwebo ezenzeka eTurkey unyaka wonke. Indawo enobuchule yelizwe kunye nokubandakanyeka okusebenzayo kurhwebo lwehlabathi kuyenza ibe yeyona ndawo ifanelekileyo kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe abafuna ababoneleli abathembekileyo namathuba otyalo-mali.
ETurkey, iinjini zokukhangela ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zezi: 1. UGoogle (www.google.com.tr): Njengakwamanye amazwe amaninzi, uGoogle yeyona njini yokukhangela idumileyo eTurkey. Ibonelela ngeziphumo zophendlo ezibanzi kunye noluhlu lweenkonzo ezifana neemephu, inguqulelo, iindaba, kunye nokunye. 2. I-Yandex (www.yandex.com.tr): I-Yandex yinjini yokukhangela yaseRashiya nayo inobukho obubalulekileyo eTurkey. Ibonelela ngophendlo lwewebhu kunye neenkonzo ezongezelelweyo ezifana ne-imeyile, iimephu, uhlaziyo lwemozulu, kunye nokunye. 3. I-E-Devlet (www.turkiye.gov.tr): I-E-Devlet yindawo esemthethweni karhulumente waseTurkey enikezela ngeenkonzo ezahlukeneyo ze-intanethi kubemi. Eli qonga libandakanya i-injini yokukhangela ukubonelela ngokufikelela kwizibonelelo zikarhulumente kunye nolwazi malunga namaziko oluntu. 4. I-Bing (www.bing.com): I-Bing yeMicrosoft inosetyenziso olundilisekileyo phakathi kwabasebenzisi be-intanethi baseTurkey kodwa hayi njengeGoogle okanye iYandex. Ibonelela ngokusebenza ngokubanzi kokukhangela kwiwebhu kunye neempawu ezifana nokukhangela umfanekiso kunye nevidiyo. 5. I-Yahoo (www.yahoo.com.tr): Ngaphandle kokuthandwa kwayo kwihlabathi lonke ngamaxesha angaphambili, i-Yahoo ayisetyenziswa kakhulu ngabasebenzisi be-intanethi baseTurkey namhlanje kuphendlo lwewebhu; nangona kunjalo, isabambe ukubaluleka okuthile ngokwemigaqo ye-imeyile kunye neenkonzo zeendaba. Ezi zintlanu ziphakathi kweenjini zokukhangela eziphambili okanye ezisetyenziswa rhoqo eTurkey; nangona kunjalo, kufanelekile ukukhankanya ukuba kunokubakho amanye amaqonga asekuhlaleni okanye iinjini ezikhethekileyo ezilungiselela ngokukodwa amashishini athile ngaphakathi elizweni.

Amaphepha amakhulu atyheli

Izalathisi eziphambili zaseTurkey zeYellow Pages zezi: 1. Yellow Pages Turkey: Olu luluhlu olusemthethweni lwe-Yellow Pages kwi-intanethi eTurkey, lubonelela ngoluhlu lwamashishini olubanzi olusekwe kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo. Idilesi yewebhusayithi ithi https://www.yellowpages.com.tr/. 2. Incwadi yeFowuni yaseTurkey: Uluhlu oludumileyo olunika iinkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano zabantu kunye namashishini kulo lonke elaseTurkey. Ungafikelela kuyo https://www.phonebookofturkey.com/. 3. Saha İstanbul: Le Yellow Pages directory igxile kumashishini aseIstanbul, esona sixeko sikhulu eTurkey. Ibandakanya iindidi ezahlukeneyo ezifana neemoto, iindawo zokutyela, indawo yokuhlala, nokunye. Iwebhusayithi ithi http://www.sahaisimleri.org/. 4. Ticaret Rehberi: Olunye ulawulo olubanzi apho unokufumana ulwazi malunga namashishini asebenza kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo eTurkey. Ibandakanya amacandelo amaninzi kwaye inika iinkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano kwishishini ngalinye elidwelisiweyo. Fikelela kuyo ngokusebenzisa http://ticaretrehberi.net/. 5. Gelirler Rehberi (Isikhokhelo seNgeniso): Ilungiselelwe ngokukodwa ukudwelisa amashishini angenisa imali eTurkey, olu luhlu lunceda abasebenzisi ukuba bafumane amathuba otyalo-mali anokubakho okanye ubambiswano ngokuhlela amashishini ahlukeneyo kunye nabafowunelwa abo. Nceda uqaphele ukuba ezi nkcukacha zinokutshintshwa ngokuhamba kwexesha ngenxa yohlaziyo kunye nokongezwa okutsha kwimarike; ngoko ke, kusoloko kucetyiswa ukuba kabini-ukuhlola imeko yabo yangoku phambi kokuba bathembele kuphela kubo ngeshishini okanye ulwazi loqhagamshelwano.

Amaqonga amakhulu orhwebo

I-Turkey, ilizwe elinqumla ilizwekazi elibekwe ikakhulu kuSingasiqithi we-Anatolian eNtshona ye-Asiya, libone ukukhula okubonakalayo kumaqonga e-e-commerce kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Amanye amaqonga amakhulu e-e-commerce eTurkey abandakanya: 1. I-Trendyol - Yeyona ndawo inkulu kunye neyona idumileyo kwi-intanethi yeqonga lokuthenga eTurkey. I-Trendyol inikeza uluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo ezifana nefashoni, i-elektroniki, ubuhle, ukuhombisa ikhaya, kunye nokunye. umthombo: www.trendyol.com 2. I-Hepsiburada - Ithathwa njengomnye woovulindlela bokuthenga nge-intanethi eTurkey, i-Hepsiburada inikezela ngokukhethwa okukhulu kweemveliso ezibandakanya izixhobo zombane, i-electronics, izinto zefashoni, ifenitshala, iimpahla zasekhaya kunye nokunye okuninzi. Iwebhusayithi: www.hepsiburada.com 3. I-Gittigidiyor - Eyaziwa njengendawo yokuthengisa ye-intanethi yokuqala esekwe eTurkey emva kwe-2001 ngaphambi kokuba ifunyenwe yi-eBay Inc., i-Gittigidiyor iseyinye yeeplatifomu ezibalaseleyo ze-e-commerce ezibonisa abathengisi abahlukeneyo ababonelela ngeemveliso ezahlukeneyo. Indawo: www.gittigidiyor.com 4. n11 - Elinye iqonga elisekiweyo lokuthenga kwi-intanethi kunye neentlobo ezininzi zeendidi zeemveliso ezibandakanya izincedisi zefashoni zamadoda kunye nabasetyhini izinto zempahla ye-electronics igajethi iithoyi zezixhobo zasekhaya izithambiso zomntu ngamnye njl. umthombo: www.n11.com 5. I-Morhipo - Iqonga le-e-commerce eligxile kwifashoni ephethwe yi-Boyner Group - enye yeenkampani ezihamba phambili zokuthengisa zaseTurkey ezigxile kwiimpawu zempahla zamadoda kunye nabasetyhini phakathi kwezinye iimveliso ezifana nezacholo zezihlangu njl njl. umthombo: www.morhipo.com 6. I-Vatan Bilgisayar - Eli qonga lisebenza ngokukodwa kwiimveliso ezisekelwe kubuchwepheshe ukusuka kwiikhomputha ukuya kwii-smartphones ecaleni kweenkqubo zesoftware yezixhobo ze-elektroniki njl. Nceda uqaphele ukuba le yimizekelo nje kwaye kukho amanye amaqonga amancinci kodwa aqaphelekayo e-e-commerce akhoyo ngaphakathi kwendawo yentengiso yedijithali yaseTurkey.

Amaqonga amakhulu eendaba zoluntu

I-Turkey inoluhlu olubanzi lwamaqonga eendaba ezentlalo ezidumileyo phakathi kwabemi bayo. Amanye awona maqonga eendaba ezentlalo asetyenziswa rhoqo eTurkey abandakanya: 1. I-Facebook (www.facebook.com): I-Facebook yenye yezona ndawo zikhokelayo zokunxibelelana kwihlabathi jikelele, kwaye idume kakhulu naseTurkey. Ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba baqhagamshelane nabahlobo, babelane ngohlaziyo, iifoto, kunye neevidiyo. 2. I-Twitter (www.twitter.com): I-Twitter yi-microblogging platform apho abasebenzisi banokuthumela imiyalezo emifutshane ebizwa ngokuba yi-"tweets." Isetyenziswa kakhulu eTurkey ngokwabelana ngeendaba, izimvo, kunye nokubandakanyeka kwiingxoxo. 3. I-Instagram (www.instagram.com): I-Instagram liqonga lokwabelana ngefoto kunye nevidiyo apho abasebenzisi banokufaka imifanekiso okanye iividiyo ezimfutshane kunye namagama-ncazo kunye neehashtag. Ithandwa kakhulu phakathi kolutsha lwaseTurkey. 4. I-LinkedIn (www.linkedin.com): I-LinkedIn yindawo yokunxibelelana yobuchwephesha abantu abayisebenzisayo ukubonisa amava abo omsebenzi, banxibelelane nabalingane okanye abanokuba ngabaqeshi, kwaye bajonge amathuba emisebenzi. 5. I-YouTube (www.youtube.com): I-YouTube liqonga lokwabelana ngevidiyo apho abasebenzisi banokufaka, babukele, bathande okanye bahlomle kwiividiyo ezifakwe ngabanye. Uninzi lwabadali bomxholo waseTurkey baye bafumana ukuthandwa ngeli qonga. 6. ITikTok (www.tiktok.com): I-TikTok ifumene ukukhula okubonakalayo kokuthandwa eTurkey kutshanje; ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba benze kwaye babelane ngeevidiyo ezimfutshane ezisetelwe kumculo okanye iiklip zeaudio. 7. I-Snapchat: Nangona kungekho webhusayithi esemthethweni ye-Snapchat kuba isetyenziswa ngokuyintloko njengesicelo seselula; ithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu abadala baseTurkey abayisebenzisayo ukuthumela iifoto / iividiyo ezilahlekileyo okanye ukuthumela amabali ahlala iiyure ezingama-24. Ezi zezinye zamaqonga eendaba ezentlalo akhoyo eTurkey; nangona kunjalo, zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi zizigidi zabantu kumaqela ahlukeneyo eminyaka yobudala kunxibelelwano, ukudala umxholo / iinjongo zokwabelana kunye nokuhlala zihlaziywa ngeziganeko zangoku kunye neendlela ngaphakathi kwelizwe kunye nehlabathi jikelele.

Imibutho emikhulu yoshishino

ITurkey, ilizwe elinqumla ilizwekazi elibekwe ikakhulu kuSingasiqithi we-Anatolian, yaziwa ngoqoqosho lwayo olwahlukeneyo kunye noluntu lwamashishini oludlamkileyo. Nantsi eminye yemibutho emikhulu yoshishino yaseTurkey kunye needilesi zabo zewebhusayithi: 1. I-Turkish Exporters Assembly (TIM) - i-TIM imele abathengisi baseTurkey kunye nokukhuthaza imisebenzi yokuthumela ngaphandle kumacandelo ahlukeneyo. umthombo: http://www.tim.org.tr/en/ 2. Umbutho wabaShishina baseTurkey kunye noShishino (TUSIAD) - I-TUSIAD ngumbutho okhokelayo omele oosomashishini kunye namashishini eTurkey. umthombo: https://www.tusiad.org/en 3. I-Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges yaseTurkey (TOBB) - I-TOBB isebenza njengelizwi elidibeneyo kumagumbi orhwebo, utshintshiselwano lwempahla, kunye nemibutho yobuchwephesha eTurkey. umthombo: https://www.tobb.org.tr/Sayfalar/AnaSayfa.aspx?lang=en 4. I-Istanbul Chamber of Commerce (ITO) - ITO ixhasa umdla wabarhwebi, oosomashishini, ababoneleli ngenkonzo, abarhwebi, iifektri, amashishini athengisa e-Istanbul. umthombo: https://www.ito.org.tr/portal/ 5. I-Confederation of Turkish Tradesmen and Craftsmen (TESK) - TESK imele abarhwebi abancinci kunye neengcibi kumacandelo ahlukeneyo kulo lonke elaseTurkey. umthombo: http://www.tesk.org.tr/en/ 6. Umbutho waMacandelo eeMoto kunye nabavelisi bamacandelo (TAYSAD) - I-TAYSAD imele abavelisi beemoto eTurkey. umthombo: http://en.taysad.org/ 7. Iikontraka zokwakha iManyano yaseTurkiye(MUSAİD)- iMUSAİD imele iikontraka zokwakha eTurkey. Iwebhusayithi http://musaid.gtb.gov.tr/tr 8.I-Turkish Transmission Corporation(TETAŞ)-TETAŞ ibeka esweni imisebenzi yokuhanjiswa kombane kwilizwe lonke iwebhusayithi: https://tetas.teias.gov.tr/en/Pages/default.aspx 9. Umbutho wee-arhente zokuhamba zaseTurkey (TÜRSAB) - I-TÜRSAB imele ii-arhente zokuhamba kunye nemibutho yokhenketho eTurkey. umthombo: https://www.tursab.org.tr/en 10. I-Federation of Food and Drink Industries (TGDF) - i-TGDF isebenza njengelizwi leenkampani zokutya kunye neziselo eTurkey. umthombo: http://en.ttgv.org.tr/ Le yimizekelo nje yemibutho ebalaseleyo yoshishino eTurkey. Ilizwe linamacandelo ahlukeneyo ahlukeneyo, ngalinye linombutho walo ohambelanayo, abonisa ushishino olutshintshayo lwelizwe.

Iiwebhusayithi zeshishini kunye norhwebo

I-Turkey, ilizwe elinqumla kwilizwekazi elibekwe ikakhulu kwi-Anatolian Peninsula eNtshona Asia nakumazantsi-mpuma Yurophu, ineewebhusayithi ezahlukeneyo zezoqoqosho kunye nezorhwebo ezibonelela kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Apha ngezantsi zezinye iiwebhusayithi eziphambili zezoqoqosho kunye nezorhwebo zaseTurkey: 1. Tyala imali eTurkey: Le webhusayithi esemthethweni ibonelela ngolwazi oluyimfuneko malunga namathuba otyalo-mali eTurkey, kubandakanywa amacandelo abalulekileyo, inkuthazo, imimiselo, kunye namabali empumelelo. umthombo: https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/ 2. I-Istanbul Chamber of Commerce: I-website ye-Istanbul Chamber of Commerce inikezela ngolwazi oluphangaleleyo lwezorhwebo malunga neemarike ze-Istanbul, iinkonzo zolawulo lweshishini, ikhalenda yeziganeko, kunye namathuba oshishino lwamazwe ngamazwe. umthombo: https://www.ito.org.tr/en/ 3. I-Turkish Exporters Assembly (TIM): I-TIM ngumbutho omele ngaphezu kwe-100 amawaka athumela ngaphandle eTurkey. Iwebhusayithi yayo ibonelela ngeenkcukacha-manani ngokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweTurkey kunye neengxelo zentengiso kumazwe ahlukeneyo. umthombo: https://tim.org.tr/en 4. IBhodi yoBudlelwane boQoqosho lwamazwe angaphandle (DEIK): I-DEIK ijolise ekufakeni isandla ekuphuhliseni ubudlelwane bezoqoqosho lwangaphandle lwaseTurkey ngokukhuthaza intsebenziswano phakathi kweenkampani zasekhaya kunye nezangaphandle ngokusebenzisa iikomiti zayo ezahlukeneyo. umthombo: https://deik.org.tr/ 5. UMphathiswa wezoRhwebo - IRiphabhlikhi yaseTurkey: Le webhusayithi karhulumente esemthethweni yabelana ngohlaziyo lweendaba malunga nemigaqo-nkqubo yorhwebo, imimiselo enxulumene nokungeniswa ngaphandle / ukuthumela ngaphandle eTurkey, iingxelo zokuhlalutya imarike, kunye nokunye. Iwebhusayithi http://www.trade.gov.tr/index.html 6. I-KOSGEB (uMbutho woPhuhliso lwamaShishini amaNcinci naPhakathi): I-KOSGEB ixhasa amashishini amancinci ngokunikezela ngenkxaso-mali kwiiprojekthi zokuvelisa izinto ezintsha kunye neenkqubo zoqeqesho koosomashishini. Iwebhusayithi http://en.kosgeb.gov.tr/homepage 7. Ishishini laseTurkey kunye noMbutho woShishino (TUSIAD): I-TUSIAD ngumbutho onempembelelo ongenzi nzuzo omele icandelo labucala laseTurkey kuzwelonke nakumazwe ngamazwe; iwebhusayithi yabo igubungela amaphepha okwazisa ngemiba yezoqoqosho kunye neengxelo zoshishino. umthombo: https://tusiad.us/news-archive/ 8.Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK): I-TUIK ibonelela ngeenkcukacha-manani kumacandelo ngamacandelo, kuquka ezolimo, ishishini, kunye neenkonzo. Iwebhusayithi yabo inikezela ukufikelela kwiingxelo zamanani zamva nje kunye nezalathi. umthombo: https://turkstat.gov.tr/ Nceda uqaphele ukuba ezi webhusayithi zinokutshintshwa okanye zihlaziywe. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba ujonge naluphi na utshintsho kwiidilesi zewebhusayithi okanye amaqonga ngaphambi kokuba ufikelele kuwo.

Iiwebhusayithi zemibuzo yedatha yorhwebo

I-Turkey lelinye lamazwe aphambili ngokubhekiselele kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kwaye inenani lamaqonga athembekileyo e-intanethi ukufikelela kwiidatha zorhwebo. Nazi ezinye iiwebhusayithi ezinikezela ngolwazi olubanzi malunga nezibalo zorhwebo zaseTurkey: 1. I-Turkey Statistical Institute (TurkStat) - Eli ziko elisemthethweni libonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweenkcukacha manani, kubandakanywa izibalo zorhwebo zangaphandle. Iwebhusayithi inikezela ngolwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga nezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, kunye nebhalansi yeentlawulo. Unokufikelela kuluhlu lwabo lwedatha ku-www.turkstat.gov.tr. 2. I-Turkish Exporters' Assembly (TIM) - i-TIM imele uluntu lwangaphandle eTurkey kwaye ikhuthaza ukuthunyelwa kweTurkey kumazwe angaphandle. Iwebhusayithi yabo iqulethe iinkcukacha-manani zorhwebo, kubandakanywa neenkcukacha zelizwe elithile kunye nokuqhekeka kwamacandelo. Ndwendwela www.tim.org.tr ngolwazi olungakumbi. 3. UMphathiswa wezoRhwebo - Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yeSebe iququzelela ukufikelela ngokulula kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo enxulumene norhwebo efana namanani okuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle kumazwe angaphandle, inkangeleko yelizwe, iingxelo zemarike, kunye nohlalutyo loshishino ku- www.trade.gov.tr. 4. I-Central Bank yeRiphabhlikhi yaseTurkey (CBRT) - Njengebhanki ephakathi yelizwe, i-CBRT ibonelela ngezalathisi zezoqoqosho kunye nezibalo zemarike yezemali ezinokuba luncedo ekuhlalutyeni ukusebenza kweTurkey kumazwe ngamazwe. Jonga iwebhusayithi yabo ethi www.tcmb.gov.tr ​​ngeengxelo ezifanelekileyo. 5. I-World Integrated Trade Solution (i-WITS) - Iphuhliswe liQela leBhanki yeHlabathi, i-WITS iqokelela iinkcukacha kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo ukuze inike iinkcukacha-manani zorhwebo zamazwe ngamazwe ezibanzi kumazwe amaninzi kuquka iTurkey. Banikezela ngohlahlelo oluneenkcukacha lokungenisa/ukuthumela ngaphandle ngezihluzo ezinokwenziwa ngokwezifiso ku-https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/TUR. I-6.Turkish Custom's Administration (TCA): I-TCA ilawula yonke imisebenzi yamasiko eTurkey.Unokufumana amanani athile okungenisa / ukuthumela ngaphandle ngokusekelwe kwiikhowudi zemveliso, amasango njl. Ungandwendwela tcigmobilsorgu.gtb.gov.tr/eng/temsilciArama.jsf kwiwebhusayithi yeTCA Khumbula ukusebenzisa ezi webhusayithi ngononophelo ngelixa utolika idatha njengoko zinokuba neendlela ezahlukeneyo okanye ulwahlulo olunokuchaphazela uhlalutyo lwakho.

amaqonga B2b

I-Turkey lilizwe elidlamkileyo elinoqoqosho olukhulayo kunye namaqonga e-B2B amaninzi abonelela kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Amanye amaqonga eB2B adumileyo eTurkey abandakanya: 1. I-Alibaba.com (https://turkish.alibaba.com/): I-Alibaba yenye yeqonga elikhulu le-B2B kwihlabathi jikelele, elidibanisa abathengi kunye nabanikezeli. Inika uluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso kunye neenkonzo. 2. Tradekey.com (https://www.tradekey.com.tr/): I-TradeKey ibonelela ngofikelelo kumathuba orhwebo lwehlabathi kwaye inceda amashishini aqhagamshelane nababoneleli, abavelisi, kunye nabasasazi baseTurkey. 3. Europages (https://www.europages.co.uk/business-directory-Turkey.html): I-Europages luluhlu lwe-intanethi oludibanisa amashishini kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Inceda iinkampani ukuba zifumane amaqabane, ababoneleli, kunye nabathengi eTurkey. 4. Ekspermarket.com (http://www.ekspermarket.com/): IMarike ye-Eksper igxile kwimpahla yoshishino efana noomatshini, iinxalenye zemoto, izixhobo zehardware, njl. njl., ukunceda amashishini aqhagamshelane nababoneleli abafanelekileyo eTurkey. 5. I-TurkExim (http://turkexim.gov.tr/index.cfm?action=bilgi&cid=137&menu_id=80&pageID=40&submenu_header_ID=43799&t=Birlikte_iscilik_-_manufacturing_and_partsrkalfarth_ofrist_ofrist_efesti_efe/ &lng=en-gb): I-TurkExim isebenza njengendawo yolwazi kubathengisi bangaphandle baseTurkey /abarhwebi abavela kumazwe angaphandle ukwandisa ubudlelwane babo borhwebo bamazwe ngamazwe ngokubonelela ngezixhobo eziluncedo ezifana neengxelo zokuhlalutywa kweemarike kunye nemisebenzi yokwazisa. 6. I-OpenToExport.com (https://opentoexport.com/markets/turkey/buying/): I-OpenToExport inikezela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo kumashishini ase-UK ajonge ukuthumela iimveliso okanye iinkonzo eTurkey ngokubonelela ngesikhokelo kwiindlela zokungena kwiimarike. 7. I-TurkishExporter.net (https://www.turkishexporter.net/en/): I-Turkish Exporter ivumela abasebenzisi kwihlabathi jikelele ukufikelela kubudlelwane obunokubakho boshishino kunye nabathengisi baseTurkey ngaphandle, baquka amacandelo awohlukeneyo afana nezolimo, amalaphu, oomatshini kunye nombane. 8. I-Ceptes.com (https://www.ceptes.com.tr/): I-Ceptes igxile kwi-e-commerce ye-B2B kwishishini lokwakha eTurkey kwaye ibonelela ngokufikelela kuluhlu olubanzi lwezinto zokwakha kunye nezixhobo. Ezi qonga zibonelela ngamathuba okuba amashishini aqhagamshelane namaqabane anokubakho, ababoneleli, abavelisi, kunye nabathengi abaseTurkey. Iqonga ngalinye lineempawu zalo ezizodwa kunye neenzuzo kubasebenzisi abafuna ukusebenzisana kweB2B.
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