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Iimarike eziphambili
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Ilizwe jikelele
IYugoslavia yayililizwe elikuMzantsi-mpuma Yurophu elalikho ukususela ngowe-1918 ukusa kowama-2003. Ekuqaleni yasekwa emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I njengoBukumkani bamaSerb, amaCroat, namaSlovenia yaye kamva yathiywa ngokuba yiYugoslavia ngowe-1929. IiCroats, iiSlovenia, iiBosnia, iiMontenegrins, namaMakedoniya. Ukutyhubela imbali yayo, iYugoslavia iye yatyhubela iinguqulelo ezahlukahlukeneyo kwezobupolitika. Ekuqaleni ubukhosi phantsi koKumkani uAlexander I de kwabulawa ngowe-1934, yaba ngumbutho wobusoshiyali emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II phantsi koMongameli uJosip Broz Tito. Umbono kaTito ojolise ekudaleni ilizwe lezizwe ngezizwe apho iintlanga ezahlukeneyo zinokuhlala kunye. Ngethuba lolawulo lukaTito de kwasekufeni kwakhe ngo-1980, iYugoslavia yakwazi ukugcina uzinzo kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho ngelixa iqhuba umgaqo-nkqubo ozimeleyo wangaphandle owaziwa ngokuba yi "Non-Aligned Movement." Noko ke, emva kokufa kwakhe kwabakho ukruthakruthwano lwezobupolitika olwaphawulwa kukwanda kobuzwe nokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1990, ukuqhekeka kweYugoslavia kwaqala ngezibhengezo zenkululeko kwiSlovenia neCroatia kwalandelwa yiBosnia neHerzegovina. Oku kwakhokelela kwiingxwabangxwaba ezimanyumnyezi eziphawulwa ziingxabano zobuhlanga nolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe ngexesha leeMfazwe zaseYugoslavia ukususela ngowe-1991 ukusa kowama-2001. NgoMatshi 2003, zonke iiriphabliki ezazisaseleyo zawuchitha ngokusesikweni umanyano lwazo lwezobupolitika. Isenzo sokugqibela sasiyiSerbia iguqule igama layo kwiSerbia naseMontenegro ngaphambi kokuba ekugqibeleni itshintshe ibe yizizwe ezimbini ezihlukeneyo: iSerbia (ezimeleyo) kunye neMontenegro (ezimeleyo) njengoko siyazi namhlanje. Ilifa leYugoslavia lintsonkothile ngenxa yabemi bayo abahlukeneyo abaneempikiswano zembali ezibe negalelo kwiimfazwe ngexesha lokupheliswa kwayo. Nangona iminyaka yayo yokugqibela yayineziphithiphithi nangona kufanelekile ukuvuma impumelelo eyenziwe phantsi kolawulo lukaTito xa iYugoslavia yayimi njengesizwe esimanyeneyo kwimigaqo yokungahambelani neeblocs zaseNtshona okanye zaseMpuma ngexesha leMfazwe Yomlomo.
Imali yeSizwe
IYugoslavia, eyayisakuba lilizwe elikuMzantsi-mpuma Yurophu, iye yatyhubela iinguqulelo ezininzi ngokuphathelele imali yayo ukutyhubela iminyaka. Kwinqanaba lokuqala lobukho bayo, iYugoslavia yamkela iYugoslavia dinar (YUD) njengemali yayo esemthethweni. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokungazinzi kwezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ezinto ezininzi kwathwaxa ilizwe ngeminyaka yoo-1990. Emva kokubhangiswa kweYugoslavia ngowe-1992 kunye neemfazwe ezalandelayo phakathi kweriphabliki ezazisakuba yiYugoslavia, kwavela amazwe amatsha: iSerbia neMontenegro. Bakha i-Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ngemali eqhelekileyo - i-Yugoslavia dinar entsha (YUM). Le mali ibijonge ukuzinzisa uqoqosho lwabo. Kwiminyaka kamva, njengoko iMontenegro yayifuna ukuzimela geqe kwiSerbia, bagqiba kwelokuba baliyeke ilungiselelo labo lemali efanayo. Ngo-2003, iSerbia yatshintsha iYUM yasebenzisa imali entsha ebizwa ngokuba yiSerbian dinar (RSD), ngelixa iMontenegro yazisa i-euro njengemali yayo esemthethweni kuba yayingenalo ulawulo olupheleleyo lwemali. Ngamafutshane, imali yaseYugoslavia yangaphambili yayiyiYugoslavia dinar (YUD) kunye neYugoslavia dinar kwakhona (YUM). Nangona kunjalo namhlanje emva kokuqhekeka i-Serbian isebenzisa i-Serbian Dinar(RSD) ngelixa iMontenegro isebenzisa i-Euro(EUR). Olu tshintsho lubonisa indlela iziganeko zezopolitiko ezinokuchaphazela ngayo imeko yemali yesizwe.
Imali yokutshintsha
The+legal+tender+of+Yugoslavia+is+the+Yugoslav+Dinar.+However%2C+it+is+important+to+note+that+the+Yugoslav+dinar+was+abolished+in+2003+after+it+was+split+between+neighboring+Croatia+and+Serbia.%0A%0AWith+regard+to+the+exchange+rate+of+the+world%27s+major+currency+against+the+Yugoslav+dinar%2C+accurate+exchange+rate+data+could+not+be+provided+since+the+currency+had+been+abolished+for+many+years.+If+you+need+up-to-date+information+on+exchange+rates+between+other+major+international+currencies%2C+please+refer+to+the+real-time+data+provided+by+financial+institutions+or+the+foreign+exchange+market.翻译xh失败,错误码: 错误信息:Recv failure: Connection was reset
Iiholide ezibalulekileyo
IYugoslavia yayililizwe elikuMzantsi-mpuma Yurophu elabakho ukususela ngowe-1918 ukusa kowama-2006. Enye yeeholide zesizwe eziphawulekayo eYugoslavia yayiluSuku lweSizwe, olukwabizwa ngokuba yiRiphabhliki yoSuku, olubhiyozelwa ngoNovemba 29. Le holide yaphawula ukusekwa kweSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ngowe-1943 yaye kukhunjulwa imigudu eyenziwa ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II ngamaqela avukelayo awayekhokelwa nguJosip Broz Tito. Ngolu suku, abemi baseYugoslavia babeza kuba nenxaxheba kwimingcelele yasemkhosini, kwimisitho yenkcubeko, nakwiindibano zikawonke wonke ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuze kuzukiswe imbali yelizwe labo. Enye iholide ebalulekileyo ejongwe eYugoslavia yayiluSuku lwaBasebenzi lwaMazwe ngaMazwe ngomhla woku-1 kuMeyi. Olu suku lugxininise ukubaluleka kwamalungelo abasebenzi kunye negalelo labasebenzi eluntwini. Ngesi sihlandlo, iindibano ezinkulu kunye noqhanqalazo lwenzeka kwilizwe lonke kugxilwe kumanyano lwabasebenzi kunye nempumelelo. Ukongezelela, iKrismesi yaba nentsingiselo enkulu ngokwenkcubeko kubantu baseYugoslavia njengelizwe elinabantu abaninzi abangamaKristu. Imibhiyozo yangaphambi kweKrisimesi yayiquka ukuzila ukutya imini yonke de kwada kwahlwa xa iintsapho zazihlanganisene ndawonye kwisidlo esibizwa ngokuba yiBadnji dan (iSidlo sangokuhlwa seKrisimesi). Izithethe zahluka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kodwa zihlala zibandakanya ukukhanyisa i-yule log ebizwa ngokuba yi-Badnjak kunye nokuya kwiinkonzo zecawa ezinzulwini zobusuku. Usuku lweNkululeko lwalusesinye isiganeko esiphawulekayo esibhiyozelwa ngabantu baseYugoslavia minyaka le nge-7 kaJulayi. Yayisisikhumbuzo sokuzimela kwesizwe inkululeko kumagunya ahlukahlukeneyo angaphandle emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ngowe-1945. Abantu baseSlovenia banxulumanisa lo mhla nokuzimela kwabo emva kokuphuma kwabo eYugoslavia. Ngelixa ezi zezinye iiholide eziphambili ezibhiyozelwa kwindawo eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba izithethe ezithile zahluka phakathi kwemimandla eyahlukeneyo equka iBosnia neHerzegovina, iCroatia, iMontenegro, iNorth Macedonia, iSerbia, neSlovenia ngenxa yeempembelelo zenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo kwindawo nganye.
Imeko yoRhwebo lwaNgaphandle
IYugoslavia, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni njengeSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, yayililizwe elikumzantsi-mpuma Yurophu ukususela ngowe-1945 ukusa kowe-1992. IYugoslavia ilandele imodeli yezoqoqosho exubeneyo, edibanisa iinkalo zobusoshiyali kunye nokuzilawula. Oku kwavumela amashishini karhulumente kunye namashishini abucala. Ilizwe linemizi-mveliso emininzi equka amacandelo afana nemigodi, elemveliso, elemveliso yamandla, ezolimo kunye neenkonzo. Ngexesha leMfazwe ebandayo, iYugoslavia yadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-Non-Aligned Movement, ejolise ekugcineni ukungathathi hlangothi phakathi kweeBlocs zaseNtshona naseMpuma. Njengomphumo walo mgaqo-nkqubo kunye nendawo enobuchule bejografi ekudibaneni kweendlela zeYurophu phakathi kwempuma nentshona, urhwebo lwaseYugoslavia aluphelelanga kwibhloko enye yeengcamango. Urhwebo namazwe aseNtshona lwaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoqoqosho lwaseYugoslavia. Ilizwe laseka amakhonkco orhwebo aqinileyo nezizwe ezinjengeJamani (iNtshona Jamani ngelo xesha), iItali, iFransi, iUnited Kingdom, iOstriya neSwitzerland. Olu tshintshiselwano lwalubandakanya ukungeniswa kwempahla ekrwada yemveliso yemizi-mveliso kunye nokuthunyelwa kwempahla evelisiweyo kumazwe angaphandle. Ukongeza, ibonise intsebenziswano eyomeleleyo namazwe asaphuhlayo kulo lonke elaseAfrika, kuMbindi Mpuma, kunye neLatin America. Oku kubandakanya ubudlelwane borhwebo obunenzuzo ngokufanayo obuquka iimveliso ezinjengoomatshini, izixhobo, amalaphu, kunye namayeza. iiprojekthi zokuvelisa kunye noshishino olunzima.' Nangona kunjalo, iYugoslavia iphinde yagcina ubudlelwane bezoqoqosho phakathi kwezizwe zeBloc zaseMpuma ezifana neSoviet Union, Czechoslovakia, kunye neHungary. amaqabane orhwebo. Nangona kunjalo, abasemagunyeni baseYugoslavia baye babona imfuneko yokwamkela imigaqo-nkqubo ejolise kwimarike kwiminyaka yabo yamva. Ngoko ke, izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe eziquka iSivumelwano Jikelele soRhwebo kunye noRhwebo (GATT) esatyikitywa ngo-2000, kwacutheka iindlela zolwabiwo ezilawulwa ngurhulumente. ifuthe kwimimiselo yorhwebo. Ngamafutshane, imeko yorhwebo yaseYugoslavia yayintsonkothile, ngenxa yemodeli yophuhliso, ijolise kubudlelwane namazwe aseNtshona naseMpuma, kunye nokugxila kwintsebenziswano namazwe asakhasayo. iipateni zokuthumela ngaphandle.
Uphuhliso lweMakethi olunokubakho
Amandla ophuhliso lwemarike yorhwebo lwangaphandle eYugoslavia ayathembisa. Ngendawo ekuyo ekudibaneni kweendlela zoMbindi noMzantsi-mpuma Yurophu, inika indawo enenzuzo kuyo yomibini imisebenzi yokungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle. IYugoslavia izidla ngoqoqosho olwahlukeneyo olunoluhlu lwamashishini, aquka ukwenziwa kweemoto, ukuveliswa kwemichiza, ezolimo, imigodi, kunye namalaphu. Le yantlukwano ibonelela ngamathuba awoneleyo obuhlakani borhwebo kumacandelo ngamacandelo. Eli lizwe ngokwembali lalinamandla ekuveliseni iimveliso zentsimbi, oomatshini bombane, ifenitshala, iiwayini ezikwizinga eliphezulu kunye neziselo ezinxilisayo, kwakunye nemveliso yezolimo efana nengqolowa nombona. Ngaphaya koko, iYugoslavia iseke izivumelwano zorhwebo namazwe angabamelwane ngaphakathi kwingingqi ye-Balkans ngamaphulo afana neSivumelwano soMbindi we-European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA). Ezi zivumelwano zikhuthaza ukudityaniswa koqoqosho lwengingqi kwaye ziququzelela ukufikelela lula kwiimarike kwamanye amazwe athatha inxaxheba. Urhulumente waseYugoslavia ukwabonakalise ukuzinikela ekutsaleni utyalo-mali lwangaphandle ngokuphumeza amanyathelo okuphucula imeko yoshishino. Iye yazisa uhlaziyo lokulungelelanisa iinkqubo zolawulo kunye nokunciphisa i-bureaucracy ngelixa inikezela ngenkuthazo kumashishini anceda ukunyusa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu koko, ubulungu beYugoslavia kwimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe efana noMbutho woRhwebo lweHlabathi (i-WTO) luvula iingcango zokwanda kobudlelwane borhwebo lwamazwe amabini kwihlabathi jikelele. Njengelungu lalo mbutho unempembelelo ekongamela imithetho yorhwebo lwehlabathi, unokusebenzisa isikhundla sawo ukuqinisa ubudlelwane obuqinileyo namanye amazwe kumazwekazi. Abasebenzi belizwe abanezakhono baluncedo olongezelelweyo xa kuqwalaselwa amandla abo ophuhliso lwemalike yangaphandle. Abantu baseYugoslavia badume ngokuba ngabasebenzi abakhutheleyo nabanobuchule kumashishini awahlukahlukeneyo. Ukuziqhelanisa nobuchwepheshe obutsha kwandisa ngakumbi ukukhuphisana kwabo kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuqukumbela, iYugoslavia ibonelela ngamathuba amahle okwandisa imarike yorhwebo lwangaphandle ngenxa yendawo ekuyo, uqoqosho olwahlukeneyo oluthatha amacandelo amaninzi oshishino kubandakanya ezolimo kunye nemveliso. Ubukho bezivumelwano zorhwebo zengingqi ngaphakathi kwe-CEFTA zenza kube lula ukufikelela kwiimarike ezingabamelwane ngelixa ubulungu kwimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe efana ne-WTO isongeza amathuba kwihlabathi jikelele. Ukongeza, iinzame zeYugoslavia zokuphucula imeko yeshishini kunye nabasebenzi abanezakhono zinegalelo elihle ekuphuhliseni ubudlelwane borhwebo olomeleleyo.
Iimveliso ezishushu ezithengiswayo kwimarike
Ukukhetha iimveliso ezifanelekileyo zokuthunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle kwimarike yaseYugoslavia kuya kufuna ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo iimeko ezahlukeneyo. Apha, siza kuxubusha ezinye zeengongoma eziphambili zokugxila xa ukhetha iimveliso ezishushu zokuthengisa urhwebo lwangaphandle eYugoslavia. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukwenza uphando olucokisekileyo lwentengiso ukuchonga imfuno kunye neendlela kwiimarike zaseYugoslavia. Oku kuquka ukuhlalutya izinto ezikhethwa ngabathengi, ukufunda ngeminikelo yabakhuphisana, kunye nokuvavanya nayiphi na imiba yenkcubeko okanye yentlalo enokuthi ibe nefuthe kwizigqibo zokuthenga. Okwesibini, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela indawo yeYugoslavia kunye nefuthe elinokubakho kurhwebo. Njengelizwe elibekwe ekudibaneni kweendlela zaseYurophu, kukho amathuba okufikelela kwiimarike zaseYurophu nakwiBalkan. Ngoko ke, ukukhetha iimpahla ezihambelana neemfuno zengingqi kunokuphucula ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle. Okwesithathu, ukubeka phambili iimveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu kubalulekile njengoko abathengi baseYugoslavia besanda ukuxabisa umgangatho ngaphezu kwexabiso xa besenza izigqibo zokuthenga. Ngokunikezela ngeempahla ezikumgangatho ophezulu okanye iimpawu ezizodwa ezingafumaneki lula kwenye indawo, amashishini anokutsala abathengi abafuna iimveliso ezongeziweyo. Ngaphaya koko, ukukhuthaza uzinzo kunokuba luncedo xa ukhetha imigca yemveliso ethunyelwa ngaphandle eYugoslavia. Izenzo ezilungele i-Eco-friendly kunye neenkqubo ezizinzileyo zokuvelisa ziye zafumana ukuthandwa phakathi kwabathengi kwihlabathi jikelele-kuquka abo baseYugoslavia - ababonisa ukhetho lwempahla eveliswe ngokuziphatha. Okokugqibela, ukunyuswa kwenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kunokuba negalelo elikhulu ekukhethweni okuyimpumelelo kwezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Ukwamkela idijithali kuvumela amashishini ukuba ajolise kumaqonga okuthengisa kwi-intanethi ngokufanelekileyo ngelixa esenza imali kwiindlela zorhwebo ze-e-commerce ngaphakathi kwesiseko esikhulayo sabasebenzisi be-intanethi baseYugoslavia. Ukuqukumbela, ukukhetha iimveliso ezithengiswayo ezishushu kurhwebo lwangaphandle eYugoslavia kufuna uphando olubanzi lwemarike kunye nokuqwalaselwa kweepateni zemfuno yengingqi kunye nogxininiso lweemveliso ezisemgangathweni ezihambelana nokukhethwa kwabathengi. Ukongeza, ukugxininisa iindlela zokuzinza kunye nokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ngokungathandabuzekiyo kuya konyusa amazinga empumelelo kule ndawo yentengiso.
Iimpawu zabathengi kunye ne-taboo
IYugoslavia yayililizwe elahlukileyo ngokweempawu zabathengi kunye neenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. Yayinamaqela ezizwe ezahlukahlukeneyo anjengamaSerb, amaCroat, amaBosnia, amaSlovenia, amaMontenegro namaMakedoni. Iqela ngalinye lalinamasiko awodwa, izithethe, kunye nokuziphatha okuphembelela ukhetho lwabathengi babo. Olunye uphawu lwabathengi oluphawulekayo eYugoslavia yayikukubaluleka kobudlelwane bomntu. Ukwakha ukuthembana kunye nobudlelwane nabathengi bekubalulekile kunxibelelwano oluyimpumelelo lweshishini. Ke ngoko, ixesha lokutyala imali ekwazini abathengi bakho kumgangatho wobuqu bekuxatyiswa kakhulu. Omnye umba ophambili wabathengi baseYugoslavia yayikukuxabisa kwabo iimveliso ezisemgangathweni kunye neenkonzo. Bakhetha izinto ezihlala ixesha elide kwaye zibonelela ngexabiso lexesha elide kunokugxila kuphela kwinqanaba lexabiso. Ukuqinisekisa izibonelelo ezikumgangatho ophezulu kuya kutsala abathengi abathembekileyo abaxabisa ubomi obude beemveliso okanye iinkonzo. Nangona kunjalo, kwakukho uvakalelo oluthile okanye i-taboos ukuba amashishini angaphandle kufuneka aqaphele xa esebenzisana nabathengi baseYugoslavia. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuphepha iingxoxo ezinxulumene nezopolitiko okanye iziganeko zembali eziphikisanayo ezinjengokuqhekeka kweYugoslavia ngeminyaka yoo-1990. Ezi zihloko zinokuba novakalelo olugqithisileyo ngenxa yentlungu ebangelwa yimfazwe nongquzulwano. Ukongezelela, ukukhumbula ukungafani konqulo kubalulekile xa usebenzisana nabathengi baseYugoslavia. Ilizwe lalineenkolo ezahlukeneyo kwaye ubuRoma Katolika bulawula phakathi kwamaCroatia ngelixa ubuKristu bobuOthodoki budlale indima ebalulekileyo phakathi kwamaSerb. Ukubonisa intlonelo ngeenkolelo zonqulo ezahlukahlukeneyo bekuya kuqinisekisa unxibelelwano olungenamagingxi-gingxi. Lilonke, ukuqonda ukwahluka kobuhlanga kunye neenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kweYugoslavia kubalulekile xa uzibandakanya nabathengi bayo. Ukwakha ubudlelwane obuluqilima bobuqu ngelixa uhambisa iimveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu okanye iinkonzo kuya kunceda ukuseka ushishino olunempumelelo kulo mmandla.
Inkqubo yolawulo lweCustoms
IYugoslavia yayililizwe elikuMzantsi-mpuma Yurophu, linemimandla eyahlukeneyo enenkcubeko neembali ezahlukeneyo. Inkqubo yayo yokulawula izithethe nemida yayilungiselelwe ukulawula ukuhamba kwabantu, iimpahla neenkonzo ngaphaya kwemida yayo. Umphathiswa werhafu eYugoslavia wayenoxanduva lokumisela imithetho ephathelele izinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, imisebenzi kunye neerhafu. Abantu abangena okanye abaphumayo kwelo lizwe kwakufuneka badlule kwiindawo ezichongiweyo ezichongiweyo apho iincwadana zabo zokundwendwela okanye iimpepha zabo zokuhamba zazivavanywa. Amagosa eCustoms aya kuvavanya ixabiso lempahla ethwalwayo kwaye aqokelele nayiphi na imisebenzi okanye iirhafu ezifanelekileyo. Izinto ezithile beziphantsi kwemiqathango okanye izalelo. Izixhobo, iimbumbulu, iziyobisi, iziqhushumbisi, nezinto ezinokwenzakalisa ukhuseleko lwelizwe zazilawulwa ngokungqongqo. Ukungenisa/ukuthunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle kwezixhobo zenkcubeko ngaphandle kweemvume ezifanelekileyo nako kwakungekho mthethweni. Abatyeleli kufuneka baqonde ukuba banokufuna i-visa ngokuxhomekeke kubuzwe babo kunye nenjongo yokutyelela. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba ujonge kwi-ambassy / consulate ngaphambi kokuba uhambe ukuze uqinisekise ukuthotyelwa kweemfuno zokungena. Xa bewela umda ukuya eYugoslavia ngeendlela zomhlaba okanye zolwandle ezivela kumazwe angabamelwane njengeHungary okanye iCroatia (eyayifudula iyinxalenye yeYugoslavia), abahambi bafanele balindele ukuhlolwa okuqhelekileyo ngamagosa ecustom. Kubalulekile ukuba onke amaxwebhu afunekayo afumaneke ngokulula ukuze anikezelwe xa uwacelile. Abakhenkethi bacetyiswa ukuba bangaphathi imali eninzi kakhulu ngaphandle kwengxelo efanelekileyo njengoko kukho imida kwimali umntu anokuyiphatha kwezinye iimeko. Izixhobo zombane ezifana neelaptops zinokujongwa kodwa izixhobo zobuqu zokuzisebenzisa njengeeselfowuni azifuni kubhengezwa ngokucacileyo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba emva kokuqhekeka kweYugoslavia ngo-1991-1992 kumazwe amaninzi azimeleyo anjengeSerbia, iCroatia, iSlovenia; la maqumrhu aseke ulawulo lwawo lwezithethe olwahlukileyo kwezo zazikho phantsi kwemithetho yamandulo yaseYugoslavia. Ukuqukumbela, iYugoslavia yokutyelela ibandakanya ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho emiselweyo kwiindawo zayo zokukhangela iincwadana zokundwendwela/amaxwebhu, ukubhengezwa kwemali phakathi kwezinye. Njengoko imiba ephathelele indlela amazwe asemva kweYugoslavia alawula ngayo amasiko awo engekacelwa, uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha olunjalo aluyi kubanjwa.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu
IYugoslavia yayinenkqubo eyahluka-hlukeneyo nentsonkothileyo yokuhlawula amaxabiso avela kumazwe angaphandle ukuze ilawule ukuhamba kwempahla elizweni. Ilizwe lasebenzisa le migaqo-nkqubo ngenjongo yokukhusela imizi-mveliso yasekhaya, ukukhuthaza ukuzimela, nokulawula urhwebo lwangaphandle. Iirhafu ezivela kwamanye amazwe zazitsalwa kuluhlu olubanzi lweempahla ezingena eYugoslavia. Ezi rhafu bezisekelwe kwizinto eziliqela ezifana nodidi lwemveliso, ixabiso layo, okanye ubunzima bayo. Iireyithi zahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwinto ethile ethunyelwa ngaphandle. Ezinye iimpahla eziyimfuneko ziye zaxolelwa kwirhafu yokungenisa elizweni ukuqinisekisa ukufumaneka kwazo kunye nokufikeleleka kwazo kubemi. Oku kuquka iimveliso ezifana nokutya okusisiseko, amayeza, kunye nemathiriyeli ethile ekrwada eyimfuneko kwimveliso yasekhaya. Urhulumente ukwasebenzise izabelo zeerhafu ukulawula ukungenisa elizweni kumacandelo athile. Ezi zabelo ziye zavumela imiyinge yeemveliso ezithile ukuba zithengwe kumazwe angaphandle ngeerhafu eziphantsi okanye ezingahlawulwanga ngelixa kumiselwa iirhafu eziphezulu nje ukuba loo mida ifikelelwe. IYugoslavia ibeke irhafu eyongezelelweyo kwizinto zodidi okanye izinto ezingabalulekanga ezinemfuno eziphezulu zokungenisa elizweni. Oku kwenzelwa ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwabathengi ngokungeyomfuneko nokunciphisa ukuphuma kwemali yangaphandle. Ukongeza kwimirhumo/iirhafu, iYugoslavia iphinde yasebenzisa amanye amanyathelo afana neemfuneko zelayisenisi kunye nemigangatho yomgangatho weemveliso ezisuka kumazwe angaphandle. Le migaqo ijolise ekukhuseleni abathengi ngokuqinisekisa ukuba iimpahla ezisuka kumazwe angaphandle ziye zafikelela kwiikhrayitheriya ezithile zokhuseleko nomgangatho. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba le migaqo-nkqubo yavela ngokuhamba kwexesha ngokweemeko zoqoqosho kunye neenjongo zezopolitiko zaseYugoslavia. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ziye zahlaziywa njengenxalenye yezivumelwano zorhwebo zamazwe ngamazwe okanye uthethathethwano namanye amazwe. Ngokubanzi, imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu yokungenisa yaseYugoslavia ejoliswe ekukhuthazeni imveliso yasekhaya ngelixa ilinganisa ubudlelwane borhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngokusebenzisa irhafu elawulwayo kwizinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ezisekelwe kwiiparitha ezahlukeneyo ezifana nohlobo lwemveliso, ixabiso, ubunzima, imida ye-quota, i-luxury status njl., kunye nemilinganiselo eyongezelelweyo yokukhusela abathengi.
Iipolisi zerhafu ezithumela ngaphandle
IYugoslavia yayililizwe elikuMzantsi-mpuma Yurophu elalikho ukususela ngowe-1918 ukusa kowama-2003. Ebudeni bobukho bayo, iYugoslavia yayinenkqubo yerhafu entsonkothileyo, kuquka nemithetho yokurhafiswa kwempahla ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Umgaqo-nkqubo wokurhafisa kumazwe angaphandle waseYugoslavia wawujolise ekulawuleni nasekukhuthazeni imisebenzi yorhwebo lwangaphandle yelizwe. Kwakuquka ukumisela irhafu ethile kwizinto ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana nobume bazo, ixabiso, nendawo ezisingwa kuyo. Impahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle yayiphantsi kwerhafu yexabiso elongeziweyo (VAT) eYugoslavia. Le rhafu yayitsalwa ngemilinganiselo eyahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwemveliso ethunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle. Iireyithi ze-VAT zahluka kumashishini kwaye zimiselwe ngurhulumente ukulungelelanisa ngokufanelekileyo ingeniso yemali kunye nokukhula koqoqosho. Ukongeza kwi-VAT, iirhafu ezikhethekileyo zabekwa kwiindidi ezithile zempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle eYugoslavia. Le misebenzi ijolise kwiimveliso ezifana nomdiza, utywala, iimveliso zepetroleum, kunye nezinto zodidi ezithathwa ngokuba ziyingozi okanye zixabiseke kakhulu. IYugoslavia nayo yamisela imirhumo yempahla ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Le misebenzi yamiselwa kumda xa kuthunyelwa iimveliso ngaphandle kweYugoslavia. Iireyithi zahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nokuhlelwa kwemveliso ngokwemigangatho yorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe (umzekelo, iikhowudi zenkqubo ehambelanayo), izivumelwano zorhwebo kunye namazwe amaqabane okanye imimandla, kunye naluphi na ukhetho olusebenzayo lwerhafu okanye ukukhululwa okukhoyo. Iinkcukacha ezithile zomgaqo-nkqubo wokurhafiswa kwamanye amazwe zisenokuba zahluka kwimbali yeYugoslavia ngenxa yotshintsho kulawulo lwezopolitiko okanye izicwangciso zezoqoqosho ezilandelwa lulawulo olwahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokubanzi, le migaqo-nkqubo ibifuna ukungenisa imali kurhulumente ngelixa ilawula imisebenzi yorhwebo lwangaphandle ngokuhambelana nezinto eziphambili zesizwe. Nceda uqaphele ukuba olu lwazi lubonisa imeko yembali esekelwe kumashumi eminyaka angaphambili xa iYugoslavia yayikho njengelizwe elimanyeneyo; ngoko ke ayinakusebenza ngokuthe ngqo namhlanje ekubeni iYugoslavia ingasekho njengoko imida itshintshile emva kokuchithwa.
Iziqinisekiso ezifunekayo zokuthumela ngaphandle
IYugoslavia yayililizwe elikuMzantsi-mpuma Yurophu elalikho ukususela ngowe-1918 ukusa kowama-2003. Ngethuba lobukho bayo, iYugoslavia yayinoluhlu olwahlukeneyo lwemveliso nemizi-mveliso ethunyelwa ngaphandle. Ukuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nobunyani bezi zinto zithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle, urhulumente uphumeze inkqubo yoqinisekiso lokuthumela ngaphandle. Isiqinisekiso sokuthumela ngaphandle eYugoslavia sibandakanya iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo kunye neemfuno. Okokuqala, iinkampani ezibandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yokuthumela ngaphandle kufuneka zithobele imimiselo nemigangatho ethile ebekwe ngabasemagunyeni. Le migaqo ijolise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zisuka eYugoslavia zifikelela kwimigangatho yomgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ukufumana isatifikethi sokuthumela ngaphandle, iinkampani kwafuneka zidlule kwinkqubo yovavanyo olungqongqo. Oku kuquka ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yorhwebo efanelekileyo, ukwenza uvavanyo lwemveliso ngeenjongo zokulawula umgangatho, kunye nokuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokupakishwa kwezithuthi ezikhuselekileyo. Ukongeza, abathumeli bangaphandle kufuneka babonelele ngamaxwebhu anxulumene nemvelaphi yeemveliso zabo kunye nokuthobela izivumelwano zorhwebo zamazwe ngamazwe. La maxwebhu ahlala ebandakanya ubungqina beelayisensi zokuthumela ngaphandle okanye iimvume ezinikezelwa ngabasemagunyeni baseYugoslavia. Urhulumente uphinde waququzelela intsebenziswano phakathi kwabathengisi bangaphandle kunye nabathengi bamazwe angaphandle ngemishini yorhwebo kunye nemiboniso eququzelelwe ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Le misitho ibonelele ngamathuba kumashishini ukuba abonise ngeemveliso zawo ngelixa enxibelelana nabathengi abanokuqinisekisa ubunyani bezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Izatifikethi ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zidlale indima ebalulekileyo ekusekeni ukuthembana phakathi kwabathengisi bangaphandle baseYugoslavia kunye neemarike zangaphandle. Ngokufumana esi satifikethi, iinkampani zibonise ukuzibophelela kwazo ekuziseni iimpahla ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezihambelana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba emva kotshintsho lwezopolitiko emva kokuqhekeka kweYugoslavia ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, amazwe alandelayo afana neSerbia aphuhlise iinkqubo zawo ezizimeleyo zokufumana isatifikethi sokuthumela ngaphandle.
Ulungiselelo lolungiselelo olucetyiswayo
IYugoslavia, eyayifudula ibizwa ngokuba yiFederal Republic of Yugoslavia, yayililizwe elikuMzantsi-mpuma Yurophu. Ngelishwa, ngenxa yokuqhekeka kweYugoslavia ngeminyaka yoo-1990, ayisasekho njengesizwe esimanyeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, ndingakunika ulwazi malunga neziseko zolungiselelo ezazifudula zikho ngaphakathi elizweni. IYugoslavia yayinothungelwano lwezothutho oluphuhliswe kakuhle olwaluququzelela ukuhamba kakuhle kweempahla kuyo yonke imimandla yayo. Ezona ndlela zothutho zaziquka iindlela, oololiwe kunye nezamanzi. Uthutho ezindleleni ludlale indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yolungiselelo lweYugoslavia. Eli lizwe lalinothungelwano olubanzi lweendlela ezidibanisa izixeko needolophu ezinkulu. Oku kwavumela ukuthuthwa kwempahla ngokufanelekileyo kumgama omfutshane kunye nophakathi phakathi kwelizwe. Oololiwe babeyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yeYugoslavia. Banxibelelanisa iindawo ezahlukeneyo zesizwe kunye kwaye babonelela ngonxibelelwano kumazwe angabamelwane. Iziseko zoncedo zikaloliwe zenza ukuba kube lula ukuthuthwa kwempahla kumgama omde kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Ukongezelela kwiindlela noololiwe, iindlela zamanzi zazinenye indlela yokuthutha iimpahla eYugoslavia. UMlambo iDanube usebenze njengendlela yorhwebo ebalulekileyo njengoko wawuhamba kwizixeko ezininzi zaseYugoslavia ngaphambi kokungena kwamanye amazwe afana neHungary neRomania. Kwakhona iYugoslavia yayinamazibuko asele ekhulile ngakunxweme lwayo lweAdriatic, njengalawo aseSplit naseKoper (ngoku eyinxalenye yeSlovenia). La mazibuko aququzelela ukuthunyelwa kweenqanawa ekhaya nakumazwe ngamazwe ngokubonelela ngokufikelela kwiindlela zorhwebo zehlabathi. Ukuxhasa ukusebenza kakuhle kwezinto ngaphakathi eYugoslavia, bekukho iindawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibekwe ngokucwangcisiweyo kuzo zonke izixeko ezikhulu apho iinkampani zinokugcina iimpahla zazo okwethutyana okanye ixesha elide. Ngaphezu koko, kwakukho iinkqubo zokungena okanye zokungena eYugoslavia kwimida yokunqumla imida. Ezi nkqubo zaqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kweemfuno zomthetho ngelixa ziququzelela urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngaphandle kwamagingxigingxi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba olu lwazi lusekelwe kwidatha yembali ngaphambi kokuqhekeka kweYugoslavia kwiintlanga ezahlukeneyo ezifana neSerbia, iCroatia, iBosnia neHerzegovina, iMontenegro, iNorth Macedonia, neKosovo. Ke ngoko, imeko yolungiselelo kumazwe aphuma eYugoslavia isenokuba itshintshe kakhulu. Ukuba ufuna ulwazi oluthe ngqo malunga neenkonzo zolungiselelo kulo naliphi na kwezi zizwe okanye unemibuzo, zive ukhululekile ukubuza.
Imijelo yophuhliso lwabathengi

Imiboniso yorhwebo ebalulekileyo

Yugoslavia+was+a+country+located+in+Southeast+Europe+that+existed+from+1918+to+2003.+During+its+existence%2C+it+had+several+important+international+trade+channels+and+exhibitions+that+facilitated+its+economic+development.%0A%0A1.+International+Trade+Channels%3A%0A+++-+European+Union+%28EU%29%3A+Yugoslavia+had+trade+agreements+with+various+EU+member+states%2C+which+facilitated+the+export+of+goods+to+these+countries.+This+allowed+Yugoslavian+businesses+to+tap+into+a+large+consumer+market+and+establish+long-term+trading+relationships.%0A+++-+Non-Aligned+Movement+%28NAM%29%3A+Yugoslavia+was+one+of+the+founding+members+of+NAM%2C+a+group+of+countries+that+aimed+to+remain+neutral+during+the+Cold+War.+This+provided+opportunities+for+trade+with+other+NAM+member+states+and+expanded+Yugoslavia%27s+global+reach.%0A+++-+Eastern+Bloc%3A+Yugoslavia+maintained+trade+relations+with+several+Eastern+Bloc+countries%2C+including+the+Soviet+Union+and+other+socialist+states+in+Eastern+Europe.+This+allowed+for+the+importation+of+essential+resources+and+technology+necessary+for+industrial+development.%0A%0A2.+International+Exhibitions%3A%0A+++-+Belgrade+Fair%3A+The+Belgrade+Fair+was+one+of+the+most+important+exhibition+venues+in+Yugoslavia.+It+hosted+various+international+fairs%2C+including+specialized+events+like+the+International+Agriculture+Fair+and+International+Tourism+Fair.+These+exhibitions+attracted+both+domestic+and+international+businesses+looking+to+showcase+their+products+or+find+new+suppliers+or+partners.%0A+++-+Zagreb+Fair%3A+Located+in+Croatia%27s+capital+city%2C+Zagreb+Fair+hosted+numerous+industry-specific+exhibitions+throughout+Yugoslavia%27s+existence.+It+provided+an+opportunity+for+manufacturers+from+different+sectors+to+display+their+products%2C+foster+business+relationships%2C+negotiate+contracts%2C+and+explore+potential+foreign+markets.%0A+++-+Novi+Sad+Agriculture+Fair%3A+As+agriculture+played+a+vital+role+in+Yugoslavia%27s+economy%2C+Novi+Sad+Agriculture+Fair+served+as+an+essential+platform+for+showcasing+agricultural+machinery%2C+technologies%2C+livestock+breeds%2C+fertilizers%2C+seeds%2Cand+more.%0A%0AThese+international+procurement+channels+and+exhibitions+enabled+Yugoslavian+businesses+to+connect+with+global+buyers%2Csuppliers%2Cand+partners.Having+access+to+such+networks+helped+promote+economic+growth+and+fostered+international+collaboration+in+trade+and+commerce.%0A%0AHowever%2C+it+is+important+to+note+that+Yugoslavia+as+a+country+ceased+to+exist+in+2003.+Following+political+conflicts+and+economic+instability%2C+the+country+disintegrated+into+several+independent+nations%2C+including+Serbia%2C+Croatia%2C+Slovenia%2CMontenegro%2CBosnia%2Cand+Herzegovina.+Thus%2Cthe+information+provided+reflects+the+situation+when+Yugoslavia+was+still+a+unified+state.翻译xh失败,错误码: 错误信息:OpenSSL SSL_connect: SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL in connection to www.google.com.hk:443
IYugoslavia yayililizwe elikumzantsi-mpuma weYurophu elalikho ukususela ngowe-1945 ukuya kutsho ngowe-1992. Ngelishwa, ngenxa yokubhangiswa kweYugoslavia, ayisekho njengequmrhu elahlukileyo. Ke ngoko, akukho zinjini zokukhangela ezikhethekileyo ezinikezelwe kuphela eYugoslavia. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iinjini zokukhangela eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo ezazisetyenziswa kumazwe awayesakuba yiYugoslavia (iBosnia neHerzegovina, iCroatia, iMacedonia, iMontenegro, iSerbia, kunye neSlovenia) ngaphambi kokuzimela kwabo. Ezi njini zokukhangela zisasetyenziswa kakhulu namhlanje: 1. UGoogle: UGoogle yeyona njini yokukhangela idumileyo kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kumazwe awayesakuba yiYugoslavia. Iwebhusayithi: www.google.com 2. I-Bing: I-Bing yenye injini yokukhangela eyaziwayo ebonelela ngophendlo lwewebhu. umthombo: www.bing.com 3. Yahoo!: Yahoo! ayisiyonganga njengoGoogle kodwa isasebenza njengenjini yokukhangela ethembekileyo. umthombo: www.yahoo.com 4. I-Ebb: I-Ebb yinjini yokukhangela yengingqi esekwe e-Serbia egxile ekuboneleleni ngeziphumo kubasebenzisi abasuka kumazwe ahlukeneyo e-Balkan. umthombo: www.ebb.rs 5. I-Najnovije vijesti: I-Najnovije vijesti (IiNdaba zamva nje) yi-portal yeendaba ezikwi-intanethi efumaneka e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina ebonelela ngomxholo weendaba odibeneyo kunye nomsebenzi wayo wokukhangela. umthombo: https://www.najnovijevijesti.ba/ 6. I-Nova TV Igrice Portal (IGRE.hr): Le webhusayithi igxile ikakhulu kumdlalo we-intanethi kodwa ikwabandakanya uluhlu lwenjongo yewebhu ngokubanzi kunye ne-custom-built web crawler eyenza uphendlo ngaphakathi kweqonga layo. umthombo: www.novatv-igre.hr Kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuba ezi webhusayithi zikhankanyiweyo zinokusebenza ngaphezu kweenjongo zokukhangela; zinokubandakanya ii-portals zeendaba okanye amaqonga emidlalo. Ngelixa iYugoslavia isenokungabikho njengelizwe elizimeleyo ukususela ekuqhekekeni kwayo kumazwe amaninzi alandelayo njengeBosnia neHerzegovina, iCroatia, iMacedonia, iMontenegro, iSerbia, neSlovenia, abasebenzisi be-intanethi kule mimandla baxhomekeke kwiinjini zokukhangela ezikhankanywe ngasentla ngosuku lwabo- uphendlo lwanamhlanje.

Amaphepha amakhulu atyheli

IYugoslavia yayililizwe langaphambili kuMzantsi-mpuma Yurophu, ebunjwe ziiriphabliki eziliqela. Njengoko ingasekho njengesizwe esimanyeneyo, akukho maphepha athile atyheli eYugoslavia. Nangona kunjalo, ndingakunika ezinye iiwebhusayithi ezibalulekileyo ezinxulumene neeriphabliki ezahlukeneyo ezakha iYugoslavia: 1. I-Serbia: Amaphepha atyheli e-Serbia anokufunyanwa kwiwebhusayithi yeTelekom Serbia, inkampani ekhokelayo kwezonxibelelwano elizweni: www.telekom.rs/en/home.html 2. ICroatia: Kumaphepha atyheli eCroatia, ungandwendwela iZutestranice.com, ebonelela ngeenkonzo zolawulo lweshishini kunye neenkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano: www.zute-stranice.com/en/ 3. I-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina: Abantu kunye namashishini e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina banokufumaneka nge-Bijele Strane (Amaphepha aMhlophe) ku-www.bijelistrani.ba/ 4. Montenegro: ITelekom Crne Gore ibonelela ngoluhlu lwe-intanethi lweMontenegro ku-www.telekom.me/en/business/directory 5. ISlovenia: Amaphepha amhlophe aseSlovenia (Beli Strani) anokufumaneka ngewebhusayithi esemthethweni kaSimobil ku-https://www.simobil.si/telefonski-imenik Nceda uqaphele ukuba ezi webhusayithi zinokunikezela ngoluhlu lwamaphepha amhlophe okanye uludwe lwamashishini ngokubanzi kunentengiso yamaphepha atyheli emveli anikezela ngeenkonzo okanye iimveliso. Kubalulekile ukuvuma ukuba iYugoslavia yachithwa ngexesha longquzulwano olwahlukeneyo ngoo-1990 kwaye ukususela ngoko yathatyathelwa indawo zizizwe ezizimeleyo ezifana neSerbia, iCroatia, iBosnia neHerzegovina, iMontenegro, iSlovenia, iKosovo*, iMacedonia*, nokunye. * IKosovo kunye noMntla weMakedoni zamkelwa ngamanye amazwe kodwa azimkelwa jikelele njengamazwe azimeleyo phantsi kwamagama abawakhethayo ngenxa yeengxabano malunga nolongamo.

Amaqonga amakhulu orhwebo

IYugoslavia yayililizwe langaphambili kuMzantsi-mpuma Yurophu, elathi laphela ngeminyaka yoo-1990. Nangona iYugoslavia ingasekho, ngexesha lobukho bayo, kwakungekho ziqonga zibalulekileyo ze-e-commerce njengoko sinazo namhlanje. Umbono we-e-commerce wawusebuncinaneni bayo ngelo xesha. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ubhekisa kumazwe anamhlanje athe avela emva kokuqhekeka kweYugoslavia, anjengeSerbia neCroatia, banawo amaqonga awo e-e-commerce. Nazi ezimbalwa eziphawulekayo: 1. Limundo (www.limundo.com) - Yenye yezona ndawo zidumileyo zentengiso kwi-intanethi eSerbia apho abasebenzisi banokuthenga kwaye bathengise iimveliso ezahlukeneyo. 2. I-Kupindo (www.kupindo.com) - Eli qonga lifana ne-Limundo kwaye libonelela ngendawo yokuthengisa ye-intanethi kubantu kunye namashishini ukurhweba ngempahla. 3. Oglasi.rs (www.oglasi.rs) - Ngelixa ingeyiyo iqonga le-e-commerce kuphela, iOglasi.rs yiwebhusayithi eyimfihlo esetyenziswa kakhulu ukuthenga nokuthengisa iimveliso kunye neenkonzo eSerbia. ECroatia: 1.) Njuškalo (www.njuskalo.hr) - I-Njuškalo yenye yeemarike ezinkulu zasekhaya zaseCroatia apho abantu banokuthenga izinto ezintsha okanye ezisetyenzisiweyo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo. 2.) I-Plavi oglasnik (plaviozglasnik.com.hr) -I-Plavi oglasnik inikeza uluhlu olubanzi lweentengiso ezihleliweyo zokuthengisa okanye ukuthenga iimpahla okanye iinkonzo ngaphakathi kweCroati 3.) I-Pazar3.mk (www.pazar3.mk)- Nangona eli qonga lijongana nemarike yaseMantla yaseMakedoniya kodwa ngenxa yokuba kufutshane namazwe ayesakuba yiYugoslavia njengeSerbia; iye yaduma phakathi kwabathengisi kunye nabathengi abavela kule mimandla nabo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba la maqonga amele kuphela iqhezu elincinci lomsebenzi we-e-commerce kumazwe alandelayo anamhlanje emva kokuchithwa kweYugoslavia.

Amaqonga amakhulu eendaba zoluntu

I-Yugoslavia yayililizwe eliseMzantsi-mpuma Yurophu ekhoyo ukusuka kwi-1918 ukuya kwi-2003. Ukususela namhlanje, iYugoslavia ayisekho njengelizwe, ngoko ke ayinayo nayiphi na iqonga leendaba zoluntu. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lobukho balo, ilizwe lalineendlela ezahlukeneyo zonxibelelwano kunye namajelo eendaba. Ngaphambi kwexesha le-intanethi, iYugoslavia yayinothungelwano lukamabonwakude oluqhutywa ngurhulumente olunje ngeRTS (iRadio Television yaseSerbia), iRTB (iRadio Television Belgrade), kunye neRTV (iRadio Television Vojvodina). Ezi intanethi zabonelela ngeendaba, iinkqubo zokuzonwabisa, kunye nomxholo wenkcubeko ebantwini. Ngokubhekiselele kunxibelelwano lwe-intanethi kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobukho beYugoslavia nasemva kokuchithwa kwayo kumazwe ahlukeneyo afana neSerbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Macedonia (North Macedonia), kunye neSlovenia; ezi zizwe ngokwazo zamkele amaqonga eendaba ezentlalo athandwayo kwihlabathi liphela. Nanga amanye amaqonga onxibelelwano aqhelekileyo asetyenziswa ngabantu kula mazwe ayesakuba yiYugoslavia: 1. I-Facebook - eyona ndawo idumileyo yenethiwekhi yoluntu. Iiwebhusayithi: - www.facebook.com 2. I-Instagram - iqonga lokwabelana ngezithombe. Iiwebhusayithi: - www.instagram.com 3. I-Twitter - iqonga le-microblogging lokwabelana ngeengcinga okanye uhlaziyo lweendaba. Iiwebhusayithi: - www.twitter.com 4. LinkedIn - iqonga lonxibelelwano lobuchwephesha. Iiwebhusayithi: - www.linkedin.com 5. Viber/WhatsApp/Telegram/Messenger – Ezi apps zokuthumela imiyalezo ngoko nangoko zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunxibelelwano lomntu phakathi kwabantu okanye amaqela. Iiwebhusayithi: - www.viber.com - www.whatsapp.com - telegram.org (I-Facebook Messenger ayinayo iwebhusayithi ezinikeleyo) 6. I-YouTube - Iqonga lokwabelana ngevidiyo apho abasebenzisi banokufaka iividiyo okanye babukele umxholo owenziwe ngabanye. Iwebhusayithi: – www.youtube.com 7. ITikTok-Inkqubo emfutshane yokwabelana ngevidiyo eye yafumana ukuthandwa kwihlabathi jikelele kwiminyaka yakutshanje Iwebhusayithi: - www.tiktok.com Nceda uqaphele ukuba la maqonga eendaba ezentlalo awaphelelanga eYugoslavia okanye kwiiriphabliki zayo zangaphambili. Zisetyenziswa ngabantu kwihlabathi liphela kwaye ziye zafumana ukuthandwa ngenxa yokusebenziseka kwazo ngokulula kunye neempawu ezibanzi.

Imibutho emikhulu yoshishino

Kwakukho imibutho emininzi yeshishini eYugoslavia ngaphambi kokuchithwa kwelizwe. Nantsi eminye imizekelo kunye neewebhusayithi zazo: 1. I-Serbian Chamber of Commerce and Industry - I-Serbian Chamber of Commerce and Industry imele amacandelo awohlukeneyo oqoqosho e-Serbia, kuquka ishishini, ezolimo, ulwakhiwo, ukhenketho kunye neenkonzo. umthombo: https://www.pks.rs/en/ 2. I-Croatian Chamber of Economy - I-Croatian Chamber of Economy ikhuthaze uphuhliso loqoqosho e-Croatia ngokuxhasa amashishini afana nelemveliso, ezolimo, amandla, ukhenketho kunye nothutho. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: https://www.hgk.hr/homepage 3. Umbutho weeManyano zabaqeshi baseSlovenia - Ukumela abaqeshi kuwo wonke amashishini ahlukeneyo eSlovenia kuquka nemveliso, ulwakhiwo, urhwebo, iinkonzo zokukhuthaza imeko-bume yoshishino efanelekileyo kumalungu ayo. umthombo: https://www.zds.si/english I-4. I-Macedonian Chambers of Commerce - Amagumbi aseMantla eMakedoni anikezela ngenkxaso kumashishini ngokusebenzisa amathuba othungelwano kunye nemigudu yokukhuthaza kumacandelo afana nemveliso, ukwakhiwa, Ivenkile, kunye neenkonzo. Iwebhusayithi http://www.mchamber.mk/?lang=en 5.Igumbi loRhwebo lwaNgaphandle eBosnia-Herzegovina - Iququzelele imisebenzi yorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kwiinkampani ezizinze eBosnia-Herzegovina ngokugxila ekukhuthazeni amathuba otyalo-mali kunye namandla okuthumela ngaphandle kumacandelo amaninzi. umthombo: http://www.komorabih.ba/english/ Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le mibutho inokuba itshintshile okanye emitsha inokuba sele yenzekile ukusukela ekubhangisweni kweYugoslavia.

Iiwebhusayithi zeshishini kunye norhwebo

IYugoslavia yayililizwe elikuMzantsi-mpuma Yurophu elalikho ukususela ngo-1918 ukuya ku-2003. Ngenxa yokuchithwa kwayo kunye nokusekwa kwamazwe amaninzi azimeleyo, akusekho webhusayithi esemthethweni yeYugoslavia yoqoqosho norhwebo. Nangona kunjalo, ndingakunika ulwazi malunga neewebhusayithi zamazwe alandelayo awayeyinxalenye yeYugoslavia. Ngezantsi yimizekelo embalwa: 1. I-Serbia: Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-Serbian Chamber of Commerce ibonelela ngolwazi kumashishini ahlukeneyo, amathuba otyalo-mali, imisitho yorhwebo, kunye nemisebenzi yoshishino ngokubanzi eSerbia. umthombo: https://www.pks.rs/ 2. I-Croatia: I-Croatian Chamber of Economy inikezela ngolwazi olubanzi malunga nokwenza ushishino eCroatia, kubandakanywa izibalo, imisebenzi yokukhuthaza urhwebo, iinkonzo zenkxaso yotyalo-mali, kunye nemithetho-sikhokelo yezomthetho. umthombo: https://www.hgk.hr/ 3. I-Slovenia: INgxowa-mali yoShishino lwaseSlovenia ikhuthaza ukushishina ngokuququzelela ukufikelela kumathuba enkxaso-mali okuqalisa kunye namashishini amancinci ukuya kwaphakathi (ii-SME) ngeegranti, iimali-mboleko, iziqinisekiso, iingxowa-mali ze-venture capital. umthombo: https://www.podjetniskisklad.si/en/ 4. I-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina: I-Arhente yokuKhuthaza uTyalo-mali lwaNgaphandle isebenza njengendawo yokumisa enye kubatyali-zimali bangaphandle abanomdla wotyalo-mali okanye ekuphononongeni amathuba oshishino e-Bosnia naseHerzegovina. Iwebhusayithi ibonelela ngedatha ebalulekileyo kumacandelo kutyalo-mali. Iwebhusayithi http://fipa.gov.ba/en Le yimizekelo nje embalwa phakathi kwezinye iiwebhusayithi ezininzi zezoqoqosho / ezinxulumene nezorhwebo ezifumanekayo kwi-post-Yugoslavia breakup. Gcina ukhumbule ukuba la mazwe atshintshe kakhulu ekuhambeni kwexesha; Ngoko ke kuyacetyiswa ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuchaneka kunye nokufaneleka kwalo naluphi na ulwazi olunikwe kwezi webhusayithi phambi kokuba wenze naziphi na izigqibo zoshishino. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba eminye imimandla okanye izixeko ezikula mazwe zinokuba nophuhliso lwazo olwahlukileyo loqoqosho okanye igumbi lewebhusayithi zorhwebo ezinokujolisa ngakumbi kumanyathelo asekuhlaleni. Nceda uqaphele ukuba le mpendulo isenokungabandakanyi zonke iiwebhusayithi ezifanelekileyo njengoko kunokubakho izixhobo ezingekho semthethweni okanye zasekhaya ezikhoyo.

Iiwebhusayithi zemibuzo yedatha yorhwebo

Kukho iiwebhusayithi ezininzi apho unokufumana idatha yorhwebo yeYugoslavia. Nalu uluhlu lwemithombo ethembekileyo ene-URL zabo: 1. I-World Integrated Trade Solution (i-WITS) - Le webhusayithi ibonelela ngedatha yorhwebo ebanzi, kubandakanywa ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kunye nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle, kweYugoslavia namanye amazwe: https://wits.worldbank.org/ 2. I-United Nations Comtrade Database - Inika ukufikelela kwiinkcukacha-manani zorhwebo zamazwe ngamazwe, ezigubungela iminyaka eyahlukeneyo kunye neendidi zeemveliso zaseYugoslavia: https://comtrade.un.org/ 3. UMbutho woRhwebo weHlabathi (i-WTO) - Uvimba weenkcukacha-manani we-WTO ubonelela ngedatha yorhwebo ngokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kunye nokungeniswa ngaphandle kweYugoslavia: https://stat.wto.org/ 4. INgxowa-mali yeMali yaMazwe ngaMazwe (IMF) Ulwalathiso lweeNkcukacha-manani zoRhwebo (DOTS) - I-DOTS inikezela ngeenkcukacha-manani zokungenisa/ukuthumela ngaphandle, kuquka iimpahla kunye nokuhanjiswa kweenkonzo kumazwe afana neYugoslavia: https://data.imf.org/dots 5. I-Eurostat - Ukuba unomdla ngokukodwa kurhwebo phakathi kweYugoslavia kunye namazwe angamalungu e-European Union, i-Eurostat inikeza ulwazi olufanelekileyo kwiwebhusayithi yayo: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat Ezi zixhobo kufuneka zikunike ulwazi oluyimfuneko ukuze uhlolisise idatha yorhwebo yaseYugoslavia nzulu.

amaqonga B2b

IYugoslavia, eyayikho de kwasekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1990, yayililizwe elikuMzantsi-mpuma Yurophu. Ngaloo ndlela, yayingenawo amaqonga ayo e-B2B azinikeleyo ngelo xesha. Nangona kunjalo, ngoku kukho amaqonga e-B2B amaninzi akhoyo kumashishini asekwe kumazwe awayekade eyinxalenye yeYugoslavia. Nantsi imizekelo embalwa: 1. I-Balkan B2B: Eli qonga lijolise ekudibaniseni amashishini kunye noosomashishini abavela kuwo wonke ummandla we-Balkans, kuquka amazwe afana neSerbia, iCroatia, iBosnia neHerzegovina, iMontenegro, iNorth Macedonia, neSlovenia. Ungandwendwela iwebhusayithi yabo ku-www.balkanb2b.com. 2. I-TradeBoss: I-TradeBoss yindawo yentengiso ye-B2B yamazwe ngamazwe equka uluhlu olusuka kumazwe ahlukeneyo kwihlabathi jikelele. Ikwabonisa iinkampani ezisuka kwiindawo ezazisakuba yiYugoslavia ezifuna amathuba oshishino kwihlabathi jikelele. Iwebhusayithi yabo inokufumaneka ku-www.tradeboss.com. 3. I-E-Burza: I-E-Burza yindawo yentengiso ye-intanethi ye-Croatian ehamba phambili edibanisa amashishini alapha ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe kunye nababoneleli kunye nabathengi kuwo wonke amashishini ahlukeneyo afana nemveliso, ezolimo, ukhenketho njl njl. Unokufumana okungakumbi ngokundwendwela iwebhusayithi yabo ku-www. e-burza.eu. 4. Nisam Jasan (Andiyicacelanga): Eli qonga leB2B laseSerbia libonelela ngendawo yamashishini ukukhuthaza iimveliso okanye iinkonzo zawo kwaye anxibelelane namaqabane anokubakho okanye abathengi basekhaya okanye kwihlabathi liphela ngolawulo lwayo kunye necandelo lokuthunyelwa kwemisebenzi kwiwebhusayithi yabo. www.nisamjasan.rs. 5.Yellobiz.com: Nangona ingacaciswanga nakuwuphi na ummandla othile kodwa uluhlu lweshishini jikelele lwehlabathi jikelele oludwelisa iinkampani ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezili-11 kwihlabathi liphela ngokugxila ngakumbi kwindawo yeBalkans ngenxa yoqhagamshelo olomeleleyo lwamashishini asuka kwiindawo ezazisakuba yiYugoslavia.Unokukhangela ukuthenga/ukubonelela. ikhokela, amagumbi omboniso wekhathalogu , iinkangeleko zeNkampani, incoko ephilayo .Unokufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya ngokundwendwela yellobiz.com Nceda uqaphele ukuba ezi qonga zinokugubungela amazwe amaninzi okanye imimandla, hayi iYugoslavia kuphela okanye amazwe alandelayo. Ukongeza, kuyacetyiswa ukuba aphande kwaye uqinisekise ukuthembeka kwala maqonga ngaphambi kokwenza nayiphi na intengiselwano yeshishini.
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