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Izimakethe Eziyinhloko
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Ukubuka konke Kwezwe
IYugoslavia kwakuyizwe eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu elalikhona kusukela ngo-1918 kuya ku-2003. Ekuqaleni yasungulwa ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I njengoMbuso WamaSerbs, Croats, and Slovenes futhi kamuva yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi iYugoslavia ngo-1929. Leli zwe lalinezizwe eziningana, kuhlanganise namaSerb, AmaCroatia, amaSlovenia, amaBosnia, amaMontenegrin, namaMacedonia. Kuwo wonke umlando wayo, iYugoslavia yaba nezinguquko ezihlukahlukene zezombangazwe. Ekuqaleni umbuso wasebukhosini ngaphansi kweNkosi u-Alexander I kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1934, waba umfelandawonye wezenhlalakahle ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II ngaphansi kukaMongameli uJosip Broz Tito. Umbono kaTito uhlose ukudala umbuso wezizwe eziningi lapho izizwe ezahlukene zingahlala ndawonye. Phakathi nokubusa kukaTito kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1980, iYugoslavia yakwazi ukugcina ukuzinza nokuthuthukiswa komnotho ngenkathi iphishekela inqubomgomo yangaphandle ezimele eyaziwa ngokuthi "Ukunyakaza Okungaqondile." Nokho, ngemva kokufa kwakhe kwafika inkathi yezingxabano zezombangazwe ezazibonakala ngokukhula kobuzwe nokuwohloka komnotho. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, ukuhlukana kweYugoslavia kwaqala ngezimemezelo zokukhululeka eSlovenia naseCroatia kwalandelwa yiBosnia neHerzegovina. Lokhu kuholele ezingxabanweni ezibhubhisayo ezibonakala ngokungezwani kwezinhlanga kanye nobugebengu bezimpi phakathi nezimpi zaseYugoslavia kusukela ngo-1991 kuya ku-2001. Ngo-March 2003, wonke ama-republic abavoti ayesele ayihlakaza ngokusemthethweni inyunyana yawo yezombangazwe. Isenzo sokugcina kwaba iSerbia iguqule igama layo laba yiSerbia neMontenegro ngaphambi kokuthi ekugcineni iguqukele ezizweni ezimbili ezihlukene: iSerbia (ezimele) kanye neMontenegro (ezimele) njengoba sizazi namuhla. Ifa le-Yugoslavia liyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yabantu bayo abahlukahlukene abanezimbangi zomlando ezibe nomthelela ezimpini phakathi neminyaka yayo yokuhlakazeka. Noma ngabe iminyaka yayo yokugcina yayigcwele iziyaluyalu kangakanani nakuba kufaneleka ukuqaphela impumelelo eyenziwa ngaphansi kokubusa kukaTito lapho iYugoslavia imi njengesizwe esisodwa esibumbene emigomeni yokungahambelani nezindawo zaseNtshonalanga noma zaseMpumalanga phakathi nenkathi yeMpi Yomshoshaphansi.
Imali Yezwe
IYugoslavia, eyayiyizwe eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga Yurophu, yayiye yabhekana nezinguquko eziningana mayelana nemali yayo phakathi neminyaka. Ezigabeni zokuqala zokuba khona kwayo, iYugoslavia yamukela i-Yugoslavia dinar (YUD) njengohlobo lwemali yayo esemthethweni. Nokho, ngenxa yokuntengantenga kwezombangazwe nezomnotho, ukwehla kwamandla emali kwahlasela izwe ngeminyaka yawo-1990. Ngemva kokuhlakazwa kweYugoslavia ngo-1992 kanye nezimpi ezalandela phakathi kwamaRiphabhulikhi aseYugoslavia, kwavela amazwe amasha: iSerbia neMontenegro. Bakha i-Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ngemali efanayo - i-Yugoslavia dinar (YUM). Le mali ibihlose ukusimamisa umnotho wabo. Eminyakeni ethile kamuva, njengoba iMontenegro ifuna inkululeko eSerbia, yanquma ukuliyeka ilungiselelo layo lemali evamile. Ngo-2003, i-Serbia yashintsha i-YUM yafaka uhlobo lwemali olusha olubizwa ngokuthi i-Serbian dinar (RSD), kuyilapho i-Montenegro yethula i-euro njengohlobo lwemali olusemthethweni njengoba yayingenakho ubukhosi obugcwele bemali. Kafushane, izimali eziyinhloko zase-Yugoslavia zangaphambilini kwakuyi-Yugoslavia dinar (YUD) bese kuba yi-Yugoslavia dinar futhi (YUM). Nokho namuhla ngemva kokuhlakazeka amaSerbia asebenzisa i-Serbian Dinar(RSD) kuyilapho iMontenegro isebenzisa i-Euro(EUR). Lezi zinguquko zigqamisa ukuthi izehlakalo zezepolitiki zingathinta kanjani isimo sezimali sezwe ngokuphawulekayo.
Isilinganiso sokushintsha imali
Ithenda esemthethweni yaseYugoslavia yiYugoslavia Dinar. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-Yugoslavia dinar yaqedwa ngo-2003 ngemuva kokuhlukaniswa phakathi kweCroatia neSerbia engumakhelwane. Ngokuphathelene nesilinganiso sokushintshaniswa kohlobo lwemali enkulu emhlabeni uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Dinar yaseYugoslavia, idatha enembayo yesilinganiso sokushintsha imali ayikwazanga ukunikezwa njengoba imali yase iqedwe iminyaka eminingi. Uma udinga ulwazi lwakamuva lwamazinga okushintshaniswa kwemali phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo zemali ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe, sicela ubheke idatha yesikhathi sangempela ehlinzekwa izikhungo zezezimali noma imakethe yokushintshisana yangaphandle.
Amaholide Abalulekile
IYugoslavia yayiyizwe eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu elalikhona kusukela ngo-1918 kuya ku-2006. Kuwo wonke umlando wayo, yayigubha amaholide amaningana abalulekile ayebalulekile kubantu bakhona. Elinye lamaholide ezwe aphawuleka kakhulu eYugoslavia kwakuwuSuku Lukazwelonke, olwaziwa nangokuthi Usuku LweRiphabhulikhi, olugujwa ngoNovemba 29. Leli holide laphawula ukusungulwa kwe-Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ngo-1943 futhi lalikhumbula imizamo eyenziwa phakathi neMpi Yezwe II ngamaqembu asekela amaqembu aholwa uJosip Broz Tito. Ngalolu suku, abantu baseYugoslavia babezohlanganyela emibukisweni yezempi, imicimbi yamasiko, nemibuthano yomphakathi ehlukahlukene yokuhlonipha umlando wezwe labo. Elinye iholide elibalulekile eligujwe e-Yugoslavia bekuwuSuku Lwabasebenzi Lwamazwe Ngamazwe ngoMeyi 1. Lolu suku lugcizelele ukubaluleka kwamalungelo abasebenzi kanye namagalelo abasebenzi emphakathini. Kulo mcimbi, kube nemibuthano emikhulu nemibhikisho ezweni lonke kugxilwe ebunyeni babasebenzi kanye nempumelelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uKhisimusi wawubaluleke kakhulu ngokwesiko kubantu baseYugoslavia njengesizwe esigcwele amaKristu. Imikhosi eyandulela uKhisimuzi yayihlanganisa ukuzila ukudla usuku lonke kuze kube isidlo sakusihlwa lapho imindeni ibuthana ndawonye ukuze kube nedili elaziwa ngokuthi i-Badnji dan (Isidlo Sakusihlwa Sosuku LukaKhisimusi). Amasiko ayehlukahluka ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene kodwa ngokuvamile ayehilela ukukhanyisa ilogi ye-yule ebizwa ngokuthi i-Badnjak nokuhambela izinkonzo zesonto zaphakathi kwamabili. Usuku Lokuzimela lwalungomunye umcimbi ophawulekayo owawugujwa abantu baseYugoslavia unyaka ngamunye ngo-July 7. Yayikhumbula isimemezelo sesizwe sokukhululeka emazweni ahlukahlukene angaphandle ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II ngo-1945. Abantu baseSlovenia bahlobanisa lolu suku nokuzimela kwabo ngemva kokuhlukana kwabo neYugoslavia. Nakuba lawa amanye amaholide amakhulu agujwa ezweni elaliyi-Yugoslavia, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi amasiko athile ayehluka phakathi kwezifunda ezahlukene ezihlanganisa i-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina, i-Croatia, i-Montenegro, i-North Macedonia, i-Serbia, ne-Slovenia ngenxa yamathonya ahlukahlukene amasiko akhona endaweni ngayinye.
Isimo Sohwebo Lwangaphandle
IYugoslavia, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi iSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, yayiyizwe eliseningizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu kusukela ngo-1945 kuya ku-1992. Kukho konke ukuba khona kwayo, iYugoslavia yayinesimo sokuhwebelana esishukumisayo nesihlukahlukene. I-Yugoslavia yaphishekela imodeli yezomnotho exubile, ehlanganisa izici ze-socialism kanye nokuzilawula. Lokhu kwavumela kokubili amabhizinisi kahulumeni kanye namabhizinisi azimele. Izwe belinezimboni ezibanzi ezihlanganisa imikhakha efana nezimayini, ezokukhiqiza, ezokukhiqiza amandla, ezolimo kanye nezinkonzo. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi, i-Yugoslavia yabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ku-Non-Aligned Movement, eyayihlose ukugcina ukungathathi hlangothi phakathi kwamaBlocs AseNtshonalanga NaseMpumalanga. Ngenxa yale nqubomgomo kanye nendawo yayo yecebo ezimpambanweni zemigwaqo zase-Europe phakathi kwempumalanga nentshonalanga, ukuhweba kwe-Yugoslavia akuzange kuphelele endaweni ethile yemibono. Ukuhwebelana namazwe aseNtshonalanga kwakha ingxenye ebalulekile yomnotho waseYugoslavia. Izwe lasungula ubudlelwano obuqinile bezentengiselwano nezizwe ezifana neJalimane (iNtshonalanga Jalimane ngaleso sikhathi), i-Italy, iFrance, i-United Kingdom, i-Austria, neSwitzerland. Lokhu kushintshana kwakuhilela kokubili ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwezimpahla ezingavuthiwe zokukhiqiza ezimbonini kanye nokuthunyelwa kwempahla ekhiqiziwe kwamanye amazwe. Ukwengeza, ubonise ukubambisana okuqinile namazwe asathuthuka yonkana i-Afrika, iMpumalanga Ephakathi, kanye ne-Latin America.Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa ubudlelwano bezohwebo obuzuzisa ngokufanayo obuhlanganisa imikhiqizo efana nemishini, izinsimbi, izindwangu, nemithi. amaphrojekthi wezimboni ezikhiqizayo nezisindayo.' Kodwa-ke, iYugoslavia iphinde yagcina ubudlelwano bezomnotho phakathi kwamazwe aseMpumalanga ye-bloc efana neSoviet Union, Czechoslovakia, kanye neHungary. abalingani bokuhweba. Noma kunjalo, iziphathimandla zaseYugoslavia zabona isidingo sokwamukela izinqubomgomo ezigxile emakethe phakathi neminyaka yazo yakamuva. Ngakho, izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezihlanganisa Isivumelwano Esijwayelekile Sentela Nokuhweba(GATT) esasayinwa ngo-2000, imigudu yokwabiwa elawulwa nguhulumeni yancipha. ezithinta imithetho yokuhweba. Kafushane, isimo sezohwebo saseYugoslavia sasiyinkimbinkimbi, ngenxa yemodeli yentuthuko, iqondise ubuhlobo namazwe aseNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga, kanye nokugxila ekusebenzisaneni namazwe asathuthuka. amaphethini wokuthekelisa.
Amathuba Okuthuthukisa Imakethe
Amathuba okuthuthukiswa kwemakethe yohwebo lwangaphandle eYugoslavia ayathembisa impela. Njengoba isendaweni ekahle ezimpambanweni zemigwaqo ye-Central and Southeast Europe, inikeza indawo enenzuzo kukho kokubili imisebenzi yokungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle. I-Yugoslavia inomnotho ohlukahlukene onezimboni eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqiza izimoto, ukukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali, ezolimo, ezezimayini nezindwangu. Lokhu kwehlukahlukana kunikeza amathuba amaningi okubambisana kwezohwebo emikhakheni eyahlukene. Ngokomlando leli lizwe belinamandla ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo yensimbi, imishini kagesi, ifenisha, iwayini elisezingeni eliphezulu kanye neziphuzo ezidakayo, kanye nezimpahla zezolimo ezifana nokolweni nommbila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Yugoslavia isungule izivumelwano zokuhwebelana namazwe angomakhelwane esifundeni sase-Balkan ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezifana ne-Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA). Lezi zivumelwano zikhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa komnotho wesifunda futhi zenza kube lula ukufinyelela ezimakethe kwamanye amazwe abambe iqhaza. Uhulumeni waseYugoslavia uphinde wakhombisa ukuzibophezela ekuheheni abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuthuthukisa isimo sebhizinisi. Yethule izinguquko ukuze iqondise izinqubo zokuphatha kanye nokunciphisa ukubusa ngenkathi inikeza izimboni ezisiza ukukhulisa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubulungu beYugoslavia ezinhlanganweni zamazwe ngamazwe njenge-World Trade Organization (WTO) buvula iminyango yokwanda kobudlelwane bohwebo bamazwe amabili emhlabeni jikelele. Njengelungu lale nhlangano enamandla eyengamele imithetho yezohwebo emhlabeni wonke, ingasebenzisa isikhundla sayo ukuze ikhuthaze ubudlelwano obuqinile namanye amazwe kuwo wonke amazwekazi. Abasebenzi bezwe abanamakhono bayinzuzo eyengeziwe uma kubhekwa amandla abo okuthuthukiswa kwezimakethe zangaphandle. Abantu baseYugoslavia banedumela lokuba izisebenzi ezikhuthele ezinongoti ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo nobuchwepheshe obusha kuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kwabo ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe. Sengiphetha, iYugoslavia iveza amathuba amahle okwandisa imakethe yayo yohwebo lwangaphandle ngenxa yendawo yayo ekahle, umnotho ohlukahlukene ohlanganisa imikhakha eminingi yezimboni okuhlanganisa ezolimo kanye nezokukhiqiza. Ukuba khona kwezivumelwano zohwebo zesifunda ngaphakathi kwe-CEFTA kwenza kube lula ukufinyelela ezimakethe ezingomakhelwane kuyilapho ubulungu ezinhlanganweni zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana ne-WTO kwandisa amathuba emhlabeni jikelele. Ukwengeza, imizamo yeYugoslavia yokuthuthukisa indawo yebhizinisi ehambisana nabasebenzi abanamakhono inomthelela omuhle ekwakheni ubudlelwano bokuhweba obuqinile.
Imikhiqizo edayiswayo eshisayo emakethe
Ukukhetha imikhiqizo efanele ezothunyelwa emakethe yaseYugoslavia kuzodinga ukucabangela izinto ezahlukahlukene. Lapha, sizoxoxa ngamanye amaphuzu abalulekile okufanele sigxile kuwo ngenkathi sikhetha imikhiqizo edayiswa kakhulu yohwebo lwangaphandle eYugoslavia. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukwenza ucwaningo olunzulu lwemakethe ukuhlonza isidingo nezitayela emakethe yaseYugoslavia. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlaziya okuthandwa ngabathengi, ukufunda okunikezwa yizimbangi, nokuhlola noma yiziphi izici zesiko noma zomphakathi ezingase zibe nomthelela ezinqumweni zokuthenga. Okwesibili, kubalulekile ukucabangela indawo yeYugoslavia kanye nomthelela wayo ongaba khona kwezohwebo. Njengezwe elitholakala ezimpambanweni zemigwaqo yaseYurophu, akhona amathuba okungena ezimakethe zaseYurophu naseBalkan. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha izimpahla ezihambisana nezidingo zesifunda kungathuthukisa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Okwesithathu, ukubeka phambili imikhiqizo yekhwalithi ephezulu kubalulekile njengoba abathengi baseYugoslavia baya ngokuya bazisa ikhwalithi ngaphezu kwenani lapho benza izinqumo zokuthenga. Ngokuhlinzeka ngezimpahla zekhwalithi ephezulu noma izici ezihlukile ezingatholakali kalula kwenye indawo, amabhizinisi angaheha amakhasimende afuna imikhiqizo enevelu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhuthaza ukusimama kungase futhi kube usizo lapho kukhethwa imigqa yomkhiqizo ezothunyelwa e-Yugoslavia. Imikhuba ye-eco-friendly kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezizinzile zithole ukuduma phakathi kwabathengi emhlabeni jikelele - okuhlanganisa nalabo abase-Yugoslavia - ababonisa izintandokazi zezimpahla ezikhiqizwe ngendlela yokuziphatha. Okokugcina, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ezuzisayo ingaba negalelo elikhulu ekukhethweni ngempumelelo kwezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Ukwamukela ukwenziwa kwedijithali kuvumela amabhizinisi ukuthi aqondise izinkundla zokuthengisa eziku-inthanethi ngendlela efanele ngenkathi esebenzisa amathrendi e-e-commerce ngaphakathi kwesizinda esikhulayo sabasebenzisi be-inthanethi baseYugoslavia. Sengiphetha, ukukhetha imikhiqizo edayiswa kakhulu yohwebo lwangaphandle e-Yugoslavia kudinga ucwaningo lwemakethe olubanzi kanye nokucatshangwa kwamaphethini esidingo sesifunda kanye nokugcizelela emikhiqizweni yekhwalithi ehambisana nokuthandwa ngabathengi. Ukwengeza, ukugcizelela izinqubo zokusimama nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe kuzothuthukisa amanani empumelelo kule makethe yokuncintisana.
Izici zekhasimende kanye ne-taboo
I-Yugoslavia yayiyizwe elihlukahlukene ngokwezici zamaklayenti alo kanye nama-nuances amasiko. Lalihlanganisa izizwe ezihlukahlukene ezinjengamaSerb, amaCroat, amaBosnia, amaSlovenia, amaMontenegrin, nabaseMacedonia. Iqembu ngalinye lalinamasiko ahlukile, amasiko, kanye nokuziphatha okuthonya lokho okuthandwa ngamakhasimende abo. Esinye isici seklayenti esiphawulekayo eYugoslavia kwakuwukubaluleka kobudlelwane bomuntu siqu. Ukwakha ukwethembana nobudlelwano namakhasimende bekubalulekile ekusebenzisaneni okuyimpumelelo kwebhizinisi. Ngakho-ke, ukutshala isikhathi sokwazi amakhasimende akho ezingeni lomuntu siqu kwakwaziswa kakhulu. Esinye isici esibalulekile samakhasimende aseYugoslavia kwakuwukwazisa kwawo imikhiqizo namasevisi asezingeni eliphezulu. Bancamela izinto ezihlala isikhathi eside futhi ezinikeza inani lesikhathi eside kunokugxila ephuzwini lentengo kuphela. Ukuqinisekisa okunikezwayo kwekhwalithi ephezulu kungaheha amakhasimende athembekile abazisa ukuphila isikhathi eside kwemikhiqizo noma amasevisi. Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona nokuzwela okuthile noma ama-tabos okwakudingeka amabhizinisi angaphandle akuqaphele lapho esebenzelana namakhasimende aseYugoslavia. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukugwema izingxoxo ezihlobene nepolitiki noma izehlakalo zomlando eziyimpikiswano njengokuhlukana kweYugoslavia ngeminyaka yawo-1990. Lezi zihloko zingazwela kakhulu ngenxa yobuhlungu obubangelwa impi nokungqubuzana. Ukwengeza, ukuqaphela ukuhlukana kwenkolo kubalulekile lapho usebenzisana namakhasimende aseYugoslavia. Izwe lalinokwakheka kwezenkolo okuhlukahlukene lapho ubuRoma Katolika bubusa phakathi kwamaCroatia kuyilapho ubuKristu bobu-Orthodox budlala indima ebalulekile phakathi kwamaSerb. Ukubonisa inhlonipho ngezinkolelo ezihlukahlukene zenkolo kungaqinisekisa ukusebenzelana kwebhizinisi okushelelayo. Sekukonke, ukuqonda ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlanga kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zamasiko eYugoslavia kubalulekile lapho uzibandakanya namakhasimende ayo. Ukwakha ubudlelwano bomuntu siqu obuqinile ngenkathi uletha imikhiqizo noma amasevisi wekhwalithi ephezulu kuzosiza ukusungula ukusebenzelana kwebhizinisi okuphumelelayo kulesi sifunda.
Uhlelo lokuphathwa kweCustoms
IYugoslavia kwakuyizwe eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu, elakhiwe izifunda ezihlukahlukene ezinamasiko nomlando ohlukahlukene. Inqubo yayo yokulawula amasiko nemingcele yayiklanyelwe ukulawula ukuhamba kwabantu, izimpahla, nezinkonzo emingceleni yayo. Iziphathimandla zentela e-Yugoslavia zazinomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa imithetho ehlobene nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle, imisebenzi, nezintela. Abantu abangena noma abaphuma ezweni kwakudingeka badlule ezindaweni ezikhethiwe lapho kuhlolwa khona amapasi abo noma izincwadi zokuhamba. Izikhulu zeCustoms zizohlola inani lezimpahla ezithwalwayo futhi ziqoqe noma yimiphi imisebenzi esebenzayo noma izintela. Izinto ezithile bezingaphansi kwemikhawulo noma ukuvinjelwa. Izikhali, izinhlamvu, izidakamizwa, iziqhumane, nezinto ezingalimaza ukulondeka kwezwe kwakulawulwa ngokuqinile. Ukungenisa/ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezinto zobuciko zamasiko ngaphandle kwezimvume ezifanele nakho kwakungekho emthethweni. Izivakashi kufanele zazi ukuthi zingase zidinge i-visa ngokuya ngobuzwe bazo kanye nenjongo yokuvakasha. Kutuswa ukuthi uhlole nenxusa/inxusa ngaphambi kokuhamba ukuze uqinisekise ukuthotshelwa kwezidingo zokungena. Lapho weqa umngcele ungena eYugoslavia ngemizila yomhlaba noma yasolwandle esuka emazweni angomakhelwane njengeHungary noma iCroatia (ngaphambili eyayiyingxenye yeYugoslavia), abahambi kufanele balindele ukuhlolwa okuvamile kwezikhulu zentela. Kubalulekile ukuthi wonke amadokhumenti adingekayo atholakale kalula ukuze wethulwe lapho ecelwa. Abahambi bayelulekwa ukuthi bangaphathi imali eningi ngokweqile ngaphandle kwesimemezelo esifanele njengoba kunemikhawulo enanini umuntu angaliphatha kwezinye izimo. Imishini kagesi njengamakhompuyutha aphathekayo ingase ihlolwe kodwa amagajethi okusetshenziswa komuntu siqu njengomakhalekhukhwini ngokuvamile awadingi isimemezelo esicacile. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngemva kokuhlukana kweYugoslavia ngo-1991-1992 emazweni amaningana azimele njengeSerbia, Croatia, Slovenia; lawa mabhizinisi asungula eyawo imithetho yamasiko ehlukile kulokho okwakukhona ngaphansi kwemithetho yaseYugoslavia yakudala. Sengiphetha, I-Visting Yugoslavia ihilela ukubambelela emithethweni ye-TP enqunyiwe ezindaweni zayo zokuhlola eziphathelene namaphasipoti/imibhalo, izimemezelo zemali phakathi kwezinye. Njengoba izici eziphathelene nendlela amazwe angemva kweYugoslavia eziwaphatha ngayo amasiko azo zingakaceli, ukuhlaziywa okunemininingwane yalokho kuzogodlwa.
Izinqubomgomo zentela zokungenisa
I-Yugoslavia yayinohlelo oluhlukahlukene noluyinkimbinkimbi lokukhokhiswa kwentela kwamanye amazwe ukuze kulawuleke ukungena kwezimpahla ezweni. Izwe lasebenzisa lezi zinqubomgomo ngenhloso yokuvikela izimboni zakuleli, ukukhuthaza ukuzimela, kanye nokulawula ukuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe. Izintela ezivela kwamanye amazwe zazikhokhiswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezimpahla ezingena eYugoslavia. Lezi zintela bezisekelwe ezintweni ezimbalwa ezifana nohlobo lomkhiqizo, inani lawo, noma isisindo sawo. Amanani ayehluka ngokuya ngento ethile engenisiwe. Ezinye izimpahla ezibalulekile azikhokhiswa intela yokungenisa ezweni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala kwazo kanye nokufinyeleleka kwazo kubantu. Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa imikhiqizo efana nokudla okuyisisekelo, imithi, kanye nezinto ezithile zokusetshenziswa ezidingekayo ekukhiqizweni kwendawo. Uhulumeni uphinde wasebenzisa amanani entengo ukuze alawule ukuthengwa kwamanye amazwe emikhakheni ethile. Lawa ma-quota avumela inani elilinganiselwe lemikhiqizo ethile ukuthi ingeniswe kwamanye amazwe ngamanani aphansi noma angekho kuyilapho kubekwe amanani aphezulu uma leyo mikhawulo isifinyelelwe. I-Yugoslavia ifake izintela ezengeziwe ezintweni zikanokusho noma ezimpahleni ezingabalulekile ezinezidingo eziphezulu zokungenisa. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukunqanda ukusetshenziswa kwabathengi okungenasidingo kanye nokunciphisa ukuphuma kwemali yakwamanye amazwe. Ngokungeziwe emithendelekweni/izintela, i-Yugoslavia iphinde yasebenzisa ezinye izindlela ezifana nezimfuneko zamalayisense kanye namazinga ekhwalithi emikhiqizo engenisiwe. Le mithethonqubo ihlose ukuvikela abathengi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpahla ezivela kwamanye amazwe ziyahlangabezana nemibandela ethile yokuphepha nekhwalithi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lezi zinqubomgomo zavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokwezimo zezomnotho nezinjongo zezepolitiki zaseYugoslavia. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi babe ngaphansi kokubuyekezwa njengengxenye yezivumelwano zohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe noma izingxoxo namanye amazwe. Sekukonke, izinqubomgomo zentela yokungenisa yase-Yugoslavia ezihloselwe ukukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya kuyilapho kulinganisa ubudlelwano bohwebo bamazwe ngamazwe ngokusebenzisa intela elawulwayo ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe ngokusekelwe kumingcele ehlukahlukene efana nohlobo lomkhiqizo, inani, isisindo, imikhawulo yesabelo, isimo sokunethezeka njll., ngokuhambisana nezinyathelo ezengeziwe zokuvikela umthengi.
Thumela izinqubomgomo zentela
IYugoslavia kwakuyizwe eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu elalikhona kusukela ngo-1918 kuya ku-2003. Phakathi nokuba khona kwayo, iYugoslavia yayinohlelo lwentela oluyinkimbinkimbi, kuhlanganise nezinqubomgomo zentela zezimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Inqubomgomo yentela yokuthekelisa yaseYugoslavia yayihlose ukulawula kanye nokugqugquzela imisebenzi yezwe yokuhwebelana namanye amazwe. Kwakuhilela ukukhokhisa izintela ezithile ezimpahleni ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngokusekelwe ezicini ezihlukahlukene ezifana nemvelo yazo, inani, nendawo okuyiwa kuyo. Izimpahla ezikhishelwe ngaphandle zibe ngaphansi kwe-value-added tax (VAT) e-Yugoslavia. Le ntela ibikhokhwa ngamanani ahlukene kuye ngohlobo lomkhiqizo othunyelwa ngaphandle. Amazinga e-VAT ayehlukahluka ezimbonini zonkana futhi anqunywa uhulumeni ukuze alinganisele ngempumelelo imali engenayo yezimali kanye nokukhula komnotho. Ngokungeziwe ku-VAT, intela ethile yafakwa ezigabeni ezithile zezimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle e-Yugoslavia. Le misebenzi yayiqondiswe emikhiqizweni efana nogwayi, utshwala, imikhiqizo kaphethiloli, nezinto zikanokusho ezithathwe njengezinamandla eziyingozi noma ezibaluleke kakhulu. I-Yugoslavia yaphinde yasebenzisa intela yempahla ezimpahleni ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Le misebenzi yabekwa emngceleni lapho kuthunyelwa imikhiqizo ngaphandle kwendawo yaseYugoslavia. Amanani ayehluka kuye ngezici ezifana nokuhlukaniswa komkhiqizo ngokuya ngamazinga okuhweba ngamazwe ngamazwe (isb., amakhodi esistimu avunyelanisiwe), izivumelwano zohwebo namazwe angozakwethu noma izifunda, kanye nanoma yikuphi okuthandwayo kwentela okusebenzayo noma ukukhululwa okutholakalayo. Imininingwane ethile yenqubomgomo yentela yokuthekelisa ingase ihluke kuwo wonke umlando we-Yugoslavia ngenxa yezinguquko emibusweni yezombusazwe noma amasu ezomnotho alandelwa iziphathimandla ezihlukene. Kodwa-ke, sezizonke, lezi zinqubomgomo bezifuna ukungenisa imali kuhulumeni ngenkathi zilawula imisebenzi yohwebo lwangaphandle ngokuhambisana nezinto ezibalulekile kuzwelonke. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lolu lwazi lubonisa umongo womlando osekelwe emashumini eminyaka angaphambili lapho iYugoslavia yayiyizwe elihlangene; ngakho-ke ingase ingasebenzi ngokuqondile namuhla njengoba iYugoslavia ingasekho njengoba imingcele isishintshile ngemva kokuhlakazwa.
Kudingeka izitifiketi zokuthekelisa
IYugoslavia kwakuyizwe eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu elalikhona kusukela ngo-1918 kuya ku-2003. Phakathi nokuba khona kwayo, iYugoslavia yayinezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo nezimboni ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi nobuqiniso balokhu kuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, uhulumeni usebenzise uhlelo lokunikeza izitifiketi zokuthumela ngaphandle. Isitifiketi sokuthekelisa eYugoslavia sasibandakanya izinqubo nezimfuneko ezihlukahlukene. Okokuqala, izinkampani ezibambe iqhaza emisebenzini yokuthekelisa ezidingekayo ukuze zihambisane nemithethonqubo ethile kanye namazinga abekwe yiziphathimandla. Le mithetho ihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zisuka e-Yugoslavia zihlangabezana nezindinganiso zekhwalithi zamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuze zithole isitifiketi sokuthumela ngaphandle, izinkampani kwadingeka zenze inqubo yokuhlola eqinile. Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho yezohwebo efanele, ukwenza ukuhlolwa komkhiqizo ngezinjongo zokulawula ikhwalithi, nokuhlangabezana namazinga okupakisha okuthutha okuphephile. Ukwengeza, abathumeli bangaphandle kwakudingeka banikeze imibhalo ehlobene nemvelaphi yemikhiqizo yabo kanye nokuhambisana nezivumelwano zohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Lawa madokhumenti ngokuvamile ahlanganisa ubufakazi bamalayisense okuthekelisa noma izimvume ezinikezwe iziphathimandla zase-Yugoslavia. Uhulumeni uphinde wasiza ukubambisana phakathi kwabathumela impahla kwamanye amazwe kanye nabathengi bakwamanye amazwe ngokusebenzisa izihambeli zohwebo nemibukiso ehlelwe ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Le micimbi inikeze amabhizinisi amathuba okukhangisa ngemikhiqizo yawo kuyilapho exhumana nabathengi abangase baqinisekise ubuqiniso bokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe mathupha. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kudlale indima ebalulekile ekusunguleni ukwethembana phakathi kwabathumeli bangaphandle baseYugoslavia nezimakethe zangaphandle. Ngokuthola lesi sitifiketi, izinkampani zibonise ukuzibophezela kwazo ekuletheni izimpahla zekhwalithi ephezulu ezithobela izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngemva kwezinguquko zezombusazwe ezilandela ukuhlukana kweYugoslavia ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, amazwe alandela njengeSerbia asungule izinhlelo zawo ezizimele zokunikeza izitifiketi zokuthekelisa.
Ukuhanjiswa okunconyiwe
IYugoslavia, ngaphambili eyayaziwa ngokuthi iFederal Republic of Yugoslavia, kwakuyizwe eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga Yurophu. Ngeshwa, ngenxa yokuhlukana kweYugoslavia ngeminyaka yawo-1990, ayisekho njengesizwe esibumbene. Kodwa-ke, ngingakunikeza ulwazi ngengqalasizinda yezokuthutha ebikade ikhona ezweni. I-Yugoslavia yayinenethiwekhi yezokuthutha ethuthuke kahle eyayisiza ukuhamba kahle kwezimpahla kuzo zonke izifunda zayo. Izindlela zokuthutha eziyinhloko zazihlanganisa imigwaqo, imizila yezitimela nemizila yamanzi. Ezokuthutha emgwaqeni zidlale indima ebalulekile ohlelweni lwezokuthutha lwaseYugoslavia. Izwe belinoxhaxha lwemigwaqo ehlanganisa amadolobha amakhulu namadolobhana. Lokhu kwavumela ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla ngendlela elula emabangeni amafushane naphakathi nendawo ezweni. Ojantshi besitimela nabo babeyingxenye ebalulekile yesistimu yezokuthutha yaseYugoslavia. Baxhumanisa izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zesizwe ndawonye futhi banikeza ukuxhumana namazwe angomakhelwane. Ingqalasizinda kaloliwe inikeze amandla ukuthuthwa kwempahla ebanga elide ezindaweni ezahlukene. Ngaphandle kwemigwaqo nojantshi, imigwaqo yamanzi yayinenye indlela yokuthutha izimpahla eYugoslavia. Umfula iDanube usebenze njengomzila obalulekile wezohwebo njengoba wawugeleza emadolobheni amaningana aseYugoslavia ngaphambi kokungena kwamanye amazwe afana neHungary neRomania. IYugoslavia yayinamachweba akhiwe kahle ngasogwini lwayo loLwandle i-Adriatic, njengalawo aseSplit naseKoper (manje eyingxenye yeSlovenia). Lawa machweba enze lula ukuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi yasolwandle ngaphakathi nakwamanye amazwe ngokunikeza ukufinyelela emizileni yohwebo yomhlaba. Ukuze kusekelwe ukusebenza kahle kwempahla ngaphakathi kweYugoslavia, bekunezindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezimbalwa ezibekwe ngendlela efanelekile kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu lapho izinkampani zazikwazi ukugcina izimpahla zazo okwesikhashana noma isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakunezinqubo zokungena nokuphuma kwempahla emngceleni wezimpahla ezazingena noma ziphuma eYugoslavia. Lezi zinqubo zaqinisekisa ukuthotshelwa kwezidingo zomthetho kuyilapho kusiza ukuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe ngokushelela. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lolu lwazi lusekelwe kudatha yomlando ngaphambi kokuhlukana kwe-Yugoslavia ibe izizwe ezihlukene njenge-Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro , North Macedonia , ne-Kosovo. Ngakho-ke, isimo sokusebenza emazweni ngamanye avela eYugoslavia kungenzeka sishintshe kakhulu. Uma udinga ulwazi oluqondile mayelana nezinsiza zezokuthutha kunoma yiziphi zalezi zizwe ngazinye noma unemibuzo, zizwe ukhululekile ukukubuza.
Iziteshi zokuthuthukisa umthengi

Imibukiso yokuhweba ebalulekile

I-Yugoslavia kwakuyizwe eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu elalikhona kusukela ngo-1918 kuya ku-2003. Phakathi nokuba khona kwayo, yayinemigudu eminingana ebalulekile yohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe nemibukiso eyenza ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wayo kube lula. 1. Iziteshi Zokuhweba Ngamazwe: - I-European Union (EU): I-Yugoslavia yayinezivumelwano zokuhwebelana namazwe ahlukahlukene angamalungu e-EU, eyenze lula ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla kulawa mazwe. Lokhu kwavumela amabhizinisi aseYugoslavia ukuthi angene emakethe enkulu yabathengi futhi asungule ubudlelwano bokuhweba besikhathi eside. - I-Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): I-Yugoslavia yayingelinye lamalungu asungula i-NAM, iqembu lamazwe ayehlose ukungathathi hlangothi phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Lokhu kunikeze amathuba okuhweba namanye amazwe angamalungu e-NAM futhi kwanweba ukufinyelela emhlabeni wonke kweYugoslavia. - I-Eastern Bloc: I-Yugoslavia igcine ubudlelwano bezohwebo namazwe amaningana aseMpumalanga Bloc, okuhlanganisa iSoviet Union nezinye izifundazwe zezenhlalakahle eMpumalanga Yurophu. Lokhu kwavumela ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwezinsiza ezibalulekile kanye nobuchwepheshe obudingekayo ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni. 2. Imibukiso yamazwe ngamazwe: - I-Belgrade Fair: I-Belgrade Fair yayingenye yezindawo zemibukiso ezibaluleke kakhulu eYugoslavia. Yasingatha imibukiso eyahlukene yamazwe ngamazwe, kuhlanganise nemicimbi ekhethekile efana noMbukiso Wezolimo Wamazwe Ngamazwe kanye noMbukiso Wezokuvakasha Wamazwe Ngamazwe. Le mibukiso ihehe amabhizinisi asekhaya nawamazwe ngamazwe afuna ukukhombisa imikhiqizo yawo noma ukuthola abahlinzeki abasha noma ozakwethu. - I-Zagreb Fair: Itholakala enhloko-dolobha yase-Croatia, i-Zagreb Fair isingathe imibukiso eminingi eqondene nezimboni kulo lonke elase-Yugoslavia. Kunikeze ithuba abakhiqizi abavela emikhakheni ehlukene ukuthi babonise imikhiqizo yabo, bakhuthaze ubudlelwano bebhizinisi, baxoxisane ngezinkontileka, futhi bahlole izimakethe zangaphandle ezingase zibe khona. - INovi Sad Agriculture Fair: Njengoba ezolimo zibambe iqhaza elibalulekile emnothweni waseYugoslavia, iNovi Sad Agriculture Fair yasebenza njengenkundla ebalulekile yokubukisa ngemishini yezolimo, ubuchwepheshe, izinhlobo zemfuyo, umanyolo, imbewu, nokunye. Lezi ziteshi zokuthengwa kwempahla zamazwe ngamazwe nemibukiso yenze amabhizinisi ase-Yugoslavia akwazi ukuxhumana nabathengi bomhlaba wonke, abahlinzeki, nabalingani. Ukufinyelela kumanethiwekhi anjalo kwasiza ekukhuthazeni ukukhula komnotho futhi kwakhuthaza ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kwezohwebo nezohwebo. Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi iYugoslavia njengezwe yaphela ngo-2003. Ngemva kwezingxabano zezombangazwe nokuntengantenga kwezomnotho, izwe lahlukana laba amazwe amaningana azimele, kuhlanganise neSerbia, iCroatia, iSlovenia, iMontenegro, iBosnia, neHerzegovina. Ngakho, ukwaziswa okunikezwayo kubonisa isimo lapho iYugoslavia iseyizwe elibumbene.
I-Yugoslavia kwakuyizwe eliseningizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu elalikhona kusukela ngo-1945 kuya ku-1992. Ngeshwa, ngenxa yokuhlakazwa kweYugoslavia, ayisatholakali njengenhlangano ehlukile. Ngakho-ke, okwamanje azikho izinjini zokusesha ezinikezelwe eYugoslavia kuphela. Nokho, kunezinjini zokusesha ezivamile ezimbalwa ezazivame ukusetshenziswa emazweni angaphambili e-Yugoslavia (i-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina, i-Croatia, i-Macedonia, i-Montenegro, i-Serbia, ne-Slovenia) ngaphambi kokukhululeka kwazo. Lezi zinjini zokusesha zisasetshenziswa kabanzi namuhla: 1. I-Google: I-Google iyinjini yokusesha edume kakhulu emhlabeni wonke futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu emazweni angaphambili e-Yugoslavia. Iwebhusayithi: www.google.com 2. I-Bing: I-Bing enye injini yokusesha eyaziwa kakhulu ehlinzeka ngosesho lwewebhu. Iwebhusayithi: www.bing.com 3. Yahoo!: Yahoo! ayinamandla njenge-Google kodwa isasebenza njengenketho yenjini yokusesha ethembekile. Iwebhusayithi: www.yahoo.com 4. I-Ebb: I-Ebb iyinjini yokusesha yesifunda ezinze e-Serbia egxile ekunikezeni imiphumela yabasebenzisi abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene ase-Balkan. Iwebhusayithi: www.ebb.rs 5. I-Najnovije vijesti: I-Najnovije vijesti (Izindaba Zakamuva) ingosi yezindaba eku-inthanethi etholakala e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina ehlinzeka ngokuqukethwe kwezindaba okuhlanganisiwe kanye nomsebenzi wayo wokusesha. Iwebhusayithi: https://www.najnovijevijesti.ba/ 6. I-Nova TV Igrice Portal (IGRE.hr): Le webhusayithi igxile kakhulu ekudlalweni kwe-inthanethi kodwa futhi ihlanganisa uhla lwemibhalo lwewebhu lwenhloso evamile kanye nesiseshi sewebhu esakhelwe ngokwezifiso esivumela ukusesha ngaphakathi kwendawo yayo. Iwebhusayithi: www.novatv-igre.hr Kuhle ukuqaphela ukuthi lawa mawebhusayithi ashiwo angase asebenze ngaphezu nje kwezinjongo zokusesha; zingafaka izingosi zezindaba noma izinkundla zemidlalo. Nakuba i-Yugoslavia ingase ingasekho njengezwe elizimele kusukela yahlukana yaba yizifundazwe ezimbalwa ezilandela njenge-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina, i-Croatia, i-Macedonia, i-Montenegro, i-Serbia, ne-Slovenia, abasebenzisi be-inthanethi kulezi zifunda bathembele ezinjini zokusesha ezishiwo ngenhla ngosuku lwabo- ukusesha kwansuku zonke.

Amakhasi amakhulu aphuzi

IYugoslavia kwakuyizwe langaphambili eNingizimu-mpumalanga Yurophu, elakhiwa ama-republic amaningana. Njengoba ingasekho njengesizwe esihlangene, awekho amakhasi athile aphuzi eYugoslavia. Nokho, ngingakunikeza amanye amawebhusayithi abalulekile ahlobene namariphabhulikhi ahlukene akha iYugoslavia: 1. I-Serbia: Amakhasi aphuzi e-Serbia angatholakala kuwebhusayithi ye-Telekom Serbia, inkampani ehamba phambili yezokuxhumana ezweni: www.telekom.rs/en/home.html 2. I-Croatia: Emakhasini aphuzi e-Croatia, ungavakashela i-Zutestranice.com, enikezela ngezinsizakalo zenkomba yebhizinisi kanye nolwazi lokuxhumana: www.zute-stranice.com/en/ 3. I-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina: Abantu namabhizinisi e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina bangatholakala nge-Bijele Strane (Amakhasi Amhlophe) ku-www.bijelistrani.ba/ 4. I-Montenegro: I-Telekom Crne Gore inikeza uhla lwemibhalo oluku-inthanethi lwe-Montenegro ku-www.telekom.me/en/business/directory 5. I-Slovenia: Amakhasi amhlophe e-Slovenian (Beli Strani) angatholakala ngewebhusayithi esemthethweni kaSimobil kokuthi https://www.simobil.si/telefonski-imenik Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lawa mawebhusayithi angase anikeze ngokuyinhloko izinkomba zamakhasi amhlophe noma ukufakwa kuhlu kwebhizinisi okuvamile kunezikhangiso zamakhasi aphuzi ezivamile ezihlinzeka ngamasevisi noma imikhiqizo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-Yugoslavia yahlakazwa phakathi kwezingxabano ezihlukene ngeminyaka yawo-1990s futhi kusukela lapho yathathelwa indawo amazwe azimele njenge-Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, Kosovo*, Macedonia*, nokuningi. *I-Kosovo neNyakatho yeMakedoniya zihlonishwa ngamazwe athile kodwa azimukelwa emhlabeni wonke njengezifunda ezizimele ngaphansi kwamagama azo azithandayo ngenxa yezingxabano zobukhosi.

Izinkundla ezinkulu zezentengiselwano

I-Yugoslavia kwakuyizwe langaphambili eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu, elahlakazeka ngeminyaka yawo-1990. Yize iYugoslavia ingasekho, ngesikhathi ikhona, zazingekho izinkundla ezibalulekile ze-e-commerce njengoba sinazo namuhla. Umqondo we-e-commerce wawusakhula ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa-ke, uma ubhekisa emazweni anamuhla avele ngemuva kokuhlukana kweYugoslavia, njengeSerbia neCroatia, anazo izinkundla zawo ezithile ze-e-commerce. Nazi ezimbalwa eziphawulekayo: 1. I-Limundo (www.limundo.com) - Ingenye yezimakethe eziku-inthanethi ezidume kakhulu e-Serbia lapho abasebenzisi bengathenga futhi badayise imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene. 2. I-Kupindo (www.kupindo.com) - Le nkundla iyafana ne-Limundo futhi inikeza imakethe eku-inthanethi yabantu ngabanye namabhizinisi ukuze bahwebe ngezimpahla. 3. Oglasi.rs (www.oglasi.rs) - Nakuba kungeyona inkundla ye-e-commerce kuphela, i-Oglasi.rs iyiwebhusayithi eyimfihlo esetshenziswa kakhulu ukuthenga nokudayisa imikhiqizo namasevisi e-Serbia. E-Croatia: 1.) I-Njuškalo (www.njuskalo.hr) - I-Njuškalo ingenye yezindawo zemakethe ezinkulu zasekhaya zase-Croatia lapho abantu bengathenga khona izinto ezintsha noma ezisetshenzisiwe ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene. 2.) I-Plavi oglasnik (plaviozglasnik.com.hr) - I-Plavi oglasnik inikeza izinhlobonhlobo zezikhangiso ezihlukanisiwe zokuthengisa noma ukuthenga izimpahla noma amasevisi ngaphakathi kwe-Croati 3.) Pazar3.mk (www.pazar3.mk)- Nakuba le nkundla igxile kakhulu emakethe yaseNyakatho Macedonia kodwa ngenxa yokusondelana kwayo namazwe angaphambili e-Yugoslavia njengeSerbia; isidumile phakathi kwabathengisi nabathengi abavela kulezi zifunda. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lezi zinkundla zimele ingxenye encane kuphela yomsebenzi we-e-commerce ezifundazweni ezilandela ngemuva kokuhlakazwa kweYugoslavia.

Izinkundla zokuxhumana ezinkulu

I-Yugoslavia kwakuyizwe eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu elalikhona kusukela ngo-1918 kuya ku-2003. Kusukela namuhla, i-Yugoslavia ayisekho njengezwe, ngakho-ke ayinazo izinkundla zokuxhumana ezithile. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi likhona, izwe laba nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuxhumana nabezindaba. Ngaphambi kwenkathi ye-inthanethi, i-Yugoslavia yayinamanethiwekhi omabonakude aphethwe uhulumeni afana ne-RTS (I-Radio Television yase-Serbia), i-RTB (i-Radio Television Belgrade), ne-RTV (I-Radio Television Vojvodina). Lawa manethiwekhi ahlinzeke ngezindaba, izinhlelo zokuzijabulisa, nokuqukethwe kwamasiko kubantu. Mayelana nokuxhumana nge-inthanethi phakathi neminyaka yokugcina yokuba khona kwe-Yugoslavia nangemva kokuhlakazwa kwayo emazweni ahlukene njenge-Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Macedonia (North Macedonia), ne-Slovenia; lezi zizwe zamukela izinkundla zokuxhumana ezidumile emhlabeni wonke ezifinyeleleka emhlabeni wonke. Nazi ezinye izinkundla zokuxhumana ezivamile ezisetshenziswa abantu kulawa mazwe ayekade e-Yugoslavia: 1. I-Facebook - inkundla yokuxhumana nabantu ethandwa kakhulu. Amawebhusayithi: - www.facebook.com 2. I-Instagram - inkundla yokwabelana ngezithombe. Amawebhusayithi: - www.instagram.com 3. I-Twitter - inkundla ye-microblogging yokwabelana ngemicabango noma izibuyekezo zezindaba. Amawebhusayithi: - www.twitter.com 4. I-LinkedIn - inkundla yokuxhumana yochwepheshe. Amawebhusayithi: - www.linkedin.com 5. I-Viber/WhatsApp/Telegram/Messenger - Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zemiyalezo esheshayo zisetshenziswa kabanzi ekuxhumaneni komuntu siqu phakathi kwabantu noma amaqembu. Amawebhusayithi: - www.viber.com - www.whatsapp.com - telegram.org (I-Facebook Messenger ayinayo iwebhusayithi ezinikele) 6. I-YouTube - Inkundla yokwabelana ngamavidiyo lapho abasebenzisi bengalayisha khona amavidiyo noma babuke okuqukethwe okudalwe abanye. Iwebhusayithi: – www.youtube.com 7. I-TikTok – Uhlelo lokusebenza lokwabelana ngevidiyo olufushane oluthole ukuduma emhlabeni wonke eminyakeni yamuva Iwebhusayithi: - www.tiktok.com Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lezi zinkundla zokuxhumana azikho e-Yugoslavia kuphela noma amariphabhuliki ayo angaphambili. Asetshenziswa abantu emhlabeni wonke futhi athole ukuduma ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwawo kalula nezici ezibanzi.

Izinhlangano ezinkulu zezimboni

Kwakukhona izinhlangano eziningana ezinkulu zezimboni eYugoslavia ngaphambi kokuhlakazwa kwezwe. Nazi ezinye izibonelo namawebhusayithi azo afanele: 1. I-Serbian Chamber of Commerce and Industry - I-Serbian Chamber of Commerce and Industry imele imikhakha ehlukahlukene yezomnotho e-Serbia, okuhlanganisa imboni, ezolimo, ezokwakha, ezokuvakasha, namasevisi. Iwebhusayithi: https://www.pks.rs/en/ 2. I-Croatian Chamber of Economy - I-Croatian Chamber of Economy ikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa komnotho e-Croatia ngokusekela izimboni ezifana nezokukhiqiza, ezolimo, amandla, ezokuvakasha, nezokuthutha. Iwebhusayithi: https://www.hgk.hr/homepage 3. I-Association of Employers' Unions of Slovenia - Imele abaqashi kuzo zonke izimboni ezihlukahlukene e-Slovenia ezihlanganisa ezokukhiqiza, ezokwakha, ezohwebo, izinsizakalo zokukhuthaza indawo yebhizinisi evumayo kumalungu ayo. Iwebhusayithi https://www.zds.si/english 4. I-Macedonian Chambers of Commerce - Amakamelo aseNyakatho yeMacedonia anikeze ukusekelwa kumabhizinisi ngamathuba okuxhumana kanye nemizamo yokumela emikhakheni efana neyokukhiqiza, ukwakha, ukudayisa, kanye nezinkonzo. Iwebhusayithi http://www.mchamber.mk/?lang=en 5.I-Bosnia-Herzegovina Foreign Trade Chamber - Iqhubekisele phambili imisebenzi yohwebo yamazwe ngamazwe ezinkampanini ezizinze e-Bosnia-Herzegovina ngokugxila ekuthuthukiseni amathuba okutshala izimali kanye namandla okuthekelisa okuthekelisa emikhakheni eminingi. Iwebhusayithi http://www.komorabih.ba/english/ Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lezi zinhlangano zingase zishintshile noma ezintsha selokhu kwahlakazwa i-Yugoslavia.

Amawebhusayithi ebhizinisi nokuhweba

I-Yugoslavia kwakuyizwe eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Europe elalikhona kusukela ngo-1918 kuya ku-2003. Ngenxa yokuhlakazwa kwayo kanye nokwakhiwa kwamazwe amaningi azimele, ayisekho iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yezomnotho nezohwebo yaseYugoslavia. Kodwa-ke, ngingakunikeza imininingwane ethile mayelana namawebhusayithi ezifunda ezilandela ezaziyingxenye yeYugoslavia. Ngezansi izibonelo ezimbalwa: 1. I-Serbia: Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-Serbian Chamber of Commerce inikeza ulwazi ngezimboni ezihlukahlukene, amathuba okutshala izimali, imicimbi yokuhweba, kanye nemisebenzi yebhizinisi evamile e-Serbia. Iwebhusayithi: https://www.pks.rs/ 2. I-Croatia: I-Croatian Chamber of Economy inikeza ulwazi olubanzi mayelana nokwenza ibhizinisi e-Croatia, okuhlanganisa izibalo, imisebenzi yokuthuthukisa ezohwebo, izinsizakalo zosekelo lokutshalwa kwezimali, nezinhlaka zomthetho. Iwebhusayithi: https://www.hgk.hr/ 3. I-Slovenia: I-Slovenian Enterprise Fund ithuthukisa amabhizinisi ngokwenza lula ukufinyelela emathubeni okuxhasa ngezimali okuqala kanye namabhizinisi amancane kuya kwamaphakathi (ama-SME) ngezibonelelo, izikweletu, iziqinisekiso, izikhwama zebhizinisi. Iwebhusayithi http://www.podjetniskisklad.si/en/ 4. I-Bosnia and Herzegovina: I-Ejensi Yokukhuthaza Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Kwangaphandle isebenza njengesitolo esisodwa sabatshalizimali bangaphandle abathanda ukutshala imali noma ukuhlola amathuba ebhizinisi e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina. Iwebhusayithi inikeza idatha ebalulekile emikhakheni yokutshalwa kwezimali. Iwebhusayithi http://fipa.gov.ba/en Lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa phakathi kwamanye amawebhusayithi amaningi ahlobene nezomnotho/ ezohwebo atholakalayo ezifundazweni ezilandela ngemva kokuhlukana kweYugoslavia. Khumbula ukuthi la mazwe abe nezinguquko ezinkulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi; ngakho-ke kuyatuseka ukuthi uqinisekise ukunemba nokufaneleka kwanoma yiluphi ulwazi olunikezwe kulawa mawebhusayithi ngaphambi kokwenza noma yiziphi izinqumo zebhizinisi. Ukwengeza, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ezinye izifunda noma amadolobha angaphakathi kwalawa mazwe angase abe nentuthuko yawo yezomnotho ehlukile noma amawebhusayithi enkundla yezohwebo angase agxile kakhulu ezinhlelweni zasendaweni. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi le mpendulo ingase ingabandakanyi wonke amawebhusayithi afanelekile njengoba kungase kube khona izinsiza ezingekho emthethweni noma zasendaweni ezitholakalayo.

Amawebhusayithi ombuzo wedatha yokuhweba

Kunamawebhusayithi ambalwa lapho ungathola khona idatha yokuhweba yaseYugoslavia. Nalu uhlu lwemithombo ethile ethembekile enama-URL ayo: 1. I-World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) - Le webhusayithi ihlinzeka ngedatha yohwebo ephelele, okuhlanganisa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe nokungenisa, kwe-Yugoslavia namanye amazwe: https://wits.worldbank.org/ 2. I-United Nations Comtrade Database - Inikeza ukufinyelela kuzibalo zohwebo zomhlaba wonke ezinemininingwane, ezihlanganisa iminyaka ehlukene kanye nezigaba zomkhiqizo wase-Yugoslavia: https://comtrade.un.org/ 3. Inhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba (i-WTO) - Isizindalwazi Sezibalo Se-WTO sihlinzeka ngedatha yohwebo ekuthengisweni kwezimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kanye nokungeniswa ngaphandle kwe-Yugoslavia: https://stat.wto.org/ 4. I-International Monetary Fund (IMF) Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) - I-DOTS yethula izibalo zokungenisa/ukuthekelisa ezinemininingwane yamazwe amabili, okuhlanganisa izimpahla namasevisi agelezayo emazweni afana ne-Yugoslavia: https://data.imf.org/dots 5. I-Eurostat - Uma unentshisekelo ngokukhethekile ekuhwebeni phakathi kweYugoslavia namazwe angamalungu e-European Union, i-Eurostat inikeza ulwazi olufanele kuwebhusayithi yayo: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat Lezi zinsiza kufanele zikunikeze ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze uhlole idatha yokuhweba yaseYugoslavia ngokujulile.

Amapulatifomu e-B2b

IYugoslavia, eyaba khona kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwawo-1990, yayiyizwe eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga Yurophu. Kanjalo, ibingenawo amapulatifomu e-B2B azinikele ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa-ke, manje kunezinkundla ezimbalwa ze-B2B ezitholakalayo zamabhizinisi azinze emazweni ake ayingxenye yeYugoslavia. Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa: 1. I-Balkan B2B: Le nkundla ihlose ukuxhumanisa amabhizinisi nosomabhizinisi abavela kuso sonke isifunda sase-Balkan, okuhlanganisa amazwe afana ne-Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, kanye ne-Slovenia. Ungavakashela iwebhusayithi yabo ku-www.balkanb2b.com. 2. I-TradeBoss: I-TradeBoss iyindawo yemakethe ye-B2B yamazwe ngamazwe ehlanganisa ukufakwa ohlwini okuvela emazweni ahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. Iphinde ibe nezinkampani ezivela ezindaweni zangaphambili zase-Yugoslavia ezifuna amathuba ebhizinisi emhlabeni jikelele. Iwebhusayithi yabo ingatholakala ku-www.tradeboss.com. 3. I-E-Burza: I-E-Burza iyindawo yemakethe yezohwebo ye-inthanethi ehamba phambili yaseCroatia exhumanisa amabhizinisi kuleli nasemazweni angaphandle nabahlinzeki nabathengi kuzo zonke izimboni ezihlukahlukene ezifana nezokukhiqiza, ezolimo, ezokuvakasha njll. Ungathola okwengeziwe ngokuvakashela isizindalwazi sabo ku-www. e-burza.eu. 4. I-Nisam Jasan (Angicacelwe): Le nkundla ye-B2B yase-Serbia inikeza amabhizinisi ngendawo yokukhangisa imikhiqizo noma amasevisi awo futhi axhumane nabangase babe ozakwethu noma amaklayenti endaweni noma emhlabeni jikelele ngokusebenzisa isici sayo sohla lwemibhalo kanye nesigaba sokuthunyelwe kwemisebenzi kuwebhusayithi yabo. www.nisamjasan.rs. 5.Yellobiz.com: Nakuba ingaqondile kunoma yisiphi isifunda kodwa uhla lwemibhalo lwamabhizinisi omhlaba jikelele oluhlanganisa izinkampani ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-11 emhlabeni wonke ngokugxila okwengeziwe endaweni yaseBalkans ngenxa yokuxhumana okuqinile kwamabhizinisi avela ezindaweni ezazingaphansi kweYugoslavia.Ungacinga ukuthenga/ukunikezela. abaholayo, amagumbi ombukiso ekhathalogi, amaphrofayili eNkampani, ingxoxo ebukhoma .Ungathola ulwazi olwengeziwe ngokuvakashela i-yellobiz.com Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lezi zinkundla zingase zihlanganise amazwe amaningi noma izifunda, hhayi i-Yugoslavia kuphela noma izifunda ezizolandela. Ukwengeza, kuyalulekwa ukuthi ucwaninge futhi uqinisekise ukwethembeka kwalezi zinkundla ngaphambi kokwenza noma yikuphi ukuthengiselana kwebhizinisi.
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