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Yugoslavia linali dziko la kum’mwera chakum’maŵa kwa Ulaya lomwe linalipo kuyambira 1918 mpaka 2003. Linapangidwa poyambirira Nkhondo Yadziko I itatha monga Ufumu wa Aserbia, Croats, ndi Slovenia ndipo pambuyo pake anadzatchedwa Yugoslavia mu 1929. Dzikoli linali ndi mafuko angapo, kuphatikizapo Aserbia. Croats, Slovenia, Bosniaks, Montenegrins, ndi Macedonia. M’mbiri yake yonse, Yugoslavia inakhala ndi masinthidwe osiyanasiyana a ndale. Poyambirira ufumu wa monarchy pansi pa Mfumu Alexander Woyamba kufikira kuphedwa kwake mu 1934, unakhala chitaganya cha sosholisti pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II motsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti Josip Broz Tito. Masomphenya a Tito anali ndi cholinga chopanga dziko lamitundu yambiri komwe mayiko osiyanasiyana atha kukhala pamodzi. Mu ulamuliro wa Tito mpaka imfa yake mu 1980, Yugoslavia inatha kusunga bata ndi chitukuko cha zachuma pamene ikutsata ndondomeko yodziimira yakunja yotchedwa "Non-Aligned Movement." Komabe, pambuyo pa imfa yake, panabuka mikangano yandale yodziŵika ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kukonda dziko lako ndi kugwa kwachuma. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, kutha kwa Yugoslavia kunayamba ndi zilengezo za ufulu kuchokera ku Slovenia ndi Croatia ndikutsatiridwa ndi Bosnia ndi Herzegovina. Izi zidadzetsa mikangano yoopsa yomwe imadziwika ndi mikangano yamitundu ndi ziwawa zankhondo pankhondo za Yugoslavia kuyambira 1991 mpaka 2001. Pofika m’mwezi wa March 2003, maiko onse otsala a m’chigawocho anathetsa mgwirizano wawo wandale. Chochitika chomaliza chinali Serbia kusintha dzina lake kukhala Serbia ndi Montenegro asanasanduke m'mitundu iwiri yosiyana: Serbia (yodziyimira pawokha) ndi Montenegro (yodziyimira pawokha) monga tikudziwira lero. Cholowa cha Yugoslavia ndizovuta chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake kosiyanasiyana ndi mikangano yakale yomwe idathandizira nkhondo pazaka zake zakutha. Ngakhale kuti zaka zake zomalizira zinkakhala ndi chipwirikiti ngakhale kuli koyenera kuvomereza zopambana zomwe zinachitidwa muulamuliro wa Tito pamene Yugoslavia inaima monga dziko limodzi logwirizana pa mfundo zosagwirizana ndi mayiko a Kumadzulo kapena Kum’maŵa m’nyengo ya Nkhondo Yozizira.

Yugoslavia, dziko lomwe kale linali kumwera chakum’maŵa kwa Ulaya, linasintha kangapo pa nkhani ya ndalama m’zaka zapitazi. Kumayambiriro kwa kukhalapo kwake, Yugoslavia idatengera Yugoslavia dinar (YUD) ngati ndalama yake yovomerezeka. Komabe, chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwa ndale ndi zachuma, hyperinflation inakhudza dziko mu 1990s. Kutsatira kutha kwa dziko la Yugoslavia mu 1992 ndi nkhondo zotsatila m'maiko omwe kale anali maiko a Yugoslavia, mayiko atsopano adatuluka: Serbia ndi Montenegro. Iwo anapanga Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ndi ndalama wamba - latsopano Yugoslavia dinar (YUM). Ndalamayi inali yofuna kukhazikika pachuma chawo. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, pamene Montenegro anafuna ufulu wodzilamulira kuchokera ku Serbia, anaganiza zosiya kakonzedwe kawo ka ndalama kofanana. Mu 2003, dziko la Serbia linasintha YUM ndi ndalama yatsopano yotchedwa Serbian dinar (RSD), pamene Montenegro inayambitsa yuro ngati ndalama yake yovomerezeka chifukwa inalibe ufulu wodzilamulira. Mwachidule, ndalama zoyambirira za Yugoslavia zinali Yugoslavia dinar (YUD) kenako Yugoslavia dinar kachiwiri (YUM). Komabe masiku ano chitasweka anthu aku Serbia amagwiritsa ntchito Serbian Dinar(RSD) pomwe Montenegro amagwiritsa ntchito Euro(EUR). Zosinthazi zikuwonetsa momwe zochitika zandale zingakhudzire kwambiri chuma cha dziko.

Ndalama zovomerezeka za Yugoslavia ndi Yugoslavia Dinar. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti dinar ya Yugoslavia idathetsedwa mu 2003 itagawanika pakati pa Croatia ndi Serbia. Pankhani ya kusinthana kwa ndalama zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi motsutsana ndi Yugoslavia dinar, zidziwitso zolondola zosinthira ndalama sizikanaperekedwa popeza ndalamazo zidathetsedwa kwa zaka zambiri. Ngati mukufuna zambiri zaposachedwa pazakusinthana pakati pa ndalama zina zazikulu zapadziko lonse lapansi, chonde onani zenizeni zenizeni zoperekedwa ndi mabungwe azachuma kapena msika wosinthira ndalama zakunja.

Yugoslavia linali dziko la kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Ulaya limene linalipo kuyambira mu 1918 mpaka 2006. M’mbiri yonse ya dzikolo, linkakondwerera maholide angapo ofunika kwambiri omwe anali ofunika kwa anthu ake. Limodzi mwa maholide odziwika kwambiri ku Yugoslavia linali Tsiku Ladziko Lonse, lomwe limatchedwanso Tsiku la Republic, lokondwerera pa November 29th. Tchuthichi chinali chizindikiro cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia mu 1943 ndipo kunali chikumbutso cha zoyesayesa zomwe magulu a zigawenga otsogozedwa ndi Josip Broz Tito anachita mkati mwa Nkhondo Yadziko II. Patsiku limeneli, anthu a ku Yugoslavia ankachita nawo ziwonetsero zankhondo, zochitika zachikhalidwe, ndi misonkhano yosiyanasiyana yolemekeza mbiri ya dziko lawo. Tchuthi china chofunika kwambiri ku Yugoslavia chinali Tsiku la Ogwira Ntchito Padziko Lonse pa May 1. Tsikuli linagogomezera kufunika kwa ufulu wa anthu ogwira ntchito komanso kuvomereza zopereka za ogwira ntchito pagulu. Pamwambowu, misonkhano ikuluikulu ndi ziwonetsero zidachitika m'dziko lonselo ndikuyang'ana mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito ndi zomwe akwaniritsa. Komanso, Khirisimasi inali yofunika kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Yugoslavia monga mtundu wochuluka wa Akristu. Zikondwerero za usiku wa Khirisimasi zinkaphatikizapo kusala kudya tsiku lonse mpaka chakudya chamadzulo pamene mabanja anasonkhana pamodzi kuphwando lotchedwa Badnji dan (Mgonero wa Khrisimasi). Miyambo inali yosiyana m'madera osiyanasiyana koma nthawi zambiri imaphatikizapo kuyatsa chipika chotchedwa Badnjak ndi kupita ku mapemphero apakati pausiku. Tsiku la Ufulu linali chochitika china chodziwika bwino chomwe anthu a ku Yugoslavia amakondwerera chaka chilichonse pa July 7th. Linali chikumbutso cha chilengezo cha dzikolo chodziimira paokha kuchokera ku mayiko osiyanasiyana nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse itatha mu 1945. Anthu a ku Slovenia makamaka anagwirizanitsa tsikuli ndi ufulu wawo pambuyo podzipatula ku Yugoslavia. Ngakhale awa ndi maholide ena akuluakulu omwe amakondwerera ku Yugoslavia wakale, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti miyambo yosiyanasiyana imasiyanasiyana m'madera osiyanasiyana monga Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, ndi Slovenia chifukwa cha zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapezeka m'dera lililonse.

Yugoslavia, yomwe imadziwika kuti Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, inali dziko lomwe linali kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Ulaya kuyambira 1945 mpaka 1992. Pa nthawi yonse ya kukhalapo kwake, Yugoslavia inali ndi zochitika zamalonda zosiyanasiyana. Yugoslavia inatsatira chitsanzo chachuma chosakanikirana, chophatikiza zinthu za socialism ndi kudzilamulira. Izi zinapangitsa kuti mabizinesi aboma komanso mabizinesi azinsinsi. Dzikoli linali ndi mafakitale ambiri omwe amaphatikizapo magawo monga migodi, kupanga, kupanga mphamvu, ulimi, ndi ntchito. Panthawi ya Cold War, Yugoslavia idachita mbali yofunika kwambiri mu gulu la Non-Aligned Movement, lomwe cholinga chake chinali kusalowerera ndale pakati pa Western ndi Eastern Blocs. Chifukwa cha ndondomekoyi komanso malo omwe ali m'mphambano za ku Ulaya pakati pa kum'maŵa ndi kumadzulo, malonda a Yugoslavia sanangokhala mdambo umodzi wamalingaliro. Malonda ndi mayiko a Kumadzulo adapanga gawo lofunika kwambiri la chuma cha Yugoslavia. Dzikoli linakhazikitsa maubwenzi olimba a zamalonda ndi mayiko monga Germany (West Germany panthawiyo), Italy, France, United Kingdom, Austria, ndi Switzerland. Kusinthanitsa kumeneku kunali kuitanitsa zinthu zopangira mafakitale kuchokera kunja komanso kutumiza kunja kwa zinthu zopangidwa. Kuonjezera apo, adawonetsa mgwirizano wamphamvu ndi mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene ku Africa, Middle East, ndi Latin America. Izi zinaphatikizapo mgwirizano wamalonda wopindulitsa womwe umaphatikizapo zinthu monga makina, zipangizo, nsalu, ndi mankhwala. ntchito zamakampani opanga ndi olemera.' Komabe, Yugoslavia idasunganso ubale wachuma kumayiko akum'mawa monga Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, ndi Hungary. ogulitsa nawo. Komabe, akuluakulu a boma la Yugoslavia anazindikira kufunika kotsatira mfundo zoyendetsera msika m'zaka zawo zapitazi. Choncho, mgwirizano wapadziko lonse kuphatikizapo General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT) udasainidwa mu 2000, njira zogawira ndalama zoyendetsedwa ndi boma zidachepa. kukhudza malamulo a malonda. Mwachidule, malonda a Yugoslavia anali ovuta, chifukwa cha chitukuko chake, kutsata maubwenzi ndi mayiko a Kumadzulo ndi Kum'mawa, komanso kuyang'ana kwambiri mgwirizano ndi mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene. machitidwe otumiza kunja.

Kuthekera kwachitukuko chamsika wamalonda akunja ku Yugoslavia ndikosangalatsa. Pokhala ndi malo abwino kwambiri pamphambano zapakati ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Europe, ili ndi malo abwino pantchito zotumiza ndi kutumiza kunja. Yugoslavia ili ndi chuma chosiyanasiyana chokhala ndi mafakitale osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza kupanga magalimoto, kupanga mankhwala, ulimi, migodi, ndi nsalu. Kusiyanasiyana kumeneku kumapereka mwayi wokwanira wochita mgwirizano wamalonda m'magawo osiyanasiyana. M’mbiri ya dziko lino lakhala lamphamvu popanga zinthu zachitsulo, makina amagetsi, mipando, vinyo wamtengo wapatali ndi mowa, komanso zinthu zaulimi monga tirigu ndi chimanga. Kuphatikiza apo, Yugoslavia yakhazikitsa mgwirizano wamalonda ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo m'chigawo cha Balkan kudzera m'machitidwe monga Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA). Mapanganowa amalimbikitsa mgwirizano wa zachuma m'madera ndikuthandizira kupeza misika mosavuta m'mayiko ena omwe akugwira nawo ntchito. Boma la Yugoslavia lawonetsanso kudzipereka pakukopa ndalama zakunja potsatira njira zowongolera bizinesi. Yakhazikitsa zosintha zowongolera kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake Kuphatikiza apo, kukhala membala wa Yugoslavia m'mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi monga World Trade Organisation (WTO) kumatsegula zitseko zokulitsa ubale wamalonda wapadziko lonse lapansi. Monga membala wa bungwe lodziwika bwino lomwe limayang'anira malamulo a zamalonda padziko lonse lapansi, litha kutengera udindo wake kulimbikitsa ubale wolimba ndi mayiko ena m'makontinenti onse. Ogwira ntchito aluso m'dzikoli ndi mwayi wowonjezera poganizira zomwe angathe kuchita pakukula msika wakunja. Anthu a ku Yugoslavia ali ndi mbiri yokhala antchito akhama odziwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Kugwirizana kwawo ndi matekinoloje atsopano kumawonjezeranso mpikisano wawo padziko lonse lapansi. Pomaliza, Yugoslavia ikupereka chiyembekezo chabwino chokulitsa msika wamalonda wakunja chifukwa cha malo ake abwino, chuma chosiyanasiyana chomwe chimakhudza magawo angapo amakampani kuphatikiza ulimi ndi kupanga. Kukhalapo kwa mgwirizano wamalonda wachigawo mkati mwa CEFTA kumathandizira kupeza mosavuta misika yoyandikana nayo pomwe umembala m'mabungwe apadziko lonse monga WTO umakulitsa mwayi padziko lonse lapansi. Kuphatikiza apo, zoyesayesa za Yugoslavia pakukweza malo azamalonda limodzi ndi ogwira ntchito aluso zimathandizira kuti pakhale ubale wolimba wamalonda.

Kusankha zinthu zoyenera kuti zitumizidwe ku msika waku Yugoslavia kungafune kuganizira zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Pano, tikambirana mfundo zina zofunika kuziganizira posankha zinthu zotentha zogulitsa malonda akunja ku Yugoslavia. Choyamba, ndikofunikira kuchita kafukufuku wamsika wamsika kuti muwone momwe msika wa Yugoslavia akufunira. Izi zikuphatikiza kusanthula zomwe ogula amakonda, kuphunzira zomwe opikisana nawo akupereka, ndikuwunika chikhalidwe chilichonse kapena chikhalidwe chilichonse chomwe chingakhudze zisankho zogula. Kachiwiri, ndikofunikira kuganizira momwe Yugoslavia ilili komanso momwe ingakhudzire malonda. Monga dziko lomwe lili pamphambano za ku Europe, pali mwayi wopeza misika yonse yaku Europe ndi Balkan. Choncho, kusankha katundu wogwirizana ndi zofuna za m'madera akhoza kupititsa patsogolo kutumiza kunja. Chachitatu, kuyika patsogolo zinthu zamtengo wapatali ndikofunikira chifukwa ogula aku Yugoslavia amachulukitsa mtengo wake posankha zinthu. Popereka katundu wapamwamba kwambiri kapena zinthu zapadera zomwe sizipezeka mosavuta kwina kulikonse, mabizinesi amatha kukopa makasitomala omwe akufunafuna zinthu zowonjezera. Kuphatikiza apo, kulimbikitsa kukhazikika kungakhalenso kopindulitsa posankha mizere yazinthu zotumizidwa ku Yugoslavia. Mayendedwe okonda zachilengedwe komanso njira zopangira zokhazikika zatchuka pakati pa ogula padziko lonse lapansi - kuphatikiza omwe ali ku Yugoslavia - omwe amawonetsa kukonda zinthu zopangidwa mwamakhalidwe. Pomaliza, kupititsa patsogolo kwaukadaulo kungathandize kwambiri pakusankha bwino zinthu zotumizidwa kunja. Kulandira digito kumathandizira mabizinesi kulunjika pa nsanja zogulitsira pa intaneti pomwe akugwiritsa ntchito njira zama e-commerce mkati mwa Yugoslavia omwe akukula ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Pomaliza, kusankha zinthu zogulitsa zotentha zamalonda akunja ku Yugoslavia kumafuna kafukufuku wamsika wathunthu komanso kuganizira momwe madera akufunira komanso kutsindika kwa zinthu zabwino zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zomwe ogula amakonda. Kuphatikiza apo, kutsindika machitidwe okhazikika komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo mosakayikira kudzakulitsa chiwongola dzanja pamsika wampikisanowu.

Yugoslavia inali dziko losiyanasiyana malinga ndi mawonekedwe a kasitomala wake komanso zikhalidwe zachikhalidwe. Linapangidwa ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana monga Aserbia, Croats, Bosniaks, Slovenia, Montenegrins, ndi Macedonia. Gulu lirilonse linali ndi miyambo, miyambo, ndi makhalidwe apadera omwe amakhudza zomwe kasitomala amakonda. Chinthu chimodzi chodziwika bwino cha kasitomala ku Yugoslavia chinali kufunikira kwa ubale wapamtima. Kupanga chidaliro ndi ubale ndi makasitomala kunali kofunika kwambiri kuti mabizinesi azichita bwino. Chifukwa chake, kuyika nthawi yodziwa makasitomala anu pamlingo waumwini kunali kofunikira kwambiri. Chinthu chinanso chofunika kwambiri cha makasitomala a ku Yugoslavia chinali kuyamikira kwawo katundu ndi ntchito zabwino. Ankakonda zinthu zomwe zinali zolimba komanso zopatsa nthawi yayitali m'malo mongoyang'ana pamtengo. Kuwonetsetsa kuti zoperekedwa zamtundu wapamwamba zitha kukopa makasitomala okhulupilika omwe amalemekeza moyo wautali wazinthu kapena ntchito. Komabe, panalinso zidziwitso zina zomwe mabizinesi akunja amafunikira kudziwa pochita ndi makasitomala aku Yugoslavia. Choyamba, ndikofunikira kupewa zokambirana zokhudzana ndi ndale kapena zochitika zakale zotsutsana monga kutha kwa Yugoslavia m'ma 1990s. Mitu imeneyi ikhoza kukhala yovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha ululu wobwera chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi mikangano. Kuphatikiza apo, kusamala za kusiyana kwa zipembedzo ndikofunikira pochita ndi makasitomala aku Yugoslavia. Dzikoli linali ndi zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana ndipo Chikatolika chinali cholamulira pakati pa anthu aku Croatia pomwe Chikristu cha Orthodox chidachita mbali yayikulu pakati pa Aserbia. Kulemekeza zikhulupiriro zosiyanasiyana zachipembedzo kungachititse kuti malonda asamayende bwino. Ponseponse, kumvetsetsa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso zikhalidwe zaku Yugoslavia ndikofunikira mukamacheza ndi makasitomala ake. Kupanga maubwenzi olimba pamene mukupereka zinthu kapena ntchito zapamwamba kumathandizira kukhazikitsa mabizinesi opambana m'derali.

Yugoslavia inali dziko lomwe lili ku Southeast Europe, lopangidwa ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana za zikhalidwe ndi mbiri zosiyanasiyana. Miyezo yake ndi dongosolo loyang'anira malire ake adapangidwa kuti aziwongolera kayendetsedwe ka anthu, katundu, ndi ntchito kudutsa malire ake. Oyang'anira za kasitomu ku Yugoslavia anali ndi udindo wokhazikitsa malamulo okhudzana ndi zotuluka kunja, zotumiza kunja, msonkho, ndi misonkho. Anthu amene ankalowa kapena kutuluka m’dzikolo ankayenera kudutsa m’malo amene anasankhidwa kuti afufuzeko mapasipoti kapena zikalata zawo zoyendera. Akuluakulu a kasitomu amaona kufunikira kwa katundu amene akunyamula ndi kutolera msonkho uliwonse. Zinthu zina zinali zoletsedwa kapena zoletsedwa. Zida, zipolopolo, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, mabomba, ndi zinthu zimene zingawononge chitetezo cha dziko zinali ndi malamulo okhwima. Kulowetsa/kutumiza kunja kwa zinthu zakale zachikhalidwe popanda zilolezo zoyenera kunalinso koletsedwa. Alendo ayenera kudziwa kuti angafunike visa kutengera dziko lawo komanso cholinga choyendera. Ndikoyenera kukaonana ndi kazembe / kazembe musanayende kuti muwonetsetse kuti zikutsatira zofunikira zolowera. Mukawoloka malire a Yugoslavia kudzera pamtunda kapena panyanja kuchokera kumayiko oyandikana nawo monga Hungary kapena Croatia (omwe kale anali mbali ya Yugoslavia), apaulendo ayenera kuyembekezera kuyendera kwanthawi zonse ndi akuluakulu a kasitomu. Ndikofunikira kukhala ndi zolemba zonse zofunika kupezeka mosavuta kuti ziwonetsedwe mukafunsidwa. Apaulendo akulangizidwa kuti asamanyamule ndalama zambiri popanda chilengezo choyenera chifukwa pali malire pa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe munthu anganyamule nthawi zina. Zipangizo zamagetsi monga ma laputopu zitha kuyang'aniridwa koma zida zomwe munthu amagwiritsa ntchito ngati mafoni am'manja nthawi zambiri safuna kulengeza. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti Yugoslavia itasweka mu 1991-1992 kukhala mayiko angapo odziyimira pawokha monga Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia; mabungwewa adakhazikitsa miyambo yawoyawo yomwe imasiyana ndi zomwe zidalipo pansi pa malamulo akale a ku Yugoslavia. Pomaliza, ulendo waku Yugoslavia unaphatikiza kutsatira malamulo omwe adayikidwa pamalo ake ochezera okhudza mapasipoti/zolemba, kulengeza ndalama pakati pa ena. Popeza kuti mayiko a pambuyo pa Yugoslavia amasamalira miyambo yawo sanapemphedwe, kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane sikudzaperekedwa.

Yugoslavia inali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso yovuta yokhoma mitengo yochokera kunja kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino kayendedwe ka katundu m'dzikolo. Dzikoli lidakhazikitsa mfundozi ndi cholinga choteteza mafakitale apakhomo, kulimbikitsa kudzidalira, komanso kuwongolera malonda akunja. Misonkho yochokera kunja inkaperekedwa pa katundu wosiyanasiyana wolowa ku Yugoslavia. Misonkho imeneyi inachokera pa zinthu zingapo monga mtundu wa chinthu, mtengo wake, kapena kulemera kwake. Mitengoyi inkasiyana malinga ndi chinthu chomwe chikutumizidwa kunja. Katundu wina wofunikira sanaperekedwe msonkho wopita kunja kuti atsimikizire kupezeka kwake komanso kukwanitsa kukwanitsa kwa anthu. Izi zikuphatikizapo zinthu monga zakudya, mankhwala, ndi zipangizo zina zofunika pakupanga kwanuko. Boma lidagwiritsanso ntchito ma tariff quota powongolera zogula kuchokera kunja m'magawo ena. Magawo amenewa amalola kuti zinthu zinazake zitumizidwe kuchokera kunja pamtengo wotsika kapena osatsika kwinaku akukhazikitsa mitengo yokwera pamene malirewo akwaniritsidwa. Yugoslavia inakhazikitsa misonkho yowonjezera pa zinthu zapamwamba kapena zinthu zosafunikira zomwe zimafuna kwambiri kuchokera kunja. Izi zidachitidwa pofuna kuletsa kugulidwa kosafunikira komanso kuchepetsa kutuluka kwa ndalama zakunja. Kuphatikiza pa msonkho wakunja / misonkho, Yugoslavia idagwiritsanso ntchito njira zina monga zofunikira zamalayisensi ndi miyezo yapamwamba yazinthu zobwera kunja. Malamulowa ankafuna kuteteza ogula poonetsetsa kuti katundu wochokera kunja akukwaniritsa zofunikira zina za chitetezo ndi khalidwe. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti mfundozi zidasintha pakapita nthawi malinga ndi momwe chuma komanso zolinga zandale za Yugoslavia zimakhalira. Ayeneranso kusinthidwa ngati gawo la mgwirizano wamalonda wapadziko lonse kapena zokambirana ndi mayiko ena. Ponseponse, mfundo zamisonkho za ku Yugoslavia zomwe cholinga chake ndi kulimbikitsa ntchito zapakhomo ndikulinganiza mgwirizano wamalonda wapadziko lonse lapansi kudzera mumisonkho yoyendetsedwa ndi katundu kuchokera kunja kutengera magawo osiyanasiyana monga mtundu wazinthu, mtengo, kulemera, malire, malo apamwamba ndi zina, kuphatikiza njira zina zotetezera ogula.

Yugoslavia inali dziko la kum’mwera chakum’maŵa kwa Ulaya limene linalipo kuyambira 1918 mpaka 2003. Panthaŵi imene dziko la Yugoslavia linalipo, linali ndi dongosolo la misonkho lovuta kwambiri, kuphatikizapo malamulo okhometsa msonkho pa katundu wotumizidwa kunja. Ndondomeko yokhometsa msonkho ku Yugoslavia inali yoyang'anira ndi kulimbikitsa malonda akunja a dzikolo. Zinaphatikizapo kukhomereza misonkho ina pa katundu wotumizidwa kunja malinga ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga mtundu wake, mtengo wake, ndi kumene akupita. Katundu wotumizidwa kunja adapatsidwa msonkho wowonjezera (VAT) ku Yugoslavia. Msonkhowu unkaperekedwa pamitengo yosiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa chinthu chomwe chikutumizidwa kunja. Mitengo ya VAT imasiyanasiyana m'mafakitale ambiri ndipo boma lidatsimikiza kuti liyenera kulinganiza bwino ndalama komanso kukula kwachuma. Kuphatikiza pa VAT, msonkho wamtengo wapatali unaperekedwa pamagulu ena a katundu wotumizidwa kunja ku Yugoslavia. Ntchitozi zimayang'ana pazinthu monga ndudu, mowa, mafuta a petroleum, ndi zinthu zapamwamba zomwe zinkawoneka kuti zingakhale zovulaza kapena zamtengo wapatali kwambiri. Yugoslavia inakhazikitsanso msonkho wa kasitomu pa katundu wotumizidwa kunja. Ntchitozi zidaperekedwa kumalire potumiza zinthu kunja kwa gawo la Yugoslavia. Mitengoyi inkasiyanasiyana malingana ndi zinthu monga kugawika kwa zinthu molingana ndi milingo yamalonda yapadziko lonse lapansi (monga ma code ogwirizana), mapangano amalonda ndi mayiko kapena zigawo, ndi zokonda zilizonse zamitengo kapena kusakhululukidwa zomwe zilipo. Tsatanetsatane wa malamulo okhometsa misonkho yotumiza kunja mwina zidasiyana m'mbiri yonse ya Yugoslavia chifukwa cha kusintha kwa maboma andale kapena njira zachuma zomwe maboma osiyanasiyana amatsata. Komabe, ponseponse, ndondomekozi zinkafuna kuti boma lipeze ndalama pamene likuyendetsa malonda akunja mogwirizana ndi zofunikira za dziko. Chonde dziwani kuti chidziwitsochi chikuwonetsa mbiri yakale yozikidwa pazaka makumi angapo zapitazo pamene Yugoslavia inali dziko logwirizana; chifukwa chake sizingagwire ntchito mwachindunji lero popeza Yugoslavia kulibenso popeza malire asintha pambuyo pa kutha.

Yugoslavia linali dziko la kum’mwera chakum’maŵa kwa Ulaya limene linalipo kuyambira 1918 mpaka 2003. Panthaŵi imene dziko la Yugoslavia linalipo, linali ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zogulitsa kunja ndi mafakitale. Pofuna kuwonetsetsa kuti zotumiza kunjazi zili zabwino komanso zowona, boma lidakhazikitsa dongosolo lopereka ziphaso zogulitsa kunja. Chitsimikizo chotumiza kunja ku Yugoslavia chinali ndi njira ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana. Choyamba, makampani omwe amagwira ntchito zogulitsa kunja amayenera kutsatira malamulo ndi miyezo yokhazikitsidwa ndi aboma. Malamulowa ankafuna kutsimikizira kuti katundu wotumizidwa kuchokera ku Yugoslavia akukwaniritsa miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Kuti apeze ziphaso zogulitsa kunja, makampani adayenera kudutsa njira yowunikira. Izi zinaphatikizapo kuonetsetsa kuti anthu akutsatiridwa ndi malamulo okhudza zamalonda, kuyezetsa zinthu pofuna kuwongolera khalidwe labwino, ndiponso kukwaniritsa mfundo zolongera zamayendedwe otetezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, ogulitsa kunja amayenera kupereka zolemba zokhudzana ndi komwe malonda awo adachokera komanso kutsatira mapangano amalonda apadziko lonse lapansi. Zolembedwazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi umboni wa ziphaso zotumiza kunja kapena zilolezo zoperekedwa ndi akuluakulu aku Yugoslavia. Boma lidathandiziranso mgwirizano pakati pa ogulitsa ndi ogula akunja kudzera m'misonkhano yamalonda ndi ziwonetsero zomwe zidachitika mdziko muno komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Zochitika izi zidapereka mwayi kwa mabizinesi kuti awonetse zomwe akugulitsa pomwe akulumikizana ndi ogula omwe angatsimikizire kuti zogulitsazo ndi zowona. Satifiketi yotumiza kunja idachita gawo lalikulu pakukhazikitsa kukhulupirirana pakati pa ogulitsa aku Yugoslavia ndi misika yakunja. Polandira chiphasochi, makampani adawonetsa kudzipereka kwawo popereka zinthu zapamwamba zomwe zimatsatira miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti pambuyo pa kusintha kwa ndale pambuyo pa kutha kwa Yugoslavia kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, mayiko omwe adalowa m'malo monga Serbia adapanga machitidwe awo odziimira okha kuti apereke ziphaso za kunja.

Yugoslavia, yomwe kale inkadziwika kuti Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, linali dziko lomwe lili kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Ulaya. Tsoka ilo, chifukwa cha kutha kwa Yugoslavia m'zaka za m'ma 1990, sikulinso ngati dziko logwirizana. Komabe, nditha kukupatsirani zambiri zamagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu zomwe zinalipo m'dziko muno. Yugoslavia inali ndi mayendedwe otukuka bwino omwe amathandizira kuyenda bwino kwa katundu m'madera ake. Njira zazikulu zoyendera zinali misewu, njanji, ndi mayendedwe amadzi. Mayendedwe amsewu anathandiza kwambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka zinthu ku Yugoslavia. Dzikoli linali ndi misewu yambiri yolumikiza mizinda ndi matauni akuluakulu. Izi zinapangitsa kuti katundu ayende bwino pa mtunda waufupi ndi wapakati mkati mwa dzikolo. Sitima zapamtunda zinalinso gawo lofunika kwambiri la kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka Yugoslavia. Iwo anagwirizanitsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za dzikolo pamodzi ndikupereka maulumikizidwe kumaiko oyandikana nawo. Zomangamanga za njanji zidapangitsa kuti katundu aziyenda mtunda wautali m'madera osiyanasiyana. Kuwonjezera pa misewu ndi njanji, misewu ya pamadzi inalinso ndi njira ina yonyamulira katundu ku Yugoslavia. Mtsinje wa Danube unali njira yofunika kwambiri yamalonda chifukwa unkadutsa m'mizinda ingapo ya Yugoslavia musanalowe m'mayiko ena monga Hungary ndi Romania. Yugoslavia inalinso ndi madoko okhazikika m’mphepete mwa nyanja ya Adriatic Sea, monga madoko a ku Split ndi Koper (tsopano mbali ya Slovenia). Madokowa adathandizira kutumiza zombo zapamadzi mdziko muno komanso kumayiko ena popereka mwayi wopeza njira zamalonda zapadziko lonse lapansi. Pofuna kuthandizira kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake mkati mwa Yugoslavia, panali malo osungiramo katundu angapo omwe ali m'mizinda ikuluikulu kumene makampani amatha kusunga katundu wawo kwakanthawi kapena kwanthawi yayitali. Komanso, pankachitika malamulo a kasitomu podutsa malire a katundu wolowa kapena kutuluka ku Yugoslavia. Njirazi zidatsimikizira kutsatiridwa ndi zofunikira zamalamulo pomwe zimathandizira ntchito zamalonda zapadziko lonse lapansi bwino. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti chidziwitsochi chimachokera ku mbiri yakale Yugoslavia isanayambe kugawanika kukhala mayiko osiyana monga Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, Montenegro , North Macedonia, ndi Kosovo. Chifukwa chake, momwe zinthu zilili m'maiko omwe adachokera ku Yugoslavia zitha kusintha kwambiri. Ngati mukufuna zambiri zokhudzana ndi chithandizo chamtundu uliwonse mwa mayiko awa kapena muli ndi mafunso ena, omasuka kufunsa.

Zowonetsa zamalonda zofunika

Yugoslavia inali dziko lomwe lili kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Ulaya lomwe linalipo kuyambira 1918 mpaka 2003. Pa nthawi yomwe inalipo, inali ndi njira zingapo zofunika zamalonda zapadziko lonse ndi ziwonetsero zomwe zinathandizira chitukuko chake chachuma. 1. Njira Zamalonda Padziko Lonse: - European Union (EU): Yugoslavia inali ndi mgwirizano wamalonda ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana a EU, zomwe zinathandizira kutumiza katundu kumayikowa. Izi zinapangitsa kuti mabizinesi aku Yugoslavia alowe mumsika waukulu wa ogula ndikukhazikitsa ubale wamalonda wautali. - Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Yugoslavia anali m'modzi mwa mamembala omwe adayambitsa NAM, gulu la mayiko omwe adafuna kusalowerera ndale panthawi ya Cold War. Izi zidapereka mwayi wochita malonda ndi mayiko ena omwe ali mamembala a NAM ndikukulitsa kufikira kwa Yugoslavia padziko lonse lapansi. - Eastern Bloc: Yugoslavia idasunga ubale wamalonda ndi mayiko angapo a Kum'mawa kwa Bloc, kuphatikiza Soviet Union ndi mayiko ena aku Eastern Europe. Izi zinalola kutumizidwa kunja kwa zinthu zofunika ndi teknoloji yofunikira pa chitukuko cha mafakitale. 2. Ziwonetsero zapadziko Lonse: - Belgrade Fair: Belgrade Fair inali imodzi mwamalo ofunikira kwambiri ku Yugoslavia. Idakhala ndi ziwonetsero zosiyanasiyana zapadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza zochitika zapadera monga International Agriculture Fair ndi International Tourism Fair. Ziwonetserozi zidakopa mabizinesi apakhomo ndi akunja omwe akufuna kuwonetsa zinthu zawo kapena kupeza ogulitsa kapena anzawo atsopano. - Zagreb Fair: Yomwe ili likulu la dziko la Croatia, Zagreb Fair idachita ziwonetsero zambiri zokhudzana ndi mafakitale ku Yugoslavia yonse. Zinapereka mwayi kwa opanga ochokera m'magawo osiyanasiyana kuti awonetse zinthu zawo, kulimbikitsa ubale wamabizinesi, kukambirana makontrakitala, ndikuwunika misika yakunja. - Novi Sad Agriculture Fair: Pamene ulimi udatenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri pachuma cha Yugoslavia, Novi Sad Agriculture Fair idakhala ngati nsanja yofunikira yowonetsera makina aulimi, ukadaulo, mitundu ya ziweto, feteleza, mbewu, ndi zina zambiri. Njira zogulira zinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi ziwonetsero zidathandizira mabizinesi aku Yugoslavia kulumikizana ndi ogula padziko lonse lapansi, ogulitsa, ndi othandizana nawo.Kupeza maukonde oterowo kunathandizira kulimbikitsa kukula kwachuma komanso kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse pamalonda ndi malonda. Komabe, n’kofunika kudziwa kuti dziko la Yugoslavia linasiya kukhalapo mu 2003. Pambuyo pa mikangano yandale ndi kusokonekera kwachuma, dzikolo linagaŵanika kukhala mayiko angapo odziimira okha, monga Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Bosnia, ndi Herzegovina. Motero, zimene zaperekedwazo zikusonyeza mmene zinthu zinalili pamene Yugoslavia idakali dziko logwirizana.

Makina osakira wamba

Yugoslavia inali dziko lomwe linali kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Ulaya lomwe linalipo kuyambira 1945 mpaka 1992. Mwatsoka, chifukwa cha kutha kwa Yugoslavia, sikulinso ngati bungwe losiyana. Chifukwa chake, pakadali pano palibe makina osakira omwe aperekedwa ku Yugoslavia kokha. Komabe, pali masakidwe angapo otchuka omwe ankagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko omwe kale anali a Yugoslavia (Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, ndi Slovenia) asanalandire ufulu wawo. Makina osakira awa akugwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri masiku ano: 1. Google: Google ndi injini yofufuzira yotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'maiko omwe kale anali Yugoslavia. Webusayiti: www.google.com 2. Bing: Bing ndi injini ina yodziwika bwino yomwe imapereka kusaka pa intaneti. Webusayiti: www.bing.com 3. Yahoo!: Yahoo! sikuti ndi yayikulu monga Google koma imagwirabe ntchito ngati njira yodalirika yosakira. Webusayiti: www.yahoo.com 4. Ebb: Ebb ndi malo osakira omwe ali ku Serbia omwe amayang'ana kwambiri kupereka zotsatira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana aku Balkan. Webusayiti: www.ebb.rs 5. Najnovije vijesti: Najnovije vijesti (Nkhani Zaposachedwa) ndi tsamba lankhani zapaintaneti lomwe likupezeka ku Bosnia ndi Herzegovina lomwe limapereka nkhani zonse pamodzi ndikusaka kwake. Webusayiti: https://www.najnovijevijesti.ba/ 6. Nova TV Igrice Portal (IGRE.hr): Webusaitiyi imayang'ana kwambiri masewera a pa intaneti komanso ilinso ndi chikwatu cha zolinga zapaintaneti komanso chokwawa chopangidwa mwamakonda chomwe chimathandiza kusaka mkati mwa nsanja yake. Webusayiti: www.novatv-igre.hr Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti mawebusayiti omwe atchulidwawa atha kugwira ntchito zambiri kuposa kungosaka; angaphatikizepo zipata zankhani kapena nsanja zamasewera. Ngakhale Yugoslavia sangakhalenso ngati dziko lodziyimira pawokha kuyambira pomwe idagawika m'malo angapo olowa m'malo monga Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, ndi Slovenia, ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti m'zigawozi amadalira makina osakira omwe tawatchulawa pamasiku awo- kusaka kwamasiku ano.

Masamba akulu achikasu

Yugoslavia kale linali dziko la kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Ulaya, lopangidwa ndi malipabuliki angapo. Popeza kulibenso dziko logwirizana, palibe masamba achikaso a Yugoslavia. Komabe, nditha kukupatsirani mawebusayiti ofunikira okhudzana ndi maiko osiyanasiyana omwe adapanga Yugoslavia: 1. Serbia: Masamba achikasu aku Serbia angapezeke pa webusayiti ya Telekom Serbia, kampani yotsogola yazamafoni mdziko muno: www.telekom.rs/en/home.html 2. Croatia: Kwa masamba achikasu ku Croatia, mutha kupita ku Zutestranice.com, yomwe imapereka ntchito zamabizinesi ndi zidziwitso: www.zute-stranice.com/en/ 3. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Anthu ndi mabizinesi ku Bosnia ndi Herzegovina angapezeke kudzera ku Bijele Strane (White Pages) pa www.bijelistrani.ba/ 4. Montenegro: Telekom Crne Gore imapereka chikwatu pa intaneti ku Montenegro pa www.telekom.me/en/business/directory 5. Slovenia: Masamba oyera a ku Slovenia (Beli Strani) atha kupezeka kudzera pa webusayiti ya Simobil pa https://www.simobil.si/telefonski-imenik Chonde dziwani kuti masambawa atha kukhala ndi zolemba zamasamba oyera kapena mndandanda wamabizinesi wamba m'malo motsatsa zamasamba achikasu omwe amapereka ntchito kapena malonda. Ndikofunikira kuvomereza kuti Yugoslavia idathetsedwa pamikangano yosiyanasiyana m'ma 1990 ndipo idasinthidwa ndi mayiko odziyimira pawokha monga Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, Kosovo*, Macedonia*, ndi zina. *Kosovo ndi North Macedonia amadziwika ndi mayiko ena koma osavomerezedwa padziko lonse lapansi ngati mayiko odziyimira pawokha pansi pa mayina omwe amakonda chifukwa cha mikangano paulamuliro wawo.

Mapulatifomu akuluakulu azamalonda

Yugoslavia inali dziko lakale ku Southeast Europe, lomwe linatha m'ma 1990. Ngakhale Yugoslavia kulibenso, panthawi yomwe idakhalapo, panalibe nsanja zazikuluzikulu za e-commerce monga tili nazo lero. Lingaliro la malonda a e-commerce likadali lachichepere panthawiyo. Komabe, ngati mukunena za maiko amasiku ano omwe adatuluka Yugoslavia itasweka, monga Serbia ndi Croatia, ali ndi nsanja zawozawo za e-commerce. Nawa ochepa odziwika: 1. Limundo (www.limundo.com) - Ndi amodzi mwa misika yotchuka kwambiri pa intaneti ku Serbia komwe ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kugula ndikugulitsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana. 2. Kupindo (www.kupindo.com) - Tsambali ndi lofanana ndi Limundo ndipo limapereka msika wapaintaneti kwa anthu ndi mabizinesi kuti agulitse katundu. 3. Oglasi.rs (www.oglasi.rs) - Ngakhale si nsanja ya e-commerce yokha, Oglasi.rs ndi tsamba lodziwika bwino lomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pogula ndi kugulitsa zinthu ndi ntchito ku Serbia. Ku Croatia: 1.) Njuškalo (www.njuskalo.hr) - Njuškalo ndi amodzi mwamisika yayikulu kwambiri yapaintaneti yaku Croatia komwe anthu amatha kugula zatsopano kapena zogwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu osiyanasiyana. 2.) Plavi oglasnik (plaviozglasnik.com.hr) - Plavi oglasnik imapereka zotsatsa zamitundumitundu zogulitsa kapena kugula zinthu kapena ntchito mkati mwa Croati 3.) Pazar3.mk (www.pazar3.mk)- Ngakhale nsanjayi imakonda msika wa North Macedonia koma chifukwa cha kuyandikana kwake ndi mayiko omwe kale anali a Yugoslavia monga Serbia; yakhala yotchuka pakati pa ogulitsa ndi ogula ochokera kumadera awa nawonso. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti nsanjazi zikuyimira gawo laling'ono chabe la zochitika zamalonda zamalonda m'mayiko omwe alowa m'malo a Yugoslavia pambuyo pa kutha.

Major social media nsanja

Yugoslavia inali dziko la kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Ulaya lomwe linalipo kuyambira 1918 mpaka 2003. Kuyambira lero, Yugoslavia kulibenso ngati dziko, choncho ilibe malo enieni ochezera a pa Intaneti. Komabe, pakukhalapo, dzikolo linali ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zolankhulirana komanso zoulutsira mawu. Isanafike nthawi ya intaneti, Yugoslavia inali ndi ma TV oyendetsedwa ndi boma monga RTS (Radio Television of Serbia), RTB (Radio Television Belgrade), ndi RTV (Radio Television Vojvodina). Maukondewa ankapereka nkhani, zosangalatsa komanso za chikhalidwe kwa anthu. Pankhani yolankhulana pa intaneti m'zaka zomaliza za kukhalapo kwa Yugoslavia komanso kutha kwake kukhala mayiko osiyana monga Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Macedonia (North Macedonia), ndi Slovenia; mayiko awa pawokha anatengera otchuka padziko lonse chikhalidwe TV nsanja kupezeka padziko lonse lapansi. Nawa malo ochezera ochezera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu akumayiko omwe kale anali a Yugoslavia: 1. Facebook - malo otchuka ochezera a pa Intaneti. Mawebusayiti: - www.facebook.com 2. Instagram - nsanja yogawana zithunzi. Mawebusayiti: - www.instagram.com 3. Twitter - nsanja ya microblogging yogawana malingaliro kapena zosintha zankhani. Mawebusayiti: - www.twitter.com 4. LinkedIn - malo ochezera a pa Intaneti. Mawebusayiti: - www.linkedin.com 5. Viber/WhatsApp/Telegram/Messenger – Mapulogalamu otumizirana mamesejiwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polumikizana pakati pa anthu kapena magulu. Mawebusayiti: - www.viber.com - www.whatsapp.com - telegram.org (Facebook Messenger ilibe tsamba lodzipatulira) 6. YouTube - Pulatifomu yogawana makanema pomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kutsitsa makanema kapena kuwona zomwe zidapangidwa ndi ena. Webusaiti: - www.youtube.com 7. TikTok - Pulogalamu yachidule yogawana makanema yomwe idadziwika padziko lonse lapansi m'zaka zaposachedwa Webusaiti: - www.tiktok.com Chonde dziwani kuti malo ochezera a pa Intanetiwa sali ku Yugoslavia kapena maiko ake akale. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu padziko lonse lapansi ndipo atchuka chifukwa chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito komanso mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana.

Mgwirizano waukulu wamakampani

Panali mabungwe angapo akuluakulu amakampani ku Yugoslavia dzikolo lisanathe. Nazi zitsanzo ndi mawebusayiti awo: 1. Serbian Chamber of Commerce and Industry - Bungwe la Serbian Chamber of Commerce and Industry linkayimira magawo osiyanasiyana azachuma ku Serbia, kuphatikizapo mafakitale, ulimi, zomangamanga, zokopa alendo, ndi ntchito. Webusayiti: https://www.pks.rs/en/ 2. Croatian Chamber of Economy - Bungwe la Croatian Chamber of Economy linalimbikitsa chitukuko cha zachuma ku Croatia pothandizira mafakitale monga kupanga, ulimi, mphamvu, zokopa alendo, ndi zoyendera. Webusayiti: https://www.hgk.hr/homepage 3. Association of Employers' Unions of Slovenia - Kuyimira olemba anzawo ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana ku Slovenia kuphatikiza kupanga, zomangamanga, malonda, ntchito zolimbikitsa bizinesi yabwino kwa mamembala ake. Webusayiti: https://www.zds.si/english 4.Macedonian Chambers of Commerce - Zipinda zaku North Macedonia zidathandizira mabizinesi kudzera mwa mwayi wolumikizana ndi maukonde komanso kuyesetsa kulengeza m'magawo monga kupanga, kumanga, ritelo, ndi misonkhano. Webusayiti: http://www.mchamber.mk/?lang=en 5. Bosnia-Herzegovina Foreign Trade Chamber - Inathandizira ntchito zamalonda zapadziko lonse zamakampani omwe ali ku Bosnia-Herzegovina ndikuyang'ana kwambiri kulimbikitsa mwayi wandalama komanso kuthekera kotumiza kunja m'magawo angapo. Webusayiti: http://www.komorabih.ba/english/ Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti mayanjano awa asintha kapena atsopano apangidwa kuyambira pomwe Yugoslavia idathetsedwa.

Mawebusayiti a bizinesi ndi malonda

Yugoslavia inali dziko la kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Ulaya lomwe linalipo kuyambira 1918 mpaka 2003. Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwake ndi kupangidwa kwa mayiko angapo odziimira okha, palibenso webusaiti yovomerezeka ya Yugoslavia zachuma ndi zamalonda. Komabe, nditha kukupatsirani zambiri zamawebusayiti omwe adalowa m'malo omwe anali mbali ya Yugoslavia. M'munsimu muli zitsanzo zingapo: 1. Serbia: Webusaiti yovomerezeka ya Serbian Chamber of Commerce imapereka chidziwitso cha mafakitale osiyanasiyana, mwayi wandalama, zochitika zamalonda, ndi zochitika zabizinesi ku Serbia. Webusayiti: https://www.pks.rs/ 2. Croatia: Bungwe la Croatian Chamber of Economy limapereka chidziwitso chokwanira chokhudza kuchita bizinesi ku Croatia, kuphatikizapo ziwerengero, zochitika zolimbikitsa malonda, ntchito zothandizira ndalama, ndi malamulo. Webusayiti: https://www.hgk.hr/ 3. Slovenia: The Slovenian Enterprise Fund imalimbikitsa bizinesi pothandizira kupeza mwayi wopeza ndalama zoyambira ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono mpaka apakatikati (SMEs) kudzera mu thandizo, ngongole, zitsimikizo, ndalama zoyambira bizinesi. Webusayiti: https://www.podjetniskisklad.si/en/ 4. Bosnia ndi Herzegovina: Bungwe la Foreign Investment Promotion Agency limagwira ntchito ngati malo amodzi kwa osunga ndalama akunja omwe akufuna kuyikapo kapena kufufuza mwayi wabizinesi ku Bosnia ndi Herzegovina. Webusaitiyi imapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pamagawo oyika ndalama. Webusayiti: http://fipa.gov.ba/en Izi ndi zitsanzo zochepa chabe pakati pa masamba ena ambiri azachuma/zamalonda omwe akupezeka m'malo omwe adalowa m'malo mwa Yugoslavia. Kumbukirani kuti maikowa asintha kwambiri pakapita nthawi; chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kutsimikizira kulondola ndi kufunikira kwa chidziwitso chilichonse choperekedwa patsamba lino musanapange zisankho zabizinesi. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti madera kapena mizinda ina m'maikowa ikhoza kukhala ndi chitukuko chawo chazachuma kapena mawebusayiti omwe atha kuyang'ana kwambiri zoyeserera zakomweko. Chonde dziwani kuti yankho ili silingaphatikizepo mawebusayiti onse ofunikira chifukwa pakhoza kukhala zinthu zina zosavomerezeka kapena zopezeka komweko.

Mawebusayiti amafunso amalonda

Pali mawebusayiti angapo komwe mungapeze malonda aku Yugoslavia. Nawu mndandanda wamagwero odalirika omwe ali ndi ma URL awo: 1. World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) - Tsambali limapereka chidziwitso chambiri zamalonda, kuphatikiza zotumiza kunja ndi zotuluka kunja, za Yugoslavia ndi mayiko ena: https://wits.worldbank.org/ 2. United Nations Comtrade Database - Imapereka mwayi wopeza ziwerengero zamalonda zapadziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimakhudza zaka zosiyanasiyana ndi magulu azinthu za Yugoslavia: https://comtrade.un.org/ 3. World Trade Organization (WTO) - Statistical Database ya WTO imapereka deta yamalonda pa malonda otumizidwa kunja ndi ku Yugoslavia: https://stat.wto.org/ 4. Bungwe la International Monetary Fund (IMF) Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) - DOTS ikupereka ziwerengero zatsatanetsatane za mayiko awiri akunja, kuphatikiza katundu ndi ntchito zamayiko ngati Yugoslavia: https://data.imf.org/dots 5. Eurostat - Ngati mukukhudzidwa makamaka ndi malonda pakati pa Yugoslavia ndi mayiko a European Union, Eurostat imapereka chidziwitso choyenera pa webusaiti yake: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat Izi ziyenera kukupatsani chidziwitso chofunikira kuti mufufuze zambiri zamalonda za Yugoslavia mozama.

B2B nsanja

Yugoslavia, yomwe inalipo mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, inali dziko lomwe linali kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Ulaya. Chifukwa chake, inalibe nsanja zake zodzipatulira za B2B panthawiyo. Komabe, tsopano pali nsanja zingapo za B2B zomwe zilipo zamabizinesi okhala m'maiko omwe kale anali gawo la Yugoslavia. Nazi zitsanzo zingapo: 1. Balkan B2B: Pulatifomu iyi ikufuna kulumikiza mabizinesi ndi amalonda ochokera kudera lonse la Balkan, kuphatikiza mayiko monga Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, ndi Slovenia. Mutha kuwachezera patsamba lawo www.balkanb2b.com. 2. TradeBoss: TradeBoss ndi msika wapadziko lonse wa B2B womwe umaphatikizapo mindandanda yamayiko osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi. Ilinso ndi makampani ochokera kumadera omwe kale anali a Yugoslavia omwe akufuna mwayi wamabizinesi padziko lonse lapansi. Tsamba lawo litha kupezeka pa www.tradeboss.com. 3. E-Burza: E-Burza ndi msika wotsogola wapaintaneti waku Croatia womwe ukulumikiza mabizinesi akumayiko ndi padziko lonse lapansi ndi ogulitsa ndi ogula m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana monga kupanga, ulimi, zokopa alendo ndi zina zambiri. e-burza.eu. 4. Nisam Jasan (Sindikumveka Bwino): Pulatifomu ya ku Serbia ya B2B imapereka mwayi kwa mabizinesi kuti alimbikitse malonda kapena ntchito zawo ndikulumikizana ndi omwe angakhale ogwirizana nawo kapena makasitomala kwanuko kapena padziko lonse lapansi kudzera m'mabuku ake komanso gawo lolemba ntchito patsamba lawo. www.nisamjasan.rs. 5.Yellobiz.com: Ngakhale sizodziwika kudera lililonse koma buku lazamalonda lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe lili ndi makampani opitilira 11 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi omwe amayang'ana kwambiri dera la Balkan chifukwa cha kulumikizana mwamphamvu kwa mabizinesi ochokera kumadera omwe kale anali Yugoslavia. Mutha kusaka kugula / kupereka. kutsogolera,Catalogue showrooms, Mbiri Zamakampani, macheza amoyo .Mutha kudziwa zambiri poyendera yellobiz.com Chonde dziwani kuti nsanja izi zitha kukhudza mayiko kapena zigawo zingapo, osati Yugoslavia yokha kapena mayiko omwe adalowa m'malo mwake. Kuphatikiza apo, amalangizidwa kuti afufuze ndikuwonetsetsa kudalirika kwa nsanjazi musanachite nawo bizinesi iliyonse.