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Incamake y'igihugu
Ifaranga ry'igihugu
Igipimo cy'ivunjisha
Ibiruhuko by'ingenzi
Ubucuruzi bw’amahanga
Iterambere ryisoko
Kugurisha ibicuruzwa bishyushye ku isoko
Ibiranga abakiriya na kirazira
Sisitemu yo gucunga gasutamo
Kuzana politiki y’imisoro
Politiki yo kohereza hanze
Impamyabumenyi isabwa kohereza hanze
Basabwe ibikoresho
Imiyoboro yo guteza imbere abaguzi

Yugosilaviya yari igihugu cyo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bw’Uburayi cyabayeho kuva mu 1918 kugeza 2003. Mu ntangiriro cyashinzwe nyuma y’Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose nk'Ubwami bw'Abaseribe, Abanyakorowasiya, na Sloveniya nyuma baza kwitwa Yugosilaviya mu 1929. Iki gihugu cyari kigizwe n'amoko menshi, harimo n'Abaseribi, Abanyakorowasiya, Sloveniya, Bosniaks, Montenegrine, na Makedoniya. Mu mateka yarwo, Yugosilaviya yagize impinduka zitandukanye za politiki. Ku ikubitiro ingoma ya cyami iyobowe n'Umwami Alexandre wa mbere kugeza yiciwe mu 1934, yabaye federasiyo y'abasosiyalisiti nyuma y'intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose iyobowe na Perezida Josip Broz Tito. Icyerekezo cya Tito cyari kigamije gushyiraho igihugu cy’amoko menshi aho ibihugu bitandukanye bishobora kubana. Ku butegetsi bwa Tito kugeza apfuye mu 1980, Yugosilaviya yashoboye gukomeza umutekano no guteza imbere ubukungu mu gihe yakurikizaga politiki y’ububanyi n’amahanga yigenga izwi ku izina rya "Umuryango udaharanira inyungu." Ariko, nyuma y'urupfu rwe haje igihe cy'amakimbirane ya politiki yaranzwe no kwiyongera kw'igihugu no kugabanuka k'ubukungu. Mu ntangiriro ya za 90, gutandukana kwa Yugosilaviya byatangiranye no gutangaza ubwigenge bwa Sloveniya na Korowasiya bikurikirwa na Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Ibyo byatumye habaho amakimbirane akomeye yaranzwe n’amacakubiri ashingiye ku moko n’ibyaha by’intambara mu gihe cy’intambara ya Yugosilaviya kuva 1991 kugeza 2001. Muri Werurwe 2003, repubulika zose zisigaye zigizwe n’ubutegetsi bwa politiki. Igikorwa cya nyuma ni Seribiya yahinduye izina yitwa Seribiya na Montenegro mbere yuko amaherezo yinjira mu bihugu bibiri bitandukanye: Seribiya (yigenga) na Montenegro (yigenga) nkuko tubizi muri iki gihe. Umurage wa Yugosilaviya uragoye kubera abaturage bawo batandukanye hamwe n'amarushanwa yo mu mateka yagize uruhare mu ntambara mu myaka yasheshwe. Icyakora imvururu zatewe n’imyaka ya nyuma ishobora kuba yarabaye nubwo bikwiye gushimirwa ibyagezweho ku butegetsi bwa Tito igihe Yugosilaviya yahagararaga nkigihugu kimwe cyunze ubumwe ku mahame yo kudahuza n’ibihugu by’iburengerazuba cyangwa Iburasirazuba mu gihe cy’intambara y'ubutita.

Yugosilaviya, yahoze ari igihugu mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bw'Uburayi, yari yaranyuze mu mpinduka nyinshi zijyanye n'ifaranga ryayo mu myaka yashize. Mu ntangiriro yo kubaho kwayo, Yugosilaviya yafashe dinar ya Yugosilaviya (YUD) nk'ifaranga ryemewe. Icyakora, kubera ihungabana rya politiki n’ubukungu, hyperinflation yibasiye igihugu mu myaka ya za 90. Nyuma y’iseswa rya Yugosilaviya mu 1992 n’intambara zakurikiyeho muri repubulika zahoze ari Yugosilaviya, havutse ibihugu bishya: Seribiya na Montenegro. Bashizeho Repubulika ya Yugosilaviya hamwe n’ifaranga rimwe - dinar nshya ya Yugosilaviya (YUM). Aya mafranga yari agamije guhungabanya ubukungu bwabo. Haciye imyaka, igihe Montenegro yashakiraga ubwigenge muri Seribiya, bahisemo kureka gahunda yabo isanzwe. Mu 2003, Seribiya yasimbuye YUM n'ifaranga rishya ryitwa Serin dinar (RSD), mu gihe Montenegro yashyizeho amayero nk'ifaranga ryayo ryemewe kubera ko idafite ubusugire bw'amafaranga bwuzuye. Muri make, Yugosilaviya yabanje amafaranga yambere yari Yugosilavi dinar (YUD) hanyuma Yugosilav dinar yongera (YUM). Nyamara uyumunsi nyuma yo gusenyuka Seribiya ikoresha Dinar yo muri Seribiya (RSD) mugihe Montenegro ikoresha Euro (EUR). Izi mpinduka zigaragaza uburyo ibintu bya politiki bishobora kugira ingaruka ku ifaranga ry’igihugu.

Isoko ryemewe na Yugosilaviya ni Yugosilaviya. Icyakora, ni ngombwa kumenya ko dinar ya Yugosilaviya yavanyweho mu 2003 nyuma yo kugabanywa hagati y’abaturanyi ba Korowasiya na Seribiya. Ku bijyanye n’ivunjisha ry’ifaranga rikomeye ku isi rirwanya dinar ya Yugosilaviya, amakuru y’ivunjisha nyayo ntashobora gutangwa kubera ko ifaranga ryakuweho imyaka myinshi. Niba ukeneye amakuru agezweho ku gipimo cy’ivunjisha hagati y’andi mafranga akomeye mpuzamahanga, nyamuneka reba amakuru nyayo yatanzwe n’ibigo by’imari cyangwa isoko ry’ivunjisha.

Yugosilaviya ni igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y’Uburayi bwabayeho kuva mu 1918 kugeza 2006. Mu mateka yacyo, cyizihije iminsi mikuru myinshi ikomeye yari ifitiye akamaro abaturage bayo. Umwe mu minsi mikuru izwi cyane muri Yugosilaviya ni umunsi w’igihugu, uzwi kandi ku izina rya Repubulika, wizihizwa ku ya 29 Ugushyingo. Uyu munsi mukuru waranze ishingwa rya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Yugosilaviya mu 1943 kandi wibuka imbaraga zakozwe mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose n'imitwe y'amashyaka iyobowe na Josip Broz Tito. Kuri uyumunsi, abanya Yugosilaviya bazitabira imyigaragambyo ya gisirikare, ibirori by’umuco, hamwe n’ibiterane bitandukanye kugira ngo bubahirize amateka y’igihugu cyabo. Undi munsi mukuru ukomeye wizihirijwe muri Yugosilaviya ni umunsi mpuzamahanga w'abakozi ku ya 1 Gicurasi. Uyu munsi washimangiye akamaro k'uburenganzira bw'umurimo kandi ushimira uruhare rw'abakozi muri sosiyete. Kuri uyu munsi, habaye imyigaragambyo nini n’imyigaragambyo mu gihugu hose hibandwa ku bufatanye n’abakozi ndetse n’ibyo bagezeho. Byongeye kandi, Noheri yari ifite agaciro gakomeye mu muco ku Yugosilaviya nk'igihugu cyiganjemo abakristu. Kwizihiza Noheri harimo no kwiyiriza umunsi wose kugeza nimugoroba ubwo imiryango yateraniraga hamwe mu birori bizwi ku izina rya Badnji dan (Ifunguro rya Noheri). Imigenzo yari itandukanye mu turere dutandukanye ariko akenshi harimo no gucana ibiti byitwa Badnjak no kwitabira ibikorwa byitorero rya nijoro. Umunsi wubwigenge wabaye ikindi gikorwa cyizihizwa na Yugosilaviya buri mwaka ku ya 7 Nyakanga. Yibukije ko igihugu cyatangaje ubwigenge ku bihugu bitandukanye by’amahanga nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose yarangiye mu 1945. Sloveniya yahujije iyi tariki n’ubwigenge bwabo nyuma yo kwitandukanya na Yugosilaviya. Mu gihe iyi ari iminsi mikuru mikuru yizihizwa mu cyahoze cyitwa Yugosilaviya, ni ngombwa kumenya ko imigenzo yihariye yari itandukanye mu turere dutandukanye tugizwe na Bosiniya na Herzegovina, Korowasiya, Montenegro, Makedoniya y'Amajyaruguru, Seribiya, na Siloveniya kubera imico itandukanye igaragara muri buri karere.

Yugosilaviya, izwi ku izina rya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Yugosilaviya, yari igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y’Uburayi kuva mu 1945 kugeza mu 1992. Mu gihe cyose cyabayeho, Yugosilaviya yari ifite ibibazo by’ubucuruzi kandi bitandukanye. Yugosilaviya yakurikije urugero rw'ubukungu buvanze, ihuza ibintu bya gisosiyalisiti no kwiyobora. Ibi byemereye ibigo bya leta ndetse nubucuruzi bwigenga. Igihugu cyari gifite inganda nini zirimo inganda nk'amabuye y'agaciro, inganda, umusaruro w'ingufu, ubuhinzi, na serivisi. Mu gihe cy’intambara y'ubutita, Yugosilaviya yagize uruhare runini mu Muryango udaharanira inyungu, wari ugamije gukomeza kutabogama hagati y’ibihugu by’iburengerazuba n’iburasirazuba. Kubera iyo politiki hamwe n’ahantu haherereye mu turere tw’ibihugu by’i Burayi hagati y’iburasirazuba n’iburengerazuba, ubucuruzi bwa Yugosilaviya ntibwagarukiye gusa ku gitekerezo kimwe. Ubucuruzi n’ibihugu by’iburengerazuba byagize uruhare runini mu bukungu bwa Yugosilaviya. Igihugu cyashyizeho umubano ukomeye w’ubucuruzi n’ibihugu nk’Ubudage (Ubudage bw’iburengerazuba icyo gihe), Ubutaliyani, Ubufaransa, Ubwongereza, Otirishiya, n’Ubusuwisi. Ihanahana ryarimo no gutumiza mu mahanga ibikoresho fatizo byo kubyaza umusaruro inganda no kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Byongeye kandi, y yerekanye ubufatanye bukomeye n’ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere muri Afurika, Uburasirazuba bwo hagati, na Amerika y'Epfo.Ibyo byari bikubiyemo umubano w’ubucuruzi wunguka bikubiyemo ibicuruzwa nkimashini, ibikoresho, imyenda, n’imiti. Amasezerano y’ubucuruzi yakunze gushingira ku buhanga bwa Yugosilaviya mu iterambere ry’ibikorwa remezo, ingufu ibisekuruza-kandi biremereye imishinga y'inganda. ' Icyakora, Yugosilaviya kandi yakomeje umubano w’ubukungu mu bihugu bigize Umuryango w’ibihugu by’Uburasirazuba nka Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti, Cekosolovakiya, na Hongiriya. Amasezerano y’ibihugu byombi yatumye habaho ubufatanye bwibanda ku bice nk’umutungo wa peteroli, ibikoresho bya gisirikare, ibicuruzwa biramba biramba, imyenda, n’ibicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi.Ibyo byatumaga abantu batandukana. abafatanyabikorwa mu bucuruzi. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, abategetsi ba Yugosilaviya bemeje ko ari ngombwa gushyiraho politiki ishingiye ku isoko mu myaka yabo ya nyuma.Nuko rero, amasezerano mpuzamahanga harimo n’amasezerano rusange yerekeye imisoro n’ubucuruzi (GATT) yashyizweho umukono mu 2000, imiyoboro yagabanijwe na leta yagabanutse. Kwiyongera kw’abikorera ku giti cyabo n’ishoramari ry’amahanga, bigira ingaruka ku mategeko agenga ubucuruzi. Muri make, ubucuruzi bwa Yugosilaviya bwari bugoye, kubera uburyo bw’iterambere ryabwo, bugamije umubano n’ibihugu by’iburengerazuba n’iburasirazuba, ndetse no kwibanda ku bufatanye n’ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere. Amasezerano y’ubucuruzi yagize uruhare rukomeye mu ngamba z’ubukungu, bituma ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga bitandukanye kandi uburyo bwo kohereza hanze.

Ubushobozi bwo guteza imbere isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga muri Yugosilaviya buratanga ikizere. Hamwe n’ahantu hafatirwa ingamba mu masangano y’Uburayi bwo Hagati n’Amajyepfo y’Amajyepfo y’Uburayi, itanga umwanya mwiza kubikorwa byo gutumiza no kohereza hanze. Yugosilaviya ifite ubukungu butandukanye hamwe n’inganda zitandukanye, harimo gukora amamodoka, umusaruro w’imiti, ubuhinzi, ubucukuzi bw’amabuye, n’imyenda. Iri tandukaniro ritanga amahirwe menshi yubufatanye bwubucuruzi mu nzego zitandukanye. Igihugu cyakomeje gukomera mu gukora ibyuma, imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi, ibikoresho byo mu nzu, divayi nziza n’umwuka, ndetse n’ibicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi nk ingano n’ibigori. Byongeye kandi, Yugosilaviya yashyizeho amasezerano y’ubucuruzi n’ibihugu bituranye n’akarere ka Balkans binyuze mu bikorwa nk’amasezerano y’ubucuruzi bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bwo hagati (CEFTA). Aya masezerano ateza imbere ubukungu bw’akarere no koroshya kugera ku masoko mu bindi bihugu byitabiriye. Guverinoma ya Yugosilaviya kandi yerekanye ubushake bwo gukurura ishoramari ry’amahanga mu gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo guteza imbere ubucuruzi. Yashyizeho ivugurura ryoroshya imikorere yubuyobozi no kugabanya bureaucracy mugihe itanga inganda zifasha kuzamura ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Byongeye kandi, kuba Yugosilaviya kuba mu mashyirahamwe mpuzamahanga nk’umuryango w’ubucuruzi ku isi (WTO) byugurura imiryango y’ubucuruzi bw’ibihugu byombi byiyongera. Nkumunyamuryango wiri shyirahamwe rikomeye rigenzura amategeko yubucuruzi ku isi, irashobora gukoresha umwanya waryo kugirango iteze imbere umubano n’ibindi bihugu byo ku mugabane wa Afurika. Abakozi bafite ubumenyi mu gihugu ni akarusho kiyongereye iyo urebye ubushobozi bw’iterambere ry’isoko ryo hanze. Yugosilaviya izwiho kuba abakozi bakorana umwete n'ubuhanga mu nganda zitandukanye. Guhuza n'ikoranabuhanga rishya birarushaho kongera ubushobozi bwabo ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Mu gusoza, Yugosilaviya itanga icyerekezo cyiza cyo kwagura isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga kubera aho iherereye, ubukungu butandukanye bugizwe n’inganda nyinshi zirimo ubuhinzi n’inganda. Kuba hari amasezerano yubucuruzi bwakarere muri CEFTA atuma byoroha kugera kumasoko aturanye mugihe abanyamuryango mumiryango mpuzamahanga nka WTO byongerera amahirwe kwisi yose. Byongeye kandi, imbaraga za Yugosilaviya mu kuzamura ibidukikije by’ubucuruzi hamwe n’abakozi bafite ubuhanga bigira uruhare runini mu guteza imbere umubano w’ubucuruzi ukomeye.

Guhitamo ibicuruzwa byiza byoherezwa mu isoko rya Yugosilaviya bisaba gutekereza ku bintu bitandukanye. Hano, tuzaganira kuri zimwe mu ngingo zingenzi twibandaho muguhitamo ibicuruzwa bigurishwa bishyushye kubucuruzi bw’amahanga muri Yugosilaviya. Icya mbere, ni ngombwa gukora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku isoko kugirango tumenye ibikenewe n’isoko rya Yugosilaviya. Ibi birimo gusesengura ibyo abaguzi bakunda, kwiga itangwa ryabanywanyi, no gusuzuma ibintu byose byumuco cyangwa imibereho bishobora kugira ingaruka kubyemezo byo kugura. Icya kabiri, ni ngombwa gusuzuma aho Yugosilaviya iherereye ndetse n'ingaruka zishobora kugira ku bucuruzi. Nkigihugu giherereye mu masangano y’Uburayi, hari amahirwe yo kwishora ku masoko y’iburayi na Balkan. Rero, guhitamo ibicuruzwa bihuye nibisabwa mukarere bishobora kuzamura ibyoherezwa hanze. Icya gatatu, gushyira imbere ibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge ni ngombwa kuko abaguzi ba Yugosilaviya barushaho guha agaciro ubuziranenge ku giciro iyo bafata ibyemezo byo kugura. Mugutanga ibicuruzwa byiza-byiza cyangwa ibintu bidasanzwe bitabonetse ahandi, ubucuruzi burashobora gukurura abakiriya bashaka ibicuruzwa byongerewe agaciro. Byongeye kandi, guteza imbere kuramba birashobora kandi kuba byiza muguhitamo imirongo y'ibicuruzwa byoherezwa muri Yugosilaviya. Ibikorwa bitangiza ibidukikije hamwe n’inganda zirambye zimaze kumenyekana ku baguzi ku isi - harimo no muri Yugosilaviya - bagaragaza ko bakunda ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga. Ubwanyuma, gukoresha iterambere ryikoranabuhanga birashobora kugira uruhare runini muguhitamo neza ibicuruzwa byoherezwa hanze. Kwakira uburyo bwa digitale butuma ubucuruzi bwibanda kumurongo wo kugurisha kumurongo neza mugihe hifashishwa uburyo bwa e-bucuruzi muri Yugosilaviya igenda yiyongera kubakoresha interineti. Mu gusoza, guhitamo ibicuruzwa bigurishwa bishyushye kubucuruzi bw’amahanga muri Yugosilaviya bisaba ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku isoko hamwe no gusuzuma uburyo bukenewe mu karere no gushimangira ibicuruzwa byiza bihuza nibyo abakiriya bakeneye. Byongeye kandi, gushimangira imikorere irambye no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga nta gushidikanya bizamura intsinzi muri iri soko ryapiganwa.

Yugosilaviya yari igihugu gitandukanye ukurikije imiterere yabakiriya n’imico itandukanye. Ryari rigizwe n'amoko atandukanye nk'Abaseribe, Abanyakorowasiya, Bosniaks, Sloveniya, Montenegrine, n'Abanyamakedoniya. Buri tsinda ryari rifite imigenzo idasanzwe, imigenzo, nimyitwarire bigira ingaruka kubakiriya babo. Umukiriya umwe uzwi cyane muri Yugosilaviya ni akamaro k'imibanire bwite. Kubaka ikizere no kugirana umubano nabakiriya byari ingenzi kugirango ubucuruzi bugende neza. Kubwibyo, gushora igihe cyo kumenya abakiriya bawe kurwego rwawe byahawe agaciro gakomeye. Ikindi kintu cyingenzi cyabakiriya ba Yugosilaviya ni ugushimira ibicuruzwa na serivisi nziza. Bahisemo ibintu biramba kandi bitanga agaciro karekare aho kwibanda gusa kubiciro. Kwemeza itangwa ryiza-ryiza byakurura abakiriya b'indahemuka baha agaciro kuramba kwibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi. Icyakora, hari nubukangurambaga cyangwa kirazira ubucuruzi bwabanyamahanga bugomba kumenya mugihe bakorana nabakiriya ba Yugosilaviya. Icya mbere, ni ngombwa kwirinda ibiganiro bijyanye na politiki cyangwa amateka atavugwaho rumwe nko gutandukana kwa Yugosilaviya mu myaka ya za 90. Izi ngingo zirashobora kumva cyane kubera ububabare buterwa nintambara namakimbirane. Byongeye kandi, kuzirikana itandukaniro ry’amadini ni ngombwa mugihe ukorana nabakiriya ba Yugosilaviya. Igihugu cyari gifite amadini atandukanye hamwe n’Abagatolika b'Abaroma biganje mu Banyakorowasiya mu gihe Ubukristo bwa orotodogisi bwagize uruhare runini mu Baseribe. Kugaragaza ko wubaha imyizerere itandukanye y’amadini byafasha imikoranire myiza mu bucuruzi. Muri rusange, gusobanukirwa amoko atandukanye hamwe n’imico itandukanye muri Yugosilaviya ni ngombwa mugihe uhuza abakiriya bayo. Kubaka umubano ukomeye mugihe utanga ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi byujuje ubuziranenge bizafasha gushiraho ubucuruzi bwiza muri kano karere.

Yugosilaviya yari igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bw'Uburayi, kigizwe n'uturere dutandukanye dufite imico n'amateka atandukanye. Sisitemu ya gasutamo na sisitemu yo kugenzura imipaka yashyizweho kugirango igenzure urujya n'uruza rw'abantu, ibicuruzwa, na serivisi ku mipaka yarwo. Ubuyobozi bwa gasutamo muri Yugosilaviya bwari bushinzwe kubahiriza amabwiriza ajyanye no gutumiza mu mahanga, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, amahoro, n'imisoro. Abantu binjira cyangwa bava mu gihugu bagombaga kunyura kuri bariyeri zabigenewe aho basuzumye pasiporo cyangwa ibyangombwa by'inzira. Abakozi ba gasutamo basuzuma agaciro k'ibicuruzwa bitwarwa bagakusanya imisoro iyo ari yo yose cyangwa imisoro. Ibintu bimwe na bimwe byagengwaga cyangwa bibujijwe. Intwaro, amasasu, ibiyobyabwenge, ibisasu, n’ibikoresho bishobora guhungabanya umutekano w’igihugu byagengwaga cyane. Kuzana / kohereza mu mahanga ibihangano ndangamuco nta ruhushya rukwiye nabyo byari bitemewe. Abashyitsi bagomba kumenya ko bashobora gukenera viza bitewe n'ubwenegihugu n'intego yo gusurwa. Nibyiza kugenzura na ambasade / konsuline mbere yo gukora ingendo kugirango hubahirizwe ibisabwa byinjira. Iyo bambutse umupaka binjira muri Yugosilaviya banyuze ku butaka cyangwa ku nyanja bava mu bihugu duturanye nka Hongiriya cyangwa Korowasiya (ahahoze hitwa Yugosilaviya), abagenzi bagomba gutegereza ubugenzuzi busanzwe n'abashinzwe za gasutamo. Ni ngombwa kugira ibyangombwa byose bisabwa byoroshye kuboneka kugirango ubisabwe. Abagenzi barasabwa kudatwara amafaranga arenze urugero batabimenyeshejwe neza kuko hari imipaka kumafaranga umuntu ashobora gutwara mubihe bimwe. Ibikoresho bya elegitoronike nka mudasobwa zigendanwa birashobora kugenzurwa ariko ibikoresho byawe bwite nka terefone igendanwa ntibisaba kumenyekanisha neza. Twabibutsa ko nyuma yo gutandukana kwa Yugosilaviya mu 1991-1992 mu bihugu byinshi byigenga nka Seribiya, Korowasiya, Sloweniya; ibyo bigo byashyizeho gahunda yihariye ya gasutamo itandukanye nibyariho hakurikijwe amategeko ya Yugosilaviya. Mu gusoza, Visting Yugosilaviya yasabye ko hubahirizwa amategeko yateganijwe kuri bariyeri zayo zerekeye pasiporo / inyandiko, imenyekanisha ry’ifaranga mu zindi. Nkuko ingingo zijyanye nuburyo leta ya Yugosilaviya icunga imigenzo yabo itigeze isabwa, isesengura rirambuye ryibyo rizahagarikwa.

Yugosilaviya yari ifite uburyo butandukanye kandi bugoye bwo kwinjiza ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga hagamijwe kugenzura ibicuruzwa byinjira mu gihugu. Igihugu cyashyize mu bikorwa izo politiki hagamijwe kurinda inganda zo mu gihugu, guteza imbere kwihaza, no kugenzura ubucuruzi bw’amahanga. Imisoro yatumijwe mu mahanga yakwa ku bicuruzwa byinshi byinjira muri Yugosilaviya. Iyi misoro yari ishingiye ku bintu byinshi nkubwoko bwibicuruzwa, agaciro kayo, cyangwa uburemere bwabyo. Ibiciro byari bitandukanye bitewe nibintu byihariye bitumizwa mu mahanga. Ibicuruzwa bimwe byingenzi byasonewe imisoro yatumijwe mu mahanga kugira ngo abaturage babone kandi bihendutse. Ibi byari bikubiyemo ibicuruzwa nkibiryo, imiti, nibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bikenewe mu musaruro waho. Guverinoma kandi yakoresheje igipimo cy’imisoro kugira ngo igenzure ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga mu nzego zimwe na zimwe. Iyi kota yemereye ibicuruzwa bike gutumizwa mu mahanga ku giciro cyo hasi cyangwa nta bicuruzwa mu gihe hashyirwaho amahoro menshi iyo imipaka igeze. Yugosilaviya yashyizeho imisoro yinyongera kubintu byiza cyangwa ibicuruzwa bidakenewe hamwe nibisabwa cyane. Ibi byakozwe mu guca intege abaguzi bitari ngombwa no kugabanya amafaranga y’amahanga asohoka. Usibye imisoro / imisoro yatumijwe mu mahanga, Yugosilaviya yanakoresheje izindi ngamba nk'ibisabwa kugira ngo umuntu yemererwe uruhushya n'ibipimo ngenderwaho ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga. Aya mabwiriza agamije kurengera abaguzi hitawe ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga byujuje umutekano n’ubuziranenge. Twabibutsa ko politiki yagiye ihinduka uko ibihe byagiye bisimburana ukurikije uko ubukungu bwifashe ndetse n’intego za politiki za Yugosilaviya. Bashobora kandi kuba barasubiwemo mu rwego rw’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’ubucuruzi cyangwa imishyikirano n’ibindi bihugu. Muri rusange, politiki y’imisoro yatumijwe muri Yugosilaviya igamije guteza imbere umusaruro w’imbere mu gihugu mu gihe hahuza umubano mpuzamahanga w’ubucuruzi binyuze mu misoro yagenwe ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga hashingiwe ku bipimo bitandukanye nk'ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa, agaciro, uburemere, imipaka ntarengwa, imiterere y'akataraboneka n'ibindi, hamwe n'ingamba zinyongera zo kurengera umuguzi.

Yugosilaviya yari igihugu cyo mu majyepfo y’Uburayi bwabayeho kuva mu 1918 kugeza 2003. Mu gihe cyabayeho, Yugosilaviya yari ifite gahunda y’imisoro igoye, harimo na politiki y’imisoro ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga. Politiki y’imisoro yoherezwa mu mahanga ya Yugosilaviya yari igamije kugenzura no gushishikariza ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga mu gihugu. Harimo gushyiraho imisoro imwe ku bicuruzwa byoherejwe hanze hashingiwe ku bintu bitandukanye nka kamere, agaciro, n'aho bijya. Ibicuruzwa byoherejwe mu mahanga byakorewe umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (TVA) muri Yugosilaviya. Uyu musoro wakwa ku biciro bitandukanye bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga. Igipimo cy'umusoro ku nyongeragaciro cyari gitandukanye mu nganda kandi leta yagennye kugira ngo habeho guhuza neza amafaranga yinjira n’izamuka ry’ubukungu. Usibye TVA, hashyizweho imisoro ku musoro ku byiciro bimwe na bimwe byoherezwa mu mahanga muri Yugosilaviya. Iyi mirimo yibanze ku bicuruzwa nkitabi, inzoga, ibikomoka kuri peteroli, nibintu byiza byafatwaga nkibishobora kwangiza cyangwa bifite agaciro gakomeye. Yugosilaviya kandi yashyize mu bikorwa amahoro ya gasutamo ku bicuruzwa byoherejwe hanze. Iyi mirimo yashyizweho ku mupaka iyo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze y’ubutaka bwa Yugosilaviya. Ibiciro byari bitandukanye bitewe nimpamvu nko gutondekanya ibicuruzwa ukurikije amahame mpuzamahanga yubucuruzi (urugero, sisitemu ya sisitemu ihuriweho), amasezerano yubucuruzi n’ibihugu by’abafatanyabikorwa cyangwa uturere, hamwe n’ibiciro byose byakoreshwa cyangwa imisoro ihari. Ibisobanuro byihariye bya politiki y’imisoro yoherezwa mu mahanga birashobora kuba bitandukanye mu mateka ya Yugosilaviya kubera impinduka z’ubutegetsi bwa politiki cyangwa ingamba z’ubukungu zashyizweho n’ubuyobozi butandukanye. Icyakora, muri rusange, iyi politiki yashakaga kwinjiza leta mu gihe igenga ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga bijyanye n’ibyingenzi by’igihugu. Nyamuneka menya ko aya makuru yerekana amateka ashingiye kumyaka yashize mugihe Yugosilaviya yabayeho nkigihugu cyunze ubumwe; kubwibyo ntishobora gukurikizwa uyumunsi kuva Yugosilaviya itakibaho kuko imipaka yahinduye nyuma yiseswa.

Yugosilaviya yari igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y’Uburayi bwabayeho kuva mu 1918 kugeza 2003. Mu gihe cyabayeho, Yugosilaviya yari ifite ibicuruzwa bitandukanye byoherezwa mu mahanga n’inganda. Kugira ngo ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bifite ireme kandi byukuri, guverinoma yashyizeho uburyo bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Icyemezo cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa muri Yugosilaviya cyarimo inzira n'ibisabwa bitandukanye. Ubwa mbere, amasosiyete akora ibikorwa byo kohereza hanze akeneye kubahiriza amabwiriza n'amahame yihariye yashyizweho n'abayobozi. Aya mabwiriza yari agamije kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa byoherejwe muri Yugosilaviya byujuje ubuziranenge mpuzamahanga. Kugirango ubone icyemezo cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze, ibigo byagombaga kunyura mubikorwa bikomeye byo gusuzuma. Ibi byari bikubiyemo kubahiriza amategeko y’ubucuruzi abigenga, gukora igeragezwa ryibicuruzwa hagamijwe kugenzura ubuziranenge, no kubahiriza ibipimo byo gupakira mu bwikorezi bwiza. Byongeye kandi, abohereza ibicuruzwa hanze bakeneye gutanga ibyangombwa bijyanye n'inkomoko y'ibicuruzwa byabo no kubahiriza amasezerano mpuzamahanga y'ubucuruzi. Iyi nyandiko yakunze kubamo ibyemezo byimpushya zo kohereza hanze cyangwa impushya zitangwa nabayobozi ba Yugosilaviya. Guverinoma kandi yorohereje ubufatanye hagati y’abatumiza mu mahanga n’abaguzi b’amahanga binyuze mu butumwa bw’ubucuruzi n’imurikagurisha ryateguwe haba mu gihugu ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Ibi birori byatanze amahirwe kubucuruzi bwo kwerekana ibicuruzwa byabo mugihe bahuza nabaguzi bashobora kugenzura ukuri kubyoherezwa hanze. Icyemezo cyo kohereza mu mahanga cyagize uruhare runini mu gushimangira ikizere hagati yohereza ibicuruzwa hanze ya Yugosilaviya n'amasoko yo hanze. Mu kubona iki cyemezo, ibigo byagaragaje ubushake bwo gutanga ibicuruzwa byiza byujuje ubuziranenge mpuzamahanga. Twabibutsa ko nyuma y’impinduka za politiki nyuma y’itandukanywa rya Yugosilaviya mu ntangiriro ya za 90, ibihugu by’abasimbuye ku giti cyabo nka Seribiya byashyizeho uburyo bwigenga bwo kwemeza ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga.

Yugosilaviya, yahoze yitwa Repubulika ya Yugosilaviya, yari igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bw'Uburayi. Kubwamahirwe, kubera gutandukana kwa Yugosilaviya mu myaka ya za 90, ntikibaho nkigihugu cyunze ubumwe. Ariko, ndashobora kuguha amakuru kubikorwa remezo bya logistique byahozeho mugihugu. Yugosilaviya yari ifite umuyoboro w’ubwikorezi wateye imbere worohereza ibicuruzwa neza mu turere twose. Uburyo bwibanze bwo gutwara abantu harimo umuhanda, gari ya moshi, n'inzira z'amazi. Ubwikorezi bwo mu muhanda bwagize uruhare runini muri sisitemu yo gutanga ibikoresho muri Yugosilaviya. Igihugu cyari gifite umuhanda munini uhuza imijyi minini. Ibi byatumaga gutwara ibicuruzwa byoroshye mu ntera ngufi no hagati mu gihugu. Umuhanda wa gari ya moshi nawo wari igice cy'ibikoresho bya Yugosilaviya. Bahujije ibice bitandukanye byigihugu kandi batanga amasano mubihugu duturanye. Ibikorwa remezo bya gari ya moshi byatumye uburyo bwo gutwara ibicuruzwa burebure burebure mu turere dutandukanye. Usibye imihanda na gari ya moshi, inzira y'amazi yatangaga indi nzira yo gutwara ibicuruzwa muri Yugosilaviya. Umugezi wa Danube wabaye inzira y'ubucuruzi kuva yatembaga mu mijyi myinshi ya Yugosilaviya mbere yo kwinjira mu bindi bihugu nka Hongiriya na Rumaniya. Yugosilaviya kandi yari ifite ibyambu byubatswe neza ku nkombe z’inyanja ya Adriatike, nko muri Split na Koper (ubu ni igice cya Sloveniya). Ibyo byambu byoroheje ubwikorezi bwo mu nyanja haba mu gihugu ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga mu gutanga inzira z’ubucuruzi ku isi. Kugira ngo dushyigikire imikorere y’ibikoresho muri Yugosilaviya, hari ububiko bwinshi bufatika mu mijyi minini aho amasosiyete yashoboraga kubika ibicuruzwa by'agateganyo cyangwa ku gihe kirekire. Byongeye kandi, hari inzira za gasutamo zashyizweho ku mipaka ku bicuruzwa mpuzamahanga byinjira cyangwa biva muri Yugosilaviya. Izi nzira zatumaga hubahirizwa ibisabwa n'amategeko mugihe byorohereza ibikorwa byubucuruzi mpuzamahanga neza. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko aya makuru ashingiye ku mateka mbere y’uko Yugosilaviya isenyuka mu bihugu bitandukanye nka Seribiya, Korowasiya, Bosiniya na Herzegovina, Montenegro, Makedoniya y'Amajyaruguru, na Kosovo. Kubwibyo, ibikoresho bya logistique mubihugu bitandukanye byaturutse muri Yugosilaviya bishobora kuba byarahindutse cyane. Niba ukeneye amakuru yihariye yerekeranye na serivisi y'ibikoresho muri kimwe muri ibyo bihugu cyangwa ufite ikindi kibazo, wumve neza.

Ubucuruzi bwingenzi

Yugosilaviya ni igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y’Uburayi bwabayeho kuva mu 1918 kugeza 2003. Mu gihe cyabayeho, cyari gifite imiyoboro mpuzamahanga y’ubucuruzi n’imurikagurisha byorohereza iterambere ry’ubukungu. 1. Imiyoboro mpuzamahanga yubucuruzi: - Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU): Yugosilaviya yagiranye amasezerano y’ubucuruzi n’ibihugu bitandukanye bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, byorohereza kohereza ibicuruzwa muri ibi bihugu. Ibi byatumye ubucuruzi bwa Yugosilaviya bwinjira mu isoko rinini ry’abaguzi no gushyiraho umubano w’ubucuruzi igihe kirekire. - Umuryango udaharanira inyungu (NAM): Yugosilaviya yari umwe mu banyamuryango bashinze NAM, itsinda ry’ibihugu byari bigamije gukomeza kutabogama mu gihe cy’intambara y'ubutita. Ibi byatanze amahirwe yo guhahirana n’ibindi bihugu bigize NAM kandi byagura isi yose muri Yugosilaviya. - Umuryango w’iburasirazuba: Yugosilaviya yakomeje umubano w’ubucuruzi n’ibihugu byinshi bigize Umuryango w’ibihugu by’iburasirazuba, harimo Leta zunze ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti ndetse n’ibindi bihugu by’abasosiyalisiti mu Burayi bw’iburasirazuba. Ibi byatumaga mu mahanga ibikoresho byingenzi n’ikoranabuhanga bikenewe mu iterambere ry’inganda. 2. Imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga: - Imurikagurisha rya Belgrade: Imurikagurisha rya Belgrade ni hamwe mu hantu habereye imurikagurisha muri Yugosilaviya. Yakiriye imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ritandukanye, harimo ibirori byihariye nk'imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ry’ubuhinzi n’imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga. Iri murika ryakuruye ubucuruzi bwimbere mu gihugu ndetse n’amahanga bashaka kwerekana ibicuruzwa byabo cyangwa gushaka abaguzi bashya cyangwa abafatanyabikorwa. - Imurikagurisha rya Zagreb: Iherereye mu murwa mukuru wa Korowasiya, imurikagurisha rya Zagreb ryakiriye imurikagurisha ryihariye ry’inganda mu gihe cyose Yugosilaviya yabayeho. Yatanze amahirwe ku bakora inganda ziva mu nzego zitandukanye kwerekana ibicuruzwa byabo, guteza imbere umubano w’ubucuruzi, kuganira ku masezerano, no gucukumbura amasoko y’amahanga. - Imurikagurisha ry’ubuhinzi rya Novi: Kubera ko ubuhinzi bwagize uruhare runini mu bukungu bwa Yugosilaviya, imurikagurisha ry’ubuhinzi rya Novi Sad ryabaye urubuga rukomeye rwo kwerekana imashini z’ubuhinzi, ikoranabuhanga, amoko y’amatungo, ifumbire, imbuto, n’ibindi. Iyi miyoboro n’imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga byafashaga ubucuruzi bwa Yugosilaviya guhuza n’abaguzi ku isi, abatanga ibicuruzwa, n’abafatanyabikorwa.Kugera kuri iyo miyoboro bifasha mu kuzamura ubukungu no guteza imbere ubufatanye mpuzamahanga mu bucuruzi n’ubucuruzi. Icyakora, ni ngombwa kumenya ko Yugosilaviya nkigihugu cyahagaritse kubaho mu 2003. Nyuma y’amakimbirane ya politiki n’ihungabana ry’ubukungu, igihugu cyacitsemo ibice mu bihugu byinshi byigenga, nka Seribiya, Korowasiya, Sloweniya, Montenegro, Bosiniya, na Herzegovina. Rero, amakuru yatanzwe aragaragaza uko Yugosilaviya yari ikiri igihugu cyunze ubumwe.

Imashini zishakisha

Yugosilaviya yari igihugu cyo mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo y’Uburayi cyabayeho kuva mu 1945 kugeza mu 1992. Ikibabaje ni uko kubera iseswa rya Yugosilaviya, ritakibaho nk’umuryango wihariye. Kubwibyo, kuri ubu nta moteri yubushakashatsi yihariye yeguriwe Yugosilaviya gusa. Ariko, hariho moteri nyinshi zishakisha zizwi cyane zakoreshwaga mubihugu byahoze bya Yugosilaviya (Bosiniya na Herzegovina, Korowasiya, Makedoniya, Montenegro, Seribiya, na Sloveniya) mbere yo kwigenga. Izi moteri zishakisha ziracyakoreshwa cyane muri iki gihe: 1. Google: Google niyo moteri ishakisha izwi cyane kwisi yose kandi ikoreshwa cyane mubihugu byahoze bya Yugosilaviya. Urubuga: www.google.com 2. Bing: Bing nubundi moteri izwi cyane yo gushakisha itanga gushakisha kurubuga. Urubuga: www.bing.com 3. Yahoo!: Yahoo! ntabwo yiganje nka Google ariko iracyakora nka moteri yishakisha yizewe. Urubuga: www.yahoo.com 4. Ebb: Ebb ni moteri ishakisha mukarere ikorera muri Seribiya yibanda mugutanga ibisubizo kubakoresha baturutse mubihugu bitandukanye bya Balkan. Urubuga: www.ebb.rs 5. Najnovije vijesti: Najnovije vijesti (Amakuru agezweho) ni portal yamakuru yo kumurongo aboneka muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina itanga amakuru yegeranye hamwe nibikorwa byayo byo gushakisha. Urubuga: https://www.najnovijevijesti.ba/ 6. Nova TV Igrice Portal (IGRE.hr): Uru rubuga rwibanda cyane cyane kumikino yo kumurongo ariko kandi rurimo ububiko rusange bwurubuga rusange hamwe nubushakashatsi bwubatswe bwurubuga rushobora gushakisha mububiko bwarwo. Urubuga: www.novatv-igre.hr Birakwiye ko tumenya ko izi mbuga zavuzwe zishobora gutanga ibirenze gushakisha gusa; barashobora gushiramo amakuru yamakuru cyangwa urubuga rwimikino. Mu gihe Yugosilaviya ishobora kuba itakibaho nkigihugu cyigenga kuva cyacika mu bihugu byinshi byasimbuye nka Bosiniya na Herzegovina, Korowasiya, Makedoniya, Montenegro, Seribiya, na Sloweniya, abakoresha interineti muri utwo turere bashingira kuri moteri z’ishakisha zavuzwe haruguru ku munsi wabo- gushakisha uyu munsi.

Impapuro nini z'umuhondo

Yugosilaviya yahoze ari igihugu mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bw'Uburayi, kigizwe na repubulika nyinshi. Nkuko bitakiriho nkigihugu cyunze ubumwe, nta page yumuhondo yihariye ya Yugosilaviya. Ariko, ndashobora kuguha urubuga rwingenzi rujyanye na repubulika zitandukanye zashinze Yugosilaviya: 1. Seribiya: Impapuro z'umuhondo kuri Seribiya urashobora kuzisanga kurubuga rwa Telekom Seribiya, isosiyete y'itumanaho ikomeye muri iki gihugu: www.telekom.rs/en/home.html 2. Korowasiya: Kurupapuro rwumuhondo muri Korowasiya, urashobora gusura Zutestranice.com, itanga serivise zubucuruzi hamwe namakuru yamakuru: www.zute-stranice.com/en/ 3. Bosiniya na Herzegovina: Umuntu ku giti cye n’ubucuruzi muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina murashobora kubisanga kuri Bijele Strane (Urupapuro rwera) kuri www.bijelistrani.ba/ 4. Montenegro: Telekom Crne Gore itanga ububiko bwa interineti kuri Montenegro kuri www.telekom.me/en/ubucuruzi/ubuyobozi 5. Sloveniya: Impapuro zera zo muri Siloveniya (Beli Strani) urashobora kuzisanga kurubuga rwa Simobil kurubuga rwa https://www.simobil.si/telefonski-imenik Nyamuneka menya ko izi mbuga zishobora gutanga cyane cyane paji yera cyangwa urutonde rwubucuruzi muri rusange kuruta urupapuro rwumuhondo rwamamaza rutanga serivisi cyangwa ibicuruzwa. Ni ngombwa kwemeza ko Yugosilaviya yasheshwe mu gihe cy'amakimbirane atandukanye mu myaka ya za 90 kandi kuva icyo gihe yasimbuwe n'ibihugu byigenga nka Seribiya, Korowasiya, Bosiniya na Herzegovina, Montenegro, Sloweniya, Kosovo *, Makedoniya *, n'ibindi. * Kosovo na Makedoniya y'Amajyaruguru bizwi n'ibihugu bimwe ariko ntibyemewe na bose nk'ibihugu byigenga ku mazina yabo yifuza kubera amakimbirane ashingiye ku busugire.

Ihuriro rikuru ryubucuruzi

Yugosilaviya yahoze ari igihugu mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bw'Uburayi, cyasheshwe mu myaka ya za 90. Nubwo Yugosilaviya itakibaho, mugihe cyabayeho, nta mbuga za e-bucuruzi zihari nkuko bimeze muri iki gihe. Igitekerezo cya e-ubucuruzi cyari kigitangira muri kiriya gihe. Ariko, niba ushaka kuvuga ibihugu byubu byagaragaye nyuma yo gutandukana kwa Yugosilaviya, nka Seribiya na Korowasiya, bafite urubuga rwihariye rwa e-bucuruzi. Dore bike bigaragara: 1. Limundo (www.limundo.com) - Nimwe mumasoko azwi cyane kumurongo muri Seribiya aho abakoresha bashobora kugura no kugurisha ibicuruzwa bitandukanye. 2. Kupindo (www.kupindo.com) - Uru rubuga rusa na Limundo kandi rutanga isoko kumurongo kubantu nubucuruzi gucuruza ibicuruzwa. 3. Oglasi.rs (www.oglasi.rs) - Nubwo atari urubuga rwa e-bucuruzi gusa, Oglasi.rs ni urubuga rwashyizwe ahagaragara rukoreshwa cyane mu kugura no kugurisha ibicuruzwa na serivisi muri Seribiya. Muri Korowasiya: 1.) Njuškalo (www.njuskalo.hr) - Njuškalo ni rimwe mu masoko manini yo muri Korowasiya yo mu gihugu aho abantu bashobora kugura ibintu bishya cyangwa byakoreshejwe mu byiciro bitandukanye. 2.) Plavi oglasnik (plaviozglasnik.com.hr) - Plavi oglasnik itanga ibyiciro byinshi byamamaza byo kugurisha cyangwa kugura ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi muri Korowasiya 3.) Pazar3.mk (www.pazar3.mk) - Nubwo uru rubuga rwibanze cyane cyane ku isoko rya Makedoniya y'Amajyaruguru ariko kubera ko rwegereye ibihugu byahoze bya Yugosilaviya nka Seribiya; bimaze kumenyekana mubagurisha n'abaguzi bo muri utwo turere. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko aya mahuriro agaragaza agace gato k'ibikorwa bya e-bucuruzi mu bihugu bizasimburwa na none nyuma ya Yugosilaviya.

Imbuga nkoranyambaga

Yugosilaviya yari igihugu cyo mu majyepfo y’Uburayi bwabayeho kuva mu 1918 kugeza 2003. Kuva uyu munsi, Yugosilaviya ntikiriho nkigihugu, bityo ikaba idafite imbuga nkoranyambaga. Icyakora, mu gihe cyabayeho, igihugu cyari gifite uburyo butandukanye bw'itumanaho n'itangazamakuru. Mbere yigihe cya interineti, Yugosilaviya yari ifite imiyoboro ya tereviziyo ya leta nka RTS (Televiziyo ya Radiyo ya Seribiya), RTB (Televiziyo ya Radiyo Belgrade), na RTV (Televiziyo ya Radio Vojvodina). Iyi miyoboro yatangaga amakuru, gahunda zimyidagaduro, nibirimo umuco. Ku bijyanye n'itumanaho rya interineti mu myaka ya nyuma Yugosilaviya yabayeho na nyuma yo guseswa mu bihugu bitandukanye nka Seribiya, Montenegro, Korowasiya, Bosiniya & Herzegovina, Makedoniya (Makedoniya y'Amajyaruguru), na Sloweniya; aya mahanga ku giti cye yemeye imbuga nkoranyambaga zizwi ku isi hose. Hano hari imbuga nkoranyambaga zikoreshwa n'abantu bo muri ibi bihugu byahoze bya Yugosilaviya: 1. Facebook - urubuga ruhuza abantu benshi. Urubuga: - www.facebook.com 2. Instagram - urubuga rwo gusangira amafoto. Urubuga: - www.instagram.com 3. Twitter - urubuga rwa mikorobe yo gusangira ibitekerezo cyangwa amakuru mashya. Urubuga: - www.twitter.com 4. LinkedIn - urubuga rwumwuga. Urubuga: - www.linkedin.com 5. Viber / WhatsApp / Telegram / Intumwa - Izi porogaramu zohererezanya ubutumwa zikoreshwa cyane mu itumanaho bwite hagati y'abantu cyangwa amatsinda. Urubuga: - www.viber.com - www.whatsapp.com - telegram.org (Facebook Messenger ntabwo ifite urubuga rwabigenewe) 6. YouTube - Urubuga rwo gusangira amashusho aho abakoresha bashobora kohereza amashusho cyangwa kureba ibintu byakozwe nabandi. Urubuga: - www.youtube.com 7. TikTok - Porogaramu ngufi-yo kugabana amashusho yamamaye kwisi yose mumyaka yashize Urubuga: - www.tiktok.com Nyamuneka menya ko imbuga nkoranyambaga zitagenewe Yugosilaviya cyangwa repubulika yahoze. Bakoreshwa nabantu kwisi yose kandi bamenyekanye cyane kuberako byoroshye gukoreshwa nibiranga ibintu byinshi.

Amashyirahamwe akomeye yinganda

Muri Yugosilaviya hari amashyirahamwe menshi yinganda mbere yigihugu. Dore ingero zimwe nurubuga rwabo: 1. Urugaga rw’ubucuruzi n’inganda muri Seribiya - Urugereko rw’ubucuruzi n’inganda muri Seribiya rwahagarariye inzego zitandukanye z’ubukungu muri Seribiya, harimo inganda, ubuhinzi, ubwubatsi, ubukerarugendo, na serivisi. Urubuga: https://www.pks.rs/en/ 2. Urugereko rw’ubukungu rwa Korowasiya - Urugereko rw’Ubukungu rwa Korowasiya rwateje imbere iterambere ry’ubukungu muri Korowasiya rushyigikira inganda nk’inganda, ubuhinzi, ingufu, ubukerarugendo, n’ubwikorezi. Urubuga: https://www.hgk.hr/urugo 3. Ishyirahamwe ry’amashyirahamwe y’abakoresha muri Siloveniya - Guhagararira abakoresha mu nganda zitandukanye muri Siloveniya harimo inganda, ubwubatsi, ubucuruzi, serivisi kugira ngo abanyamuryango bayo babeho neza. Urubuga: https://www.zds.si/icyongereza 4.Urugereko rw’ubucuruzi rwa Makedoniya - Ingereko zo mu majyaruguru ya Makedoniya zatanze inkunga ku bucuruzi binyuze mu mahirwe yo guhuza ibikorwa ndetse n’ubuvugizi mu nzego nk’inganda, kubaka, gucuruza, na serivisi. Urubuga: http://www.mchamber.mk/?lang=en 5.Bosnia-Herzegovina Urugereko rw’ubucuruzi rw’amahanga - Yorohereje ibikorwa mpuzamahanga by’ubucuruzi ku masosiyete afite icyicaro muri Bosiniya-Herzegovina yibanda ku guteza imbere amahirwe y’ishoramari no kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze mu nzego nyinshi. Urubuga: http://www.komorabih.ba/icyongereza/ Ni ngombwa kumenya ko ayo mashyirahamwe ashobora kuba yarahindutse cyangwa andi mashya ashobora gushingwa kuva Yugosilaviya iseswa.

Urubuga rwubucuruzi nubucuruzi

Yugosilaviya yari igihugu cyo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bw’Uburayi cyabayeho kuva mu 1918 kugeza 2003. Kubera iseswa ryacyo ndetse no gushinga ibihugu byinshi byigenga, nta rubuga rwa interineti rw’ubukungu n’ubucuruzi rwa Yugosilaviya. Ariko, ndashobora kuguha amakuru amwe yerekeye kurubuga rwabasimbuye ibihugu bigize Yugosilaviya. Hano hari ingero nke: 1. Seribiya: Urubuga rwemewe rw'Urugaga rw'Ubucuruzi rwa Seribiya rutanga amakuru ku nganda zitandukanye, amahirwe yo gushora imari, ibikorwa by'ubucuruzi, n'ibikorwa rusange by'ubucuruzi muri Seribiya. Urubuga: https://www.pks.rs/ 2. Korowasiya: Urugereko rw’ubukungu rwa Korowasiya rutanga amakuru yuzuye yerekeye gukora ubucuruzi muri Korowasiya, harimo imibare, ibikorwa biteza imbere ubucuruzi, serivisi zita ku ishoramari, n’amategeko. Urubuga: https://www.hgk.hr/ 3. Sloveniya: Ikigega cya Sosiyete Sloveniya giteza imbere kwihangira imirimo byorohereza kubona amahirwe yo gutera inkunga imishinga yatangije ndetse n’ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse (SMEs) binyuze mu nkunga, inguzanyo, ingwate, imari shoramari. Urubuga: https://www.podjetniskisklad.si/en/ 4. Bosiniya na Herzegovina: Ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere ishoramari mu mahanga gikora nk'iduka rimwe ku bashoramari b'abanyamahanga bashishikajwe no gushora imari cyangwa gushakisha amahirwe mu bucuruzi muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Urubuga rutanga amakuru yingenzi kumirenge yo gushora imari. Urubuga: http://fipa.gov.ba/en Izi nizo ngero nkeya mubindi byinshi byubukungu / ubucuruzi bujyanye nubucuruzi buboneka kubasimbuye ibihugu nyuma ya Yugosilaviya. Wibuke ko ibyo bihugu byagize impinduka zikomeye mugihe; birasabwa rero kugenzura ukuri nukuri kwamakuru yose yatanzwe kururu rubuga mbere yo gufata ibyemezo byubucuruzi. Byongeye kandi, birakwiye ko tumenya ko uturere cyangwa imijyi imwe muribi bihugu bishobora kugira iterambere ryihariye ryubukungu cyangwa urugereko rwubucuruzi rushobora kwibanda cyane kubikorwa byaho. Nyamuneka menya ko iki gisubizo kidashobora kuba gikubiyemo imbuga zose zishoboka kuko hashobora kubaho ibikoresho bitemewe cyangwa byaho bihari.

Ubucuruzi bwibibazo byurubuga

Hano hari imbuga nyinshi ushobora gusangamo amakuru yubucuruzi kuri Yugosilaviya. Dore urutonde rwamasoko yizewe hamwe na URL zabo: 1. World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) - Uru rubuga rutanga amakuru y’ubucuruzi yuzuye, harimo ibyoherezwa mu mahanga n’ibitumizwa mu mahanga, kuri Yugosilaviya no mu bindi bihugu: https://wits.worldbank.org/ 2. Ububikoshingiro bw’umuryango w’abibumbye - Itanga uburyo bwo kubona imibare irambuye y’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, ikubiyemo imyaka itandukanye n’ibicuruzwa bya Yugosilaviya: https://comtrade.un.org/ 3. Umuryango mpuzamahanga w’ubucuruzi (WTO) - Ububiko bw’ibarurishamibare bwa WTO butanga amakuru y’ubucuruzi ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga n’ibicuruzwa biva muri Yugosilaviya: https://stat.wto.org/ 4. Ikigega mpuzamahanga cy’imari (IMF) Icyerekezo cy’ibarurishamibare mu bucuruzi (DOTS) - DOTS yerekana imibare irambuye y’ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga / ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, birimo ibicuruzwa na serivisi bitembera mu bihugu nka Yugosilaviya: https://data.imf.org/dots 5. Eurostat - Niba ushishikajwe cyane nubucuruzi hagati ya Yugosilaviya n’ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, Eurostat itanga amakuru ajyanye n’urubuga rwayo: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat Ibikoresho bigomba kuguha amakuru akenewe kugirango ushakishe amakuru yubucuruzi ya Yugosilaviya byimbitse.

B2b

Yugosilaviya yabayeho kugeza mu ntangiriro ya za 90, yari igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y'uburayi. Nkibyo, ntabwo yari ifite porogaramu yihariye ya B2B muri kiriya gihe. Ariko, ubu hariho urubuga rwa B2B rwinshi kubucuruzi bushingiye mubihugu byahoze bigize Yugosilaviya. Dore ingero nke: 1. Balkan B2B: Uru rubuga rugamije guhuza ubucuruzi na ba rwiyemezamirimo baturutse mu karere ka Balkans, harimo ibihugu nka Seribiya, Korowasiya, Bosiniya na Herzegovina, Montenegro, Makedoniya y'Amajyaruguru, na Sloweniya. Urashobora gusura urubuga rwabo kuri www.balkanb2b.com. 2. TradeBoss: TradeBoss nisoko mpuzamahanga rya B2B ririmo urutonde rwibihugu bitandukanye kwisi. Iragaragaza kandi amasosiyete yo mu turere twahoze twitwa Yugosilaviya ashakisha amahirwe ku bucuruzi ku isi. Urubuga rwabo rushobora kuboneka kuri www.tradeboss.com. 3. E-Burza: E-Burza nisoko ryambere ryubucuruzi bwa Korowasiya kumurongo wubucuruzi uhuza ubucuruzi mugihugu ndetse no mumahanga hamwe nabaguzi nabaguzi mubikorwa bitandukanye nkinganda, ubuhinzi, ubukerarugendo nibindi .. Urashobora kumenya byinshi usura urubuga rwabo kuri www. e-burza.eu. 4 www.nisamjasan.rs. 5.Yellobiz.com: Nubwo idasanzwe mu karere runaka ariko igitabo rusange cy’ubucuruzi ku isi cyerekana amasosiyete arenga miliyoni 11 ku isi yose yibanda cyane ku gace ka Balkans kubera guhuza ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi biva mu turere twahoze ari Yugosilaviya. Urashobora gushakisha kugura / gutanga ayobora, Cataloge yerekana ibyumba, imyirondoro yisosiyete, ikiganiro kizima .Ushobora kubona amakuru menshi usuye yellobiz.com Nyamuneka menya ko izi mbuga zishobora gukwirakwiza ibihugu cyangwa uturere twinshi, ntabwo ari Yugosilaviya gusa cyangwa ibihugu bizasimbura. Byongeye kandi, birasabwa gukora ubushakashatsi no kugenzura niba izo mbuga zizewe mbere yo kwishora mu bucuruzi ubwo aribwo bwose.