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Incamake y'igihugu
Turukiya izwi ku izina rya Repubulika ya Turukiya, ni igihugu cyambukiranya imipaka giherereye cyane cyane mu gace ka Anatoliya muri Aziya y'Uburengerazuba, gifite igice gito ku gice cya Balkan mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bw'Uburayi. Ifite amateka akungahaye kandi atandukanye amara imyaka ibihumbi. Ubuso bungana na kilometero kare 780.580, Turukiya ihana imbibi n’ibihugu umunani birimo Ubugereki, Buligariya, Jeworujiya, Arumeniya, Azerubayijani, Irani, Iraki na Siriya. Ikikijwe ninyanja eshatu nini: Inyanja ya Mediterane mu majyepfo, w Inyanja ya Aegean iburengerazuba ninyanja Yirabura mumajyaruguru. Turkiya ituwe n'abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni 84 zigizwe n'amoko n'amadini atandukanye, Turukiya izwiho imico itandukanye. Ururimi rwemewe ni Igiturukiya mu gihe izindi ndimi nkeya nk'Abanyakorde nazo zivugwa. Ankara ikora nk'umurwa mukuru wa Turukiya mu gihe Istanbul ariwo mujyi munini. Istanbul ifite amateka akomeye kuko yahoze ari umurwa mukuru w'ingoma ya Byzantine na Ottoman. Ubukungu bwa Turukiya buza mu bihugu 20 bya mbere ku isi bishingiye kuri GDP. Ahantu heza hayo hahindutse ihuriro rikomeye mubucuruzi mpuzamahanga hagati yuburayi na Aziya. Ubukerarugendo bugira uruhare runini mu bukungu bwa Turukiya kubera umurage gakondo w’umuco ndetse n’ahantu nyaburanga. Itanga ba mukerarugendo uruvange rw'amatongo ya kera nka Efeso na Troy hamwe n'inyanja nziza cyane ku nkombe ya Mediterane. Ibyokurya bya Turukiya birazwi kwisi yose birimo ibiryo nka kebab, baklava, nicyayi cya Turukiya byiyongera kuri gastronomic. Nubwo geografiya itandukanijwe hagati yimigabane ibiri, Turukiya yakira imigenzo yo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati bw’Uburayi bwo hagati.Igihugu gikomeje gutera imbere mu bukungu bw’imibereho bigatuma kiba ahantu hashimishije gushakisha amatsiko
Ifaranga ry'igihugu
Ifaranga rya Turukiya rizwi nka lira yo muri Turukiya (GERAGEZA). Lira yo muri Turukiya ni ifaranga ryemewe rya Turukiya, kandi itangwa kandi igengwa na Banki Nkuru ya Repubulika ya Turukiya. Yatangiye gukwirakwizwa kuva 1923 igihe Turukiya igezweho yashingwa. Igipimo cyivunjisha kuri 1 US $ kuri TRY ni hafi 8.5 lira. Icyakora, ni ngombwa kumenya ko kubera impamvu zubukungu, igipimo cy’ivunjisha gishobora guhinduka muri Turukiya. Mu myaka yashize, Turukiya yahuye n’ibibazo bimwe n’ifaranga n’imihindagurikire y’agaciro kayo. Ibi byatumye rimwe na rimwe ihindagurika no guta agaciro kwa lira yo muri Turukiya ku yandi mafaranga akomeye nk'amadolari y'Amerika cyangwa ama Euro. Guverinoma na banki nkuru bafashe ingamba zo guhagarika ifaranga ryabo bashyira mu bikorwa politiki nko kuzamura igipimo cy’inyungu, gushyira mu bikorwa politiki y’ifaranga rikomeye, no gushishikariza ishoramari ry’amahanga. Izi mbaraga zigamije kubungabunga umutekano muri sisitemu yimari no kurinda agaciro ka lira ya Turukiya. Ba mukerarugendo basuye Turukiya barashobora kuvunjisha byoroshye amafaranga y’amahanga muri lirasi ya Turukiya ku mabanki, ku biro by’ivunjisha, cyangwa binyuze kuri ATM mu gihugu hose. Ubucuruzi bwinshi nabwo bwemera kwishyurwa mu yandi mafranga akomeye nk'amadolari ya Amerika cyangwa amayero mu turere dukerarugendo. Muri make, ifaranga rya Turukiya ryitwa lira yo muri Turukiya (GERAGEZA), rihura n’imihindagurikire rimwe na rimwe bitewe n’ubukungu ariko hashyirwaho ingufu n’ubuyobozi kugira ngo buhoshe. Abashyitsi barashobora guhanahana amafaranga yabo mumafaranga yaho ahantu hatandukanye muri Turukiya.
Igipimo cy'ivunjisha
Ifaranga ryemewe rya Turukiya ni Lira yo muri Turukiya (GERAGEZA). Kubijyanye n’ivunjisha hamwe n’amafaranga akomeye ku isi, nyamuneka menya ko izo ndangagaciro zishobora guhinduka mugihe runaka. Ariko, guhera muri Nzeri 2021, dore igipimo cyagereranijwe cyo kuvunja: 1 US $ (USD) = 8.50 Lira yo muri Turukiya (GERAGEZA) 1 Euro (EUR) = 10.00 Lira yo muri Turukiya (GERAGEZA) 1 Pound y'Abongereza (GBP) = 11.70 Turukiya Lira (GERAGEZA) 1 Ikiyapani Yen (JPY) = 0.08 Turukiya Lira (GERAGEZA) Nyamuneka uzirikane ko ibi biciro bishobora guhinduka kandi nibyiza kugenzura ibiciro biriho mugihe bikenewe.
Ibiruhuko by'ingenzi
Turukiya, igihugu gitandukanye giherereye mu masangano y’Uburayi na Aziya, cyizihiza iminsi mikuru myinshi ikomeye mu mwaka. Iyi minsi mikuru ntabwo yerekana umurage gakondo wa Turukiya gusa ahubwo inagira akamaro gakomeye kubaturage bayo. Imwe mu minsi mikuru ikomeye muri Turukiya ni umunsi wa Repubulika, wizihizwa ku ya 29 Ukwakira. Uyu munsi urizihiza Repubulika ya Turukiya mu 1923 iyobowe na Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Ni umunsi mukuru wigihugu mugihe abaturage bateraniye hamwe kugirango bibuke iki gikorwa cyamateka hamwe na parade, kwerekana imirishyo, nibikorwa byumuco. Undi munsi mukuru ukomeye ni Eid al-Fitr, iranga Ramazani - ukwezi gutagatifu kwisonzesha muri Islamu. Bizihizwa n’abayisilamu ku isi hose, Eid al-Fitr muri Turukiya ikubiyemo amasengesho adasanzwe ku misigiti ikurikirwa n’ibirori bisangiwe n’umuryango n'inshuti. Imihanda irimbishijwe imitako y'amabara mugihe abana bahabwa impano nibijumba murwego rwo kwishima. Umunsi wubwigenge bwa Turukiya wizihizwa ku ya 18 Werurwe kugira ngo wubahe abaharanira ubwisanzure mu gihe cy’intambara y’ubwigenge bwa Turukiya (1919-1922). Ifite akamaro gakomeye kuko ishushanya ubumwe nubwibone mubenegihugu ba Turukiya. Imihango yo kwibuka ibera mu gihugu hose, harimo n’imihango yo gushyira indabyo ku nzibutso zahariwe Atatürk ndetse n’ibiterane byerekana gukunda igihugu. Kurban Bayramı cyangwa Eid al-Adha ni undi munsi mukuru ukomeye w’amadini wizihizwa n’abayisilamu muri Turukiya. Ubusanzwe bibaho nyuma y'amezi abiri nyuma ya Eid al-Fitr, byubahiriza ubushake bwa Ibrahim bwo gutamba umuhungu we nkigikorwa cyo kwitangira Imana. Imiryango iteranira gusengera mumisigiti mbere yo gutamba amatungo nkintama cyangwa inka zikurikiza imigenzo ya kisilamu. Inyama ziva muri ibyo bitambo noneho zisaranganywa na bene wabo hanyuma zigabanywa mubatishoboye. Ubwanyuma, ibirori byo kwizihiza umwaka mushya bigira uruhare runini muri kalendari y'ibiruhuko ya Turukiya. Nubwo bishobora gufatwa nkibirori byisi ku isi, Abanyaturukiya bitabira cyane ibikorwa bitandukanye nko kwizihiza umuhanda, kwerekana imiriro, no gusangira bidasanzwe. Istanbul, hamwe na skyline yayo yikigereranyo hamwe nikirere cyiza, ni ahantu hazwi cyane kubaturage ndetse na ba mukerarugendo kuvuza umwaka mushya. Iyi minsi mikuru yerekana imico itandukanye ya Turukiya, kwihanganira idini, n'akamaro k’amateka. Bahuza abantu kugirango bishimire indangagaciro basangiye mugihe bubahiriza imigenzo yabo idasanzwe- byerekana neza igihugu.
Ubucuruzi bw’amahanga
Turukiya ni igihugu giherereye mu masangano y’Uburayi na Aziya, kikaba ihuriro ry’ubucuruzi. Ifite ubukungu buvanze n’ubuhinzi, inganda, na serivisi bigira uruhare runini muri GDP. Ku bijyanye no kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze, Turukiya ifite ibicuruzwa bitandukanye birimo imyenda, ibice by'imodoka, imashini, ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi, n'ibiribwa bitunganijwe. Abafatanyabikorwa bakomeye mu bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga muri Turukiya harimo Ubudage, Iraki, Ubwongereza, Ubutaliyani, n'Ubufaransa. Ibicuruzwa by’imyenda ni ingenzi cyane mu gitebo cyoherezwa mu mahanga cya Turukiya kuko ari kimwe mu bicuruzwa binini cyane ku isi. Kuruhande rwibitumizwa hanze, Turukiya igura cyane cyane ibikoresho nkibikoresho byimashini nibice byinganda zayo. Ibindi bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga birimo ibikomoka kuri peteroli, imiti, ibyuma n’ibyuma. Abafatanyabikorwa bayo bakomeye mu bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga ni Ubushinwa, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi harimo Ubudage n’Uburusiya. Mu myaka yashize, Turukiya yakurikiranye byimazeyo amasezerano yo kwishyira ukizana mu bucuruzi n’ibihugu bitandukanye kugira ngo azamure ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga.Turkey ni umunyamuryango w’amasezerano menshi y’ubucuruzi ku buntu nka gasutamo n’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, kugira ngo arusheho kugera ku masoko y’i Burayi. Byongeye kandi, Turukiya nayo iharanira kwagura ubucuruzi mu bihugu byo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati, Afurika, na Aziya binyuze mu masezerano y'ibihugu byombi. N'ubwo hari ibintu byiza, Turukiya ihura n’ibibazo bimwe na bimwe mu rwego rw’ubucuruzi.Imihindagurikire ya lira yo muri Turukiya irashobora kugira ingaruka ku biciro byo gutumiza mu mahanga / ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Hejuru y'ibyo, amakimbirane ya politiki, nk'amakimbirane n'ibihugu bituranye cyangwa guhindura amategeko ya leta, ashobora guhungabanya imipaka. ibikorwa. Byongeye kandi, icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyagize ingaruka mbi ku bucuruzi bw’isi, kandi Turukiya na yo ntiyigeze ibaho, nyamara, yagiye buhoro buhoro ibikorwa by’ubukungu ishyira mu bikorwa ingamba z’umutekano. Muri rusange, Turukiya iherereye mu masangano y’Uburayi, Uburasirazuba bwo hagati, na Aziya, itanga akarusho ku bucuruzi bw’isi yose. Ihindura uburyo butandukanye bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga, inganda zikomeye, n’ingamba zo korohereza ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga ku buryo bwiza mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga.Nyamara, ejo hazaza Iterambere rizaterwa nuburyo Turukiya ikemura neza ibibazo byimbere mu gihugu mugihe ikomeje kwishora mumahirwe yisi yose.
Iterambere ryisoko
Turukiya iherereye mu masangano y’Uburayi na Aziya, ifite amahirwe menshi yo guteza imbere isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga. Umwanya w’igihugu uhagaze neza bituma uhuza cyane uturere n’amasoko atandukanye. Ubwa mbere, Turukiya izwiho ibicuruzwa bitandukanye bitandukanye mu nzego zitandukanye. Ifite inyungu zo guhatanira inganda nk'imyenda, imodoka, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, n'ubuhinzi. Nimbaraga zabakozi bafite ubuhanga niterambere ryikoranabuhanga, amasosiyete ya Turukiya afite ubushobozi bwo gukora ibicuruzwa byiza cyane kubiciro byapiganwa. Icya kabiri, aho Turukiya ifite ibyiza itanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kugera ku masoko akomeye nk'Uburayi, Uburusiya, Aziya yo hagati, Uburasirazuba bwo hagati, na Afurika. Ibi bifasha abatumiza mu mahanga bo muri Turukiya gushakisha ibicuruzwa byinshi muri utwo turere no gukora imiyoboro ikomeye y’ubucuruzi. Byongeye kandi, Turukiya yashyizeho amasezerano y’ubucuruzi n’ibihugu byinshi cyangwa uturere nk’amasezerano y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi akubiyemo ibihugu 30. Icya gatatu, Turukiya yagiye ikomeza ibikorwa remezo byayo birimo ibyambu byindege byikibuga cy’ibibuga by’ibikoresho bya gari ya moshi bigira uruhare runini mu guhuza imiyoboro y’imbere mu gihugu ndetse no mu mahanga byorohereza ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu n'ibintu byongera amarushanwa mpuzamahanga no gukurura ishoramari ry’amahanga. Byongeye kandi, Turukiya itanga uburyo bwo gushora imari harimo gusonerwa imisoro ku nyungu z’inyungu ku nyungu z’inyungu zitangwa ku nkunga itangwa ry’imirimo itera inkunga imirimo y’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga kugira ngo ihagarare bityo biteze imbere ibikorwa by’ubukungu Hanyuma, guverinoma ya Turukiya nayo yongereye ingufu mu kwagura amasezerano y’ibihugu byombi binyuze mu bikorwa byamamaza nko gutegura imurikagurisha ry’imurikagurisha ryerekana ibicuruzwa bya Turukiya bitabira imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga bibagirira akamaro n’uburyo bwinshi bibyara inyungu mu bacuruzi b’abanyamahanga bateza imbere ubufatanye. Mu gusoza, igihugu cya Turukiya gishobora guteza imbere isoko ry’ubucuruzi n’ubucuruzi kiri mu nganda zikomeye z’ibicuruzwa bitandukanye ahantu heza h’ahantu heza h’iterambere ry’ibikorwa remezo hagamijwe gushora imari ishimangira politiki ya guverinoma.
Kugurisha ibicuruzwa bishyushye ku isoko
Ku bijyanye no guhitamo ibicuruzwa bigurishwa bishyushye byoherezwa mu isoko rya Turukiya, hari ibintu byinshi byingenzi tugomba gusuzuma. Turukiya iherereye mu masangano y’Uburayi na Aziya, ikaba ihuriro ry’ubucuruzi bwiza. Ifite ubukungu butandukanye hamwe n’inganda zikomeye zirimo ibinyabiziga, imyenda, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, n’inganda zitunganya ibiribwa. Kugirango umenye ibicuruzwa bishobora kugurishwa bishyushye byoherezwa muri Turukiya, dore zimwe mu ntambwe ugomba gukurikiza: 1. Kora ubushakashatsi ku isoko: Kora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku isoko kugirango wumve ibyo abaguzi bakunda. Ibi birashobora gukorwa binyuze muri raporo z’imiryango y’ubucuruzi, ibigo bya leta, cyangwa mukwitabira imurikagurisha n’imurikagurisha. 2. Menya amahirwe menshi: Shakisha icyuho ku isoko gishobora kuzuzwa nibicuruzwa bidasanzwe cyangwa byihariye. Kurugero, abaguzi ba Turukiya bagaragaje ko bashishikajwe n’ibicuruzwa by’ibiribwa kama cyangwa ibintu birambye byerekana imideli. 3. Tekereza ku bintu by’umuco: Turukiya nigihugu gitandukanye n’umuco gifite ingaruka ziva mumico y'iburasirazuba n'iburengerazuba. Sobanukirwa n'imigenzo gakondo muguhitamo ibicuruzwa byoherezwa hanze kugirango urebe ko bihuye nagaciro kabaguzi. 4. Ubwishingizi bufite ireme: Abaguzi ba Turukiya baha agaciro ibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge ku giciro cyo gupiganwa. Menya neza ko ibintu watoranije byujuje ubuziranenge mpuzamahanga kandi bigatanga agaciro keza kumafaranga. 5. Isesengura rihiganwa: Wige itangwa ryabanywanyi baho kugirango umenye ibyiciro byibicuruzwa aho ushobora kwitandukanya utanga ikintu kidasanzwe cyangwa cyiza kuruta icyaboneka ubu. 6. Ibisabwa mu mahanga: Witondere imigendekere yisi n'ibisabwa mugihe uhitamo ibicuruzwa byoherezwa muri Turukiya kuko bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kubitsinzi byabo mumahanga. 7. Kubahiriza amabwiriza: Menyera amabwiriza yo gutumiza mu mahanga, amahoro ya gasutamo, ibisabwa byanditseho, amahame yumutekano kumasoko yagenewe kuko ibyo bishobora kugira ingaruka kubikorwa byo guhitamo ibicuruzwa; 8. Kubaka umubano waho: Shiraho ubufatanye nabatanga isoko ryizewe bumva neza isoko ryimbere mu gihugu; ibi birashobora gufasha kugendana inzitizi mugihe wohereza ibicuruzwa wahisemo neza. Ukurikije izi ntambwe kandi ugakomeza kugezwaho ibyifuzo byabakiriya hamwe niterambere ryisi yose ， uzaba uhagaze neza kugirango uhitemo ibicuruzwa bigurishwa bishyushye byoherezwa mumasoko ya Turukiya.
Ibiranga abakiriya na kirazira
Turukiya, igihugu cy’ibihugu byambukiranya Uburayi bw’iburasirazuba na Aziya y’iburengerazuba, gifite imiterere yihariye y’abakiriya na kirazira z'umuco. Abakiriya ba Turukiya bazwiho kwakira abashyitsi no gususurutsa abashyitsi. Bishimira kubaha abashyitsi kububaha no gutanga. Mugihe ukora ubucuruzi muri Turukiya, tegereza gusuhuzanya ishyaka kandi utange icyayi cyangwa ikawa nkikimenyetso cyo kwakira abashyitsi. Kubaka umubano ningirakamaro mumico yubucuruzi bwa Turukiya. Guhuza kugiti cyawe bihabwa agaciro cyane, gufata umwanya rero wo kwizerana no kugirana umubano nabakiriya bawe ba Turukiya ni ngombwa. Kubaka umubano ukomeye birashobora kuganisha ku bufatanye burambye. Abakiriya ba Turukiya bashima itumanaho ritaziguye ariko kandi baha agaciro ubuhanga mugihe cyo kuganira cyangwa kuganira kubintu byoroshye. Kuba umunyamahane cyangwa gusunika birashobora gutera ikibazo, bityo rero ni ngombwa gukomeza gushyira mu gaciro hagati yo kwiyemeza no kubahana. Igitekerezo cy "igihe" gishobora kubonwa ukundi nabakiriya ba Turukiya ugereranije nindi mico. Kwubahiriza igihe birashimwa ariko harigihe habaho guhinduka iyo bigeze kuri gahunda cyangwa igihe ntarengwa bitewe nakamaro kashyizwe kumurongo bwite. Witegure inama zitangira bitinze cyangwa ufite impinduka kumunota wanyuma. Ku bijyanye na kirazira z'umuco, ni ngombwa kutaganira ku bibazo bya politiki keretse niba wubatse umubano ukomeye ushingiye ku kwizerana aho ingingo nk'izo zishobora kuganirwaho ku mugaragaro nta cyaha. Iyobokamana naryo rifatwa nk'iyumva; irinde kunegura cyangwa gusuzugura imyizerere iyo ari yo yose ishingiye ku idini. Byongeye kandi, kubaha abasaza byubahwa cyane muri societe ya Turukiya; kubwibyo, gutanga icyubahiro kubakiriya bakuze mugihe cyinama birashobora kugaragara nkikimenyetso cyimyitwarire myiza. Hanyuma, wibuke ko kunywa inzoga bitandukana mubantu bitewe n’imyemerere ishingiye ku idini yashimangiwe n’ubuyisilamu ko ari idini ryiganjemo abantu muri Turukiya - bityo rero buri gihe ukoreshe ubushishozi igihe unywa inzoga mugihe cyo kurya cyangwa ibirori. Gusobanukirwa ibiranga abakiriya na kirazira z'umuco bizagufasha kuyobora neza binyuze mubikorwa byubucuruzi na bagenzi bawe bo muri Turukiya mugihe wubaha imigenzo n'imigenzo yabo.
Sisitemu yo gucunga gasutamo
Turukiya ifite gahunda yo gucunga neza gasutamo ituma ibicuruzwa n'abantu bigenda neza ku mipaka yacyo. Abayobozi ba gasutamo ya Turukiya bashinzwe gukurikirana no kugenzura ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, n’ibicuruzwa biva mu gihugu. Iyo binjiye muri Turukiya, abagenzi bagomba kumenya amategeko n'amabwiriza akurikizwa na gasutamo ya Turukiya. Muri byo harimo: 1. Imenyekanisha rya gasutamo: Abagenzi binjira cyangwa bava muri Turukiya bagomba kuzuza urupapuro rwerekana imenyekanisha rya gasutamo (riboneka ku bibuga by’indege, ku byambu, no ku mipaka y’ubutaka) iyo batwaye amafaranga arenga 10,000 Euro cyangwa ahwanye n’andi mafaranga. 2. Ibintu bibujijwe: Ibintu bimwe na bimwe birabujijwe cyangwa bibujijwe mugihe winjiye cyangwa uva muri Turukiya. Muri byo harimo intwaro, ibiyobyabwenge, ibicuruzwa byiganano, ibihangano by’umuco bidafite ibyangombwa bikwiye, n’ibintu byose bibona ko byangiza ubuzima bw’abaturage. 3. Amafaranga atishyurwa: Hariho imipaka ku bicuruzwa bitarimo amahoro bishobora kuzanwa muri Turukiya. Aya mafaranga aratandukanye bitewe nubwoko bwibicuruzwa (inzoga, ibicuruzwa by itabi) nuburyo bwo gutwara (ikirere cyangwa ubutaka). Ni ngombwa gukurikiza izo mipaka kugirango wirinde ibihano. 4. Gusonerwa gukoresha kugiti cyawe: Abashyitsi barashobora kuzana ibintu byabo nkimyenda nibikoresho bya elegitoronike kugirango babikoreshe batabanje kwishyura imisoro cyangwa imisoro mugihe bitagenewe kugurishwa. 5. Ibibujijwe gutumizwa mu mahanga / ibyoherezwa mu mahanga: Ibintu bimwe na bimwe birabujijwe rwose gutumizwa mu mahanga / koherezwa muri Turukiya kubera impungenge z'umutekano cyangwa amasezerano mpuzamahanga. Ingero zirimo ibiyobyabwenge, imiti imwe n'imwe, ibicuruzwa by’ibinyabuzima bigenda byangirika bikingirwa na CITES (Amasezerano y’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga mu binyabuzima bigenda byangirika), nibindi. 6.Uburenganzira bw’abagenzi mu ndege n’uburenganzira bw’amakuru: Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibisabwa n’amabwiriza bizakurikizwa mu gihe aho igihombo cyangiritse cyatewe na goıng binyuze mu nzira nyabagendwa zitangwa ku buryo bweruye. Birasabwa ko abagenzi bamenyera aya mabwiriza ya gasutamo mbere yo gusura Turukiya kugirango birinde ingaruka zitifuzwa murugendo rwabo.
Kuzana politiki y’imisoro
Politiki y’ibicuruzwa bitumizwa muri Turukiya ni ikintu cyingenzi mu bucuruzi bwayo. Igihugu cyashyize mu bikorwa gahunda y’imisoro igenda itera imbere ishingiye ku mahame ya Harmonized Sisitemu (HS), ashyira ibicuruzwa mu matsinda atandukanye akurikije imiterere n'intego yo gukoresha. Igiciro cy’ibicuruzwa bitumizwa muri Turukiya biva kuri 0% kugeza 130%, bitewe nicyiciro cyibicuruzwa. Ibicuruzwa byagenwe na zeru birimo ibintu byingenzi nkubuvuzi, ibitabo, nibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bikoreshwa mubikorwa byo gukora. Ibicuruzwa byinjira mu gihugu nta musoro wongeyeho. Hagati aho, ibicuruzwa byinshi bikurura ibiciro bitandukanye byamahoro ukurikije kode ya HS. Kurugero, imashini nibikoresho byubuhanga buhanitse bitangirwa umusoro muke utumizwa mu mahanga, mugihe ibicuruzwa byabaguzi nkimyenda, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, n’imodoka bifite amahoro menshi kuri bo. Byongeye kandi, Turukiya ishyiraho umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (TVA) ku bicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga ku gipimo gisanzwe cya 18%. Uyu musoro ubarwa ukurikije igiciro cyibiciro harimo ubwishingizi n’amafaranga atwara ibicuruzwa kugeza ibicuruzwa bigeze kuri gasutamo ya Turukiya. Icyakora, ibyiciro bimwe byihariye bishobora gutangirwa igiciro cyumusoro ku nyongeragaciro cyangwa gusonerwa bitewe na kamere yabo cyangwa politiki ya leta. Twabibutsa ko Turukiya ifite kandi amasezerano y’ubucuruzi hagati y’ibihugu byinshi n’ibihugu byinshi bitanga ubufasha bw’ibanze ku bijyanye n’imisoro yagabanijwe cyangwa ndetse no kubona imisoro ku bicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe byujuje ibisabwa muri aya masezerano. Ibi biciro byingenzi bigamije guteza imbere ubufatanye mu bukungu no gushimangira ubufatanye hagati ya Turukiya n’abafatanyabikorwa bayo mu bucuruzi. Muri rusange, politiki y’imisoro yatumijwe muri Turukiya igamije gushyira mu gaciro hagati yo kurinda inganda z’imbere mu gihugu no guteza imbere ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga hitawe ku guhatanira amasoko meza ku isoko ry’isi.
Politiki yo kohereza hanze
Turukiya, nk'igihugu kiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, yashyize mu bikorwa politiki zitandukanye z'imisoro mu rwego rwo guteza imbere inganda zohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu gihugu bitangirwa umusoro mu bihe bimwe na bimwe. Turukiya ikurikiza imisoro ku nyongeragaciro (VAT) kuri byinshi byoherezwa mu mahanga. Igipimo cy'umusoro ku nyongeragaciro ku bicuruzwa byakorewe muri Turukiya ni 18%. Nyamara, ibintu bimwe byoherezwa mu mahanga birashobora kwemererwa kugabanyirizwa ibiciro cyangwa gusonerwa bitewe na kamere yabo n’aho bigana. Mu rwego rwo gushishikariza ubucuruzi bushingiye ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga, Turukiya itanga imisoro myinshi kandi ikasonerwa. Ibigo bikora ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga muri rusange birasonerwa kwishyura umusoro ku nyungu z’amasosiyete ku byoherezwa mu mahanga. Iki cyemezo kigamije kuzamura ubushobozi bwibicuruzwa bya Turukiya ku masoko mpuzamahanga. Byongeye kandi, Turukiya yashyizeho uduce tw’ubucuruzi ku buntu (FTZ) mu gihugu hose itanga inyungu zinyongera ku bohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Izi FTZ zitanga umusoro ku musoro wa gasutamo na TVA ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga bikoreshwa mu bicuruzwa byonyine byoherezwa muri utwo turere. Ibi bigabanya ibiciro byumusaruro, bigatuma ibyoherezwa mu mahanga birushanwe kwisi yose. Amahoro ya gasutamo ni ikindi kintu cya politiki yo gusoresha mu mahanga muri Turukiya. Amahoro ya gasutamo aratandukanye bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga ndetse n'aho igihugu / akarere kerekeza. Igiciro cya gasutamo gishyirwa mu bikorwa hashingiwe ku masezerano mpuzamahanga yashyizweho umukono na Turukiya cyangwa ku ruhande rumwe na guverinoma ya Turukiya. Byongeye kandi, ni ngombwa kuvuga ko ibiciro bishobora guhinduka buri gihe kubera imishyikirano y’ubucuruzi cyangwa impinduka mu bukungu bw’isi. Niyo mpamvu, ni ngombwa ko abohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bamenya ibiciro by’ibiciro bishya iyo bakora ubucuruzi n’ibihugu bitandukanye. Muri make, Turukiya ishyira mu bikorwa gahunda y’imisoro yongerewe agaciro hamwe no gusonerwa no kugabanya ibiciro ku byoherezwa mu mahanga. Guverinoma itanga izindi nkunga nko gusonerwa imisoro yinjira mu bigo ku masosiyete yohereza mu mahanga n’inyungu zitangwa mu bucuruzi bw’ubuntu. Gusobanukirwa imisoro yihariye ya gasutamo ukurikije ubwoko bwibicuruzwa n’aho ujya ni ngombwa mugihe cyoherezwa muri Turukiya kubera ihindagurika rishobora guterwa no guhindura amasezerano mpuzamahanga cyangwa ibihe byubukungu.
Impamyabumenyi isabwa kohereza hanze
Turukiya ni igihugu giherereye mu masangano y’Uburayi na Aziya, kizwiho amateka akomeye n'umurage ndangamuco. Igihugu gifite ubukungu butandukanye, bushingiye cyane ku bikorwa byoherezwa mu mahanga kugira ngo ubukungu bwiyongere. Turukiya yashyize mu bikorwa uburyo butandukanye bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze kugira ngo ibicuruzwa byayoherezwa mu mahanga byujuje ubuziranenge no kubahiriza. Icyemezo gikomeye cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa muri Turukiya ni icyemezo cya Turukiya gishinzwe ubuziranenge (TSE). Iki cyemezo cyemeza ko ibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge bwashyizweho na TSE, harimo ubuziranenge, umutekano, n'ibidukikije. TSE ikora igenzura n'ibizamini ku bicuruzwa mbere yo gutanga iki cyemezo, itanga icyizere ku baguzi mpuzamahanga ko ibicuruzwa byoherejwe muri Turukiya bifite ubuziranenge. Abatumiza mu mahanga bo muri Turukiya bashobora kandi kubona icyemezo cya ISO 9001, bakerekana ko biyemeje gukomeza gahunda nziza yo gucunga neza. Iki cyemezo cyibanda ku kunoza abakiriya kunyuza ibyo basabwa buri gihe. Ntabwo byongera gusa kwizerwa kwabohereza ibicuruzwa muri Turukiya gusa ahubwo binakingura amarembo yubucuruzi ku isi. Byongeye kandi, Icyemezo cya Halal cyagize akamaro mumyaka yashize kubera kongera ibicuruzwa bya halale kwisi yose. Icyemezo cya Halal cyemeza ko ibicuruzwa byibiribwa byubahiriza amategeko n'amabwiriza ya kisilamu. Ku bihugu cyangwa uturere twiganjemo abayisilamu bafite umubare munini w’abayisilamu nk’isoko rishobora kohereza ibicuruzwa muri Turukiya, iki cyemezo gitanga amahirwe yo guhatanira gukurura abaguzi. Byongeye kandi, Icyemezo cyo kubahiriza ni ingenzi ku nganda nyinshi zigira uruhare mu kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze nko mu myenda n’imyenda bitewe n’impinduka zihoraho mu bisabwa n'amategeko bijyanye n’amabwiriza agenga ibimenyetso cyangwa imipaka ikoreshwa nabi. Muri rusange, Turukiya yibanda cyane ku byemezo byoherezwa mu mahanga kuko bigira uruhare runini mu koroshya ubucuruzi gusa ahubwo binashimangira ko abaguzi banyurwa kandi bizeye ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga.
Basabwe ibikoresho
Turukiya ni igihugu giherereye mu masangano y’Uburayi na Aziya, kikaba ari ahantu heza ho gukorera ibikoresho no gutwara abantu. Hamwe n’imiterere y’imiterere y’imiterere, Turukiya ikora nk'irembo hagati yimigabane kandi itanga inyungu zitandukanye. Istanbul, umujyi munini muri Turukiya, ni ihuriro rikuru ry’ubwikorezi rihuza Uburayi na Aziya. Ifite ibibuga byindege mpuzamahanga - Ikibuga cy’indege cya Istanbul n’ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Sabiha Gökçen - gikora miriyoni zo kohereza imizigo buri mwaka. Ibi bibuga byindege bifite ibikoresho byinshi bitwara imizigo kandi bitanga serivisi nziza zitwara indege aho zerekeza kwisi. Usibye ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere, Turukiya ifite n'umuyoboro mwiza w'imihanda uyihuza n'ibihugu duturanye. Umuhanda wa E80, uzwi kandi ku izina rya Trans-Europe Motorway cyangwa Sisitemu mpuzamahanga y’imihanda (E-umuhanda), unyura muri Turukiya kandi utanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kugera mu bihugu by’Uburayi bw’iburengerazuba nk’Ubugereki, Buligariya, Seribiya, na Rumaniya. Ibikorwa remezo byo mu nyanja bya Turukiya ni ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi mu nganda z’ibikoresho. Ifite ibyambu byinshi byingenzi kuruhande rwinyanja ikora ibintu byinshi byimodoka. Icyambu cya Izmir ku nyanja ya Aegean ni kimwe mu byambu bizwiho ubushobozi budasanzwe bwo gutwara ibintu. Ibindi byambu bizwi cyane birimo icyambu cya Ambarli cya Istanbul na Port ya Mersin ku nyanja ya Mediterane. Ku masosiyete ashakisha ibikoresho byububiko muri Turukiya, hari uturere twinshi tw’inganda duherereye mu gihugu hose dutanga ibikoresho by’ibikoresho bifite ibikoresho bibitse bigezweho. Ibyo bubiko byita ku nganda zinyuranye nk'imodoka, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, imyenda, gutunganya ibiryo, n'ibindi, bitanga umwanya uhagije wo kubika ibicuruzwa bitegereje kugabanywa cyangwa koherezwa mu mahanga. Guverinoma ya Turukiya yagiye ishora imari mu kuzamura ibikorwa remezo by’ibikoresho mu myaka yashize. Imishinga nkiyubakwa ryimihanda mishya hagati yimijyi itezimbere guhuza mugihe kuzamura cyane kubibuga byindege bigamije kongera ubushobozi kubagenzi no gutwara imizigo. Byongeye kandi, Turukiya itanga ibihe byiza by’ubukungu nk’ibiciro by’umurimo uhiganwa ugereranije n’ibindi bihugu by’Uburayi, bigatuma iba ahantu heza h’ibikorwa byo gukora cyangwa kugabura.Amabwiriza ya gasutamo ya Turukiya arangwa n’ubuntu, kandi yashyizeho ingamba zo koroshya uburyo bwo gutumiza mu mahanga ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, bigabanya ibiro bya biro. kaseti itukura no koroshya inzira zubucuruzi. Turukiya ifite aho iherereye, ibikorwa remezo bigezweho, hamwe n’ubucuruzi bwiza, Turukiya itanga uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha ibikoresho mu bucuruzi bukorera muri aka karere. Yaba imizigo yo mu kirere, ubwikorezi bwo mu muhanda, ubwikorezi bwo mu nyanja cyangwa ibikoresho byo mu bubiko, Turukiya ifite ibikoresho na serivisi bikenewe kugira ngo ibikenerwa bitandukanye bikenerwa neza.
Imiyoboro yo guteza imbere abaguzi

Ubucuruzi bwingenzi

Turukiya ni igihugu gifite ingamba mu masangano y’Uburayi na Aziya. Yabaye ihuriro ry’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga kandi ikurura abaguzi n’abashoramari benshi ku isi. Iyi ngingo izagaragaza zimwe munzira zikomeye ziterambere ryabaguzi n’imurikagurisha muri Turukiya. 1. Urugaga rw’ubucuruzi rwa Istanbul (ITO): ITO ni rumwe mu nganda nini z’ubucuruzi muri Turukiya, rukaba umutungo w’agaciro ku baguzi mpuzamahanga. Itegura ibikorwa bitandukanye byo guhuza ibikorwa, guhuza ibikorwa byubucuruzi, hamwe nubutumwa bwubucuruzi buhuza abatanga isoko nabaguzi kwisi. 2. Ishyirahamwe ry’abashoramari bo muri Istanbul (IEA): Numuryango uhagarariye abatumiza ibicuruzwa hanze mu nzego zinyuranye, IEA igira uruhare runini muguhuza inganda za Turukiya n’abaguzi mpuzamahanga. Itegura imurikagurisha, inama-abaguzi, hamwe nintumwa zubucuruzi kugirango hubakwe ubucuruzi. 3. Amahuriro mpuzamahanga ya B2B: Amahuriro menshi yo kumurongo yorohereza imikoranire ya B2B hagati yabatanga Turukiya nabaguzi kwisi. Izi mbuga zirimo umuyoboro wa Turukiya ya Alibaba.com, isoko rya TradeKey.com ku isoko rya Turukiya, cyangwa Made-mu-Bushinwa igice cyagenewe abatanga Turukiya. 4. Itsinda ry'imurikagurisha rya Tuyap: Tuyap ni umwe mu bategura imurikagurisha rya Turukiya buri mwaka ryakira imurikagurisha ry’ubucuruzi ryamamaye ku rwego mpuzamahanga rikurura ibihumbi n’ibicuruzwa byaho ndetse n’abaguzi b’amahanga. Bimwe mubitangaje harimo: - Zuchex: Imurikagurisha ryibanze ku bicuruzwa byo mu rugo, ibikoresho byo mu rugo, ibicuruzwa byo mu rugo bikurura abitabiriye igihugu ndetse n’amahanga. - Hostech by Tusid: Iri murika ryita kubanyamwuga bo mu nganda zo kwakira abashyitsi berekana ibikoresho n’ikoranabuhanga bitandukanye bijyanye na hoteri. - Imurikagurisha rya Istanbul: Imwe mu imurikagurisha ry’imitako ku isi aho abadandaza ku isi bakura amabuye y'agaciro meza, ibikoresho hamwe no kuvumbura ibishushanyo bidasanzwe. - Imurikagurisha ry’umutekano rya ISAF: Ibirori byeguriwe abahanga mu nganda z’umutekano aho ibicuruzwa by’umutekano bishya byerekanwa n’amasosiyete yombi yo muri Turukiya ndetse n’abakinnyi mpuzamahanga. 5. Imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga rya Izmir (IEF): Azwi nka "ishyirahamwe rikomeye ry’imurikagurisha" muri Turukiya kuva mu 1923, IEF ifata uruhare runini mu nganda kuva mu modoka kugeza ku mashini, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bikoresha ibiryo n'ibinyobwa. Itanga urubuga kubaguzi mpuzamahanga bashakisha ibicuruzwa bya Turukiya no guhuza ubufatanye mubucuruzi. 6. Antalya EXPO: Bikorwa rimwe mu myaka itanu kuva 1998 muri Antalya, iri ni rimwe mu imurikagurisha rinini ry’ubucuruzi rikurura abitabiriye imirenge itandukanye nk'ubwubatsi, ubuhinzi, imyenda, ubuvuzi, n'ibindi. Itanga amahirwe meza kubaguzi mpuzamahanga bashaka abatanga Turukiya mu nganda nyinshi. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko izi ari ingero nkeya mubikorwa byinshi byo guteza imbere ubucuruzi bibera muri Turukiya umwaka wose. Ahantu igihugu gifite ingamba no kugira uruhare rugaragara mubucuruzi bwisi yose bituma iba ahantu heza kubaguzi mpuzamahanga bashaka ibicuruzwa byizewe n amahirwe yo gushora imari.
Muri Turukiya, moteri zishakisha zikoreshwa cyane ni: 1. Google (www.google.com.tr): Kimwe no mubindi bihugu byinshi, Google niyo moteri ishakisha izwi cyane muri Turukiya. Itanga ibisubizo byuzuye byubushakashatsi hamwe na serivisi zitandukanye nkamakarita, ubusemuzi, amakuru, nibindi byinshi. 2. Yandex (www.yandex.com.tr): Yandex ni moteri ishakisha Uburusiya nayo ifite umwanya ukomeye muri Turukiya. Itanga gushakisha kurubuga kimwe na serivisi zinyongera nka imeri, ikarita, ivugurura ryikirere, nibindi byinshi. 3. E-Devlet (www.turkiye.gov.tr): E-Devlet numuyoboro wemewe wa leta ya Turukiya utanga serivisi zitandukanye kumurongo kubaturage. Ihuriro ririmo moteri ishakisha kugirango itange uburyo bwa leta namakuru ajyanye ninzego za leta. 4. Bing (www.bing.com): Bing ya Microsoft ikoresha neza mubakoresha interineti ya Turukiya ariko ntabwo ikunzwe nka Google cyangwa Yandex. Itanga ibikorwa rusange byo gushakisha kurubuga hamwe nibiranga amashusho no gushakisha amashusho. 5. Yahoo (www.yahoo.com. icyakora, iracyafite akamaro mubijyanye na imeri na serivisi zamakuru. Izi eshanu ziri muri moteri zishakisha ziyobora cyangwa zikoreshwa kenshi muri Turukiya; icyakora, twakagombye kuvuga ko hashobora kubaho izindi mbuga zaho cyangwa moteri yihariye igaburira inganda zimwe na zimwe mu gihugu.

Impapuro nini z'umuhondo

Ububiko bukuru bwa Turukiya Ububiko ni: 1. Urupapuro rwumuhondo Turukiya: Ubu ni urubuga rwemewe rwa paji yumuhondo muri Turukiya, rutanga urutonde rwubucuruzi rushingiye ku byiciro bitandukanye. Aderesi yurubuga ni https://www.yellowpages.com.tr/. 2. Igitabo cya Terefone ya Turukiya: Ububiko buzwi cyane butanga amakuru arambuye kubantu nubucuruzi muri Turukiya. Urashobora kuyigeraho kuri https://www.phonebookofturkey.com/. 3. Saha İstanbul: Iyi paji yumuhondo yibanda kubucuruzi muri Istanbul, umujyi munini muri Turukiya. Harimo ibyiciro bitandukanye nkimodoka, resitora, amacumbi, nibindi byinshi. Urubuga ni http://www.sahaisimleri.org/. 4. Ticaret Rehberi: Ubundi bubiko bwuzuye aho ushobora gusanga amakuru ajyanye nubucuruzi bukorera mu turere dutandukanye muri Turukiya. Ikubiyemo imirenge myinshi kandi itanga ibisobanuro kuri buri bucuruzi bwashyizwe ku rutonde. Kubigeraho ukoresheje http://ticaretrehberi.net/. 5. Gelirler Rehberi (Umuyobozi winjiza): Byakozwe muburyo bwihariye bwo gutondekanya ubucuruzi bwinjiza amafaranga muri Turukiya, iki gitabo gifasha abakoresha kubona amahirwe yo gushora imari cyangwa ubufatanye mugushyira mubyiciro bitandukanye mubikorwa byabo. Nyamuneka menya ko ububiko bushobora guhinduka mugihe bitewe namakuru agezweho hamwe ninyongera ku isoko; Kubwibyo, burigihe nibyiza kugenzurwa inshuro ebyiri uko bahagaze mbere yo kubashingira gusa kubucuruzi cyangwa amakuru yamakuru.

Ihuriro rikuru ryubucuruzi

Turukiya, igihugu cyambukiranya imipaka giherereye cyane cyane mu gace ka Anatoliya muri Aziya y’iburengerazuba, cyabonye iterambere rikomeye ku mbuga za interineti mu myaka yashize. Bimwe mubikorwa byingenzi bya e-ubucuruzi muri Turukiya birimo: 1. Trendyol - Nimwe murubuga runini kandi ruzwi cyane rwo kugura kumurongo muri Turukiya. Trendyol itanga ibicuruzwa byinshi mubyiciro bitandukanye nkimyambarire, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, ubwiza, imitako yo murugo, nibindi byinshi. Urubuga: www.trendyol.com 2. Hepsiburada - Ufatwa nkumwe mubatangiye kugura kumurongo muri Turukiya, Hepsiburada itanga ibicuruzwa byinshi birimo ibikoresho, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, ibikoresho by'imyambarire, ibikoresho, ibikoresho byo murugo nibindi byinshi. Urubuga: www.hepsiburada.com 3. Gittigidiyor - Azwi nk'isoko rya mbere rya interineti ryashinzwe muri Turukiya mu 2001 mbere yo kugurwa na eBay Inc., Gittigidiyor aracyari mu mbuga za e-ubucuruzi zizwi cyane zigaragaza abagurisha batandukanye batanga ibicuruzwa bitandukanye. Urubuga: www.gittigidiyor.com 4. Urubuga: www.n11.com 5 Urubuga: www.morhipo.com 6. Vatan Bilgisayar - Uru rubuga ruzobereye cyane cyane ku bicuruzwa bishingiye ku ikoranabuhanga kuva kuri mudasobwa kugeza kuri telefoni zigendanwa hamwe na porogaramu za porogaramu zikoreshwa mu bikoresho bya elegitoroniki n'ibindi, bikemura ibibazo by'ikoranabuhanga ry'abakiriya kuva mu 1983. Nyamuneka menya ko izi ari zimwe mungero kandi hariho izindi mbuga ntoya ariko zigaragara kuri e-ubucuruzi ziboneka mumasoko ya digitale ya Turukiya.

Imbuga nkoranyambaga

Turukiya ifite imbuga nkoranyambaga zizwi cyane mu baturage bayo. Zimwe muma mbuga nkoranyambaga zikoreshwa cyane muri Turukiya zirimo: 1. Facebook (www.facebook.com): Facebook ni imwe mu mbuga za interineti zihuza abantu benshi ku isi, kandi irazwi cyane muri Turukiya. Iremera abakoresha guhuza inshuti, gusangira ibishya, amafoto, na videwo. 2. Twitter (www.twitter.com): Twitter ni urubuga rwa mikorobe aho abakoresha bashobora kohereza ubutumwa bugufi bwitwa "tweet." Irakoreshwa cyane muri Turukiya mugusangira amakuru, ibitekerezo, no kwishora mubiganiro. 3. Instagram (www.instagram.com): Instagram ni ifoto nogusangira amashusho aho abakoresha bashobora kohereza amashusho cyangwa videwo ngufi hamwe nibisobanuro hamwe na hashtags. Irazwi cyane mu rubyiruko rwo muri Turukiya. 4. LinkedIn (www. 5. YouTube (www.youtube.com): YouTube ni urubuga rwo gusangira amashusho aho abakoresha bashobora kohereza, kureba, nka cyangwa gutanga ibitekerezo kuri videwo zashyizweho nabandi. Abakora ibintu byinshi muri Turukiya bamenyekanye cyane binyuze kuriyi mbuga. 6. TikTok (www.tiktok.com): TikTok yagize iterambere rikomeye mu kwamamara muri Turukiya vuba aha; yemerera abakoresha gukora no gusangira videwo ngufi zashyizwe kumuziki cyangwa amashusho y amajwi. 7. Snapchat: Nubwo nta rubuga rwemewe rwa Snapchat kuva rukoreshwa cyane nka porogaramu igendanwa; irazwi cyane mubasore bakuze bo muri Turukiya babikoresha mu kohereza amafoto / videwo yabuze cyangwa kohereza inkuru zimara amasaha 24. Izi ni zimwe mu mbuga nkoranyambaga ziboneka muri Turukiya; icyakora, zikoreshwa cyane nabantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni mu byiciro bitandukanye mu itumanaho, guhanga ibintu / kugabana kimwe no gukomeza kugezwaho amakuru agezweho n'ibigezweho mu gihugu ndetse no ku isi yose.

Amashyirahamwe akomeye yinganda

Turukiya, igihugu cyambukiranya imipaka giherereye cyane cyane mu gace ka Anadoliya, kizwiho ubukungu butandukanye ndetse n’ubucuruzi bukomeye. Dore amwe mumashyirahamwe akomeye ya Turukiya hamwe na aderesi zabo: 1. Inteko yohereza ibicuruzwa muri Turukiya (TIM) - TIM ihagarariye ibicuruzwa byohereza ibicuruzwa muri Turukiya kandi biteza imbere ibikorwa byohereza ibicuruzwa mu nzego zitandukanye. Urubuga: http://www.tim.org.tr/en/ 2. Ishyirahamwe ry’inganda n’abacuruzi bo muri Turukiya (TUSIAD) - TUSIAD n’umuryango ukomeye uhagarariye inganda n’abacuruzi muri Turukiya. Urubuga: https://www.tusiad.org/en 3. Ihuriro ry’ingereko n’ivunjisha ry’ibicuruzwa bya Turukiya (TOBB) - TOBB ikora nk'ijwi rihuriweho n'ibyumba by'ubucuruzi, guhana ibicuruzwa, n'imiryango yabigize umwuga muri Turukiya. Urubuga: https://www.tobb.org.tr/Sayfalar/AnaSayfa.aspx?lang=en 4. Urugaga rw’ubucuruzi rwa Istanbul (ITO) - ITO ishyigikira inyungu z’abacuruzi, abanyenganda, abatanga serivisi, abahuza, inganda, ubucuruzi bw’ubucuruzi muri Istanbul. Urubuga: https://www.ito.org.tr/portal/ 5. Ihuriro ry’abacuruzi n’abanyabukorikori bo muri Turukiya (TESK) - TESK ihagarariye abacuruzi n’abacuruzi bato bato mu mirenge itandukanye muri Turukiya. Urubuga: http://www.tesk.org.tr/en/ 6. Ishyirahamwe ryibinyabiziga n’ibigize ibicuruzwa (TAYSAD) - TAYSAD ihagarariye abakora ibinyabiziga muri Turukiya. Urubuga: http://en.taysad.org/ 7. Abashoramari bubaka Ihuriro rya Turkiye (MUSAİD) - MUSAİD ihagarariye abashoramari bubaka muri Turukiya. Urubuga: http: //musaid.gtb.gov.tr/tr 8.Ishuri ryohereza amashanyarazi muri Turkiya (TETAŞ) -TETAŞ ikurikirana ibikorwa byo kohereza amashanyarazi mu gihugu hose urubuga ： https: tetas.teias.gov.tr/en/Page/default.aspx 9. Ishyirahamwe ry’ibigo bishinzwe ingendo muri Turukiya (TÜRSAB) - TÜRSAB ihagarariye ibigo by’ingendo n’amashyirahamwe y’ubukerarugendo muri Turukiya. Urubuga: https://www.tursab.org.tr/en 10. Ihuriro ry’inganda n’ibiribwa (TGDF) - TGDF ikora nk'ijwi ry'amasosiyete akora inganda n'ibiribwa muri Turukiya. Urubuga: http://en.ttgv.org.tr/ Izi ni zimwe mu ngero z’amashyirahamwe akomeye y’inganda muri Turukiya. Igihugu gifite imirenge itandukanye, buri gihugu gifite ishyirahamwe ryacyo, kigaragaza imiterere y’ubucuruzi mu gihugu.

Urubuga rwubucuruzi nubucuruzi

Turukiya, igihugu cyambukiranya imipaka giherereye cyane cyane mu gace ka Anatoliya muri Aziya y’iburengerazuba no mu majyepfo y’Uburayi bw’Uburayi, gifite imbuga za interineti zitandukanye mu bukungu n’ubucuruzi zita ku nganda zitandukanye. Hano hari zimwe mu mbuga za interineti zizwi cyane mu bukungu n’ubucuruzi muri Turukiya: 1. Gushora imari muri Turukiya: Uru rubuga rwemewe rutanga amakuru yingenzi kubyerekeye amahirwe yo gushora imari muri Turukiya, harimo inzego zingenzi, gushimangira, amabwiriza, ninkuru zitsinzi. Urubuga: https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/ 2. Urugereko rw’Ubucuruzi rwa Istanbul: Urubuga rw’Urugaga rw’Ubucuruzi rwa Istanbul rutanga amakuru yuzuye y’ubucuruzi ku masoko ya Istanbul, serivisi z’ubucuruzi, kalendari y'ibyabaye, n'amahirwe mpuzamahanga mu bucuruzi. Urubuga: https://www.ito.org.tr/en/ 3. Inteko yohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga muri Turukiya (TIM): TIM ni umuryango uhagarariye ibicuruzwa bisaga ibihumbi 100 byohereza ibicuruzwa muri Turukiya. Urubuga rwarwo rutanga imibare ku byoherezwa muri Turukiya hamwe na raporo z’isoko ku bihugu bitandukanye. Urubuga: https://tim.org.tr/en 4. Akanama gashinzwe ububanyi n’amahanga y’ubukungu (DEIK): DEIK igamije kugira uruhare mu iterambere ry’ubukungu bw’ububanyi n’amahanga bwa Turukiya mu guteza imbere ubufatanye hagati y’amasosiyete yo mu gihugu n’amahanga binyuze muri komite zayo zitandukanye. Urubuga: https://deik.org.tr/ 5. Minisiteri yubucuruzi - Repubulika ya Turukiya: Uru rubuga rwa leta rwemewe rusangiza amakuru kuri politiki y’ubucuruzi, amabwiriza ajyanye n’ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga / ibyoherezwa muri Turukiya, raporo zisesengura ku isoko, n’ibindi. Urubuga: http://www.trade.gov.tr/index.html 6. KOSGEB (Ishirahamwe rishinzwe guteza imbere imishinga mito n'iciriritse): KOSGEB ishyigikira imishinga mito itanga gahunda yo gutera inkunga imishinga yo guhanga udushya hamwe na gahunda yo guhugura ba rwiyemezamirimo. Urubuga: http://en.kosgeb.gov.tr/urugo 7. Ishyirahamwe ry’inganda n’ubucuruzi muri Turukiya (TUSIAD): TUSIAD n’umuryango ukomeye udaharanira inyungu uhagarariye abikorera bo muri Turukiya mu gihugu ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga; urubuga rwabo rukubiyemo impapuro zunganira ibibazo byubukungu kimwe na raporo zinganda. Urubuga: https: //tusiad.us/amakuru-amakuru/ 8.Ikigo gishinzwe ibarurishamibare cya Turkiya (TUIK): TUIK itanga amakuru y'ibarurishamibare mu nzego zitandukanye, harimo ubuhinzi, inganda, na serivisi. Urubuga rwabo rutanga amakuru kuri raporo y'ibarurishamibare iheruka. Urubuga: https://turkstat.gov.tr/ Nyamuneka menya ko izi mbuga zishobora guhinduka cyangwa kuvugururwa. Nibyiza kugenzura impinduka zose kurubuga rwa aderesi cyangwa urubuga mbere yo kubigeraho.

Ubucuruzi bwibibazo byurubuga

Turukiya ni kimwe mu bihugu by'ingenzi mu bijyanye n'ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga kandi gifite imbuga za interineti zizewe zo kugera ku makuru y’ubucuruzi. Dore zimwe mu mbuga zitanga amakuru yuzuye ku mibare y’ubucuruzi bwa Turukiya: 1. Ikigo gishinzwe ibarurishamibare muri Turukiya (TurkStat) - Iki kigo cyemewe gitanga amakuru menshi y’imibare, harimo n’imibare y’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga. Urubuga rutanga amakuru arambuye kubyinjira, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, hamwe n’amafaranga yishyuwe. Urashobora kugera kububiko bwabo kuri www.turkstat.gov.tr. 2. Inteko yohereza ibicuruzwa muri Turukiya (TIM) - TIM ihagarariye umuryango wohereza ibicuruzwa muri Turukiya kandi iteza imbere ibyoherezwa muri Turukiya ku isi. Urubuga rwabo rurimo imibare yubucuruzi, harimo amakuru yihariye yigihugu hamwe no gusenyuka kwinzego. Sura kuri www.tim.org.tr kugirango ubone ibisobanuro byinshi. 3. Minisiteri y'Ubucuruzi - Urubuga rwemewe rwa Minisiteri rworohereza kubona uburyo bworoshye bujyanye n’ubucuruzi nk’imibare itumizwa mu mahanga n’ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga, imyirondoro y’igihugu, raporo z’isoko, hamwe n’isesengura ry’inganda kuri www.trade.gov.tr. 4. Banki Nkuru ya Repubulika ya Turukiya (CBRT) - Nka banki nkuru y’igihugu, CBRT itanga ibipimo by’ubukungu n’imibare y’isoko ry’imari ishobora gufasha mu gusesengura imikorere y’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga bwa Turukiya. Reba kurubuga rwabo www.tcmb.gov.tr ​​kuri raporo zijyanye. 5. World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) - Yateguwe nitsinda rya Banki yisi, WITS ikusanya amakuru aturuka ahantu hatandukanye kugirango itange imibare mpuzamahanga yubucuruzi mpuzamahanga mubihugu byinshi harimo na Turukiya. Batanga isesengura rirambuye ryo gutumiza / kohereza hanze hamwe na filteri yihariye kuri https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/TUR. 6.Ubuyobozi bwa Customer Customer (TCA): TCA icunga ibikorwa byose bya gasutamo muri Turukiya.Ushobora kubona imibare yihariye yo gutumiza / kohereza hanze ukurikije code yibicuruzwa, amarembo nibindi. Urashobora gusura tcigmobilsorgu.gtb.gov.tr/eng/temsilciArama.jsf kurubuga rwa TCA Wibuke gukoresha uru rubuga witonze mugihe usobanura amakuru kuko ashobora kuba afite uburyo butandukanye cyangwa ibyiciro bishobora kugira ingaruka kubisesengura ryawe.

B2b

Turukiya nigihugu gifite imbaraga zifite ubukungu bugenda bwiyongera hamwe na B2B nyinshi zita ku nganda zitandukanye. Zimwe muma platform ya B2B azwi muri Turukiya harimo: 1. Alibaba.com (https://turkish.alibaba.com/): Alibaba nimwe mumahuriro manini ya B2B kwisi yose, ahuza abaguzi nabatanga isoko. Itanga ibicuruzwa byinshi na serivisi. 2. Tradekey.com (https://www.tradekey.com.tr/): TradeKey itanga amahirwe yo gucuruza isi yose kandi ifasha ubucuruzi guhuza nabatanga ibicuruzwa, ababikora, nababitanga muri Turukiya. 3. Iburayi (https://www.europages.co.uk/ubucuruzi-ubuyobozi-Turkey.html): Uburayi nubuyobozi bwa interineti buhuza ubucuruzi muburayi. Ifasha ibigo kubona abafatanyabikorwa, abatanga isoko, nabakiriya muri Turukiya. 4. Ekspermarket.com (http://www.ekspermarket.com/): Isoko rya Eksper ryibanda ku bicuruzwa byinganda nkimashini, ibice byimodoka, ibikoresho byuma, nibindi, bifasha ubucuruzi guhuza nabatanga isoko muri Turukiya. 5. TurkExim (http://turkexim.gov.tr/index.cfm?action=bilgi&cid=137&menu_id=80&pageID = 40 : TurkExim ikora nk'isoko ryamakuru kubohereza ibicuruzwa hanze muri Turukiya / abatumiza mu mahanga kwagura umubano mpuzamahanga wubucuruzi batanga ibikoresho byingirakamaro nka raporo zisesengura ryamasoko nibikorwa byamamaza. 6. OpenToExport.com (https://opentoexport.com/markets/turkey/buying/): OpenToExport itanga amakuru y'agaciro kubucuruzi bukorera mu Bwongereza bashaka kohereza ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi muri Turukiya batanga ubuyobozi ku ngamba zo kwinjira ku isoko. 7. TurkishExporter.net (https://www.turkishexporter.net/en/): Umushoramari wo muri Turukiya yemerera abakoresha isi yose kubona ubufatanye bw’ubucuruzi n’abashoramari bo muri Turukiya bohereza ibicuruzwa hanze, bikubiyemo inzego zitandukanye nk'ubuhinzi, imyenda, imashini, na elegitoroniki. 8. Ceptes.com (https: Izi porogaramu zitanga amahirwe kubucuruzi bwo guhuza abafatanyabikorwa, abatanga ibicuruzwa, ababikora, n'abaguzi bafite icyicaro muri Turukiya. Buri platform ifite imiterere yihariye ninyungu kubakoresha bashaka ubufatanye bwa B2B.
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