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Amasoko Nkuru
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Incamake y'igihugu
Reta zunzubumwe za Amerika, bakunze kwitwa Amerika cyangwa Amerika, ni igihugu kibarizwa muri Amerika ya Ruguru. Igizwe na leta 50, akarere ka federasiyo, intara eshanu nini zidafite ubufatanye, nibintu bitandukanye. Amerika nicyo gihugu cya gatatu kinini ku isi ku buso bwose, kandi kigabana imbibi n’ubutaka na Kanada mu majyaruguru na Mexico mu majyepfo. Amerika ifite abaturage batandukanye, hamwe n’abimukira benshi kandi biyongera. Ubukungu bwabwo nabwo bunini ku isi, hamwe n’inganda zateye imbere cyane n’umusaruro w’ubuhinzi. Igihugu kandi ni umuyobozi ku isi hose mu ikoranabuhanga, siyanse, n'umuco. Guverinoma y’Amerika ni republika ihuriweho na leta, ifite amashami atatu atandukanye ya guverinoma: nyobozi, amategeko, n’ubucamanza. Perezida ni umukuru w’igihugu na guverinoma, kandi Kongere igizwe n’imitwe ibiri: Sena n’umutwe w’abadepite. Ishami ry'ubucamanza riyobowe n'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga. Amerika ifite ingufu za gisirikare haba mu gihugu ndetse no mu mahanga, kandi igira uruhare runini mu bibazo by’isi. Ni umunyamuryango w’imiryango mpuzamahanga myinshi, harimo Umuryango w’abibumbye, NATO, n’umuryango w’ubucuruzi ku isi. Ku bijyanye n'umuco, Amerika izwiho ubudasa no gufungura. Niho hari ubwoko butandukanye, amadini, n'indimi. Umuco w'Abanyamerika nawo wagize uruhare runini ku muco uzwi cyane ku isi, cyane cyane mu bice nka firime, umuziki, televiziyo, ndetse n'imyambarire.
Ifaranga ry'igihugu
Ifaranga ryemewe rya Amerika ni amadorari y'Amerika (ikimenyetso: $). Amadolari agabanijwemo ibice 100 bito bita amafaranga. Banki nkuru y’igihugu, banki nkuru y’Amerika, ishinzwe gutanga no kugenzura ifaranga. Ifaranga rya Amerika ryahindutse uko igihe kigenda, ariko idorari ryabaye ifaranga ryemewe kuva igihugu cyashingwa. Ifaranga rya mbere ry’Amerika ni Umugabane, ryatangijwe mu 1775 mu gihe cy’Intambara ya Revolution. Yasimbuwe mu 1785 n'amadorari y'Amerika, yari ashingiye ku madorari ya Esipanye. Sisitemu nkuru y’imari yashinzwe mu 1913, kandi ishinzwe gutanga no kugenzura ifaranga kuva icyo gihe. Ifaranga ryacapishijwe na Biro ishinzwe gushushanya no gucapa kuva 1862. Amadolari y'Abanyamerika ni ifaranga rikoreshwa cyane mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga kandi ni naryo shingiro ry'ibanze ku bihugu byinshi ku isi. Amadolari nimwe mu mafranga akomeye ku isi kandi akoreshwa mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga, imari, n’ishoramari.
Igipimo cy'ivunjisha
Mugihe cyo kwandika, igipimo cy’ivunjisha ry’amadolari y’Amerika ku yandi mafaranga akomeye ni aya akurikira: Amadolari y'Abanyamerika kuri Euro: 0.85 Amadolari y'Abanyamerika kuri Pound y'Abongereza: 0.68 Amadolari y'Abanyamerika ku Bushinwa Yuan: 6.35 Amadolari y'Abanyamerika kugeza Yapani: 110 Menya ko igipimo cy’ivunjisha gishobora gutandukana bitewe nigihe cyumunsi, ibintu byubukungu, nuburyo isoko ryifashe. Ni ngombwa kugenzura ibiciro byivunjisha biheruka mbere yo gukora ibikorwa byubukungu.
Ibiruhuko by'ingenzi
Amerika ifite iminsi mikuru itari mike yizihizwa umwaka wose. Bimwe mubiruhuko bizwi cyane harimo: Umunsi wubwigenge (4 Nyakanga): Uyu munsi mukuru wizihiza Itangazo ryubwigenge, ukarangwa nimiriro, parade, nibindi birori. Umunsi w'abakozi (Ku wa mbere wambere muri Nzeri): Uyu munsi mukuru wizihiza uburenganzira bw'umurimo n'uburenganzira bw'abakozi, kandi ukunze kurangwa na parade n'ibikorwa rusange. Thanksgiving (Ku wa kane wa kane Ugushyingo): Uyu munsi mukuru wizihizwa hamwe nimiryango ninshuti, kandi uzwiho ibirori gakondo bya turukiya, kuzuza, nibindi biryo. Noheri (25 Ukuboza): Uyu munsi mukuru uranga ivuka rya Yesu Kristo, kandi wizihizwa hamwe nimiryango, impano, nindi migenzo. Usibye iyi minsi mikuru izwi, hari n'ibiruhuko byinshi bya leta ndetse n’ibanze byizihizwa umwaka wose. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko amatariki yiminsi mikuru ashobora gutandukana uko umwaka utashye, kandi iminsi mikuru imwe ishobora kugira amazina atandukanye muri leta cyangwa abaturage.
Ubucuruzi bw’amahanga
Amerika ifite ibikorwa byinshi byubucuruzi n’ibindi bihugu. Igihugu nicyo kinini cyohereza ibicuruzwa hanze n’ibitumizwa mu mahanga ku isi, kandi abafatanyabikorwa bayo mu bucuruzi barimo ibihugu byateye imbere n’iterambere. Abafatanyabikorwa benshi bohereza ibicuruzwa muri Amerika barimo Kanada, Mexico, Ubushinwa, Ubuyapani, n'Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Amerika yohereza ibicuruzwa na serivisi bitandukanye, birimo imashini, ibice by'indege, ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi, na software ya mudasobwa. Abafatanyabikorwa benshi batumiza muri Amerika harimo Ubushinwa, Mexico, Kanada, Ubuyapani, n'Ubudage. Amerika itumiza ibicuruzwa na serivisi zitandukanye, harimo ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, imyambaro, ibyuma, na peteroli. Amerika kandi ifite amasezerano y’ubucuruzi hagati y’ibihugu byinshi, nk’amasezerano y’ubucuruzi y’ubucuruzi bw’Amerika yo mu majyaruguru (NAFTA) na Kanada na Mexico, ndetse n’amasezerano y’ubucuruzi y’ubucuruzi muri Koreya na Amerika (KORUS). Aya masezerano agamije kugabanya imisoro n’izindi nzitizi z’ubucuruzi hagati y’Amerika n’ibindi bihugu. Muri rusange, umubano w’ubucuruzi n’Amerika n’ibindi bihugu uragoye kandi uratandukanye, kandi ugira uruhare runini mu bukungu bw’igihugu.
Iterambere ryisoko
Ubushobozi bwo guteza imbere isoko muri Amerika burahambaye kubwimpamvu nyinshi. Ubwa mbere, Amerika ifite isoko rinini, bigatuma iba ahantu heza h'ubucuruzi bw’amahanga. Ubukungu bw’Amerika ni bumwe mu bunini ku isi, butanga amahirwe menshi ku masosiyete yo kugurisha ibicuruzwa na serivisi. Icya kabiri, Reta zunzubumwe zamerika zifite urwego rwo hejuru rwabakiriya, ruterwa nicyiciro cyo hagati kandi cyinjiza amafaranga menshi. Abaguzi bo muri Amerika bazwiho imbaraga zo kugura nubushake bwo kugerageza ibicuruzwa na serivisi bishya, bitera inkunga guhanga udushya no kuzamuka kw isoko. Icya gatatu, Amerika iyoboye udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, bituma iba iyambere mu masosiyete mu rwego rw'ikoranabuhanga. Amerika ibamo amasosiyete menshi y’ikoranabuhanga akomeye ku isi kandi afite umuco wo gutangiza gutera imbere, utanga imishinga minini nini nini ntoya amahirwe yo guhanga udushya no gutera imbere. Icya kane, Amerika ifite ibidukikije bihamye kandi byemewe n'amategeko, biha ubucuruzi bw’amahanga uburyo buteganijwe kandi buboneye bwo gushora imari no gukora ubucuruzi. Nubwo hari imbogamizi ziterwa n’amasezerano atandukanye y’ubucuruzi n’amahoro, ihame rusange ry’amategeko y’Amerika muri rusange bituma riba ahantu heza ho gushora imari mu mahanga. Ubwanyuma, Amerika yegereye geografiya mubihugu byinshi, byorohereza ubucuruzi nubucuruzi byoroshye. Kuba Amerika yegereye Amerika y'Epfo, Uburayi, na Aziya bituma iba ahantu heza ho gukorera ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga n'utwo turere. Ariko, ni ngombwa kumenya ko isoko ryo muri Amerika rihanganye cyane, hamwe n’amarushanwa akomeye aturuka mu masosiyete yo mu karere ndetse n’ibirango byashyizweho. Ibigo by’amahanga bigomba gukora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku isoko, kumva ibyo abaguzi bakunda, no kubahiriza amabwiriza y’ibanze kugira ngo byinjire neza ku isoko ry’Amerika. Gufatanya nubucuruzi bwaho, kubaka imiyoboro yo kugurisha, no gushora imari mubucuruzi nabyo ni ngombwa mugutezimbere isoko muri Amerika.
Kugurisha ibicuruzwa bishyushye ku isoko
Mubyukuri, dore bimwe mubitekerezo bigurishwa bishyushye kumasoko yo muri Amerika: Imyambarire yimyambarire: Abaguzi bo muri Amerika bumva cyane imyambarire n'ibigezweho, bityo imyambarire yimyambarire ihora ikunzwe. Ibirango byingenzi hamwe nabanditsi berekana imideli bakunze gusohora raporo yerekana kugirango bashishikarize abakiriya. Ibicuruzwa byubuzima n’ubuzima bwiza: Hamwe n’imyumvire y’ubuzima yiyongera, abaguzi bo muri Amerika bakeneye kwiyongera ku bicuruzwa n’ubuzima bwiza. Ibiryo kama, ibikoresho byimyororokere, matasi yoga, nibindi, byose ni amahitamo akunzwe. Ibicuruzwa byikoranabuhanga: Amerika nigihugu cyambere cyikoranabuhanga, kandi abaguzi bakeneye cyane ibicuruzwa bya IT. Amaterefone, tableti, amasaha yubwenge, nibindi, nibintu byose bizwi. Ibikoresho byo munzu: Abaguzi bo muri Amerika bashimangira cyane kumiterere nubuzima bwiza bwo murugo, ibikoresho byo murugo nabyo ni amahitamo akunzwe. Ibitanda, ibikoresho byo kumurika, ibikoresho byo mu gikoni, nibindi, byose bifite isoko rikomeye. Ibikoresho bya siporo yo hanze: Abaguzi bo muri Amerika bakunda siporo yo hanze, bityo ibikoresho bya siporo yo hanze nabyo ni amahitamo akunzwe. Amahema, ibikoresho bya picnic, ibikoresho byo kuroba, nibindi, nibintu byose bizwi. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko ibicuruzwa bigurishwa bishyushye bidahagaze neza, ahubwo bihinduka hamwe nibisabwa nabaguzi. Kubwibyo, mugihe uhitamo ibicuruzwa bigurishwa bishyushye, nibyingenzi gukurikiranira hafi imbaraga zamasoko nibikenerwa nabaguzi, gusobanukirwa imigendekere nibikorwa, kugirango ufate ibyemezo byamamaza.
Ibiranga abakiriya na kirazira
Iyo bigeze ku miterere na kirazira z'abaguzi b'Abanyamerika, hari ingingo z'ingenzi tugomba gusuzuma. Ibiranga ubumuntu: Ubwiza-Bwiza: Abaguzi b'Abanyamerika bashimangira cyane ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa. Bizera ko ubuziranenge aricyo gaciro cyibicuruzwa kandi bahitamo guhitamo amahitamo atanga imikorere yizewe nubukorikori buhebuje. Gushakisha Adventurous na Novelty: Abanyamerika bazwiho amatsiko no gushishikazwa nibicuruzwa bishya kandi bishya. Bakunda kugerageza ibirango bishya n'amaturo, kandi ibigo birashobora kubitaho mugutangiza ibicuruzwa bishya kandi bishimishije. Icyerekezo-cyiza: Abaguzi b'Abanyamerika bashyira imbere ibyoroshye, bashaka ibicuruzwa byoroshya ubuzima bwabo kandi bibatwara igihe n'imbaraga. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa ko ibigo bishushanya ibicuruzwa byoroshye gukoresha, bitangiza, kandi byoroshye mubijyanye no gupakira no gukora. Shimangira ku muntu ku giti cye: Abanyamerika baha agaciro kwerekana umwirondoro wabo wihariye, kandi bategereje ko ibicuruzwa byerekana umwihariko wabo. Isosiyete irashobora gukemura ibyo bikenewe itanga amahitamo yihariye cyangwa yihariye yemerera abakiriya kwerekana umwihariko wabo. Kirazira Kwirinda: Ntugapfobye ubwenge bwabaguzi: Abaguzi b’abanyamerika muri rusange ni abanyabwenge kandi bashishoza, kandi ntibashobora gushukwa byoroshye no kwamamaza ibinyoma cyangwa ibirego bikabije. Ibigo bigomba kwerekana amakuru yukuri kandi asobanutse kubyerekeye inyungu zibicuruzwa nimbogamizi zose. Ntukirengagize ibitekerezo byabaguzi: Abanyamerika baha agaciro gakomeye uburambe bwabo kandi bavuga cyane kunyurwa cyangwa kutanyurwa. Isosiyete igomba kwitabira ibitekerezo byabaguzi, gukemura ibibazo byihuse no gufata ingamba zo kunoza kunyurwa. Kubaha ubuzima bwite bwabaguzi: Abaguzi b’abanyamerika bafite imyumvire ikomeye y’ibanga, kandi amasosiyete agomba kubahiriza uburenganzira bwabo bwo kwiherera mu kudakusanya, gukoresha, cyangwa gutangaza amakuru bwite birenze urugero batabanje kubiherwa uruhushya. Kurikiza amabwiriza ya Amerika: Ni ngombwa ko ibigo bimenyera kandi bigakurikiza amategeko n'amabwiriza yaho iyo byinjiye ku isoko ry’Amerika. Kurenga ku mategeko cyangwa amabwiriza ayo ari yo yose birashobora gukurura ingaruka zikomeye z’amategeko n’ibihano by’amafaranga.
Sisitemu yo gucunga gasutamo
Serivisi ishinzwe za gasutamo muri Amerika, ubu izwi ku izina rya gasutamo no kurinda imipaka muri Amerika (CBP), ishinzwe kubahiriza amategeko n'amabwiriza agenga ibicuruzwa bitumizwa muri Amerika. Iharanira umutekano n’umutekano w’igihugu mu gusuzuma ibicuruzwa byinjira, kubuza kwinjira mu bikoresho bitemewe cyangwa byangiza, no gukusanya imisoro n’imisoro ku bicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga. Hano hari ibintu by'ingenzi bigize sisitemu ya gasutamo yo muri Amerika: Kumenyekanisha no gutanga: Ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga bigomba kumenyeshwa gasutamo ya Amerika mbere yo kuhagera. Ibi bikorwa binyuze mubikorwa bizwi nka "gutanga ibyemezo," bikubiyemo gutanga amakuru arambuye kubyerekeye ibicuruzwa, inkomoko yabyo, agaciro, ibyiciro, hamwe nogukoresha muri Amerika. Gutondekanya: Gutondekanya neza ibicuruzwa ni ngombwa mu kugena imisoro, imisoro, n’andi mafaranga ashobora gukoreshwa. Gasutamo yo muri Amerika ikoresha Gahunda y’ibiciro ya Harmonized yo muri Amerika (HTSUS) kugirango ishyire mu byiciro ibicuruzwa ukurikije ibisobanuro byayo, ibiyigize, n’imikoreshereze. Inshingano n'imisoro: Ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga bitangirwa imisoro, ni byo bicuruzwa biva mu bicuruzwa byatumijwe muri Amerika. Ingano yimisoro iterwa no gutondekanya ibicuruzwa, agaciro kayo, hamwe nogusonerwa gukurikizwa cyangwa kuvurwa muburyo bukwiye mumasezerano yubucuruzi. Byongeye kandi, hashobora gutangwa imisoro ku bicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe bitumizwa mu mahanga, nk'imisoro ku byaguzwe cyangwa imisoro ku musoro. Kugenzura no Kwemeza: Gasutamo yo muri Amerika igenzura ibicuruzwa byinjira kugira ngo isuzume niba byubahiriza amabwiriza no kureba ko bitangiza ubuzima rusange, umutekano, cyangwa imibereho myiza. Iri genzura rishobora kubamo gusuzuma umubiri, ibicuruzwa, gupima, cyangwa gusubiramo inyandiko. Bimaze guhanagurwa, ibicuruzwa birekurwa kugirango byinjire muri Amerika. Gushyira mu bikorwa no kubahiriza: Gasutamo yo muri Amerika ifite uburenganzira bwo kubahiriza amategeko n'amabwiriza agenga ubucuruzi muri Amerika, harimo gukora ubugenzuzi, ubugenzuzi, ifatira ry'ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko, no gutanga ibihano ku batumiza mu mahanga cyangwa abatumiza mu mahanga barenze ku mategeko. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko sisitemu ya gasutamo yo muri Amerika ihindurwa kenshi kandi igasubirwamo hashingiwe ku masezerano mpuzamahanga y’ubucuruzi, amategeko y’imbere mu gihugu, n’ibikorwa byihutirwa. Niyo mpamvu, ni ngombwa ko abatumiza mu mahanga n'abasohoka mu mahanga bakomeza kugendana n'amabwiriza agezweho kandi bakagisha inama impuguke za gasutamo cyangwa umukoresha wa gasutamo kugira ngo hubahirizwe ibisabwa na gasutamo muri Amerika.
Kuzana politiki y’imisoro
Politiki y’imisoro yatumijwe muri Amerika igamije kurinda inganda zo mu gihugu no guteza imbere ubukungu mu kwishyuza imisoro ku bicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga. Iyi misoro izwi ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga, ikoreshwa ku bicuruzwa byinjira muri Amerika kandi bishingiye ku bintu byinshi, birimo ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa, agaciro kabyo, n'igihugu bakomokamo. Politiki y’imisoro yatumijwe muri Amerika yashyizweho binyuze mu guhuza amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’ubucuruzi, amategeko y’imbere mu gihugu, n’amabwiriza. Gahunda y’ibiciro bya Harmonized yo muri Amerika (HTSUS) ni inyandiko yemewe yerekana urutonde rwibiciro bikoreshwa muburyo butandukanye bwibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga. Ikoreshwa na gasutamo yo muri Amerika no kurinda imipaka (CBP) kugirango hamenyekane imisoro ikoreshwa kuri buri kintu cyatumijwe mu mahanga. Igipimo cy’imisoro yatumijwe mu mahanga kiratandukanye bitewe n’ibicuruzwa n’igihugu cyaturutse. Ibicuruzwa bimwe bishobora gukorerwa imirimo ihanitse iyo bifatwa nkaho bihanganye n’ibicuruzwa byo mu gihugu cyangwa niba hari ibibazo by’umutekano w’igihugu. Byongeye kandi, amasezerano y’ubucuruzi hagati y’Amerika n’ibindi bihugu ashobora guteganya kugabanya cyangwa gukuraho imisoro ku bicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe. Abatumiza mu mahanga bashinzwe kwishyura imisoro ku bicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga. Bagomba gutanga imenyekanisha rya gasutamo muri gasutamo ya Amerika kandi bakishyura imisoro iyo ari yo yose mugihe cyo gutumiza mu mahanga. Abatumiza mu mahanga bashobora kandi gusabwa kubahiriza andi mabwiriza, nk'ayerekeye uburenganzira ku mutungo bwite mu by'ubwenge, umutekano w’ibicuruzwa, cyangwa kurengera ibidukikije. Politiki y’imisoro yatumijwe muri Amerika igamije kurinda inganda zo mu gihugu no kuzamura ubukungu. Ariko, irashobora kandi guteza imbogamizi kubucuruzi butumiza ibicuruzwa hanze, kuko bigomba kugendera kumabwiriza akomeye no kwishyura imisoro kubicuruzwa byatumijwe hanze. Ni ngombwa ko abatumiza mu mahanga basobanukirwa politiki n’amabwiriza agezweho kugira ngo bubahirize kandi bagabanye ibiciro byose cyangwa gutinda.
Politiki yo kohereza hanze
Politiki y’imisoro yoherezwa mu mahanga muri Amerika igamije guteza imbere ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga n’inyungu z’ubukungu mu gutanga inyungu n’inyungu z’imisoro ku bohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Iyi politiki ishyirwa mu bikorwa binyuze mu mategeko n'amabwiriza atandukanye agenga imisoro agamije gushishikariza abashoramari kohereza ibicuruzwa na serivisi mu mahanga, kongera ubushobozi mpuzamahanga mu guhangana, no guhanga imirimo no kuzamuka mu bukungu. Ingingo z'ingenzi muri politiki y’imisoro yo muri Amerika yohereza mu mahanga harimo: Inguzanyo z’imisoro yohereza mu mahanga: Ubucuruzi bwohereza ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi mu mahanga byemerewe kubona inguzanyo z’imisoro ku misoro yatanzwe kuri ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, nk'imisoro ku nyongeragaciro (TVA) cyangwa imisoro ku byaguzwe. Izi nguzanyo zigabanya igipimo cyimisoro ifatika kubohereza ibicuruzwa hanze, bigatuma irushaho gukurura ibicuruzwa byoherezwa hanze. Igabanywa ry'ibyoherezwa mu mahanga: Abashoramari barashobora gusaba kugabanyirizwa amafaranga ajyanye no kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze, nk'amafaranga yo gutwara abantu, amafaranga yo kwamamaza, n'amahoro amwe n'amwe ya gasutamo. Iri gabanywa rigabanya amafaranga asoreshwa yohereza ibicuruzwa hanze, bikagabanya imisoro muri rusange. Umusoro ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga: Ibicuruzwa bimwe byoherezwa muri Amerika bisonewe imisoro yoherezwa mu mahanga. Uku gusonerwa gukurikizwa kubicuruzwa bifatwa nkibikoresho byingenzi, ibikomoka ku buhinzi, cyangwa ibintu bigengwa n’amasezerano y’ubucuruzi. Amafaranga yoherezwa mu mahanga: Guverinoma ya Amerika itanga gahunda yo gutera inkunga no gutanga inguzanyo mu rwego rwo gutera inkunga ibyoherezwa mu mahanga kubona inkunga y'ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga. Izi gahunda zagenewe gufasha imishinga mito n'iciriritse kubona inguzanyo no gutera inkunga ibikorwa byabo byohereza hanze. Amasezerano y’imisoro: Amerika ifite amasezerano y’imisoro n’ibihugu byinshi bigamije gukumira imisoro ibiri y’imisoro yinjizwa n’abanyamerika cyangwa ubucuruzi mu bihugu by’amahanga. Aya masezerano atanga imisoro ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa muri Amerika kandi bigafasha guteza imbere ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga. Politiki y’imisoro yo muri Amerika yoherezwa mu mahanga igamije gushishikariza ubucuruzi kwagura ibikorwa byohereza mu mahanga, guteza imbere guhangana ku rwego mpuzamahanga, no gushyigikira iterambere ry’ubukungu. Icyakora, ni ngombwa ko abohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bagisha inama impuguke mu by'imisoro cyangwa umucuruzi wa gasutamo kugira ngo hubahirizwe politiki n'amabwiriza agezweho kugira ngo birinde ibihano cyangwa imisoro.
Impamyabumenyi isabwa kohereza hanze
Iyo kohereza ibicuruzwa muri Amerika, ni ngombwa ko abohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga basobanukirwa ibisabwa n'impamyabumenyi zishobora kuba ngombwa ko ibicuruzwa byabo byinjira ku isoko ry’Amerika. Dore bimwe mubisabwa kubicuruzwa byoherejwe hanze: Icyemezo cya FDA (Ikigo gishinzwe ibiryo n'ibiyobyabwenge) Icyemezo: Ibicuruzwa bigenewe gukoreshwa nkibiryo, ibiyobyabwenge, ibikoresho byubuvuzi, cyangwa kwisiga bigomba kwemezwa na FDA. FDA isaba ko ibyo bicuruzwa byubahiriza amabwiriza yabyo kubijyanye numutekano, gukora neza, no kuranga neza. Icyemezo cya EPA (Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije) Icyemezo: Ibicuruzwa bigenewe gukoreshwa mu kurengera ibidukikije, nka pesticide, ibicuruzwa bisukura, cyangwa inyongeramusaruro, birashobora gusaba icyemezo cya EPA. EPA isaba ibyo bicuruzwa kubahiriza umutekano hamwe nubuziranenge bwimikorere. Icyemezo cya UL (Underwriters Laboratories) Icyemezo: Ibicuruzwa nibikoresho byamashanyarazi cyangwa ibikoresho bya elegitoronike birashobora gukenera kwemezwa na UL kugirango umutekano wabo ubeho. Icyemezo cya UL gikubiyemo gusuzuma igishushanyo mbonera, ibikoresho, nubwubatsi kugirango byuzuze ibipimo byumutekano. Ikimenyetso cya CE: Ikimenyetso cya CE ni icyemezo gisabwa ku bicuruzwa byinshi bigurishwa mu Burayi, harimo na Amerika. Ikimenyetso cya CE cyerekana ko ibicuruzwa byujuje ibyangombwa byingenzi by’umutekano n’ubuzima bigaragara mu mabwiriza y’i Burayi. DOT (Ishami rishinzwe gutwara abantu n'ibintu) Kwemeza: Ibicuruzwa bigenewe gukoreshwa mu bwikorezi, nk'ibice by'imodoka cyangwa ibikoresho by'indege, birashobora gukenera kwemezwa na DOT. Icyemezo cya DOT gisaba ko ibicuruzwa byujuje umutekano n’ibipimo byashyizweho n’ishami. Usibye ibyo byemezo no kwemezwa, abatumiza ibicuruzwa hanze bashobora kandi gukenera gutanga izindi nyandiko, nkibisobanuro byibicuruzwa, raporo y'ibizamini, cyangwa inyandiko zishinzwe kugenzura ubuziranenge. Ni ngombwa ko abatumiza ibicuruzwa hanze bakorana cyane nababitanga, abakiriya, hamwe nabajyanama babigize umwuga kugirango ibicuruzwa byabo byujuje ibisabwa byose muri Amerika kandi bishobora kugurishwa neza muri Amerika.
Basabwe ibikoresho
FedEx SF Express Shanghai Qianya International Freight Forward Co., Ltd. Ubushinwa Amaposita Express & Logistics UPS DHL
Imiyoboro yo guteza imbere abaguzi

Ubucuruzi bwingenzi

Iyo abatanga isoko bashaka kubona abakiriya b’abanyamerika, hari imurikagurisha rikomeye muri Amerika bashobora kwitabira. Dore bimwe mu imurikagurisha rikomeye muri Amerika, hamwe na aderesi zabo: Abaguzi ba Electronics Show (CES): Iri ni imurikagurisha rinini ku isi rikoresha ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki ku isi, ryibanda ku bicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki bigezweho no guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga. Aderesi: Ikigo cyabereye i Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, Amerika. Igikoresho cy’igihugu cyerekana: Iri ni imurikagurisha rinini ryo guteza imbere urugo muri Amerika. Aderesi: Ikigo cyabereye i Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, Amerika. Imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ryubaka (IBS): Iri ni imurikagurisha rinini mu nganda zubaka muri Amerika. Aderesi: Ikigo cyabereye i Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, Amerika. Imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ry’imikino y'Abanyamerika: Iri ni imurikagurisha rinini ku isi. Aderesi: Jacob K. Javits Centre Centre, New York, New York, Amerika. Ishyirahamwe ry’amaresitora y’igihugu ryerekana: Iri ni imurikagurisha rinini ry’imirire n’ibiribwa muri Amerika. Aderesi: Ikibanza cya McCormick, Chicago, Illinois, Amerika. Western International Furniture Show Market Isoko mpuzamahanga ryo mu nzu）: Iri ni imurikagurisha rinini mu bikoresho byo mu burengerazuba bwa Amerika. Aderesi: Ikigo cyabereye i Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, Amerika. AAPEX Show: Iri murika ryibanze ku bice by'imodoka no ku isoko rya serivisi nyuma. Aderesi: Ikigo cyabereye i Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, Amerika. Kwitabira iri murika ryemerera abatanga isoko kugera kubakiriya n’abafatanyabikorwa b’abanyamerika, kongera ubumenyi ku bicuruzwa ku isoko ry’Amerika. Mu imurikagurisha, abatanga ibicuruzwa barashobora kwerekana ibicuruzwa byabo na serivisi, bagashyiraho umubano n’abakiriya babo, bakumva ibyifuzo by’isoko n'ibigezweho, kandi bagahuza neza ibyo abakiriya ba Amerika bakeneye. Byongeye kandi, imurikagurisha ritanga amahirwe yo kwiga kubyerekeye abanywanyi ningaruka zamasoko.
Google: https://www.google.com/ Bing: https://www.bing.com/ Yahoo! Shakisha: https://search.yahoo.com/ Baza: https://www.ask.com/ DuckDuckGo: https://www.duckduckgo.com/ Gushakisha AOL: https://search.aol.com/ Yandex: https://www.yandex.com/ (Nubwo ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu Burusiya, Yandex nayo ifite abakoresha benshi muri Amerika.)

Impapuro nini z'umuhondo

Dun & Bradstreet: https://www.dnb.com/ Hoovers: https://www.hoovers.com/ Ubucuruzi.com: https://www.ubucuruzi.com/ Ibirenga: https://www.superpages.com/ Manta: https://www.manta.com/ Iyandikishe rya Tomasi: https://www.thomasregister.com/ ReferenceUSA: https://www.referenceusa.com/ Izi mbuga za page yumuhondo zitanga urubuga kubatanga kugirango babone abakiriya. Abatanga isoko barashobora kubona amakuru yubucuruzi bwabanyamerika kururu rubuga, nkizina ryisosiyete, aderesi, amakuru yamakuru, nibindi, kugirango bagure ubucuruzi bwabo. Mubyongeyeho, izi mbuga zitanga amakuru menshi yubucuruzi na raporo zifasha abatanga isoko gusobanukirwa neza nisoko ninganda. Gukoresha izi mbuga za paji z'umuhondo zirashobora gufasha abatanga isoko kongera imenyekanisha no guhuza abakiriya bashobora kuzamura ubucuruzi bwabo.

Ihuriro rikuru ryubucuruzi

Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/ Walmart: https://www.walmart.com/ Ebay: https://www.ebay.com/ Jet: https://www.jet.com/ Newegg: https://www.newegg.com/ Kugura Byiza: https://www.bestbuy.com/ Intego: https://www.target.com/ Macy's: https://www.macys.com/ Kurenza urugero: https://www.overstock.com/

Imbuga nkoranyambaga

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/ LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/ Snapchat: https://www.snapchat.com/ Kurikira: https://www.inyungu.com/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/ GitHub: https://www.github.com/

Amashyirahamwe akomeye yinganda

Urugaga rw’Ubucuruzi muri Amerika (AmCham): AmCham n’umuryango w’ubucuruzi ugamije guteza imbere ihanahana ry’ubucuruzi n’ubufatanye hagati y’amasosiyete yo muri Amerika n’amahanga. Bafite amashami menshi yo mukarere akubiyemo inganda zitandukanye. Ishyirahamwe ry’abakora inganda (NAM): NAM ni umuryango uharanira inyungu uhagarariye inyungu z’inganda z’Abanyamerika. Batanga ubushakashatsi ku isoko, ubuvugizi bwa politiki, na serivisi zihuza inganda. Urugereko rw’Ubucuruzi muri Amerika: Uyu niwo muryango munini uharanira ubucuruzi muri Amerika, utanga ubushakashatsi bwa politiki, amahirwe ku isoko mpuzamahanga, imigendekere y’inganda, n’andi makuru n’inkunga ku banyamuryango. Ishyirahamwe ry’ubucuruzi (TA): Ayo mashyirahamwe ahagarariye inyungu zinganda zihariye kandi atanga ubushakashatsi ku isoko, guhuza inganda, ubuvugizi bwa politiki, nizindi serivisi. Abatanga isoko barashobora kwiga kubyerekeranye ninganda ninganda, kandi bagashyiraho umubano nabaguzi binyuze muri ayo mashyirahamwe. Urugereko rw’Ubucuruzi (Urugereko): Ingereko z’ubucuruzi zitanga inkunga y’ubucuruzi n’umutungo ku masosiyete yaho, bikabafasha kugirana umubano n’abaguzi baho. Binyuze muri ayo mashyirahamwe n’ibyumba by’ubucuruzi, abatanga ibicuruzwa barashobora kubona amakuru yinganda, bakumva imigendekere yisoko, bakitabira ibikorwa byubucuruzi, kandi bagashyiraho umubano nabaguzi, bityo bakagura ubucuruzi bwabo. Nyamuneka, nyamuneka menya ko abaguzi binganda zitandukanye bashobora kuba mumashyirahamwe atandukanye cyangwa mubyumba byubucuruzi, bityo abatanga isoko bakeneye guhitamo imiyoboro ikurikije ibicuruzwa byabo cyangwa aho bakorera kugirango babibone. Nizere ko aya makuru agufasha.

Urubuga rwubucuruzi nubucuruzi

UbucuruziKey: https://www.tradekey.com/ GlobalSpec: https://www.globalspec.com/ Ubuyobozi bwubucuruzi bwisi yose: https://www.wisi yose-ubucuruzi.com/ Ubucuruzi bw'Ubuhinde: https://www.tradeindia.com/ ExportHub: https://www.exporthub.com/ Panjiva: https://www.panjiva.com/ ThomasNet: https://www.thomasnet.com/ EC21: https://www.ec21.com/ isi yose: https://www.globalsources.com/ alibaba: https://www.alibaba.com/

Ubucuruzi bwibibazo byurubuga

Ibiro bishinzwe Ibarura rusange muri Amerika: https://www.census.gov/ Komisiyo mpuzamahanga y’ubucuruzi muri Amerika: https://dataweb.usitc.gov/ Ibiro by'uhagarariye ubucuruzi muri Amerika: https://ustr.gov/ Umuryango mpuzamahanga w’ubucuruzi (WTO): https://www.wto.org/ Komisiyo ishinzwe imisoro muri Amerika: https://www.usitc.gov/ Imibare y’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga muri Amerika: https://www.usitc.gov/tata/hts/by_chapter/index.htm Inama y’ubucuruzi y’Amerika n'Ubushinwa: https://www.uschina.org/ Serivisi ishinzwe ubushakashatsi mu bukungu ishami ry’ubuhinzi muri Amerika: https://www.ers.usda.gov/ Ubuyobozi mpuzamahanga bw’ubucuruzi muri Minisiteri y’ubucuruzi yo muri Amerika: https://www.trade.gov/ Banki yohereza mu mahanga-Ibitumizwa muri Amerika: https://www.exim.gov/

B2b

Ubucuruzi bwa Amazone: https://ubucuruzi.amazon.com/ Tomasi: https://www.thomasnet.com/ EC21: https://www.ec21.com/ Globalspec: https://www.globalspec.com/ UbucuruziKey: https://www.tradekey.com/ Ubuyobozi bwubucuruzi bwisi yose: https://www.wisi yose-ubucuruzi.com/ ExportHub: https://www.exporthub.com/ Panjiva: https://www.panjiva.com/ isi yose: https://www.globalsources.com/ alibaba: https://www.alibaba.com/
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