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ʻIke ʻāina
Kālā Lahui
Kumukuai
Nā lā hoʻomaha nui
Kūlana Kūʻai Kūʻai ʻē
Hiki i ka Makeke Hoʻomohala
Wela kuai huahana ma ka makeke
ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā kapu
Pūnaehana hoʻokele dute
Nā kulekele ʻauhau lawe mai
Nā kulekele ʻauhau hoʻokuʻu aku
Pono nā palapala hōʻoia no ka lawe ʻana aku
Paipai ʻia ka logistic
Nā ala no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mea kūʻai aku

He ʻāina ʻo Yugoslavia ma ʻEulopa Hikina Hema i noho mai 1918 a 2003. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma hope o ke Kaua Honua I ma ke ʻano he Aupuni Serbs, Croats, a me Slovenes a ma hope i kapa ʻia ʻo Yugoslavia i ka makahiki 1929. Aia ka ʻāina i kekahi mau lāhui, me Serbs, ʻO Croats, Slovenes, Bosniaks, Montenegrins, a me Makedonia. I loko o kona mōʻaukala, ua hoʻololi ʻo Yugoslavia i nā hoʻololi politika. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana he aupuni mōʻī ma lalo o ka Mōʻī Alexander I a hiki i kona pepehi ʻia ʻana i ka makahiki 1934, ua lilo ia i hui kaiaulu ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II ma lalo o ka Pelekikena Josip Broz Tito. ʻO ka manaʻo o Tito ka manaʻo i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi mokuʻāina lehulehu kahi e noho like ai nā lāhui like ʻole. I ka wā o Tito a hiki i kona make ʻana i ka makahiki 1980, ua mālama ʻo Yugoslavia i ke kūpaʻa a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai me ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi kulekele kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa i kapa ʻia ʻo "Non-Aligned Movement." Eia naʻe, ma hope o kona make ʻana ua hiki mai kahi au o ka hakakā politika i hōʻailona ʻia e ka piʻi ʻana o ka lāhui a me ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai. I nā makahiki 1990 mua, ua hoʻomaka ka haʻihaʻi ʻana o Yugoslavia me nā ʻōlelo kūʻokoʻa mai Slovenia a me Croatia a ukali ʻia e Bosnia a me Herzegovina. Ua alakaʻi kēia i nā hakakā pōʻino i hōʻike ʻia e ka ʻāʻī ʻana a me nā hewa kaua i ka wā o nā Kaua Yugoslav mai 1991 a 2001. Ma Malaki 2003, ua hoʻopau maoli nā aupuni repubalika i koe i ko lākou hui politika. ʻO ka hana hope loa ʻo Serbia ka hoʻololi ʻana i kona inoa iā Serbia a me Montenegro ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ʻelua mau aupuni ʻokoʻa: Serbia (kūʻokoʻa) a me Montenegro (kūʻokoʻa) e like me kā mākou i ʻike ai i kēia lā. He paʻakikī ka hoʻoilina o Yugoslavia ma muli o kona heluna kanaka like ʻole me nā hakakā mōʻaukala i kōkua i nā kaua i kona mau makahiki hemo. Ua pilikia paha ka haunaele i kona mau makahiki hope, ʻoiai he mea pono ke hoʻomaopopo i nā mea i hoʻokō ʻia ma lalo o ke aupuni o Tito i ka wā i kū ai ʻo Yugoslavia ma ke ʻano hoʻokahi aupuni hui ma nā loina o ka launa ʻole ʻana me nā poloka Komohana a i ʻole Hikina i ka wā o ke Kaua Cold.

ʻO Yugoslavia, he ʻāina ma mua o ʻEulopa Hema, ua hele i kekahi mau loli e pili ana i kāna kālā i nā makahiki. I ka wā mua o kona noho ʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻo Yugoslavia i ka Yugoslav dinar (YUD) i kāna kālā kūhelu. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o nā pilikia politika a me ka hoʻokele waiwai, ua hoʻopilikia ka hyperinflation i ka ʻāina i nā makahiki 1990. Ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o Yugoslavia i ka makahiki 1992 a me nā kaua ma hope o nā repubalika Yugoslav kahiko, ua puka mai nā ʻāina hou: Serbia a me Montenegro. Ua hoʻokumu lākou i ka Federal Republic of Yugoslavia me kahi kālā maʻamau - ka Yugoslav dinar hou (YUM). Ua manaʻo kēia kālā e hoʻopaʻa i kā lākou ʻoihana. I nā makahiki ma hope mai, i ka ʻimi ʻana o Montenegro i ke kūʻokoʻa mai Serbia, ua hoʻoholo lākou e haʻalele i kā lākou hoʻonohonoho kālā maʻamau. I ka makahiki 2003, ua hoʻololi ʻo Serbia iā YUM me kahi kālā hou i kapa ʻia ʻo Serbian dinar (RSD), ʻoiai ʻo Montenegro i hoʻokomo i ka euro ma kāna kālā kūhelu no ka mea ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā ia ka mana kūʻokoʻa kālā. I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo nā kālā mua o Yugoslavia ʻo Yugoslavia dinar (YUD) a laila Yugoslavia dinar hou (YUM). Eia naʻe i kēia lā ma hope o ka hemo ʻana, hoʻohana ʻo Serbian i ka Dinar Serbian (RSD) aʻo Montenegro hoʻohana i ka Euro (EUR). Hōʻike kēia mau hoʻololi i ka hopena o nā hanana politika i ka ʻāina kālā o ka lāhui.

ʻO ke kānāwai o Yugoslavia ka Yugoslav Dinar. Eia naʻe, he mea nui e hoʻomaopopo ua hoʻopau ʻia ka dinar Yugoslav i 2003 ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o Croatia a me Serbia. E pili ana i ke kumukūʻai o ke kālā nui o ka honua e kūʻē i ka dinar Yugoslav, ʻaʻole hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻikepili hoʻololi pololei ʻoiai ua hoʻopau ʻia ke kālā no nā makahiki he nui. Inā makemake ʻoe i ka ʻike hou e pili ana i nā kumukūʻai kūʻai ma waena o nā kālā nui honua ʻē aʻe, e ʻoluʻolu e nānā i ka ʻikepili manawa maoli i hāʻawi ʻia e nā hui kālā a i ʻole ka mākeke kūʻai haole.

He ʻāina ʻo Yugoslavia ma ka Hikina Hema ʻEulopa mai 1918 a 2006. I loko o kona mōʻaukala, hoʻolauleʻa ʻo ia i nā lā hoʻomaha nui i koʻikoʻi i kona poʻe. ʻO kekahi o nā lā hoʻomaha aupuni kaulana loa ma Yugoslavia ʻo ia ka La Lahui, i kapa ʻia ʻo Republic Day, i hoʻolauleʻa ʻia ma Nowemapa 29th. Ua hōʻailona kēia lā hoʻomaha i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ma 1943 a hoʻomanaʻo i nā hana i hana ʻia i ke Kaua Honua II e nā hui partisan i alakaʻi ʻia e Josip Broz Tito. I kēia lā, e komo pū nā Yugoslavians i nā pāʻani koa, nā hanana moʻomeheu, a me nā hui lehulehu e hoʻohanohano i ka mōʻaukala o ko lākou ʻāina. ʻO kekahi lā hoʻomaha nui i ʻike ʻia ma Yugoslavia ʻo ia ka International Workers' Day ma Mei 1st. ʻO kēia lā i hoʻokūpaʻa i ke koʻikoʻi o nā pono hana a me ka mahalo i nā haʻawina a nā limahana i ke kaiāulu. I kēia manawa, ua mālama ʻia nā hui nui a me nā hōʻikeʻike ma waena o ka ʻāina me ka nānā ʻana i ka lokahi a me nā hoʻokō o nā limahana. Hoʻohui hou, mālama ka Kalikimaka i ke koʻikoʻi moʻomeheu nui no Yugoslavians ma ke ʻano he lāhui Karistiano nui. ʻO ka hoʻolauleʻa ʻana i ka pō Kalikimaka me ka hoʻokē ʻai a puni ka lā a hiki i ka ʻaina ahiahi i ka wā e ʻākoakoa ai nā ʻohana no kahi ʻahaʻaina i kapa ʻia ʻo Badnji dan (ʻAina ahiahi Kalikimaka). Ua ʻokoʻa nā kuʻuna ma nā wahi like ʻole akā pili pinepine i ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana i kahi lāʻau yule i kapa ʻia ʻo Badnjak a me ka hele ʻana i nā hale pule i ke aumoe. ʻO ka Lā Kūʻokoʻa kekahi hanana kaulana i hoʻolauleʻa ʻia e nā Yugoslavians i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma Iulai 7th. Hoʻomanaʻo ia i ka haʻi ʻana o ka lāhui i ke kūʻokoʻa mai nā aupuni ʻē aʻe ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Honua II i ka makahiki 1945. Ua pili pono nā Slovenes i kēia lā me ko lākou kūʻokoʻa ma hope o ko lākou haʻalele ʻana mai Yugoslavia. ʻOiai he mau lā hoʻomaha nui kēia i hoʻolauleʻa ʻia ma Yugoslavia mua, he mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻokoʻa o nā kuʻuna kūikawā ma waena o nā ʻāpana like ʻole me Bosnia a me Herzegovina, Kroasia, Montenegro, Makedonia ʻĀkau, Serbia, a me Slovenia ma muli o nā ʻano moʻomeheu like ʻole i kēlā me kēia wahi.

ʻO Yugoslavia, ka mea i kapa inoa ʻia ʻo ka Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, he ʻāina aia ma ka hema hema o ʻEulopa mai 1945 a 1992. I kona ola ʻana, he kūlana kālepa ikaika a ʻano like ʻole ʻo Yugoslavia. Ua hahai ʻo Yugoslavia i kahi hoʻohālike hoʻokele waiwai, hoʻohui i nā mea o ka socialism a me ka hoʻokele ponoʻī. ʻAe ʻia kēia no nā ʻoihana aupuni a me nā ʻoihana pilikino. Loaʻa i ka ʻāina kahi waihona ʻoihana nui e komo pū ana i nā ʻāpana e like me ka mining, manufacturing, energy production, mahiʻai, a me nā lawelawe. I loko o ka wā Cold War, ua hoʻokani koʻikoʻi ʻo Yugoslavia i ka Non-Aligned Movement, ka mea i manaʻo e mālama i ke kū ʻole ma waena o nā Komohana Komohana a me Hikina. ʻO ka hopena o kēia kulekele a me kona wahi ʻāina hoʻolālā ma ke alahele o ʻEulopa ma waena o ka hikina a me ke komohana, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kālepa Yugoslavia i hoʻokahi poloka manaʻo. ʻO ke kālepa ʻana me nā ʻāina Komohana i hana nui i ka hoʻokele waiwai o Yugoslavia. Ua hoʻokumu ka ʻāina i nā pilina kalepa ikaika me nā lāhui e like me Germany (West Germany i kēlā manawa), Italia, Farani, United Kingdom, Austria, a me Switzerland. ʻO kēia mau hoʻololi e pili ana i ka lawe ʻia ʻana mai o nā mea maka no ka hana ʻenehana a me ka lawe ʻana aku i nā huahana i hana ʻia. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ka hui pū ʻana me nā ʻāina e ulu ana ma waena o ʻApelika, Middle East, a me Latin America. Ua pili kēia i nā pilina kālepa e pili ana i nā huahana e like me nā mīkini, lako, textiles, a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau. hanau-a me na hana oihana kaumaha.' Eia nō naʻe, ua mālama ʻo Yugoslavia i nā pilina pili waiwai i loko o nā ʻāpana hikina e like me Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, a me Hungary. hoa kalepa. Eia naʻe, ua ʻike nā mana o Yugoslavia i ka pono e hoʻokō i nā kulekele pili i ka mākeke i ko lākou mau makahiki hope. pili ana i na rula kalepa. Ma ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, paʻakikī ke kūlana kālepa o Yugoslavia, ma muli o kāna kumu hoʻomohala, e kuhikuhi ana i nā pilina me nā ʻāina Komohana a me Hikina, a me ka nānā ʻana i ka hui pū ʻana me nā lāhui e ulu ana. nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike.

ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻomohala i ka mākeke kālepa haole ma Yugoslavia he mea hoʻohiki. Me kona wahi hoʻolālā ma ke ala o Central a me ʻEulopa Hema, hāʻawi ia i kahi kūlana maikaʻi no nā hana lawe mai a hoʻokuʻu aku. Ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻo Yugoslavia i kahi hoʻokele waiwai like ʻole me ka nui o nā ʻoihana, me ka hana ʻana o ka automotive, hana kemika, mahiʻai, mining, a me nā textiles. Hāʻawi kēia ʻokoʻa i nā manawa kūpono no nā hui kālepa ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole. Ua ikaika ka ʻāina i ka wā kahiko i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana kila, nā mīkini uila, nā lako, nā waina maikaʻi loa a me nā ʻuhane, a me nā waiwai mahiʻai e like me ka palaoa a me ke kulina. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Yugoslavia i nā ʻaelike kālepa me nā ʻāina pili i loko o ka ʻāina Balkans ma o nā hana e like me ka Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA). Hoʻoikaika kēia mau ʻaelike i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka maʻalahi o ke komo ʻana i nā mākeke ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. Ua hōʻike pū ke aupuni o Yugoslavia i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka hoʻopukapuka haole ma o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hana e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka ʻoihana ʻoihana. Ua hoʻolauna ʻo ia i nā hoʻoponopono e hoʻomāmā i nā kaʻina hoʻokele a hoʻemi i ka ʻoihana ʻoiai e hāʻawi ana i nā mea hoʻoikaika i nā ʻoihana e kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā mea hoʻoiho. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hui ʻana o Yugoslavia i nā hui honua e like me ka World Trade Organization (WTO) e wehe i nā puka no ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā pilina kālepa bilateral ma ka honua. Ma ke ʻano he lālā o kēia hui koʻikoʻi e nānā ana i nā lula kālepa honua, hiki iā ia ke hoʻohana i kona kūlana e hoʻoikaika i nā pilina ikaika me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe ma nā ʻāina āpau. ʻO ka poʻe limahana akamai o ka ʻāina he mea maikaʻi hou aʻe i ka wā e noʻonoʻo ai i kona hiki ke hoʻomohala i ka mākeke haole. He kūlana kaulana ʻo Yugoslavia no ka poʻe hana ikaika me ka ʻike i nā ʻoihana like ʻole. ʻO kā lākou hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou e hoʻonui i ko lākou hoʻokūkū ma ka pae honua. I ka hopena, hāʻawi ʻo Yugoslavia i nā manaʻo maikaʻi no ka hoʻonui ʻana i kāna mākeke kālepa ʻē aʻe ma muli o kona wahi hoʻolālā, ʻano hoʻokele waiwai like ʻole e pili ana i nā ʻāpana he nui o ka ʻoihana me ka mahiʻai a me ka hana ʻana. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kuʻikahi kālepa kūloko i loko o CEFTA hiki ke maʻalahi i ke komo ʻana i nā mākeke pili ʻoiai ʻo ka lālā o nā hui honua e like me WTO e hoʻonui i nā manawa kūpono ma ka honua. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o Yugoslavia i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻoihana ʻoihana i hui pū ʻia me kahi limahana akamai e kōkua maikaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pilina kālepa paʻa.

ʻO ke koho ʻana i nā huahana kūpono no ka lawe ʻana aku i ka mākeke Yugoslavia e pono e noʻonoʻo i nā kumu like ʻole. Maʻaneʻi, e kūkākūkā mākou i kekahi o nā kumu nui e nānā i ke kohoʻana i nā huahana kūʻai wela no ke kālepa haole ma Yugoslavia. ʻO ka mea mua, he mea nui ia e hana i ka noiʻi mākeke e ʻike i ka noi a me nā ʻano i ka mākeke Yugoslavia. Hoʻopili kēia i ka nānā ʻana i nā makemake o nā mea kūʻai aku, ke aʻo ʻana i nā makana a ka poʻe hoʻokūkū, a me ka loiloi ʻana i nā kumu moʻomeheu a i ʻole ka pilikanaka e hiki ke hoʻololi i nā hoʻoholo kūʻai. ʻO ka lua, he mea koʻikoʻi ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka wahi ʻāina o Yugoslavia a me kona hopena i ke kālepa. Ma ke ʻano he ʻāina ma ke alahaka o ʻEulopa, aia nā manawa e hoʻopaʻa ai i nā mākeke ʻEulopa a me Balkan. No laila, ʻo ke koho ʻana i nā waiwai e kūlike me nā koi kūloko hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hoʻopuka ʻana aku. ʻO ke kolu, he mea nui ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā huahana kiʻekiʻe no ka mea e hoʻonui nui ana nā mea kūʻai aku o Yugoslavia i ka maikaʻi ma mua o ke kumukūʻai i ka wā e kūʻai ai i nā hoʻoholo. Ma ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā waiwai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a i ʻole nā hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa ʻaʻole i maʻalahi i nā wahi ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā ʻoihana ke huki i nā mea kūʻai aku e ʻimi ana i nā huahana waiwai. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hoʻomau i ke koho ʻana i nā laina huahana no ka lawe ʻana aku ma Yugoslavia. Ua kaulana nā hana hoʻonaninani a me nā kaʻina hana hoʻomau i waena o nā mea kūʻai aku ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa - me ka poʻe ma Yugoslavia - e hōʻike ana i kahi makemake no nā huahana i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano. ʻO ka mea hope loa, hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā holomua ʻenehana ke kōkua nui i ke koho kūleʻa o nā mea hoʻoiho. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka digitalization e hiki ai i nā ʻoihana ke hoʻopaʻa pono i nā kahua kūʻai pūnaewele me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā ʻano e-commerce i loko o ka ulu ʻana o ka mea hoʻohana pūnaewele ma Yugoslavia. I ka hopena, ʻo ke koho ʻana i nā huahana kūʻai wela no ke kālepa haole ma Yugoslavia e koi i ka noiʻi mākeke piha me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā kumu koi kūloko a me ka manaʻo nui i nā huahana maikaʻi e kūlike me nā makemake o nā mea kūʻai aku. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā hana hoʻomau a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā helu kūleʻa i kēia mākeke hoʻokūkū.

He ʻāina ʻokoʻa ʻo Yugoslavia e pili ana i kāna mau mea kūʻai aku a me nā nuances moʻomeheu. Aia kekahi mau lāhui like ʻole e like me Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins, a me Makedonia. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia hui nā kuʻuna kūʻokoʻa, nā kuʻuna, a me nā ʻano i hoʻololi i ka makemake o kā lākou mea kūʻai aku. ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o ka mea kūʻai aku ma Yugoslavia ka mea nui o ka pilina pilikino. ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hilinaʻi a me ka pilina me nā mea kūʻai aku he mea koʻikoʻi ia no ka kūleʻa o ka ʻoihana. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka manawa i ka ʻike ʻana i kāu mau mea kūʻai aku ma kahi pae pilikino i waiwai nui. ʻO kekahi mea nui o ka poʻe kūʻai Yugoslavia ko lākou mahalo i nā huahana a me nā lawelawe maikaʻi. Ua makemake lākou i nā mea paʻa a hāʻawi i ka waiwai no ka wā lōʻihi ma mua o ka nānā wale ʻana i ke kumu kūʻai. ʻO ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā makana kiʻekiʻe e huki i nā mea kūʻai kūpaʻa i mahalo i ka lōʻihi o nā huahana a i ʻole nā lawelawe. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau manaʻo a i ʻole kapu e pono ai nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe e makaʻala i ka wā e pili ana i nā mea kūʻai aku o Yugoslavia. ʻO ka mea mua, pono e pale i nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka politika a i ʻole nā hanana mōʻaukala hoʻopaʻapaʻa e like me ka haʻihaʻi ʻana o Yugoslavia i nā makahiki 1990. Hiki ke paʻakikī loa kēia mau kumuhana ma muli o ka ʻeha o ke kaua a me ka hakakā. Eia kekahi, he mea koʻikoʻi ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa hoʻomana i ka wā e pili ana i nā mea kūʻai aku Yugoslavia. He ʻano hoʻomana hoʻomana ʻokoʻa ka ʻāina me ka Roman Catholicism i mana nui ma waena o nā Croatian a ʻo ka Orthodox Christianity i hana nui i waena o Serbs. ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana i ka mahalo i nā manaʻo hoʻomana like ʻole e ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka launa ʻoihana. Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, he mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ʻano ʻano lāhui like ʻole a me nā nuances moʻomeheu i loko o Yugoslavia i ka wā e launa pū ai me kāna mea kūʻai. ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pilina pilikino ikaika ʻoiai e hāʻawi ana i nā huahana a i ʻole nā lawelawe kiʻekiʻe e kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻoihana ʻoihana kūleʻa ma kēia wahi.

He ʻāina ʻo Yugoslavia ma ʻEulopa Hikina Hema, nona nā ʻāpana like ʻole me nā moʻomeheu like ʻole a me nā moʻolelo. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia kāna ʻōnaehana kuʻuna a me ka palena palena e hoʻoponopono i ka neʻe ʻana o nā kānaka, nā waiwai, a me nā lawelawe ma waena o kona mau palena. ʻO ka mana dute ma Yugoslavia ke kuleana no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā lula e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana mai, ka lawe ʻana aku, nā dute, a me nā ʻauhau. Pono ka poʻe e komo a haʻalele i ka ʻāina e hele i nā wahi i koho ʻia kahi i nānā ʻia ai kā lākou passport a i ʻole nā palapala huakaʻi. E loiloi nā luna dute i ka waiwai o nā waiwai e lawe ʻia ana a e ʻohi i nā dute a i ʻole nā ʻauhau. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kekahi mau mea. ʻO nā mea kaua, nā mea kaua, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā mea pahū, a me nā mea hiki ke hoʻopōʻino i ka palekana aupuni. ʻO ka lawe ʻana mai/ka lawe ʻana aku i nā mea moʻomeheu me ka ʻole o ka ʻae kūpono, he kānāwai ʻole. Pono ka poʻe kipa e hoʻomaopopo he pono lākou i kahi visa ma muli o ko lākou lāhui a me ke kumu o ka kipa ʻana. Pono e nānā me ka ʻelele / consulate ma mua o ka huakaʻi e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā koi komo. I ka hele ʻana i ka palena i Yugoslavia ma nā ala ʻāina a i ʻole ke kai mai nā ʻāina e pili ana e like me Hungary a i ʻole Croatia (ma mua o Yugoslavia), pono ka poʻe huakaʻi e manaʻo i ka nānā maʻamau e nā luna dute. Pono e loaʻa nā palapala i makemake ʻia no ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke noi. Paipai ʻia ka poʻe huakaʻi ʻaʻole e lawe i ka nui o ke kālā me ka ʻole o ka hōʻike kūpono no ka mea aia nā palena i ka nui e hiki ke lawe i kekahi mau hihia. Hiki ke nānā ʻia nā mea uila e like me ka laptops akā ʻaʻole pono nā hāmeʻa hoʻohana pilikino e like me nā kelepona paʻalima. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo ma hope o ka haʻihaʻi ʻana o Yugoslavia i ka makahiki 1991-1992 i kekahi mau ʻāina kūʻokoʻa e like me Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia; Ua hoʻokumu kēia mau hui i kā lākou mau hoʻoponopono kuʻuna ponoʻī i ʻokoʻa mai ka mea i noho ma lalo o nā kānāwai Yugoslavia ma mua. I ka hopena, ʻo ka kipa ʻana iā Yugoslavia e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i nā lula ma kāna mau wahi nānā e pili ana i nā palapala passport / palapala, nā ʻōlelo hoʻolaha kālā ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe. No ka mea ʻaʻole i noi ʻia nā ʻano e pili ana i ka hoʻokele ʻana o nā mokuʻāina post-Yugoslav i kā lākou mau kuʻuna, e kāohi ʻia kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī o ia mau mea.

Ua loaʻa iā Yugoslavia kahi ʻōnaehana ʻokoʻa a paʻakikī o nā kumukūʻai lawe mai e hoʻoponopono i ke kahe ʻana o nā waiwai i loko o ka ʻāina. Ua hoʻokō ka ʻāina i kēia mau kulekele me ka manaʻo o ka pale ʻana i nā ʻoihana kūloko, hoʻoikaika i ka pono ponoʻī, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kālepa ʻana i nā ʻāina ʻē. Ua ʻauhau ʻia nā ʻauhau lawe ʻia ma nā ʻano waiwai e komo ana i Yugoslavia. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau ʻauhau ma luna o kekahi mau kumu e like me ke ʻano o ka huahana, kona waiwai, a i ʻole kona kaumaha. Ua ʻokoʻa nā kumukūʻai ma muli o ka mea kikoʻī i lawe ʻia mai. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kekahi mau waiwai koʻikoʻi mai nā dute lawe ʻia mai e hōʻoia i ko lākou loaʻa ʻana a me ke kūpono no ka lehulehu. Loaʻa kēia i nā huahana e like me nā meaʻai, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a me kekahi mau mea maka e pono ai no ka hana kūloko. Ua hoʻohana pū ke aupuni i nā kumukūʻai uku no ka mālama ʻana i ka lawe ʻana mai i kekahi mau ʻāpana. Ua ʻae kēia mau puʻupuʻu i nā nui liʻiliʻi o nā huahana kikoʻī e lawe ʻia mai ma nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa a ʻaʻole ʻole ʻoiai ke kau ʻana i nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe ke hiki i kēlā mau palena. Ua kau ʻo Yugoslavia i nā ʻauhau hou ma nā mea waiwai a i ʻole nā mea waiwai ʻole me nā koi kiʻekiʻe e lawe mai. Ua hana ʻia kēia no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā mea kūʻai pono ʻole a hōʻemi i nā kahe kālā o nā ʻāina ʻē. Ma waho aʻe o nā dute / ʻauhau, ua hoʻohana ʻo Yugoslavia i nā hana ʻē aʻe e like me nā koi laikini a me nā kūlana maikaʻi no nā huahana i lawe ʻia mai. ʻO kēia mau lula e pili ana i ka pale ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku ma o ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hoʻokō ʻana o nā waiwai i lawe ʻia mai i kekahi mau pono palekana a me ka maikaʻi. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka ulu ʻana o kēia mau kulekele i ka manawa e like me nā kūlana waiwai a me nā pahuhopu politika o Yugoslavia. Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia paha lākou ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o nā kuʻikahi kālepa honua a i ʻole kūkākūkā me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻo nā kulekele ʻauhau lawe mai Yugoslavia e kuhikuhi ana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hana kūloko ʻoiai ke kaulike ʻana i nā pilina kalepa honua ma o ka ʻauhau i hoʻoponopono ʻia ma nā mea lawe mai e pili ana i nā ʻano like ʻole e like me ke ʻano huahana, ka waiwai, ke kaumaha, nā palena quota, ke kūlana waiwai a me nā mea hou aku no ka pale o nā mea kūʻai aku.

He ʻāina ʻo Yugoslavia ma ʻEulopa Hema mai 1918 a hiki i 2003. I kona wā e ola ana, he ʻano ʻauhau koʻikoʻi ko Yugoslavia, me nā kulekele ʻauhau no nā mea kūʻai aku. ʻO ke kulekele ʻauhau hoʻokuʻu aku o Yugoslavia i manaʻo e hoʻoponopono a hoʻoikaika i nā hana kālepa haole o ka ʻāina. ʻO ia ka hoʻokau ʻana i kekahi mau ʻauhau ma luna o nā waiwai i lawe ʻia aku ma muli o nā kumu like ʻole e like me ko lākou ʻano, waiwai, a me kahi e hele ai. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā waiwai i lawe ʻia i waho i ka ʻauhau hoʻohui waiwai (VAT) ma Yugoslavia. Ua ʻauhau ʻia kēia ʻauhau ma nā kumukūʻai like ʻole ma muli o ke ʻano o ka huahana i lawe ʻia i waho. Ua ʻokoʻa nā kumukūʻai VAT ma nā ʻoihana a ua hoʻoholo ʻia e ke aupuni e kaulike pono i ka loaʻa kālā a me ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai. Ma waho aʻe o ka VAT, ua kau ʻia nā dute excise kikoʻī i kekahi mau ʻāpana o nā waiwai i lawe ʻia ma Yugoslavia. Kuhi ʻia kēia mau hana i nā huahana e like me ka paka, ka waiʻona, nā huahana ʻaila, a me nā mea waiwai i manaʻo ʻia he mea pōʻino a waiwai nui paha. Ua hoʻokō pū ʻo Yugoslavia i nā dute ma luna o nā waiwai i lawe ʻia aku. Ua kau ʻia kēia mau hana ma ka palena i ka wā e lawe aku ai i nā huahana ma waho o ka ʻāina ʻo Yugoslavia. Ua ʻokoʻa nā kumukūʻai ma muli o nā kumu e like me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā huahana e like me nā kūlana kalepa honua (e laʻa, nā code system harmonized), nā ʻaelike kālepa me nā ʻāina a i ʻole nā ʻāpana, a me nā koho uku kūpono a i ʻole nā hoʻokuʻu i loaʻa. Ua ʻokoʻa paha nā kikoʻī kikoʻī o ke kulekele ʻauhau hoʻokuʻu aku ma ka mōʻaukala o Yugoslavia ma muli o nā loli i nā aupuni politika a i ʻole nā hoʻolālā waiwai i hahai ʻia e nā ʻoihana like ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka laulā, ua ʻimi kēia mau kulekele i ka loaʻa kālā no ke aupuni ʻoiai e hoʻoponopono ana i nā hana kālepa haole e like me nā mea nui o ka ʻāina. E ʻoluʻolu, e hōʻike ana kēia ʻike i kahi pōʻaiapili mōʻaukala e pili ana i nā makahiki i hala i ka wā i noho ai ʻo Yugoslavia ma ke ʻano he ʻāina hui; no laila ʻaʻole pili pono i kēia lā ʻoiai ʻaʻole i noho hou ʻo Yugoslavia no ka mea ua hoʻololi nā palena ma hope o ka hemo ʻana.

He ʻāina ʻo Yugoslavia ma ʻEulopa Hema mai ka makahiki 1918 a hiki i ka makahiki 2003. I ka wā o kona ola ʻana, ua loaʻa iā Yugoslavia nā ʻano huahana like ʻole a me nā ʻoihana. No ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻana i ka maikaʻi a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o kēia mau mea hoʻopukapuka, ua hoʻokō ke aupuni i kahi ʻōnaehana palapala hōʻoia. ʻO ka palapala hōʻoia i waho ma Yugoslavia e pili ana i nā kaʻina hana a me nā koi. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo nā ʻoihana i hana i nā hana hoʻoiho e pono ai e hoʻokō i nā lula a me nā kūlana i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e nā luna. Ua manaʻo kēia mau lula e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i nā waiwai i lawe ʻia mai Yugoslavia i hoʻokō i nā kūlana maikaʻi o ka honua. No ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi palapala hōʻoia i waho, pono nā ʻoihana e hele i kahi kaʻina loiloi koʻikoʻi. Hoʻopili kēia i ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kānāwai kalepa kūpono, ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā huahana no nā kumu hoʻomalu maikaʻi, a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana paʻa no ka halihali palekana. Eia hou, pono e hāʻawi nā mea kūʻai aku i nā palapala e pili ana i ke kumu o kā lākou huahana a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā ʻaelike kālepa honua. Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia kēia palapala i ka hōʻoia o nā laikini lawe aku a i ʻole nā ʻae i hāʻawi ʻia e nā mana o Yugoslavia. Ua hoʻoikaika pū ke aupuni i ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea kūʻai mai nā ʻāina ʻē ma o nā mikiona kalepa a me nā ʻoihana i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ka ʻāina a me ka honua. Hāʻawi kēia mau hanana i nā manawa no nā ʻoihana e hōʻike i kā lākou huahana i ka wā e pili ana me nā mea kūʻai aku hiki ke hōʻoia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā mea hoʻopukapuka. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka palapala hōʻoia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka hilinaʻi ma waena o nā mea kūʻai aku ʻo Yugoslavia a me nā mākeke ʻē aʻe. Ma ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia palapala hōʻoia, ua hōʻike nā hui i kā lākou kūpaʻa i ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā waiwai kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i nā kūlana honua. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma hope o nā hoʻololi politika ma hope o ka haʻihaʻi ʻana o Yugoslavia i nā makahiki 1990 mua, ua hoʻomohala nā mokuʻāina hoʻokahi e like me Serbia i kā lākou mau ʻōnaehana kūʻokoʻa no ka hōʻoia ʻana i waho.

ʻO Yugoslavia, i kapa mua ʻia ʻo ka Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, he ʻāina aia ma ka Hikina Hema ʻEulopa. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ma muli o ka haʻihaʻi ʻana o Yugoslavia i nā makahiki 1990, ʻaʻole ia e noho hou ma ke ʻano he lāhui hui. Eia nō naʻe, hiki iaʻu ke hāʻawi iā ʻoe i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana logistic i noho ma mua o ka ʻāina. Ua hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia ʻo Yugoslavia i ka neʻe ʻana o nā waiwai ma nā wahi āpau. ʻO nā ʻano kaʻa kaʻa mua, ʻo ia nā ala ala, nā alahao, a me nā ala wai. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka halihali alanui i ka ʻōnaehana logistic o Yugoslavia. Loaʻa i ka ʻāina kahi ʻupena alanui ākea e hoʻopili ana i nā kūlanakauhale nui a me nā kūlanakauhale. Ua ʻae ʻia kēia no ka lawe ʻana i nā ukana ma nā wahi pōkole a me waena o ka ʻāina. He ʻāpana koʻikoʻi nō nā kaʻaahi o ka ʻōnaehana logistic o Yugoslavia. Ua hoʻopili pū lākou i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka lāhui a hāʻawi i nā pilina me nā ʻāina pili. ʻO ke ala kaʻaahi i hiki ai i ka lawe ʻana i nā waiwai ma nā wahi like ʻole. Ma waho aʻe o nā alanui a me nā kaʻaahi, hāʻawi nā ala wai i kahi ala ʻē aʻe no ka lawe ʻana i nā waiwai ma Yugoslavia. Ua lilo ka muliwai Danube i ala kalepa ko'iko'i no ka mea ua kahe ia ma na kulanakauhale o Yugoslavia ma mua o ke komo ana i na aina e like me Hungary a me Romania. Ua loaʻa nō hoʻi iā Yugoslavia nā awa paʻa ma kona kahakai ʻo Adriatic Sea, e like me nā awa ma Split a me Koper (ma kahi o Slovenia i kēia manawa). Ua maʻalahi kēia mau awa i ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka moana ma ka ʻāina a me ka honua ma o ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā ala kalepa honua. No ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka hana maʻemaʻe o ka logistics i loko o Yugoslavia, aia kekahi mau hale kūʻai i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia ma waena o nā kūlanakauhale nui kahi e hiki ai i nā hui ke mālama i kā lākou waiwai no ka manawa pōkole a i ʻole ka lōʻihi. Eia kekahi, aia nā kaʻina hana kuʻuna ma nā palena palena no nā moku honua e komo a haʻalele paha iā Yugoslavia. Ua hōʻoia kēia mau kaʻina hana i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā koi kānāwai me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā hana kālepa honua me ka maʻalahi. He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia ʻike ma ka ʻikepili mōʻaukala ma mua o ka haʻihaʻi ʻana o Yugoslavia i mau ʻāina ʻokoʻa e like me Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro , North Macedonia , a me Kosovo. No laila, ua loli nui ke kūlana logistic i kēlā me kēia ʻāina i puka mai mai Yugoslavia. Inā makemake ʻoe i ka ʻike kikoʻī hou aku e pili ana i nā lawelawe logistic ma kekahi o kēia mau lāhui kanaka a i ʻole he nīnau ʻē aʻe, e ʻoluʻolu e nīnau.

Hōʻike kālepa koʻikoʻi

He ʻāina ʻo Yugoslavia ma ka Hikina Hema ʻEulopa mai 1918 a 2003. I kona wā e ola ana, ua nui nā ala kālepa koʻikoʻi o ka honua a me nā hōʻikeʻike i hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomohala waiwai. 1. Nā Kaʻa Kalepa International: - European Union (EU): Ua loaʻa iā Yugoslavia nā ʻaelike kālepa me nā mokuʻāina lālā like ʻole o EU, kahi i maʻalahi i ka lawe ʻana aku i nā waiwai i kēia mau ʻāina. Ua ʻae kēia i nā ʻoihana Yugoslavia e paʻi i kahi mākeke kūʻai nui a hoʻokumu i nā pilina kālepa lōʻihi. - Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): ʻO Yugoslavia kekahi o nā lālā hoʻokumu o NAM, kahi hui o nā ʻāina i manaʻo e noho kū ʻole i ka wā o ke Kaua anuanu. Hāʻawi kēia i nā manawa kūpono no ke kālepa ʻana me nā mokuʻāina lālā ʻē aʻe o NAM a hoʻonui i ko Yugoslavia hiki i ka honua. - Eastern Bloc: Ua mālama ʻo Yugoslavia i nā pilina kalepa me kekahi mau ʻāina ʻo Eastern Bloc, me ka Soviet Union a me nā mokuʻāina ʻē aʻe ma ʻEulopa Hikina. Ua ʻae kēia i ka lawe ʻana mai i nā kumuwaiwai koʻikoʻi a me nā ʻenehana pono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻoihana. 2. Nā Hōʻikeʻike honua: - Belgrade Fair: ʻO ka Belgrade Fair kekahi o nā wahi hōʻikeʻike nui loa ma Yugoslavia. Ua hoʻokipa ʻo ia i nā hoʻolaha honua like ʻole, me nā hanana kūikawā e like me ka International Agriculture Fair a me International Tourism Fair. Ua hoʻokipa kēia mau hōʻikeʻike i nā ʻoihana kūloko a me ka honua e nānā ana e hōʻike i kā lākou huahana a i ʻole e ʻimi i nā mea hoʻolako hou a i ʻole nā hoa. - ʻO Zagreb Fair: Aia ma ke kaona nui o Kroasia, ua mālama ʻo Zagreb Fair i nā hōʻikeʻike kikoʻī o ka ʻoihana a puni ʻo Yugoslavia. Hāʻawi ia i kahi manawa no nā mea hana mai nā ʻāpana like ʻole e hōʻike i kā lākou huahana, hoʻoulu i nā pilina ʻoihana, kūkākūkā i nā ʻaelike, a e ʻimi i nā mākeke ʻē aʻe. - Novi Sad Agriculture Fair: ʻOiai he mea nui ka mahiʻai i ka hoʻokele waiwai o Yugoslavia, ua lilo ʻo Novi Sad Agriculture Fair i kahua koʻikoʻi no ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mīkini mahiʻai, nā ʻenehana, nā ʻano holoholona, nā mea kanu, nā hua, a me nā mea hou aku. ʻO kēia mau ala kūʻai kūʻai honua a me nā hōʻikeʻike i hiki ai i nā ʻoihana Yugoslavia ke hoʻopili me nā mea kūʻai aku honua, nā mea hoʻolako, a me nā hoa pili. Eia naʻe, he mea nui e hoʻomaopopo ua pau ka noho ʻana o Yugoslavia ma ke ʻano he ʻāina i ka makahiki 2003. Ma hope o nā hakakā politika a me ka hoʻokele waiwai, ua hoʻokaʻawale ka ʻāina i kekahi mau aupuni kūʻokoʻa, e like me Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Bosnia, a me Herzegovina. No laila, ʻo ka ʻike i hāʻawi ʻia e hōʻike ana i ke kūlana i ka wā i hui pū ʻia ai ʻo Yugoslavia.

Nā mīkini huli maʻamau

He ʻāina ʻo Yugoslavia ma ka hikina hema o ʻEulopa mai ka makahiki 1945 a hiki i ka makahiki 1992. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ma muli o ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o Yugoslavia, ʻaʻole ia he hui kaʻawale. No laila, ʻaʻohe ʻenekini huli kikoʻī i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no Yugoslavia wale nō. Eia naʻe, aia kekahi mau ʻenekini huli nui kaulana i hoʻohana mau ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻo Yugoslav kahiko (Bosnia a me Herzegovina, Kroasia, Makedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, a me Slovenia) ma mua o ko lākou kūʻokoʻa. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau ʻenekini huli i kēia mau lā: 1. Google: ʻO Google ka ʻenekini huli kaulana loa ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa a hoʻohana nui ʻia ma nā ʻāina Yugoslav kahiko. Paena pūnaewele: www.google.com 2. Bing: ʻO Bing kekahi ʻenekini huli kaulana e hāʻawi ana i nā hulina pūnaewele. Paena pūnaewele: www.bing.com 3. Yahoo!: Yahoo! ʻaʻole like ka mana e like me Google akā ke lawelawe mau nei ma ke ʻano he koho ʻenekini hilinaʻi. Paena pūnaewele: www.yahoo.com 4. Ebb: He ʻenekini huli ʻāpana ʻo Ebb ma Serbia e kālele ana i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā hopena no nā mea hoʻohana mai nā ʻāina Balkan like ʻole. Paena pūnaewele: www.ebb.rs 5. Najnovije vijesti: Najnovije vijesti (Nūhou Hou) he puka nūhou pūnaewele i loaʻa ma Bosnia a me Herzegovina e hāʻawi ana i nā ʻike nūhou i hui pū ʻia me kāna hana huli ponoʻī. Paena pūnaewele: https://www.najnovijevijesti.ba/ 6. Nova TV Igrice Portal (IGRE.hr): Ke kālele nui ʻia kēia pūnaewele i ka pāʻani pūnaewele akā aia pū kekahi papa kuhikuhi pūnaewele kumu nui a me kahi mea kolo pūnaewele i hana ʻia e hiki ai ke huli i loko o kāna paepae. Paena pūnaewele: www.novatv-igre.hr Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻoi aku paha kēia mau pūnaewele i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua o ka ʻimi wale ʻana; hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokomo i nā puka nūhou a i ʻole nā kahua pāʻani. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki ke noho hou ʻo Yugoslavia ma ke ʻano he ʻāina kūʻokoʻa mai kona wā i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai i kekahi mau mokuʻāina hope e like me Bosnia a me Herzegovina, Kroasia, Makedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, a me Slovenia, hilinaʻi nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele ma kēia mau ʻāina i nā ʻenekini i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna no ko lākou lā- ʻimi i kēia lā.

Nā ʻaoʻao melemele nui

He ʻāina mua ʻo Yugoslavia ma ʻEulopa Hema, i haku ʻia he mau repubalika. No ka mea ʻaʻole ia he lāhui hui, ʻaʻohe ʻaoʻao melemele kikoʻī no Yugoslavia. Eia naʻe, hiki iaʻu ke hāʻawi iā ʻoe i kekahi mau pūnaewele koʻikoʻi e pili ana i nā repubalika like ʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Yugoslavia: 1. Serbia: Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻaoʻao melemele no Serbia ma ka pūnaewele o Telekom Serbia, ka hui kelepona nui ma ka ʻāina: www.telekom.rs/en/home.html 2. Croatia: No nā ʻaoʻao melemele ma Croatia, hiki iā ʻoe ke kipa iā Zutestranice.com, nāna e hāʻawi i nā lawelawe papa kuhikuhi ʻoihana a me ka ʻike pili: www.zute-stranice.com/en/ 3. Bosnia a me Herzegovina: Hiki ke loaʻa nā kānaka a me nā ʻoihana ma Bosnia a me Herzegovina ma o Bijele Strane (White Pages) ma www.bijelistrani.ba/ 4. Montenegro: Hāʻawi ʻo Telekom Crne Gore i kahi papa kuhikuhi pūnaewele no Montenegro ma www.telekom.me/en/business/directory 5. Slovenia: Hiki ke kiʻi ʻia nā ʻaoʻao keʻokeʻo Slovenia (Beli Strani) ma o ka pūnaewele mana o Simobil ma https://www.simobil.si/telefonski-imenik E ʻoluʻolu e hāʻawi mua kēia mau pūnaewele i nā papa kuhikuhi ʻaoʻao keʻokeʻo a i ʻole nā papa inoa ʻoihana ma mua o nā hoʻolaha ʻaoʻao melemele kahiko e hāʻawi ana i nā lawelawe a i ʻole nā huahana. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana ua hoʻopau ʻia ʻo Yugoslavia i nā hakakā like ʻole i ka makahiki 1990 a ua hoʻololi ʻia e nā aupuni kūʻokoʻa e like me Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, Kosovo*, Macedonia*, a me nā mea hou aku. *Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Kosovo a me Makedonia ʻĀkau e kekahi mau ʻāina akā ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa he mau mokuʻāina kūʻokoʻa ma lalo o ko lākou mau inoa i makemake ʻia ma muli o nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ke aupuni.

Nā papahana kālepa nui

He ʻāina mua ʻo Yugoslavia ma ʻEulopa Hema, kahi i hoʻopau ʻia i nā makahiki 1990. ʻOiai ʻaʻole noho hou ʻo Yugoslavia, i ka manawa o kona ola ʻana, ʻaʻohe mea nui e-commerce platform e like me mākou i kēia lā. Aia ka manaʻo o ka e-commerce i kona wā kamaliʻi i kēlā manawa. Eia nō naʻe, inā ʻoe e ʻōlelo nei i nā ʻāina i kēia manawa i puka mai ma hope o ka haʻihaʻi ʻana o Yugoslavia, e like me Serbia a me Kroasia, loaʻa iā lākou kā lākou mau kikowaena e-commerce kikoʻī. Eia kekahi mau mea kaulana: 1. Limundo (www.limundo.com) - ʻO ia kekahi o nā mākeke pūnaewele kaulana loa ma Serbia kahi e hiki ai i nā mea hoʻohana ke kūʻai a kūʻai aku i nā huahana like ʻole. 2. Kupindo (www.kupindo.com) - Ua like kēia paepae me Limundo a hāʻawi i kahi mākeke pūnaewele no nā poʻe a me nā ʻoihana e kālepa i nā waiwai. 3. Oglasi.rs (www.oglasi.rs) - ʻOiai ʻaʻole he kahua e-commerce wale nō, ʻo Oglasi.rs kahi pūnaewele hoʻolaha i hoʻohana nui ʻia no ke kūʻai ʻana a kūʻai aku i nā huahana a me nā lawelawe ma Serbia. Ma Kroasia: 1.) Njuškalo (www.njuskalo.hr) - ʻO Njuškalo kekahi o nā wahi kūʻai pūnaewele kūloko nui loa o Kroasia kahi e hiki ai i nā kānaka ke kūʻai aku i nā mea hou a i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā ʻano like ʻole. 2.) Plavi oglasnik (plaviozglasnik.com.hr) - Hāʻawi ʻo Plavi oglasnik i kahi ākea o nā hoʻolaha hoʻolaha no ke kūʻai a kūʻai ʻana i nā waiwai a i ʻole nā lawelawe i loko o Croati 3.) Pazar3.mk (www.pazar3.mk)- ʻOiai ʻo kēia kahua ka mea mālama mua i ka mākeke o Makedonia ʻĀkau akā ma muli o kona kokoke ʻana me nā ʻāina Yugoslavia kahiko e like me Serbia; ua lilo ia i mea kaulana i waena o nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea kūʻai mai kēia mau ʻāina pū kekahi. He mea nui ia e hoʻomaopopo i kēia mau paepae e hōʻike wale ana i kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o ka hana e-commerce ma nā moku'āina hope o kēia manawa ma hope o ka hemo ʻana o Yugoslavia.

ʻO nā pūnaewele media nui

He ʻāina ʻo Yugoslavia ma ʻEulopa Hema mai ka makahiki 1918 a hiki i ka makahiki 2003. I kēia lā, ʻaʻole noho ʻo Yugoslavia ma ke ʻano he ʻāina, a no laila, ʻaʻohe ona pūnaewele media kūikawā. Eia naʻe, i kona wā e noho nei, ua loaʻa i ka ʻāina nā ʻano like ʻole o ka kamaʻilio a me ka media. Ma mua o ke au o ka pūnaewele, ua loaʻa iā Yugoslavia nā pūnaewele kīwī e hoʻokele aupuni e like me RTS (Radio Television of Serbia), RTB (Radio Television Belgrade), a me RTV (Radio Television Vojvodina). Hāʻawi kēia mau pūnaewele i nā nūhou, nā papahana hoʻokipa, a me nā ʻike moʻomeheu i ka poʻe. E pili ana i ke kamaʻilio pūnaewele i nā makahiki hope loa o ka noho ʻana o Yugoslavia a ma hope o kona hemo ʻana i nā ʻāina ʻokoʻa e like me Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Makedonia (North Macedonia), a me Slovenia; ua lawe pakahi keia mau aupuni i na paepae media kaiapuni kaulana i hiki i ka honua holookoa. Eia kekahi mau kahua pāpaho maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia e ka poʻe ma kēia mau ʻāina ʻo Yugoslavia kahiko: 1. Facebook - ka mea kaulana loa o ka ʻoihana pūnaewele. Paena pūnaewele: - www.facebook.com 2. Instagram - he kahua kaʻana like kiʻi. Paena pūnaewele: - www.instagram.com 3. Twitter - he kahua microblogging no ka kaʻana like ʻana i nā manaʻo a i ʻole nā nūhou hou. Paena pūnaewele: - www.twitter.com 4. LinkedIn - he kahua pūnaewele ʻoihana. Paena pūnaewele: - www.linkedin.com 5. Viber/WhatsApp/Telegram/Messenger – Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau leka uila no ke kamaʻilio pilikino ma waena o nā poʻe a i ʻole nā hui. Paena pūnaewele: - www.viber.com - www.whatsapp.com - telegram.org (ʻAʻohe pūnaewele hoʻolaʻa i ka Facebook Messenger) 6. YouTube - He kahua kaʻana like wikiō kahi e hiki ai i nā mea hoʻohana ke hoʻouka i nā wikiō a nānā paha i nā mea i hana ʻia e nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. Pūnaewele: – www.youtube.com 7. TikTok - He polokalamu kaʻana like wikiō pōkole i loaʻa ka kaulana ma ka honua i nā makahiki i hala iho nei Pūnaewele: - www.tiktok.com E ʻoluʻolu e hoʻomaopopo ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa kēia mau pūnaewele media iā Yugoslavia a i kona mau repubalika mua. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e nā poʻe ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa a ua loaʻa ka kaulana ma muli o ko lākou maʻalahi o ka hoʻohana a me nā hiʻohiʻona ākea.

ʻO nā hui ʻoihana nui

Aia kekahi mau hui ʻoihana nui ma Yugoslavia ma mua o ka hemo ʻana o ka ʻāina. Eia kekahi mau laʻana a me kā lākou mau pūnaewele pūnaewele. 1. Ke Keʻena Kālepa a me ka ʻOihana Serbian - Ua hōʻike ʻia ka Hale Kalepa a me ka ʻoihana Serbian i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka hoʻokele waiwai ma Serbia, me ka ʻoihana, ka mahiʻai, ke kūkulu hale, ka mākaʻikaʻi, a me nā lawelawe. Paena pūnaewele: https://www.pks.rs/en/ 2. ʻO ka Chamber of Economy Croatian - Ua hoʻolaha ka Chamber of Economy i ka hoʻomohala waiwai ma Kroasia ma ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā ʻoihana e like me ka hana ʻana, ka mahiʻai, ka ikehu, ka mākaʻikaʻi, a me ka halihali. Paena pūnaewele: https://www.hgk.hr/homepage 3. Hui o na Hui Hana Hana o Slovenia - E pani ana i na mea hana ma na hana like ole ma Slovenia e like me ka hana ana, ke kukulu ana, ke kalepa, a me na lawelawe e hooulu ai i ka aina oihana maikai no kona mau lala. Paena pūnaewele: https://www.zds.si/english 4.Macedonian Chambers of Commerce - Ua hāʻawi nā keʻena ma North Macedonia i ke kākoʻo i nā ʻoihana ma o nā manawa hana pūnaewele a me nā hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā ʻāpana e like me ka hana ʻana, kūkulu hale, hale kūʻai, a me nā lawelawe. Paena pūnaewele: http://www.mchamber.mk/?lang=en 5. Keena kalepa o na aina e o Bosnia-Herzegovina - Ua hoʻoikaika ia i nā hana kālepa honua no nā hui i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Bosnia-Herzegovina me ka manaʻo nui i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā manawa hoʻopukapuka a me ka hiki ke hoʻokuʻu aku ma nā ʻāpana he nui. Paena pūnaewele: http://www.komorabih.ba/english/ He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo ua loli paha kēia mau hui a i ʻole i kūkulu ʻia nā mea hou mai ka wā i hoʻopau ʻia ai ʻo Yugoslavia.

Nā pūnaewele pāʻoihana a kālepa

He ʻāina ʻo Yugoslavia ma ʻEulopa Hema mai ka makahiki 1918 a hiki i ka makahiki 2003. Ma muli o kona hoʻopau ʻana a me ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā ʻāina kūʻokoʻa he nui, ʻaʻohe pūnaewele kūʻokoʻa o ka Yugoslavia waiwai a kālepa. Eia naʻe, hiki iaʻu ke hāʻawi aku iā ʻoe i kekahi ʻike e pili ana i nā pūnaewele o nā mokuʻāina hope i lilo i ʻāpana o Yugoslavia. Aia ma lalo iho kekahi mau laʻana: 1. Serbia: Hāʻawi ka pūnaewele mana o ka Serbian Chamber of Commerce i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā ʻoihana like ʻole, nā manawa hoʻopukapuka, nā hanana kālepa, a me nā hana ʻoihana maʻamau ma Serbia. Paena pūnaewele: https://www.pks.rs/ 2. Croatia: Hāʻawi ka Croatian Chamber of Economy i ka ʻike piha e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i ka ʻoihana ma Kroasia, me nā helu helu, nā hana hoʻolaha kālepa, nā lawelawe kākoʻo waiwai, a me nā ʻōnaehana kānāwai. Paena pūnaewele: https://www.hgk.hr/ 3. Slovenia: Hoʻolaha ka Slovenian Enterprise Fund i ka ʻoihana ma o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā manawa kūpono no ka hoʻomaka ʻana a me nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi (SME) ma o nā haʻawina, hōʻaiʻē, hōʻoiaʻiʻo, nā kālā kālā ʻoihana. Paena pūnaewele: https://www.podjetniskisklad.si/en/ 4. Bosnia a me Herzegovina: Ke hana nei ka Foreign Investment Promotion Agency ma ke ʻano he hale kūʻai hoʻokahi no nā mea hoʻopukapuka haole e makemake ana e hoʻopukapuka kālā a ʻimi paha i nā manawa ʻoihana ma Bosnia a me Herzegovina. Hāʻawi ka pūnaewele i nā ʻikepili koʻikoʻi e pili ana i nā ʻāpana no ka hoʻopukapuka kālā. Paena pūnaewele: http://fipa.gov.ba/en He mau hiʻohiʻona wale nō kēia ma waena o nā pūnaewele hoʻokele waiwai/ʻoihana pili i loaʻa no nā moku'āina hope ma hope o ka haʻihaʻi ʻana o Yugoslavia. E hoʻomanaʻo ua hoʻololi nui kēia mau ʻāina i ka manawa; no laila he mea pono e hōʻoia i ka pololei a me ka pili o kekahi ʻike i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēia mau pūnaewele ma mua o ka hana ʻana i nā hoʻoholo ʻoihana. Eia hou, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia aia paha i kekahi mau wahi a i ʻole kūlanakauhale i loko o kēia mau ʻāina i kā lākou hoʻomohala hoʻokele waiwai a i ʻole ke keʻena o nā pūnaewele ʻoihana e ʻoi aku ka manaʻo i nā hana kūloko. E ʻoluʻolu e hoʻomaopopo ʻaʻole hiki i kēia pane ke hoʻokomo i nā pūnaewele kūpono a pau no ka mea hiki ke loaʻa nā kumuwaiwai ʻole a i ʻole nā kumu.

Nā pūnaewele nīnau ʻikepili kālepa

Nui nā pūnaewele kahi e ʻike ai ʻoe i ka ʻikepili kālepa no Yugoslavia. Eia ka papa inoa o kekahi mau kumu hilinaʻi me kā lākou mau URL. 1. World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) - Hāʻawi kēia pūnaewele i ka ʻikepili kālepa holoʻokoʻa, me ka lawe ʻana aku a me ka lawe ʻana mai, no Yugoslavia a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe: https://wits.worldbank.org/ 2. United Nations Comtrade Database - Hāʻawi ia i ka ʻike i nā helu kikoʻī kālepa honua, e uhi ana i nā makahiki like ʻole a me nā ʻano huahana no Yugoslavia: https://comtrade.un.org/ 3. World Trade Organization (WTO) - Hāʻawi ka WTO's Statistical Database i ka ʻikepili kālepa e pili ana i nā mea kūʻai aku i waho a me nā lawe ʻana mai no Yugoslavia: https://stat.wto.org/ 4. International Monetary Fund (IMF) Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) - Hōʻike ʻo DOTS i nā helu kikoʻī kikoʻī bilateral import/export, me nā waiwai a me nā lawelawe no nā ʻāina e like me Yugoslavia: https://data.imf.org/dots 5. Eurostat - Inā makemake nui ʻoe i ke kālepa ma waena o Yugoslavia a me nā lālā lālā o ʻEulopa, hāʻawi ʻo Eurostat i ka ʻike pili ma kāna pūnaewele: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat Pono kēia mau kumuwaiwai e hāʻawi iā ʻoe i ka ʻike kūpono e makaʻala i ka ʻikepili kālepa o Yugoslavia i ka hohonu.

Nā paepae B2b

ʻO Yugoslavia, ka mea i ola a hiki i ka 1990 mua, he ʻāina aia ma ʻEulopa Hema. No laila, ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā ia nā kahua B2B i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i kēlā manawa. Eia naʻe, aia i kēia manawa he nui nā kahua B2B i loaʻa no nā ʻoihana i hoʻokumu ʻia ma nā ʻāina i noho mua ma Yugoslavia. Eia kekahi mau laʻana: 1. Balkan B2B: Ke manaʻo nei kēia kahua e hoʻohui i nā ʻoihana a me nā ʻoihana mai nā ʻāina ʻo Balkans, me nā ʻāina e like me Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, a me Slovenia. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kipa i kā lākou pūnaewele ma www.balkanb2b.com. 2. TradeBoss: ʻO TradeBoss kahi mākeke B2B honua e loaʻa ana nā papa inoa mai nā ʻāina like ʻole a puni ka honua. Hōʻike pū ia i nā hui mai nā ʻāina ʻo Yugoslavia mua e ʻimi nei i nā manawa ʻoihana ma ka honua. Hiki ke kiʻi ʻia kā lākou pūnaewele ma www.tradeboss.com. 3. E-Burza: ʻO E-Burza kahi mea kūʻai kūʻai kālepa online Croatian e hoʻopili ana i nā ʻoihana kūloko a me ka honua me nā mea hoʻolako a me nā mea kūʻai aku ma nā ʻoihana like ʻole e like me ka hana ʻana, ka mahiʻai, ka mākaʻikaʻi etc.. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike hou aku ma ke kipa ʻana i kā lākou pūnaewele ma www. e-burza.eu. 4. Nisam Jasan (ʻAʻole maopopo iaʻu): Hāʻawi kēia kahua ʻo Serbian B2B i wahi no nā ʻoihana e hoʻolaha i kā lākou huahana a i ʻole nā lawelawe a hui pū me nā hoa pili a i ʻole nā mea kūʻai aku ma ka ʻāina a i ʻole ka honua ma o kāna hiʻohiʻona papa kuhikuhi a me ka ʻāpana hoʻolaha hana ma kā lākou pūnaewele. www.nisamjasan.rs. 5.Yellobiz.com: ʻOiai ʻaʻole kikoʻī i kekahi ʻāpana akā he papa kuhikuhi ʻoihana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa ma luna o 11 miliona mau ʻoihana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa me ka nānā nui ʻana i nā wahi Balkans ma muli o ka pilina ikaika o nā ʻoihana mai nā ʻāina ex-Yugoslav. alakaʻi, Catalogue showrooms , Company profiles, live chat . Loaʻa paha iā ʻoe ka ʻike hou aku ma ke kipa ʻana iā yellobiz.com E ʻoluʻolu e hoʻomaopopo ʻia hiki i kēia mau paepae ke uhi i nā ʻāina a i ʻole nā ʻāpana, ʻaʻole ʻo Yugoslavia wale nō a i ʻole nā mokuʻāina hope. Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻōlelo ʻia e noiʻi a hōʻoia i ka hilinaʻi o kēia mau kahua ma mua o ke komo ʻana i nā kālepa ʻoihana.