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Makeke Nui
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ʻIke ʻāina
ʻO Bolivia, i kapa inoa ʻia ʻo ka Plurinational State of Bolivia, he ʻāina paʻa ʻāina aia ma ʻAmelika Hema. Me kahi ʻāpana o 1,098,581 kilomika square, ua palena ʻo Brazil i ka hikina a me ka hikina, ʻo Paraguay a me Argentina i ka hema, Chile i ke komohana hema, a me Peru i ke komohana ʻākau. ʻO Sucre ke kūlanakauhale nui o Bolivia. ʻO ka mōʻaukala o Bolivia he mau kaukani makahiki me nā kuʻuna ʻōiwi e ulu nei ma kona ʻāina ma mua o ka lanakila ʻana o Sepania. I kēia lā, aia ma kahi o 11 miliona mau kānaka i hui pū ʻia me nā hui ʻōiwi like ʻole me Quechua a me Aymara. He ʻokoʻa ka palapala ʻāina o ka ʻāina a loaʻa nā pāpū e hōʻalo ana i nā wahi ākea a me nā ʻāina mauna. ʻO nā mauna Andes ka nui o ke komohana Bolivia kahi e piʻi ai kekahi mau piko ma luna o 6,000 mika (19,685 kapuaʻi) ke kiʻekiʻe. Eia kekahi, loaʻa iā Bolivia nā kumu waiwai kūlohelohe e like me ka aila a me ka mālama kinoea me nā minela waiwai e like me ke tin. Ma ka ʻōlelo hoʻokele waiwai, ua ʻike ʻo Bolivia i ka ulu nui ʻana i nā makahiki i hala iho nei; akā naʻe, ʻo ia kekahi o nā lāhui ʻilihune loa ma ʻAmelika Latin ma muli o ka like ʻole o ka loaʻa kālā a me ka palena o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai no nā kamaʻāina he nui. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka mahiʻai ma ka hoʻokele waiwai o Bolivia me nā huahana e like me ka soybeans, ka pī kope, ka lau Coca, nā mea hoʻokele mahiʻai nui no ka ʻāina. Eia kekahi, ʻike ka lāhui i kona nani maoli ma ke ʻano he waiwai no ka hoʻokipa ʻana i ka mākaʻikaʻi. Hāʻawi ʻo Bolivia i nā ʻāina kupaianaha e like me Lake Titicaca - kekahi o nā loko nui loa o ʻAmelika Hema - me nā pā paʻakai kupaianaha e like me ka Salar de Uyuni, aia ma kahi kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 3 km (9). ft). ʻIke ʻia nā ʻahaʻaina e hoʻolauleʻa ana i nā kuʻuna kahiko ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole o Boliva. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka mana o kēia mau moʻomeheu maoli i loko o kā lākou hana akamai, ʻai, a me nā mele. ʻaʻahu waihoʻoluʻu, nā lole e like me nā ponchos, nā kīʻaha kulina, a me nā mele Andean kuʻuna. ʻOiai ke alo nei i nā pilikia pilikanaka a me ka hoʻokele waiwai, kū ʻo Bolivia ma ke ʻano he lāhui kūʻokoʻa me kāna hoʻoilina moʻomeheu kūʻokoʻa a me nā mea kupanaha kūlohelohe e hoʻomau nei i ka hoʻopio ʻana i nā malihini mai ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
Kālā Lahui
ʻO Bolivia, i kapa inoa ʻia ʻo ka Plurinational State of Bolivia, nona kāna kālā ponoʻī i kapa ʻia ʻo Bolivian Boliviano (BOB). Māhele ʻia ka Boliviano i 100 keneta a i ʻole keneta. ʻO nā waihona kālā o kēia manawa i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka Central Bank of Bolivia ma nā denomination o 10, 20, 50, 100 a me 200 bolivianos. Hōʻike kēlā me kēia memo i nā kiʻi mōʻaukala like ʻole a me nā ʻāina koʻikoʻi e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻoilina moʻomeheu waiwai o Bolivia. No nā ʻāpana kālā, hoʻohana mau ʻia lākou i nā hana liʻiliʻi. Loaʻa nā ʻāpana kālā ma nā keneta a i ʻole nā ​​keneta mai ka 10 a hiki i ka 50 keneta. Ke hilinaʻi nui nei ka ʻoihana Bolivian i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe e like me nā minerala a me nā hoʻoili kinoea. Hoʻololi ka waiwai o ka boliviano ma muli o nā kumu e like me nā kūlana hoʻokele waiwai a me nā ikaika mākeke honua e pili ana i kēia mau kumuwaiwai. Loaʻa nā lawelawe hoʻololi ʻē aʻe ma Bolivia no ka poʻe malihini e makemake ana e hoʻololi i kā lākou kālā i bolivianos a i ʻole. Pono e hoʻohālikelike i nā kumukūʻai kūʻai ma nā mea hoʻolako like ʻole no ka mea hiki ke ʻano liʻiliʻi lākou. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻike ʻo Bolivia i ka paʻa paʻa me kāna kālā ʻoiai kekahi mau loli i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kumu o waho e like me nā loli i nā kumukūʻai kūʻai honua. Ua hoʻokō ke aupuni i nā kulekele kālā no ka mālama ʻana i kahi kūlana kālā palekana a mālama pono i ka hoʻonui kālā. Manaʻo mau i ka poʻe huakaʻi e kipa ana i Bolivia e loaʻa i kahi kālā kūloko no nā koina o kēlā me kēia lā e like me ka meaʻai, ka lawe ʻana, a me nā kūʻai liʻiliʻi no ka mea ʻaʻole ʻae nā hale kūʻai āpau i nā kāleka hōʻaiʻē a i nā kālā ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, he mea nui e makaʻala i nā bila hoʻopunipuni i ka wā e lawelawe ai i nā kālepa kālā. Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiai ke kipa ʻana iā Bolivia a i ʻole e pili ana i kāna ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he mākaʻikaʻi a ʻoihana paha, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kūlana kālā o ka ʻāina e kōkua i ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā hana kālā i loko o kēia lāhui ʻAmelika Hema.
Kumukuai
ʻO ka ʻae kānāwai ma Bolivia ʻo Bolivian Boliviano (BOB). I kēia manawa, ʻo nā kumukūʻai kūʻai kokoke o Bolivian Boliviano (BOB) e kūʻē i nā kālā nui o ka honua penei: 1 BOB = 0.14 USD 1 BOB = 0.12 EUR 1 BOB = 10.75 INR 1 BOB = 11.38 JPY E ʻoluʻolu e hoʻomaopopo ʻia kēia mau kumukūʻai kūʻai i ka fluctuations a hiki ke loli i ka manawa.
Nā lā hoʻomaha nui
ʻO Bolivia, kahi ʻāina paʻa i ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika Hema, hoʻolauleʻa i kekahi mau lā hoʻomaha nui i ka makahiki. Hōʻike kēia mau ʻahaʻaina i ka ʻokoʻa moʻomeheu o ka lāhui a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka mōʻaukala. Eia kekahi mau lā hoʻomaha nui o Bolivia: 1. Lā Kūʻokoʻa (ʻAukake 6): Hoʻolauleʻa ʻia ma ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa, hōʻailona ka lā Independence i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o Bolivia mai ke aupuni colonial Spanish i ka makahiki 1825. 2. Carnaval de Oruro: Hana ʻia ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Oruro i kēlā me kēia Pepeluali a i ʻole Malaki, ʻo kēia carnival kekahi o nā ʻahaʻaina kaulana loa o Bolivia. Hoʻohui ia i nā kuʻuna ʻōiwi me nā kuʻuna Katolika a loaʻa i nā lole nani, nā hula ʻōiwi e like me La Diablada a me Tinku, a me nā kaʻina kikoʻī. 3. El Gran Poder: Hana ʻia kēia ʻahaʻaina ma La Paz i kēlā me kēia Mei a i Iune paha e hoʻohanohano ai iā Iesu del Gran Poder (Iesu o ka Mana Nui). Ke komo nei nā kaukani hula i ʻaʻahu ʻia i nā ʻaʻahu waihoʻoluʻu i nā parade alanui nui i hele pū ʻia me nā hui mele kuʻuna. 4. Lā o ke Kai (Malaki 23): Hoʻomanaʻo kēia lā hoʻomaha i ka lilo ʻana o Bolivia i kona ʻāina kahakai iā Chile i ke Kaua o ka Pākīpika (1879-1884). Aia nā hanana i nā hōʻike moʻomeheu a me nā hana e hōʻike ana i ka makemake mau o Bolivia e komo i ke kai. 5. Todos Santos: Manaʻo ʻia ma Nowemapa 1 a me 2 i kēlā me kēia makahiki, he mea koʻikoʻi kēia lā hoʻomaha no ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i nā ʻohana i make ma Bolivia. Hele nā ​​ʻohana i nā hale kupapaʻu e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā lua kupapaʻu, hāʻawi i nā meaʻai a me nā makana i nā ʻuhane i ka wā e pule ana no ka hoʻomaha mau loa o kā lākou poʻe aloha. 6. La Hae Whipala: Hoʻolauleʻa ʻia i ka lā 31 o Iulai i kēlā me kēia makahiki mai ka makahiki 2010 i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia he lā aupuni; ʻike ʻo ia iā Whipala—he hōʻailona e hōʻike ana i nā moʻomeheu ʻōiwi ma nā ʻāina like ʻole o ʻAmelika Hema—e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻoilina moʻomeheu lehulehu o Bolivia. Hāʻawi kēia mau ʻahaʻaina i ka ʻike i ka mōʻaukala Bolivian, ka moʻomeheu, a me ka ʻike ʻoiai e hāʻawi ana i nā kamaʻāina a me nā malihini i kahi manawa e hoʻokomo iā lākou iho i nā kuʻuna ikaika o kēia lāhui like ʻole.
Kūlana Kūʻai Kūʻai ʻē
He ʻāina paʻa ʻia ʻo Bolivia ma ʻAmelika Hema, e pili ana iā Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, a me Peru. Loaʻa iā ia kahi hoʻokele waiwai i ʻike ʻia e kona waiwai kūlohelohe e like me nā minerala, ke kinoea maoli, a me nā huahana mahiʻai. Ma ke ʻano o ke kālepa, ua manaʻo nui ʻo Bolivia i ka lawe ʻana aku i kāna mau waiwai. ʻO ke kinoea kūlohelohe kekahi o nā mea nui e lawe aku ai i waho o ka ʻāina. Loaʻa iā ia kahi mālama nui a lawe aku i nā ʻāina e pili ana e like me Brazil a me Argentina ma o nā pipelines. ʻO nā mea nui ʻē aʻe e hoʻopuka ʻia e like me ka zinc, tin, kala, a me ke kēpau. ʻO kekahi o nā paʻakikī no ke kālepa ʻana o Bolivia ʻo kāna ʻoihana kaʻa kaʻa liʻiliʻi ma muli o ka pae ʻāina. Hoʻopili kēia i ke komo ʻana i nā awa moana e hiki ai ke hoʻonui i nā kumukūʻai no ka lawe ʻana mai a me ka lawe ʻana aku. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻopilikia ʻia ka ʻoihana kālai'āina a me ka hoʻohaunaele kaiapili i ke kaiapuni kālepa o ka ʻāina i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. I mea e hoʻololi ai i kā lākou kōpili hoʻopukapuka, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Bolivia i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe e like me ka mahiʻai. ʻO nā huahana e like me ka soybeans, ka quinoa (he huaʻai momona), nā kīʻaha kope, nā huahana kō i lawe ʻia aku i waho. Hāʻawi ka ʻoihana mahiʻai i nā manawa hana no nā Bolivians he nui e noho ana ma nā kuaʻāina. Hoʻokomo pū ʻo Bolivia i nā ʻaelike kālepa bilateral me nā ʻāina like ʻole me Peru a me Kolombia i loko o ke kahua o ka Andean Community of Nations (CAN). Ke manaʻo nei kēia mau ʻaelike e hoʻoulu i ka hoʻohui waiwai ʻāina ma o ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā pale i ke kālepa ma waena o nā ʻāina lālā. Eia kekahi, ʻo Bolivia kahi ʻāpana o Mercosur (Southern Common Market) me nā lāhui ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika Hema e like me Brazil a me Argentina e ʻae ai i ke komo ʻana i kekahi mau mākeke ma waena o nā lāhui lālā. Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ke hoʻomau nei ʻo Bolivia i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i kāna ʻoihana ma mua o nā waiwai.
Hiki i ka Makeke Hoʻomohala
ʻO Bolivia, aia ma ka puʻuwai o ʻAmelika Hema, loaʻa ka mana nui no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kāna mākeke kālepa haole. Me ka waiwai o nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe a me kahi wahi kikoʻī kikoʻī, loaʻa iā Bolivia nā manawa kūpono e hoʻonui ai i kona noho ʻana ma ka mākeke honua. ʻO ka mea mua, ke kaena nei ʻo Bolivia i ka nui o nā waihona mineral e like me ke kālā, tin, a me ke keleawe i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hāʻawi kēia mau waiwai waiwai i kumu paʻa no ka ʻoihana kūʻai aku o ka ʻāina. Eia kekahi, ʻo Bolivia kekahi o nā mea hana nui loa e like me ka soybeans a me ka quinoa. Ke hoʻomau nei ka noi no kēia mau mea kūʻai i ka honua holoʻokoʻa ma muli o kā lākou waiwai kūpono a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kīʻaha like ʻole. Hāʻawi kēia i kahi manawa kūpono no nā mea mahiʻai Bolivian a me nā ʻoihana agribusiness e hoʻonui i kā lākou mākeke kūʻai aku. ʻO ka lua, he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā pōmaikaʻi ʻāina i ka hiki o Bolivia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mākeke kālepa haole. ʻO nā ʻāina paʻa i ka ʻāina e hakakā pinepine me nā kumukūʻai lawe; akā naʻe, pili maikaʻi ʻo Bolivia ma o nā ʻupena alanui nui e hoʻopili ai me nā ʻāina e pili ana e like me Brazil, Argentina, a me Chile. Eia hou, no ka mea, ua kaʻana like ʻo Bolivia i nā palena me nā ʻāina he nui ma ʻAmelika Hema me Peru a me Paraguay; hiki iā ia ke lawelawe ma ke ʻano he kikowaena transit koʻikoʻi e hoʻopili ana i nā ʻāpana like ʻole e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke kālepa ma waena o nā palena. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā hana hoʻohui kūloko e like me ka ʻaelike hou ʻo Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) e hoʻoikaika hou i nā manaʻo o Bolivia i loko o nā mākeke kālepa ʻē aʻe ma o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka hui pū ʻana me nā lāhui e pili ana i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hana hoʻokele waiwai. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohiki ʻana i kēia mau manawa kūpono no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mākeke kālepa haole Bolivian aia kekahi mau pilikia e pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia. ʻO kahi wahi e pono ai ka nānā ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana e hāʻawi nui i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā kumukūʻai kaʻa a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā hana logistic kūpono ma nā palena i loko o ʻAmelika Hema. I ka hopena, hōʻike ʻo Bolivia i ka mana nui e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kāna mākeke kālepa haole e hoʻomaikaʻi i kāna mau kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe, nā pilina kūloko ikaika, a me nā hana hoʻohui mau. e hoʻopaʻa i ke ala no ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku, ka ulu ʻana i ke kālepa honua a hoʻoikaika i ke kūlana o Bolivia i ka mākeke honua.
Wela kuai huahana ma ka makeke
I ke koho ʻana i nā huahana kūʻai wela ma ka mākeke haole o Bolivia, aia kekahi mau mea e noʻonoʻo ai. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Bolivia no kāna mau mākeke like ʻole, a ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā makemake a me nā koi kūloko he mea koʻikoʻi ia no ke koho ʻana i nā huahana kūleʻa. ʻO ka mea mua, mahalo nā Bolivians i nā huahana kūlohelohe a me nā mea kūlohelohe e kūlike me kā lākou moʻomeheu a me nā kuʻuna. No laila, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nā huahana mahiʻai e like me ka quinoa, ka pī kope, ka pī koko, a me nā hua like ʻole he mau mea kūʻai wela. Pono e lawe ʻia kēia mau huahana mai nā kumu hoʻomau me nā palapala hōʻoia kūpono. Eia kekahi, he ʻoihana textile ikaika ʻo Bolivia ma muli o kāna hoʻoilina moʻomeheu waiwai. ʻO nā mea ʻaʻahu i hana ʻia ma ka ʻāina e like me nā lole kuʻuna, nā lole huluhulu alpaca, nā pākeʻe, a me nā mea hana lima i kaulana i waena o nā kamaʻāina a me nā mākaʻikaʻi. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i kēia ʻāpana ma ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā hoʻolālā kūʻokoʻa a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana me nā mea hana hana kūloko hiki ke alakaʻi i nā manawa kūʻai wela. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua loaʻa i nā huahana eco-friendly i ka mana nui ma Bolivia ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻike kaiapuni. Hiki ke loaʻa i nā mea like me nā mea hoʻopili biodegradable, nā mea hale hiki ke hoʻohana hou (e laʻa, nā ipu ʻohe), a me nā mea hoʻohana i ka lā i kahi mākeke mākaukau ma ka ʻāina. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ka poʻe Bolivia i ka makemake nui i ke olakino a me nā huahana e pili ana i ka olakino e like me nā lāʻau lapaʻau a i ʻole nā ​​​​huahana nani maoli i hana ʻia mai nā mea kanu ʻōiwi a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea kanu i loaʻa i ka nui o nā mea olaola o ka ʻāina. ʻO ka hope akā ʻo ka mea nui, ʻO nā mea hana e like me nā mea nani i hana lima ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kuʻuna (e laʻa, kālā) hōʻike maikaʻi i nā mākeke honua. No ke koho pono ʻana i nā mea kūʻai wela no ka mākeke haole o Bolivia: 1. Noiʻi: E aʻo i nā ʻano mea kūʻai aku ma o nā puke kūloko a i ʻole nā ​​kahua pūnaewele e huli ana i nā mea kūʻai mai Bolivia. 2. Cultural Sensitivity: E hoʻomaopopo i kā lākou mau waiwai a me nā kuʻuna i ka wā e noʻonoʻo ana i nā koho kūloko a i ʻole i hana ʻia. 3. Hōʻoia maikaʻi: E hōʻoia ʻoe e hoʻolako i nā huahana kiʻekiʻe e kū ana i nā kūlana honua me ka mahalo i nā hana kālepa kūpono. 4 Hoao Makeke ：E hana i ka hoʻāʻo liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka hana nui/ka puʻunaue. 5 Nā hui ʻana: E hui pū me nā mea hana kūloko a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻolako e hoʻopili i kā lākou pūnaewele i loaʻa a loaʻa nā ʻike i ka mākeke. 6 Ke kuai ana . Hoʻokomo i nā hoʻolālā hoʻolaha kūpono e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka huahana, koʻikoʻi moʻomeheu, pono olakino, etc. Ma o ka noiʻi ʻana, ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā makemake kūloko, a me ka nānā ʻana i ka maikaʻi a me ka hoʻomau ʻana, hiki iā ʻoe ke koho i nā huahana kūʻai wela e pili ana i nā mea kūʻai mai Bolivian a ke hāʻawi maikaʻi nei i kā lākou hoʻokele waiwai a me ke kaiāulu.
ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā kapu
ʻO Bolivia, he ʻāina paʻa ʻāina aia ma ʻAmelika Hema, he lehulehu ka poʻe me nā hiʻohiʻona kūʻai kūʻokoʻa a me nā kapu moʻomeheu. I ka wā e pili ana i nā ʻano mea kūʻai aku ma Bolivia, ʻike ʻia ka poʻe no ko lākou hoʻokipa maikaʻi ʻana a me ke aloha i nā haole. Hoʻohanohano lākou i nā pilina pilikino a kūkulu i nā pilina me nā mea kūʻai. Mahalo nā mea kūʻai mai Bolivian i ka lawelawe pilikino a me ka nānā ʻana i kā lākou pono pilikino. Kūleʻa lākou i ka mea nui i ka pilina kanaka ma mua o nā ʻōnaehana automated. Eia kekahi, hilinaʻi pinepine nā mea kūʻai mai Bolivian i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo waha i ka wā e hana ai i nā hoʻoholo kūʻai. He mea nui ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hilinaʻi ma o nā kuhikuhi pilikino i kēia mākeke. He mea koʻikoʻi ke kumukūʻai no nā mea kūʻai aku ma Bolivia, no ka mea he nui nā kumu kūʻai ma muli o nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Ke neʻe nei i nā kapu moʻomeheu a me nā naʻau, he mea nui e makaʻala i kekahi mau mea i ka wā e launa pū ana me nā mea kūʻai mai Bolivian: 1. Wahi pilikino: Pili ka poʻe Bolivia i ka pili kino i ka wā e kamaʻilio ai ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kekahi mau moʻomeheu ʻē aʻe - ʻo ka hoʻouka ʻana i ko lākou wahi pilikino e hōʻoluʻolu a hōʻino paha lākou. 2. Nā loina aloha: He mea maʻamau ka lulu lima i ka wā e hālāwai ai me kahi mea hou a i ʻole he hōʻailona o ka mahalo i ka wā e aloha aku ai i nā mea kūʻai aku i kēia manawa-e pale i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana maʻamau me ka hoʻokumu ʻole ʻana i kahi pilina ikaika. 3.Language: ʻO Paniolo ka ʻōlelo kūhelu o Bolivia; akā naʻe, aia kekahi mau ʻōlelo ʻōiwi i ʻōlelo ʻia ma nā wahi like ʻole e like me Quechua a i ʻole Aymara. ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kākoʻo lehulehu hiki ke kōkua no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku. 4.Punctuality: ʻOiai ʻokoʻa paha ka manawa ma muli o nā kūlana i loko o nā hoʻonohonoho ʻoihana i manaʻo nui ʻia ʻo ka wikiwiki e hōʻike ana i ka ʻoihana - hiki ke hōʻea i ka lohi e ʻike ʻia he ʻano mahalo ʻole a ʻike ʻole ʻia e nā mea kūʻai mai Bolivian. 5. Cultural sensitivity: He mea koʻikoʻi ʻaʻole ma Bolivia wale nō akā koʻikoʻi ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa; ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kuʻuna kūloko a me nā loina e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka launa ʻana me ka mahalo—e pale i ke kūkākūkā ʻana i nā kumuhana koʻikoʻi e like me ka politika a i ʻole ka hoʻomana ke ʻole na ka mea kūʻai aku i hoʻomaka. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau ʻano mea kūʻai aku a me ka pale ʻana i nā kapu moʻomeheu, hiki i nā ʻoihana ke hoʻokumu i nā pilina kūleʻa me nā mea kūʻai aku ma Bolivia a hāʻawi i ka lawelawe kūʻokoʻa e hoʻokō i kā lākou pono.
Pūnaehana hoʻokele dute
ʻO Bolivia, he ʻāina paʻa ʻāina ma ʻAmelika Hema, aia kahi ʻōnaehana kuʻuna maikaʻi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e hoʻoponopono i ke kahe o nā waiwai a me nā kānaka ma waena o kona mau palena. Eia kekahi mau mea nui e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokele dute o Bolivia a me nā mea e hoʻomanaʻo ai: 1. Nā Mana Dute: Na ka Bolivian National Customs (ANB) ke kuleana no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā hana dute ma ka ʻāina. Hoʻopaʻa lākou i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hoʻoponopono hoʻopukapuka a lawe ʻia aku. 2. Nā Kaʻina Hoʻokomo/Export: Ke komo a haʻalele ʻana iā Bolivia, pono nā kānaka e haʻi aku i nā mea a lākou e lawe nei ma mua o ka nui o ka hoʻohana pilikino a i ʻole nā ​​palena kālā. Hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā waiwai i nā dute lawe mai, ʻauhau, a i ʻole pāpā ʻia ma muli o kā lākou ʻano. 3. Nā mea i pāpā ʻia a i kaupalena ʻia: Ua pāpā loa ʻia kekahi mau mea mai ka lawe ʻia ʻana mai i loko/mai Bolivia. ʻO kēia mau mea e pili ana i nā narkotika, nā pū, nā waiwai hoʻopunipuni, nā mea moʻomeheu me ka ʻole o nā palapala kūpono, a pēlā aku. 4. Nā Koina Palapala: Pono ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi e lawe i nā palapala ʻike pono e like me nā passport i ka wā e hele ana i nā palena ma Bolivia. E koi ʻia paha nā palapala lawe mai/hoʻokuʻu aku e like me nā invoice a i ʻole nā ​​​​loaʻa no nā waiwai kikoʻī. 5. Nā hoʻoponopono kālā: Aia nā kapu i ka nui o ke kālā i hiki i ke kanaka ke lawe mai i loko a i waho paha o Bolivia me ka ʻole o ka haʻi ʻana i nā luna dute. 6. Ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā Kaila Hōʻike: Aia nā ala kaʻawale ma Bolivian Customs no nā poʻe kaʻa ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi mea e haʻi aku ai ("channel ʻulaʻula") a i ʻole ("channel green"). He mea nui e koho i ke ala kūpono e pili ana i kou kūlana. 7. ʻO nā haʻawina a ka poʻe huakaʻi: Pono ka poʻe kipa e hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā lākou iho i nā haʻawina i hāʻawi ʻia e ka Dute Bolivian no ka lawe ʻana mai me ke dute ʻole e like me nā huahana paka, nā mea inu ʻawaʻawa; ʻoi aku ma mua o kēia mau haʻawina hiki ke loaʻa nā uku keu. 8.Preservation of Receipts: Pono e mālama i nā loaʻa kūpono a pau i kou noho ʻana ma Bolivia ma ke ʻano he hōʻoia no ke kūʻai ʻana mai; E kōkua kēia i kou puka maʻemaʻe i ka wā e haʻalele ai ma nā wahi nānā dute inā pono. 9. Ka huakaʻi hele ʻana i ka palena ʻāina: Ma mua o ka huakaʻi ʻana i Bolivia, pono e noiʻi a hoʻomau i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā hoʻoponopono dute hou loa no ka mea hiki ke loli i kēlā me kēia manawa. Loaʻa paha i nā palena palena he nui i Bolivia i kā lākou mau kaʻina hana ponoʻī a koi paha. 10. E ʻimi i ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ʻoihana: Inā he mau manaʻo koʻikoʻi kāu e pili ana i nā hoʻoponopono dute ma Bolivia, hiki i ka nīnau ʻana i kekahi ʻoihana e like me ka loio kālepa honua a i ʻole ka mea hoʻopalekana dute hiki ke hāʻawi i ke alakaʻi maikaʻi loa e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka pilikia ʻole o nā palena palena. E hoʻomanaʻo, ʻo ka pili ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokele kuʻuna a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā lula e kōkua i ka hōʻoia ʻana i kahi ʻike maʻalahi i ka wā e komo ai a haʻalele paha iā Bolivia ʻoiai e pale ana i nā hoʻopaʻi a i ʻole ka lohi.
Nā kulekele ʻauhau lawe mai
ʻO ke kulekele ʻauhau lawe mai o Bolivia he mea koʻikoʻi ia o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka ʻāina. Ke kau nei ke aupuni i nā ʻauhau lawe mai e hoʻoponopono a hoʻopaʻa i ke kahe ʻana o nā waiwai i Bolivia, me ka manaʻo e pale i nā ʻoihana kūloko a me ka loaʻa kālā. ʻOkoʻa nā kumukūʻai ʻauhau lawe mai ma Bolivia ma muli o ke ʻano huahana. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā waiwai i lawe ʻia mai e pili ana i ka uku kumukūʻai mai 5% a 15%. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻauhau o kekahi mau mea. Eia hou, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kekahi mau waiwai mai ka ʻauhau lawe mai. Loaʻa kēia mau mea kiko'ī, nā mīkini a me nā mea hana no nā ʻāpana e like me ka mahiʻai, ka mining, ka hana ikehu, a me ka ʻenehana ʻike. Ke manaʻo nei kēia hoʻokuʻu ʻana e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i nā ʻāpana hoʻolālā e kōkua i ka hoʻokele waiwai o Bolivia. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokō ʻo Bolivia i kahi ʻōnaehana uku koho i kapa ʻia ʻo Andean Community (CAN) Common External Tariff (CET). Hoʻohana kēia ʻōnaehana i nā kumukūʻai hoʻemi i nā mea lawe mai mai nā ʻāina lālā ʻē aʻe o CAN e like me Kolombia, ʻEkuador, a me Peru. Paipai ka CET i ke kālepa ma waena o nā lāhui lālā ma o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa no ka lawe ʻana mai i nā waiwai i loko o kēia hui ʻāpana. He mea nui nō hoʻi e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he mau ʻaelike kālepa bilateral ʻo Bolivia me kekahi mau ʻāina o ka honua holoʻokoʻa e pili hou ana i kāna mau kulekele ʻauhau. Hiki i kēia mau ʻaelike ke hāʻawi i ka mālama makemake a i ʻole ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka uku no nā huahana kikoʻī i lawe ʻia mai nā ʻāina hoa. Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo Bolivia i ka loiloi a hoʻololi i kāna mau kulekele ʻauhau lawe mai i kēlā me kēia manawa i ka pane ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kūlana hoʻokele waiwai ma ka home a me ka honua. ʻOiai ke manaʻo nei kēia mau hana i ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻoihana kūloko a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻāina ma o nā kumu hoʻoikaika hoʻolālā no nā ʻāpana i manaʻo ʻia e like me ka mahiʻai a i ʻole ka hana ʻana: hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopilikia i nā koho a nā mea kūʻai aku ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai ma muli o ka ʻauhau kiʻekiʻe o nā waiwai i lawe ʻia mai.
Nā kulekele ʻauhau hoʻokuʻu aku
ʻO Bolivia, he ʻāina paʻa ʻāina ma ʻAmelika Hema, he mau kulekele ʻauhau like ʻole no kāna mau waiwai i lawe ʻia aku. Ke nānā aku nei ka ʻāina i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kāna waiwai kūlohelohe a me nā huahana mahiʻai ma o ka ʻauhau hoʻokuʻu aku. Ma Bolivia, pili ke kulekele ʻauhau no nā waiwai i lawe ʻia aku i ke ʻano o ka huahana. Manaʻo ke aupuni e kākoʻo i nā ʻoihana kūloko me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā hoʻokuʻu aku. No nā waiwai mahiʻai, e like me ka soybeans, kope, quinoa, a me nā huahana kō, hoʻokō ʻo Bolivia i kahi ʻauhau ʻauhau haʻahaʻa. Ke manaʻo nei kēia kulekele e hoʻonui i ke kālepa honua no kēia mau huahana ma o ka mālama ʻana i kā lākou kumukūʻai i ka mākeke honua. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā kumu minerala i ka hoʻokele waiwai o Bolivia. No laila, ʻo kekahi mau minela e like me ka lithium e pili ana i ka ʻauhau kiʻekiʻe. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Bolivia no ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi o nā waihona lithium nui loa ma ka honua; no laila ke manaʻo nei e paipai i ka hoʻoili waiwai hoʻohui ʻia o ka ʻāina o kēia kumuwaiwai ma mua o ka hoʻopuka maka. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia pahuhopu a hoʻokumu i nā manawa hana hou aʻe i loko o nā palena o ka ʻāina, ua kau ʻia ka ʻauhau kiʻekiʻe ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka lithium maka. Eia kekahi, i ka hoʻohālike ʻana i kā lākou mau kulekele kālā, ke kau nei ʻo Bolivia i nā ʻauhau kūʻai kūikawā no nā hoʻokuʻu kinoea kūlohelohe ma muli o ka nui o kāna mālama kinoea. He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo he ʻokoʻa nā kulekele ʻauhau Bolivian i ka manawa ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea koʻikoʻi politika a i ʻole ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kūlana hoʻokele waiwai. Mercosur-Comunidad Andina de Naciones(Makeke Maʻamau Hema-Kaiaulu ʻAndean). Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻimi nā kulekele ʻauhau hoʻokuʻu o Bolivia i ke kaulike ma waena o ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā ʻoihana kūloko me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka loaʻa kālā ma o ka ʻauhau. nā kumu aupuni kūhelu a i ʻole nā ​​hui kālepa pili i kuleana no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka ʻike pololei e pili ana i nā kulekele ʻauhau Bolivian.
Pono nā palapala hōʻoia no ka lawe ʻana aku
ʻO Bolivia, he ʻāina paʻa ʻāina aia ma ʻAmelika Hema, he ʻano like ʻole o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana aku a koi aku i nā palapala hōʻoia like ʻole e hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi a me ka hoʻokō ʻana o kāna mau huahana. ʻO kekahi o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai Bolivia mai ke kinoea maoli. Ma ke ʻano he mea nui loa o ka honua, pono e loaʻa iā Bolivia nā palapala hōʻoia e like me ISO 9001:2015 no nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele maikaʻi a me ISO 14001:2015 no nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele kaiapuni. Hōʻike kēia mau palapala hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana o Bolivia i ka hana ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana aku i ke kinoea kūlohelohe ma ke ʻano hoʻomau. ʻO kekahi mea nui e lawe ʻia mai Bolivia mai nā minerala, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kālā, tin, a me ka zinc. No ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻana i kēia mau mea hoʻoili mineral, hahai ʻo Bolivia i nā kūlana honua e like me ka London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) palapala hōʻoia no ke kālā. Hōʻoia kēia palapala hōʻoia e hoʻokō ke kālā Bolivian i nā kūlana honua e pili ana i ka maʻemaʻe a me ka maikaʻi. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka ʻoihana textile i ka hoʻokele waiwai o Bolivia. Pono nā huahana e like me nā lole huluhulu alpaca i nā palapala hōʻoia e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ko lākou ʻoiaʻiʻo a me nā hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa etika. Pono nā palapala hōʻoia e like me Fair Trade or Organic Textile Standard (GOTS) no nā mea kūʻai lole Bolivian e hōʻike i kā lākou huahana e hana mau ʻia me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka uku kūpono a me nā kūlana hana no nā mea hana kūloko. Eia kekahi, hāʻawi nui ka mahiʻai i ka mākeke kūʻai aku o Bolivia. Ua loaʻa ka ʻike honua i nā pīni kofe Bolivian; no laila he mea nui ka loaʻa ʻana o nā palapala e like me Rainforest Alliance a i ʻole UTZ Certified. Ke hōʻoiaʻiʻo nei kēia mau palapala hōʻoia i ka ulu ʻana o ka kofe Bolivian me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana pili kaiapuni e pili ana i nā kuleana o nā limahana. I ka hopena, koi ʻo Bolivia i nā palapala hōʻoia e lawe aku ma waena o nā ʻoihana e pili ana i ka hana kinoea kūlohelohe, ka ʻāpana mining (e like me ka LBMA certification), ka hana textile (Fair Trade a i ʻole GOTS), a me nā huahana mahiʻai (Rainforest Alliance a i ʻole UTZ Certified). Kōkua kēia mau palapala hōʻoia i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hilinaʻi ma waena o nā mea kūʻai aku o ka honua ʻoiai e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana honua no ka hōʻoia maikaʻi a me nā hana hoʻomau.
Paipai ʻia ka logistic
He ʻāina paʻa ʻia ʻo Bolivia ma ka puʻuwai o ʻAmelika Hema. ʻOiai nā palena ʻāina, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Bolivia i kahi ʻoihana logistic ikaika e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka neʻe ʻana o nā waiwai i loko o kona mau palena a ma nā mākeke honua. I ka hiki ʻana i ka halihali, hāʻawi ʻo Bolivia i nā koho like ʻole no nā lawelawe logistic. ʻO ka halihali alanui ka mea maʻamau a hoʻohana nui ʻia o ka halihali i loko o ka ʻāina. He ʻupena alanui nui ʻo Bolivia e hoʻopili ana i nā kūlanakauhale nui a me nā kūlanakauhale, e ʻae ai i ka neʻe ʻana o nā waiwai e nā kaʻa a i ʻole nā ​​​​kaʻa ʻē aʻe. No nā moku honua, nā awa Bolivian ma Lake Titicaca a me ka Paraguay-Parana Waterway e hāʻawi i ke komo i nā mākeke honua ma o ka lawe ʻana i ka muliwai. He mau ʻīpuka koʻikoʻi kēia mau awa no ka lawe ʻana aku a i ʻole ka lawe ʻana mai i nā waiwai mai nā ʻāina pili e like me Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Chile, a me Paraguay. Ma waho aʻe o ke alanui a me ka halihali muliwai, loaʻa iā Bolivia nā mokulele me nā lako ukana ma nā kūlanakauhale nui e like me La Paz, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Cochabamba, Sucre, a me Tarija. He kūpono nā lawelawe mokulele mokulele no nā hoʻouna ʻana i ka manawa a i ʻole nā ​​ala kalepa lōʻihi me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. Ua ʻike ke aupuni Bolivian i ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi ʻāpana logistic kūpono e hoʻonui ai i ka hoʻokūkū kālepa. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i nā hana ʻoihana e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pilina ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā alanui a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā awa ma ka ʻāina. No nā hui e ʻimi nei i nā lawelawe logistic ma Bolivia, aia kekahi mau mea hoʻolako kaulana i loaʻa. ʻO kekahi mau ʻoihana kaulana ʻo DHL Express Bolivia kahi mea kūikawā i ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka ea ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa; ʻO Bolivian Logistics Solutions (BLS) e hāʻawi ana i nā hoʻonā loiloi holoʻokoʻa me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe kuʻuna; ʻO Translogistica Group e hāʻawi ana i nā hoʻonā kaʻa multimodal; a me Cargo Maersk Line nāna e mālama i nā pono moku moana. No ka hōʻoia ʻana i kahi kaʻina hana maʻemaʻe i ka hana logistic o Bolivia a i ʻole kekahi hana loiloi ma ka honua like ʻole nā ​​palapala kūpono e pili ana i nā invoices/papa helu helu / nā bila o ka lading/airway pono e hoʻomākaukau koke ʻia: ʻo ka mālama ʻana i nā lula maʻamau e pale aku i ka lohi he mea koʻikoʻi me ke koho ʻana i nā hoa hilinaʻi hilinaʻi. i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka holo ʻana o ka hoʻouna ʻana. I ka hopena, hāʻawi ka ʻoihana logistic o Bolivia i nā koho kaʻahele like ʻole, ʻo ka halihali alanui ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia i loko o ka ʻāina a me nā awa ma Lake Titicaca a me ka Paraguay-Parana Waterway e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke kālepa honua. Loaʻa nā lawelawe mokulele mokulele ma o nā mokulele nui. Eia kekahi, manaʻo nā papahana ʻoihana e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pilina a me ka pono i nā hana logistics. Hāʻawi nā mea hoʻolako logistic kaulana e like me DHL Express Bolivia, Bolivian Logistics Solutions (BLS), Translogistica Group, a me Cargo Maersk Line i nā hāʻina piha no nā hui e ʻimi nei i nā lawelawe logistic ma Bolivia.
Nā ala no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mea kūʻai aku

Hōʻike kālepa koʻikoʻi

ʻO Bolivia, ma ke ʻano he ʻāina paʻa ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hema, he mau ala kūʻai koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o ka honua a me nā hale kūʻai kālepa no ka hoʻomohala waiwai. 1. Nā Kaila Kūʻai Kūʻai honua: a) ʻO ka Bolivian Chamber of Exporters (CADEX): Hoʻolaha kēia hui i nā manawa hoʻopuka no nā huahana Bolivian a hoʻopili i nā ʻoihana kūloko me nā mea kūʻai aku o ka honua. Hoʻokomo ʻo CADEX i nā hōʻikeʻike kālepa like ʻole a me nā hanana ʻoihana e hōʻike i nā huahana o ka ʻāina. b) Altiplano Development Corporation (CORDEPA): Hoʻoikaika ʻo CORDEPA i ka hoʻopukapuka kālā o nā ʻāina ʻē a kākoʻo i ka lawe ʻana aku i nā huahana Bolivian ma o ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka ʻike mākeke, ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā hanana hoʻokūkū pāʻoihana, a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā misionari ʻoihana. c) Nā Embassies a me nā Keʻena Kālepa: Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Bolivia i nā ʻelele a me nā keʻena kalepa ma kekahi mau ʻāina e kākoʻo i ke kālepa honua. Ke kōkua nei kēia mau hōʻike diplomatic i nā ʻoihana i ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea hoʻolako a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea kūʻai aku ma waho. 2. Nā Kūʻai Kūʻai: a) Expocruz: ʻO Expocruz ka hale kūʻai nui loa ma Bolivia i mālama ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Hōʻike ia i nā ʻoihana like ʻole e like me ka mahiʻai, ka hana ʻana, ka ʻenehana, nā lawelawe, etc. b) FIT – International Tourism Fair: Ke kālele nei kēia hanana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻoihana mākaʻikaʻi o Bolivia ma o ka hoʻākoakoa ʻana i nā mea hoʻokele kaʻahele aupuni a me ka honua, nā hui huakaʻi, nā hōkele, nā mokulele, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. c) EXPO ALADI: Hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka Latin American Integration Association (ALADI), ke manaʻo nei kēia hanana e hoʻoulu i ke kālepa intra-regional ma waena o nā ʻāina ʻAmelika Latin. Hāʻawi ia i kahi kahua no nā manawa pūnaewele a hōʻike i nā huahana like ʻole mai nā lāhui lālā. d) EXPOCRUZ Chiquitania: Ma ke ʻano he hoʻonui ʻia o Expocruz i mālama ʻia ma Santa Cruz de la Sierra e pili ana i nā huahana mahiʻai e like me ka soya a i ʻole ka mahiʻai pipi. ʻO kēia mau ala kūʻai e ʻae i nā hui honua e makemake ana i ka ʻimi ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻopukapuka kālā e ʻimi i nā ʻāpana like ʻole e like me ka mahiʻai (piʻi kofe, koko, nati), mining (tin, silver, zinc, gula), textiles (alpaca wool, lama fur, cotton), ma waena nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā kumu waiwai maoli a me nā huahana kūʻokoʻa o Bolivia e lilo ia i wahi hoʻokipa maikaʻi no nā mea kūʻai honua e ʻimi nei i nā waiwai maikaʻi. He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo he ʻokoʻa paha nā ala kūʻai kikoʻī a me nā ʻoihana kālepa i ka manawa, a he mea pono e nīnau i nā kumuwaiwai hou e like me nā hui kālepa kūhelu a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻoihana aupuni e kiʻi i ka ʻike pololei loa i nā manawa kūpono ma Bolivia.
Ma Bolivia, nui nā ʻenekini hulina maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia e nā kānaka e ʻike i ka ʻike ma ka pūnaewele. Eia kekahi o lākou me kā lākou mau helu wahi pūnaewele: 1. Google (www.google.com.bo): Ma ke ʻano he ʻenekini huli kaulana loa ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Google ma Bolivia pū kekahi. Hiki i nā mea hoʻohana ke loaʻa i kahi ākea o ka ʻike me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kāna mau algorithm hulina ikaika. 2. Yahoo (www.yahoo.com): ʻO Yahoo kekahi ʻenekini huli maʻamau ma Bolivia. Hāʻawi ia i nā hiʻohiʻona like ʻole e like me ka nūhou, nā lawelawe leka uila, a me nā ʻike pilikino e pili ana i nā makemake o ka mea hoʻohana. 3. Bing (www.bing.com): He koho kaulana ʻo Microsoft Bing no nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele Bolivian no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻimi pūnaewele. Hāʻawi ia i nā koho hulina ʻike me nā hopena maʻamau ma muli o ke kikokikona. 4. DuckDuckGo (duckduckgo.com): Ua kaulana ʻo DuckDuckGo no kāna ʻano pilikino, ke kaulana nei ʻo DuckDuckGo ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa me Bolivia ma muli o kāna kūpaʻa ʻole e hahai i ka ʻikepili mea hoʻohana me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā hopena hilinaʻi. 5. Yandex (yandex.ru): ʻOiai he ʻenekini huli ma ka Lūkini, aia ka Yandex he mana honua e hāʻawi ana i nā hualoaʻa kūloko ʻoiai ma nā ʻōlelo liʻiliʻi loa e like me Quechua a me Aymara i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka poʻe ʻōiwi ma Bolivia. 6. Ecosia (www.ecosia.org): Kūlana ʻo Ecosia ma waena o nā koho ʻē aʻe i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka hapa nui o kāna loaʻa kālā no ke kanu ʻana i nā kumulāʻau ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa me ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi ʻike hulina pili i ke kaiapuni i nā mea hoʻohana Bolivian. 7. Baidu (www.baidu.com): ʻOiai e kālele nui ʻia ana ma Kina, hāʻawi pū ʻo Baidu i nā mana huli pūnaewele liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻōlelo Paniolo i mea pono no nā poʻe Bolivia e ʻimi nei i nā ʻike pili i ka Pākē a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻoihana e hana ana ma ka honua. He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo he ʻokoʻa ka kaulana o kēia mau ʻenekini huli i waena o nā poʻe a me nā wahi i loko o Bolivia ma muli o nā makemake pilikino a me ka loaʻa o nā lawelawe ma nā wahi kikoʻī.

Nā ʻaoʻao melemele nui

Ma Bolivia, hiki i nā papa kuhikuhi ʻaoʻao melemele nui ke kōkua iā ʻoe e ʻimi i nā ʻoihana like ʻole a me nā lawelawe. Eia kekahi o nā papa kuhikuhi ʻaoʻao melemele nui ma Bolivia me kā lākou mau pūnaewele: 1. Páginas Amarillas (Yellow Pages Bolivia): ʻO kēia kekahi o nā papa kuhikuhi ʻaoʻao melemele nui ma Bolivia e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻike pili a me nā papa inoa ʻoihana ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole. Hiki iā ʻoe ke komo i kā lākou pūnaewele ma: www.paginasamarillas.com.bo 2. ʻO Guía Telefónica de Bolivia: ʻO ka Guía Telefónica de Bolivia kekahi papa kuhikuhi kaulana e hāʻawi ana i kahi papa kuhikuhi kelepona, papa inoa ʻoihana, a me nā hoʻolaha hoʻolaha. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kipa i kā lākou pūnaewele ma: www.guialocal.com.bo 3. BolivianYellow.com: He papa kuhikuhi pūnaewele ʻo BolivianYellow.com e hāʻawi ana i nā papa inoa ʻoihana ma nā ʻāpana he nui e like me nā hōkele, hale ʻaina, mechanics, a me nā mea hou aku. Loaʻa kā lākou pūnaewele ma: www.bolivianyellow.com 4. Directorio Empresarial de Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz Business Directory): Ke nānā pono nei kēia papa kuhikuhi i nā ʻoihana ma Santa Cruz, kekahi o nā kūlanakauhale nui loa ma Bolivia. Hāʻawi ia i kahi papa inoa piha o nā ʻoihana e hana ana ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole i loko o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Santa Cruz. ʻO ka pūnaewele no kēia papa kuhikuhi: www.directorio-empresarial-bolivia.info/Santa-Cruz-de-la-Sierra.html 5. Directorio Comercial Cochabamba (Cochabamba Commercial Directory): Hāʻawi kēia papa kuhikuhi pūnaewele i nā ʻoihana i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Cochabamba a me nā wahi e pili ana i ke kikowaena o ke keʻena ʻoihana Cochabamba o Bolivia. ʻO kā lākou loulou pūnaewele: www.directoriocomercialbolivia.info/directorio-comercial-cochabamba.html E ʻoluʻolu, e hoʻololi ʻia kēia mau pūnaewele i ka manawa, no laila pono e hōʻoia i ko lākou pololei ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana. Ma ka nānā ʻana i kēia mau papa kuhikuhi ʻaoʻao melemele nui, hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa ka ʻike pili pili no nā ʻoihana e hana ana ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole ma Bolivia.

Nā papahana kālepa nui

ʻO Bolivia, kahi ʻāina paʻa i ʻAmelika Hema, ua ʻike i ka ulu nui o ka ʻoihana e-commerce i nā makahiki i hala. Eia kekahi o nā pūnaewele e-commerce nui ma Bolivia: 1. Mercado Libre (www.mercadolibre.com.bo): ʻO Mercado Libre kekahi o nā pūnaewele e-commerce kaulana loa ʻaʻole ma Bolivia wale nō akā ma waena o ʻAmelika Latin. Hāʻawi ia i kahi ākea o nā huahana, me nā mea uila, nā lole, nā mea hana hale, a me nā mea hou aku. 2. Linio (www.linio.com.bo): ʻO Linio kekahi wahi kūʻai pūnaewele kaulana e hana nei ma Bolivia. Hāʻawi ia i nā huahana like ʻole mai nā ʻano like ʻole e like me ke ʻano, nā mea uila, nā huahana nani, a me nā waiwai home. 3. TodoCelular (www.todocelular.com): E like me ka manaʻo o kona inoa (ʻo Todo Celular ʻo ia ʻo "Everything Mobile" ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania), ʻoihana nui kēia paepae i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kelepona paʻa a me nā mea pili e like me nā charger a me nā pahu. 4. DeRemate (www.deremate.com.bo): He kahua kūʻai kūʻai pūnaewele ʻo DeRemate kahi e hiki ai i nā kānaka ke kūʻai aku i nā mea like ʻole mai ka uila a i nā kaʻa. 5. Tumomo (www.tumomo.com): Ua kālele nui ʻia ʻo Tumomo i nā hoʻolaha hoʻolaha no ke kūʻai ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana aku i nā waiwai like ʻole e like me nā kaʻa, nā waiwai paʻa, nā mea hale, a me nā mea hou aku. 6. Cuponatic (www.cuponatic.com.bo): Hoʻohana ʻo Cuponatic ma ke ʻano he pūnaewele kūʻai i kēlā me kēia lā e hāʻawi ana i nā palapala hōʻemi no nā lawelawe like ʻole e like me nā hale ʻaina, nā spas, nā hana leʻaleʻa i nā mea kūʻai aku e noho ana a e kipa ana paha i Bolivia. 7. Goplaceit (bo.goplaceit.com): He kahua papa inoa ʻo Goplaceit kahi e hiki ai i nā mea hoʻohana ke ʻimi i nā ʻāina hoʻolimalima a i ʻole nā ​​​​hale kūʻai aku ma nā kūlanakauhale like ʻole ma Bolivia. E ʻoluʻolu e ʻokoʻa ka loaʻa a me ka kaulana o kēia mau kahua i ka manawa ke komo nā mea pāʻani hou i ka mākeke aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e lilo i mea liʻiliʻi ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā makemake o nā mea kūʻai aku a i ʻole ka hoʻoikaika o ka mākeke.

ʻO nā pūnaewele media nui

ʻO Bolivia, he ʻāina paʻa ʻāina ma ʻAmelika Hema, he nui nā ʻano pūnaewele media kaulana. Eia kekahi o nā pūnaewele media i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma Bolivia me kā lākou mau pūnaewele. 1. Facebook - ʻO Facebook kekahi o nā paena pūnaewele puni honua. Hāʻawi ia i nā mea hoʻohana e launa pū me nā hoaaloha a me ka ʻohana, kaʻana like i nā kiʻi a me nā wikiō, a hui pū i nā hui hoihoi like ʻole. ʻO ka pūnaewele no Facebook https://www.facebook.com. 2. WhatsApp - ʻO WhatsApp kahi paepae leka e hiki ai i nā mea hoʻohana ke hoʻouna i nā memo kikokikona, nā leo leo, nā kiʻi, nā wikiō, a me ke kelepona leo a wikiō paha ma luna o ka pūnaewele. Loaʻa ia ma ke ʻano he polokalamu kelepona a loaʻa pū kekahi mana pūnaewele. E kipa https://www.whatsapp.com no ka ʻike hou aku. 3. Instagram - He kahua kaʻana like ʻana o nā kiʻi a me nā wikiō e hiki ai i nā mea hoʻohana ke hoʻouka i nā kiʻi a me nā wikiō pōkole me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kānana a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻoponopono e hoʻomaikaʻi iā lākou. Hiki i nā mea hoʻohana ke hahai i nā moʻolelo ʻē aʻe e ʻike i kā lākou mau pou ma kā lākou timeline. E ʻimi hou aku ma https://www.instagram.com. 4. Twitter - Hiki i nā mea hoʻohana ke hoʻouna i nā leka pōkole i kapa ʻia ʻo tweets hiki ke hoʻokomo i nā kikokikona, nā kiʻi, a i ʻole nā ​​loulou a hiki i 280 mau huaʻōlelo ka lōʻihi (e like me Iulai 2021). Hāʻawi ia i ka poʻe e hahai i nā moʻolelo o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe a noho hou me nā nūhou a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano e hana nei a puni ka honua i ka manawa maoli ma o hashtags (#). ʻO ka pūnaewele no Twitter ʻo https://twitter.com. 5. LinkedIn - Hoʻohana mua ʻia ʻo LinkedIn no nā ʻoihana pūnaewele ʻoihana kahi e hana ai nā kānaka i nā moʻolelo e hōʻike ana i kā lākou ʻike hana a me nā mākau ʻoiai e pili ana me nā hoa hana mai nā ʻoihana like ʻole o ka honua a me nā mea hana a i ʻole nā ​​​​hoa hana ma Bolivia a i ʻole honua. E hana i kāu ʻaoʻao ponoʻī ma https://www.linkedin.com. 6. TikTok - Hāʻawi ʻo TikTok i nā mea hoʻohana i ka manawa e hana ai i nā mea hoʻomohala pōkole e like me nā hoʻokūkū hula, nā lehelehe hoʻokō lehelehe, nā ʻakaʻaka hoʻokalakupua a kaʻana like iā lākou i loko o kona kaiāulu ma o nā kiʻi leo i kapa ʻia "nā kani." E ʻike hou aku ma https://www.tiktok.com/en/. ʻO 7.Xing- Xing kahi kahua pāʻoihana kaiapili i kālele nui ʻia i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻoihana. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma ka ʻāina ʻōlelo Kelemānia o ʻEulopa a ua loaʻa ka kaulana ma Bolivia. Hāʻawi ʻo Xing i nā hiʻohiʻona e like me LinkedIn, e ʻae ana i nā mea hoʻohana e hana i nā ʻoihana ʻoihana a hui pū me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i kā lākou ʻoihana. E kipa https://www.xing.com no ka ʻike hou aku. He mau hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi wale nō kēia o nā kahua pāʻoihana kaiapili i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma Bolivia, e hoʻopili ana i nā poʻe ma ka ʻāina a ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa ma waena o nā makemake like ʻole, nā ʻoihana, a me nā kumu.

ʻO nā hui ʻoihana nui

ʻO Bolivia, he ʻāina paʻa ʻāina ma ʻAmelika Hema, he nui nā hui ʻoihana e hōʻike ana i nā ʻāpana like ʻole. Eia kekahi o nā hui ʻoihana nui ma Bolivia me kā lākou mau pūnaewele. 1. National Chamber of Commerce (CNC): ʻO ka CNC e hōʻike ana i ka ʻoihana pilikino a paipai i ka hoʻomohala waiwai ma Bolivia. Pūnaewele: www.cnc.bo 2. Federation of Private Entrepreneurs (FEP): He hui ʻo FEP i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻoihana a me ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi (SME). Paena pūnaewele: www.fepbol.org 3. ʻO Bolivian Chamber of Industries (CBI): CBI e hōʻike ana i nā ʻoihana ʻoihana ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole e like me ka hana ʻana, mining, ikehu, a me ka mahiʻai. Paena pūnaewele: www.cni.org.bo 4. National Chamber of Exporters (CANEB): Kākoʻo a paipai ʻo CANEB i nā ʻoihana kūʻai aku i waho ma Bolivia e hoʻoikaika i ke kālepa honua. Pūnaewele: ʻaʻole loaʻa. 5. Bolivian-American Chamber of Commerce (AMCHAM Bolivia): Manaʻo ʻo AMCHAM Bolivia e hoʻoikaika i nā pilina kalepa ma waena o Bolivia a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma o ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā manawa pūnaewele no nā ʻoihana mai nā ʻāina ʻelua. Paena pūnaewele: www.amchambolivia.com.bo 6. National Association of Mining Metallurgical Engineers (ANMPE): Hōʻike ʻo ANMPE i nā poʻe ʻoihana e hana ana ma ka ʻoihana mining e hāpai ana i nā hana mining hoʻomau ma Bolivia. Pūnaewele: ʻaʻole loaʻa. 7. Bolivian Association of Hotels and Tourism Companies (ABHOTUR): Ke kālele nei ʻo ABHOTUR i ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā ʻoihana pili i ka mākaʻikaʻi ma o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mākaʻikaʻi ma Bolivia. Paena pūnaewele: abhotur.org/index.php/en/ 8 .Bolivian Association of Real Estate Companies(ACBBOL): ʻO ACBBOL ke kuleana no ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻoihana waiwai a pau e hāʻawi i nā papahana hoʻolālā kūlanakauhale me ka ʻike maopopo e hāʻawi i ke kākoʻo kūʻē i ka hoʻopunipuni. punaewele: www.acbbol.com E ʻoluʻolu, ʻaʻole loaʻa kahi pūnaewele i kekahi mau hui a i ʻole hiki ke loaʻa a paʻakikī paha kā lākou pūnaewele.

Nā pūnaewele pāʻoihana a kālepa

Nui nā punaewele waiwai a kālepa ma Bolivia e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā hana hoʻokele waiwai o ka ʻāina, nā manawa hoʻopukapuka kālā, a me nā kulekele kālepa. Eia kekahi o lakou: 1. Bolivian Foreign Trade Institute (Instituto Boliviano de Comercio Exterior) - Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia kēia pūnaewele no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku ma Bolivia a me ka huki ʻana i nā hoʻopukapuka haole. Hāʻawi ia i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka hoʻokele waiwai, nā helu hoʻopukapuka, nā hoʻoponopono ʻoihana, a me nā mea hoʻoulu kālā. Paena pūnaewele: https://www.ibce.org.bo/ 2. Ke Kuhina Waiwai a me ke Waiwai Aupuni (Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas) - Hāʻawi ka pūnaewele kūhelu o ka ʻoihana i nā ʻike e pili ana i ke kūlana waiwai holoʻokoʻa o Bolivia, nā kulekele kālā, nā hoʻokaʻawale kālā, nā hoʻolālā hoʻomohala, a me nā papahana hoʻopukapuka. Paena pūnaewele: http://www.economiayfinanzas.gob.bo/ 3. Central Bank of Bolivia (Banco Central de Bolivia) - Hāʻawi kēia pūnaewele i ka ʻikepili piha e pili ana i nā kulekele kālā, nā uku hoʻololi, nā uku uku, nā hōʻike hoʻonui kālā, nā hoʻoponopono panakō a me nā hōʻailona waiwai e like me ka ulu ʻana o GDP. Paena pūnaewele: https://www.bcb.gob.bo/ 4. Ke Kuhina Waiwai (Ministerio de Planificación del Desarrollo) - Ke nānā aku nei ka pūnaewele o ka ʻoihana i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻike no nā mea hoʻopukapuka e ʻimi nei e ʻimi i nā manawa ma Bolivia. Loaʻa iā ia nā kikoʻī e pili ana i nā ʻāpana hoʻolālā no ka hoʻopukapuka kālā me nā kānāwai a me nā kaʻina kūpono. Paena pūnaewele: http://www.inversiones.gob.bo/ 5. Bolivian Stock Exchange (Bolsa Boliviana de Valores) - Hōʻike kēia pūnaewele i nā nūhou e pili ana i nā ʻano mākeke kūʻai ma Bolivia me ka nui o ke kālepa ʻana a me nā kumukūʻai o nā ʻāpana o nā hui i helu ʻia. Paena pūnaewele: https://www.bbv.com.bo/ 6. Chamber of Industry Commerce Services & Tourism Santa Cruz (Cámara de Industria Comercio Servicios y Turismo Santa Cruz) - Ma ke ʻano ʻo kekahi o nā wahi ʻoihana waiwai nui ma Bolivia (aia ma Santa Cruz), hāʻawi ka pūnaewele o kēia keʻena i nā ʻike i nā manawa ʻoihana kūloko. nā hanana, a me nā nūhou waiwai. Paena pūnaewele: https://www.cainco.org.bo/ 'Ōlelo Aʻo: He mea nui e haʻi aku i ka loaʻa a me ka hana o kēia mau pūnaewele hiki ke ʻokoʻa i ka manawa.

Nā pūnaewele nīnau ʻikepili kālepa

Aia kekahi mau pūnaewele hulina ʻikepili kālepa i loaʻa no Bolivia. Eia kekahi mau laʻana me kā lākou mau URL pūnaewele pili: 1. Bolivian Institute of Foreign Trade (IBCE): Hāʻawi ka pūnaewele kūhelu o IBCE i nā helu kālepa, ʻike mākeke, a me nā ʻikepili pili ʻē aʻe. Paena pūnaewele: http://www.ibce.org.bo/ 2. International Trade Center (ITC) - Trade Map: ITC's Trade Map e hiki ai i nā mea hoʻohana ke kiʻi i nā helu kikoʻī kikoʻī kūʻai kūʻai ʻelua, nā hōʻailona komo ma ka mākeke, a me ka ʻikepili hiki ke hoʻokuʻu aku no Bolivia. Paena pūnaewele: https://www.trademap.org/ 3. World Integrated Trade Solutions (WITS): Hāʻawi ʻo WITS i ka ʻikepili kālepa piha e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana mai, nā hoʻokuʻu aku, nā uku, a me nā mea hou aʻe mai nā kumu he nui no Bolivia. Paena pūnaewele: https://wits.worldbank.org/wits/wits/witshome.aspx 4. United Nations Comtrade Database: ʻO ka UN Comtrade Database kahi waihona o nā helu kūhelu kalepa honua mai nā ʻāina like ʻole me Bolivia. Paena pūnaewele: https://comtrade.un.org/ 5. Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC): Hāʻawi ʻo OEC i nā hiʻohiʻona a me ka nānā ʻana o nā hōʻailona waiwai a me nā hoʻoiho honua no nā ʻāina e like me Bolivia. Paena pūnaewele: https://oec.world/en/profile/country/bol Hiki i kēia mau pūnaewele ke hāʻawi aku i nā ʻike i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā hana kālepa honua o Bolivia e like me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, ka lawe ʻana mai, nā hoa kālepa, nā haʻihaʻi waiwai, a me nā mea hou aku.

Nā paepae B2b

He ʻāina paʻa ʻāina ʻo Bolivia ma ʻAmelika Hema. ʻOiai ʻo kāna mau pilikia ʻāina, he nui nā kahua B2B ʻo Bolivia e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā kālepa ʻoihana a me nā pilina i loko o ka ʻāina. Eia kekahi o nā kahua B2B kaulana ma Bolivia me kā lākou mau pūnaewele. 1. ʻO Bolivian Chamber of Commerce and Services (Cámara Nacional de Comercio y Servicios - CNC): ʻO ka CNC kekahi o nā hui ʻoihana koʻikoʻi ma Bolivia, e hāpai ana i ke kālepa a me nā lawelawe i loko o ka ʻāina. Hāʻawi kā lākou pūnaewele i kahi kahua no nā pilina B2B a hiki ke kiʻi ʻia ma https://www.cnc.bo/. 2. ʻO Mercado Libre Bolivia: ʻO Mercado Libre kahi kahua e-kālepa alakaʻi ma Latin America, me Bolivia. Hāʻawi ia i nā kānaka a me nā ʻoihana e kūʻai a kūʻai aku i nā huahana ma ka pūnaewele. Hāʻawi kā lākou ʻāpana B2B i nā manawa no nā ʻoihana e hui pū me nā mea hoʻolako, nā mea kūʻai nui, a me nā mea hoʻolaha i loko o ka ʻāina: https://www.mercadolibre.com.bo/ 3. Exportadores de Santa Cruz (Exporters of Santa Cruz): Ke nānā nei kēia kahua i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā mea hoʻopuka mai Santa Cruz de la Sierra, kekahi o nā ʻoihana waiwai nui ma Bolivia. Hāʻawi ka pūnaewele i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā mea kūʻai aku ma waena o nā ʻoihana like ʻole e like me ka mahiʻai, ka hana ʻana, ka textiles, a me nā mea hou aku: http://exportadoresdesantacruz.com/ 4.Grandes Empresas de Computacion (GECOM): He loea ʻo GECOM i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻoihana e hana ana ma ka ʻoihana ʻenehana ʻike ma Bolivia. He kumu waiwai nui ia no nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea kūʻai aku e ʻimi nei e hoʻokumu i nā pilina B2B e pili ana i nā kamepiula, hoʻomohala polokalamu, nā lawelawe kūkākūkā IT, etc.: http://gecom.net/ 5.Bajo Aranceles Magazine (Tariff Magazine): ʻOiai ʻaʻole ia he kahua B2B kuʻuna no kēlā me kēia; He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka Tariff Magazine i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā kūkākūkā pili i ke kālepa ma waena o nā ʻoihana e hana ana i loko o nā ʻoihana like ʻole ma o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ʻike i nā hoʻoponopono uku a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā manawa pūnaewele no nā poʻe hoihoi: https://www.magazineba.com/ Hāʻawi kēia mau kahua B2B ma Bolivia i ʻīpuka no nā ʻoihana e hoʻohui, hoʻokumu i nā pilina, a ʻimi i nā mākeke hou i loko o ka ʻāina. Manaʻo mau ʻia e kipa i kā lākou mau pūnaewele no ka ʻike kikoʻī hou aku i nā lawelawe i hāʻawi ʻia a pehea e launa pū ai me nā hoa ʻoihana.
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