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Izimakethe Eziyinhloko
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Ukubuka konke Kwezwe
ISpain, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi uMbuso WaseSpain, iyizwe eliseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeYurophu. Inqamula iPortugal ngasentshonalanga kanye neFrance ngasenyakatho-mpumalanga. ISpain iphinde yabelane ngemingcele ne-Andorra kanye ne-Gibraltar. Njengoba inendawo ecishe ibe ngamakhilomitha-skwele angama-505,990, iSpain iyizwe lesine ngobukhulu eYurophu. Inomhlaba ohlukahlukene ohlanganisa izintaba ezinjengePyrenees neSierra Nevada, kanye nogu oluhle olugudla uLwandle iMedithera kanye ne-Atlantic Ocean. Izwe liphinde libe neziqhingi ezahlukahlukene njengeziqhingi zaseBalearic eziseMedithera naseCanary Islands ngasogwini olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika. ISpain inabantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezingama-47 kanti iMadrid iyinhloko-dolobha yayo. Ulimi olusemthethweni iSpanishi, nakuba izilimi ezimbalwa zesifunda njengesiCatalan, isiGalician, Basque nazo zikhulunywa izingxenye ezibalulekile zezifunda zazo. ISpain yaziwa ngomlando wayo ocebile kanye namagugu amasiko. Kwake kwaba ngesinye sezizwe ezinamandla kakhulu emlandweni womhlaba ngesikhathi saso sokuhlola kanye nekoloni kusukela emakhulwini eminyaka edlule okwashiya imithelela emazweni amaningi emhlabeni wonke kuhlanganise neNingizimu Melika ngokuhwebelana ngamasiko njengokusabalala kolimi noma imiklamo yezakhiwo. Umnotho waseSpain ubalwa phakathi kwamalungu amakhulu kakhulu ngaphakathi kwe-European Union(EU) enemikhakha efana nezokuvakasha edlala indima ebalulekile elandelwa izimboni zokukhiqiza ezifana nokukhiqiza izimoto noma imboni yendwangu, kodwa ibhekane nezinselelo zangemva kwezimali zomhlaba (2008-2009). Muva nje ikhombise ukukhula okuzinzile kwangaphambi kwe-covid ngenxa yemizamo yokuhlukahluka emikhakheni yonke kubandakanya amandla avuselelekayo athola amandla muva nje. ISpain yamukela amasiko ahlukahlukene kuzo zonke izifunda zayo kodwa yabelana ngezici zamasiko ezivamile njengokwazisa amafomu okudansa omculo we-flamenco noma ukudla okudumile okuhlanganisa ne-tapas.Imikhosi yendabuko ibambelela ngokuqinile ekhalendeni futhi; I-La Tomatina festival lapho abantu bejikijelana ngotamatisi njalo ngo-August idume umhlaba wonke. Sekukonke, iSpain izikhombisa ngesiko eliqhakazile, izindawo ezinhle kakhulu ezihambisana nomthelela ongokomlando etholwe emakhulwini eminyaka alenza libe indawo ephawulekayo yezivakashi kuyilapho ibamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni amasiko amaningi.
Imali Yezwe
Imali yaseSpain yi-Euro (€), okuwuhlobo lwemali olusemthethweni lwamazwe amaningi angamalungu e-European Union. ISpain yamukela i-Euro njengohlobo lwemali kazwelonke ngoJanuwari 1, 2002, esikhundleni sePeseta yaseSpain. Njengoba iyingxenye ye-Eurozone, iSpain isebenzisa ama-Euro kukho konke ukuthengiselana kwayo kwezezimali, okuhlanganisa ukuthenga izimpahla namasevisi, ukukhokha izikweletu, nokukhipha imali kuma-ATM. I-Euro ihlukaniswe ngamasenti ayi-100. Ukushintshela kuma-Euro kulethe izinzuzo ezimbalwa emnothweni waseSpain. Iqede ukuguquguquka kwezinga lokushintshisana phakathi kwamazwe e-Eurozone futhi yenza lula ukuhwebelana phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu. Kwenze futhi ukuhamba kwaba lula kubo bobabili abaseSpain nabavakashi bangaphandle manje abangasebenzisa uhlobo lwemali olulodwa emazweni amaningi ase-Europe. Ungathola amanothi emaqenjini ahlukene asakazwa eSpain: €5, €10, €20, €50, €100*, €200*, kanye ne-€500*. Izinhlamvu zemali zitholakala ngamahlelo wesenti elingu-1 (€0.01), amasenti angu-2 (€0.02), amasenti angu-5 (€0.05), amasenti angu-10 (€0.10), amasenti angu-20 (€0.20), amasenti angu-50 (€0.50), €1 *, kanye ne-€2*. I-Central Bank yase-Spain inomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhipha nokulawula ukunikezwa kwama-Euro ngaphakathi kwezwe ukuze kugcinwe ukuqina kwamanani nokulawula amazinga okwehla kwamandla emali. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lapho uvakashela noma uhlala eSpain njengomuntu wangaphandle noma isivakashi, kuyancomeka ukuthi uhlale uphethe imali ethile njengoba kungezona zonke izikhungo ezamukela amakhadi esikweletu noma ezinye izindlela zokukhokha nge-elekthronikhi. Sekukonke, ngokwamukela kwayo i-Euro njengohlobo lwemali olusemthethweni kusukela ngoJanuwari 2002, iSpain isebenza ngaphakathi kohlelo lwemali oluhlangene olwabiwe amazwe amaningi aseYurophu igqugquzela uhwebo nokwenza ukuthengiselana kwezezimali kungabi nazihibe emingceleni.
Isilinganiso sokushintsha imali
Imali esemthethweni yaseSpain yi-Euro (€). Ngokuqondene nezilinganiso zokushintshanisa ezilinganiselwe zezinhlobo zemali ezinkulu uma ziqhathaniswa ne-Euro, sicela uqaphele ukuthi lawa manani ashintshashintsha njalo futhi azohluka kuye ngomthombo othile nesikhathi. Nokho, nazi ezinye izilinganiso zamanje (kungashintshwa): I-Euro eyi-1 (€) cishe: - 1.12 US Dollars ($) - 0.85 British Pound (£) - 126.11 Yen yesiJapane (¥) - 1.17 Swiss Francs (CHF) - 7.45 i-Chinese Yuan Renminbi (¥) Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lezi zinombolo ziyizinkomba futhi zingase zingameli amanani okushintshanisa angempela nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Ukuze uthole ulwazi lwakamuva nolunembile, kuyanconywa ukuthi uhlole isikhungo sezezimali esithembekile noma iwebhusayithi/uhlelo lokusebenza lokuguqulela imali.
Amaholide Abalulekile
ISpain iyizwe elicebile ngamasiko nomlando, futhi ligubha amaholide amaningi abalulekile unyaka wonke. Eminye yemikhosi ebaluleke kakhulu ihlanganisa: 1. I-Semana Santa (Isonto Elingcwele): Lo mkhosi wenkolo wenzeka emadolobheni ahlukene kulo lonke elaseSpain, kanti iSeville ingenye yezindawo ezidume kakhulu ngodwendwe lwawo olunemininingwane. Sikhumbula ukuhlushwa, ukufa, nokuvuka kukaJesu Kristu. 2. I-La Tomatina: Ibanjwe ngoLwesithathu lokugcina luka-Agasti e-Buñol eduze kwase-Valencia, le festiveli eyingqayizivele yaziwa njengempi katamatisi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Abahlanganyeli bajikijelana ngotamatisi ukuze bagubhe lo mcimbi obudlangile futhi obumangele. 3. I-Feria de Abril (I-April Fair): Kwenzeka e-Seville emasontweni amabili ngemva kweSonto Lephasika, lo mcimbi wesonto lonke ubonisa isiko lama-Andalusi ngabadansi be-flamenco, izibuko zokulwa nezinkunzi, imibukiso yamahhashi, amakhonsathi omculo wesintu, nemihlobiso emibalabala. 4. I-Fiesta de San Fermín: Edume kakhulu e-Pamplona phakathi kukaJulayi 6 no-14 njalo ngonyaka, le festiveli iqala ngokuthi "Ukugijima Kwezinkunzi," lapho ababambiqhaza abanesibindi begijima emigwaqweni emincane bejahwa izinkunzi. 5. I-La Falles de València: Kugujwa kusukela ngo-March 15th kuya ku-March 19th edolobheni lase-Valencia kanye nezinye izifunda ezihlukahlukene ngaphakathi kwesifundazwe sase-Valencia; kuhilela ukumisa izithombe ezinkulu ze-papier-mâché ezilandelwa imibukiso yeziqhumane nama-parade ngaphambi kokuba zishiswe ngosuku lokugcina. 6. I-Día de la Hispanidad (Usuku LweSpanishi): Lugujwa ngo-Okthoba 12 kulo lonke elase-Spain ukuze kukhunjulwe ukufika kuka-Christopher Columbus eMelika; kuhlanganisa imibukiso yezempi nemisebenzi yamasiko ekhombisa amagugu aseSpain. Lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa zemikhosi ebalulekile yaseSpain ebonisa amasiko ayo anothile kanye nokuhlukahluka kwamasiko okugqamile kuzo zonke izifunda ezihlukahlukene zezwe.
Isimo Sohwebo Lwangaphandle
ISpain ingumdlali ohamba phambili kwezohwebo emhlabeni wonke, eyaziwa ngomnotho wayo osebenzayo ogxile ekuthumeleni kwamanye amazwe. Izwe ligcina ibhalansi enempilo yohwebo, kanye nempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle idlula impahla ephuma kwamanye amazwe. Nazi ezinye izinto ezibalulekile zesimo sohwebo saseSpain: 1. Izinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle: ISpain inohlu oluhlukahlukene lwemikhiqizo ethunyelwa ngaphandle, okuhlanganisa izimoto, imishini, amakhemikhali, imithi, nemikhiqizo yezolimo. Ingenye yabakhiqizi abakhulu bezimoto eYurophu futhi ikhiqiza izimoto ezisetshenziswa ekhaya nasezimakethe zomhlaba wonke. 2. Ozakwethu Bokuhweba Abakhulu: I-Spain yenza uhwebo olubalulekile namazwe angaphakathi kwe-European Union (EU), ikakhulukazi i-France, iJalimane, ne-Italy. Ngaphandle kwendawo ye-EU, inobudlelwano obuqinile bokuhweba ne-United States kanye nezizwe zaseLatin America njengeMexico. 3. Izimboni Ezishayela Impahla Ethunyelwa Ngaphandle: Ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto kusewumkhakha obalulekile ofaka isandla ekuthunyelweni kweSpain. Ezinye izimboni ezivelele zifaka ubuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo (njengama turbines omoya namaphaneli elanga), ukudla okufana namafutha omnqumo namawayini akhiqizwa ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene eSpain. 4. Ukuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe: Nakuba i-Spain ithumela ngaphandle ngaphezu kwalokho ethenga kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yokuqina komkhakha wezimboni, isathembele ekuthengisweni kwezimpahla ezithile ezifana nemithombo yamandla (uwoyela negesi) ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zayo zasekhaya. 5. I-Trade Surplus: Eminyakeni yakamuva, i-Spain ibilokhu ikhiqiza imali enqwabelene yohwebo ngenxa yendlela yayo yokusheshisa ekukhuthazeni ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe emikhakheni eyahlukene kanye nokusebenza okuqinile kokuthekelisa. 6. I-Intercontinental Trade: Ngobudlelwano obungokomlando ne-Latin America ngokusebenzisa ifa lekoloni noma ukuxhumana kolimi (izizwe ezikhuluma iSpanishi), izinkampani zaseSpanishi ziye zandisa ukuba khona kwazo lapho ngokutshala imali kumaphrojekthi wengqalasizinda noma ngokuhlinzeka ngamasevisi ochwepheshe. 7.Ubudlelwano Bohwebo ngaphakathi kwe-EU: Ukuba yilungu elisebenzayo le-European Union kusukela ngo-1986 kuvumela amabhizinisi aseSpain ukuthi afinyelele kalula kwamanye amazwe angamalungu ngaphandle kokuhlangabezana nemingcele ebanzi lapho ehweba izimpahla noma amasevisi. 8.Izinkonzo Ezikhulayo Ukuthengiswa Kwempahla Evela Emkhakheni Wamazwe Ngamazwe:Nakuba bekwaziwa ngokwesiko ngezimpahla ezibambekayo ezithunyelwa phesheya; njengamanje ukutshalwa kwezimali kuqondiswe ekuqiniseni ingxenye yezinsizakalo zobuchwepheshe nayo ehlanganisa amaqembu okuthuthukisa izixazululo ze-IT ahlinzeka ngezidingo zesofthiwe kulo lonke elaseYurophu noma amafemu okumaketha ngedijithali aqondise amakhasimende avela emazweni ahlukahlukene. Amandla ezimboni zaseSpain, indawo, kanye nobulungu be-EU kuyibeke endaweni edlala indima enkulu ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe. Umnotho wezwe ogxile ekuthumeleni kwamanye amazwe kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo zivumela ubudlelwano obuqinile bokuhwebelana nabalingani baseYurophu nabasemhlabeni.
Amathuba Okuthuthukisa Imakethe
ISpain inamandla amakhulu okuthuthukisa imakethe yayo yohwebo lwangaphandle. Njengoba inendawo enamasu eYurophu, isebenza njengesango elifanele le-European Union kanye nezimakethe zaseLatin America. Ingqalasizinda yezwe ethuthuke kahle, okuhlanganisa namachweba esimanje kanye nezikhumulo zezindiza, yenza kube lula ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla ngendlela efanele. ISpain yaziwa ngomkhakha wayo oqinile wezolimo, okhiqiza izithelo, imifino, iwayini, namafutha omnqumo asezingeni eliphezulu. Lokhu kubeka izwe njengomthengisi okhangayo ezimakethe zomhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSpain inomkhakha wezimboni ohlukahlukene kusukela ezimotweni kuya kubuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo. Ubuchwepheshe bayo kulezi zimboni buhlinzeka ngamathuba okuthumela imikhiqizo ekhethekile kwamanye amazwe. Uhulumeni wase-Spain ukhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe ngokunikeza izinzuzo ezifana nekhefu lentela kanye nezinqubo zokuphatha ezilula. Le mizamo ihehe izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi zisungule ubukhona bazo eSpain, okuqhubekisela phambili ukukhulisa ukuthunyelwa kwayo kwamanye amazwe. Ukwengeza, imboni yezokuvakasha yaseSpain iyachuma ngenxa yamabhishi ayo amahle, amasiko acebile, nezindawo zomlando. Lokhu kuveza amathuba okwandisa ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo kwamanye amazwe njengezinsiza zezivakashi kanye nemikhiqizo ehlobene nezokuvakasha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSpain inabasebenzi abanamakhono aphezulu abanamazinga amahle emfundo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Le mali yabantu yenza kube lula ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo emisha kanye nezinsizakalo ezingathunyelwa ngempumelelo emazweni angaphandle. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuvuma ukuthi kunezinselelo emakethe yezohwebo yangaphandle yaseSpain. Izwe libhekene nokuncintisana kwamanye amazwe e-EU anamakhono afanayo okuthumela ngaphandle. Ukwengeza, ukuguquguquka kwezomnotho kungaba nomthelela ekufuneni kwabathengi emhlabeni jikelele. Sekukonke nokho, ngendawo ekuyo ekahle, izimboni ezihlukene njengezokulima nezokukhiqiza kanye nokwesekwa kukahulumeni kokutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe kwenza iSpain ibe izwe elithembisayo lokuhlola amathuba okuhweba ngamazwe ngamazwe.
Imikhiqizo edayiswayo eshisayo emakethe
Uma kuziwa ekutholeni imikhiqizo edayiswa kakhulu emakethe yohwebo yangaphandle yaseSpain, kubalulekile ukucabangela izici zamasiko nezomnotho zezwe. 1. I-Gastronomy: I-Spain yaziwa ngesiko layo lokupheka, okwenza ukudla neziphuzo kube yisigaba esingenisa imali. Ukucwiliswa kusiko lwe-tapas, uwoyela we-olive waseSpain, iwayini, ushizi, kanye nenyama yengulube eselashiwe kuyimpahla ebaluleke kakhulu kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle. 2. Imfashini Nezindwangu: ISpain isizuze ukuqashelwa ngemboni yayo yemfashini eminyakeni edlule. Ikakhulukazi, izimpahla zesikhumba zaseSpain ezifana nezikhwama nezicathulo zinesidingo esibalulekile somhlaba wonke ngenxa yobuciko bazo bekhwalithi. 3. Imikhiqizo ehlobene nezokuvakasha: Njengenye yezindawo ezihamba phambili zokuvakasha emhlabeni wonke, iSpain inikeza amathuba amaningi ezinto ezihlobene nezokuvakasha njengezikhumbuzo, imisebenzi yezandla yasendaweni (okuhlanganisa izitsha zobumba noma izesekeli ze-flamenco), imvunulo yesintu/impahla yesintu. 4. Imikhiqizo Yamandla Avuselelekayo: Ngokugxila okukhulayo ekuzinzeni emhlabeni jikelele, iSpain ihola kubuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo njengamaphaneli elanga noma ukukhiqizwa kwezinjini zomoya. Ukukhipha lezi zixazululo eziluhlaza kungahlangabezana nezidingo ezikhulayo zamazwe ngamazwe. 5. Izimonyo Nokunakekelwa Kwesikhumba: Imboni yobuhle yaseSpain iyachuma ngemikhiqizo edumile ehlinzeka ngezimonyo zekhwalithi ephezulu ezinothiswe ngezithako zemvelo ezifana namafutha omnqumo noma i-aloe vera ekhishwe. 6. Umhlobiso Wasekhaya Nefenisha: Ngokuvamile okuhlotshaniswa nobuhle nobunkimbinkimbi kubantu baseSpain izingcezu zemihlobiso yasekhaya ehlukile efana ne-ceramics evela e-Andalusia noma ifenisha ebonisa imifanekiso yesi-Spanish ekhanga abantu bendawo kanye nabathengi emhlabeni jikelele. 7. Umkhakha Wezobuchwepheshe Nezogesi: Njengomnotho othuthukile, iSpain iziqhayisa ngezinkampani zobuchwepheshe ezincintisanayo ezikhiqiza amagajethi amasha ahlanganisa ama-smartphone/amaphilisi , izinto ezigqokwayo, noma amasistimu ezishintshayo asekhaya; ukugxila kulezi zindawo kungaholela ekungeneni ezimakethe ngempumelelo. Ukuze ukhethe ngempumelelo imikhiqizo edayiswa kakhulu kunoma iyiphi imakethe yangaphandle njengeSpain: - Yenza ucwaningo lwemakethe: Qonda okuthandwa ngabathengi ngokusebenzisa izinhlolovo/izingxoxo - Hlaziya izimbangi: Thola izindawo eziphumelelayo zomkhiqizo ngenkathi ucabangela izikhala ukuze ugweme ukuncintisana okukhulu - Hlola izici ezihlobene nezinqubo nemithethonqubo (imisebenzi yangokwezifiso, izidingo zesitifiketi, njll.) - Funa ubambiswano nabasabalalisi/ochwepheshe basendaweni ukuze kube lula ukungena ezimakethe - Hlela ukupakishwa, izinto zokumaketha kanye nezincazelo zomkhiqizo ukuze zivumelane nezintandokazi zabathengi baseSpain - Gada amathrendi emakethe ngokuqhubekayo ukuze uhlale uphambi kwejika. Sekukonke, ukuqonda okuphelele kwesiko lase-Spain, isimo sezomnotho, nokuziphatha kwabathengi kubalulekile lapho kunqunywa izigaba zomkhiqizo ezibonisa amandla okufunwa okuphezulu nempumelelo kumakethe yohwebo yangaphandle.
Izici zekhasimende kanye ne-taboo
ISpain, eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeYurophu, yaziwa ngomlando wayo ocebile, isiko elinempilo, nokungenisa izihambi okufudumele. Abantu baseSpain ngokuvamile banobungane futhi bayazamukela izivakashi. Bayaziqhenya ngamasiko nemikhuba yabo yendabuko. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela izici ezithile zamakhasimende nama-taboos lapho uvakashela eSpain. Amakhasimende aseSpain ayabazisa ubudlelwano bomuntu siqu futhi akhetha ukusebenzisana okufudumele nokunozwela namabhizinisi. Ukwakha ukwethembana kubalulekile ekusunguleni ubudlelwano bebhizinisi obuphumelelayo eSpain. Kuvamile ukuthi abantu baseSpain bahlanganyele enkulumweni encane ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngezindaba zebhizinisi njengendlela yokwenza ukuxhumana komuntu siqu. Ukuphatha isikhathi kungase kuhluke kwamanye amasiko, njengoba abaseSpain bebeka ukubaluleka kokuphila komkhaya nokuzijabulisa. Imihlangano ivame ukuqala sekwephuzile noma ithathe isikhathi eside kunesihleliwe ngenxa yezingxoxo ezingahleliwe noma amathuba okuxhumana avela phakathi nomhlangano. Ngokuphathelene nokuziphatha okuhle, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukudla kwasemini kuyisidlo esikhulu sosuku eSpain. Amakhasimende aseSpain ajabulela ukudla okunethezeka lapho akwazi khona ukuphumula futhi ajabulele ukudla kwawo kanye nengxoxo emnandi. Izidlo eziphuthumayo noma ukucela umthethosivivinywa ngokushesha kungase kubhekwe njengokungahloniphi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugcina isikhathi kungase kungagcizelelwa kakhulu njalo ezilungiselelweni zomphakathi kodwa kuhlala kubalulekile kuma-aphoyintimenti ochwepheshe noma emihlanganweni yebhizinisi. Ngokuphathelene namasiko okuphana izipho, nakuba kungadingekile ukwethula izipho phakathi nemihlangano yokuqala noma izingxoxo namakhasimende aseSpain, uma umenywe emzini womuntu ukuze uzodla isidlo sakusihlwa noma emcimbini (njengoKhisimusi), ulethe isipho esincane esinjengoshokoledi noma ibhodlela lewayini. njengophawu lokwazisa luvame ukwenziwa eSpain. Kubalulekile ukugwema izihloko ezibucayi njengezepolitiki noma ukungezwani kwesifunda lapho uzibandakanya namakhasimende ase-Spain ngenxa yezingxabano ezingokomlando ezisadlangile namuhla mayelana nezifiso zezifunda ezithile zokuzimela. Sekukonke, ukuqonda lezi zici zekhasimende kungasiza ekusunguleni ukusebenzisana okuhle kuyilapho ugwema izithiyo ezingaba khona lapho uqhuba ibhizinisi noma uzibandakanya nomphakathi nabantu baseSpain.
Uhlelo lokuphathwa kweCustoms
ISpain, eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeYurophu, inohlelo olusungulwe kahle lokulawula amasiko nemingcele. Izwe selisebenzise imithethonqubo eqinile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha nokuvikeleka kwemingcele yalo. Lapho ungena noma uphuma eSpain, kunamaphuzu ambalwa abalulekile okufanele uwakhumbule. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuba nezincwadi zokuhamba ezisemthethweni. Izakhamizi okungezona eze-European Union kumele zibe nepasipoti esemthethweni enezinyanga okungenani eziyisithupha zokuba semthethweni okusele. Izakhamizi ze-EU zingahamba ngaphakathi kwe-Schengen Area zisebenzisa amakhadi azo omazisi bezwe. Izimpahla ezilethwa futhi zakhishwa eSpain zingaphansi kwemithetho yentela. Abahambi kufanele bamemezele noma yiziphi izinto ezeqa imikhawulo ethile noma ezidinga izimvume ezikhethekile njengezibhamu, imikhiqizo yokudla, noma izinto zobuciko zamasiko. Izibonelelo zamahhala zotshwala, imikhiqizo kagwayi, nezinye izimpahla zingasebenza. Ezikhumulweni zezindiza zase-Spain nasezikhumulweni zasolwandle, izikhulu zezimpahla ezithengiswayo zivame ukwenza ukuhlolwa okungahleliwe kwezidakamizwa nezinye izinto ezingavunyelwe. Kubalulekile ukuthi ungangeni nezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni ezweni njengoba izinhlawulo ezinzima zingase zikhishwe uma zibanjwa. Izivakashi kufanele futhi ziqaphele imikhawulo ekungeniseni imali noma ekuthekeliseni. Uma iphethe ngaphezu kuka-€10,000 (noma okulingana nayo ngolunye uhlobo lwemali), kufanele imenyezelwe lapho ifika noma isuka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahambi abavela emazweni angewona awe-EU kufanele bazijwayeze nezidingo ze-visa ngaphambi kohambo lwabo oluya eSpain. Izizwe ezingenazo i-Visa ngokuvamile zingahlala izinsuku ezingafika kwezingu-90 phakathi nenkathi yezinsuku eziyi-180 ngezinjongo zokuvakasha kodwa zingase zidinge ama-visa athile ngezinjongo zomsebenzi noma zokufunda. Ukwengeza, abagibeli abafika bevela ngaphandle kwe-EU bangase bahlole ukuphepha okwengeziwe okuhlobene nezindlela zezempilo ezifana nezinqubo zokuhlola i-COVID-19 ezibekwe yiziphathimandla zaseSpain. Sekukonke, lapho ungena noma uphuma emingceleni yaseSpain: 1) Phatha izincwadi zokuhamba ezisemthethweni. I-2) Ukuthobela imithetho yentela: Memezela izinto ezikhawulelwe uma kunesidingo. 3) Ungaziphathi izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni - kunezinhlawulo ezinzima. 4) Qaphela imikhawulo yemali. 5) Qonda izidingo ze-visa ngaphambi kohambo. 6) Ukuthobelana nezidingo zokungena ezihlobene nempilo ngesikhathi sobhadane olufana ne-COVID-19. Ngokulandela le mihlahlandlela, abahambi bangakwazi ukuzulazula kuhlelo lwe-Spanish for customs and border control system kahle ngenkathi beqinisekisa ukuthi bayayithobela imithetho yendawo.
Izinqubomgomo zentela zokungenisa
Inqubomgomo yentela yaseSpain yokungeniswa kwempahla iklanyelwe ukulawula nokulawula ukungena kwezimpahla ezweni ezivela phesheya. Uhulumeni waseSpain ubeka izintela ezithile emikhiqizweni ephuma kwamanye amazwe ukuze kuvikelwe izimboni zasekhaya, ukungenisa imali, nokuqinisekisa ukuncintisana okufanele. Imisebenzi yokungenisa e-Spain iyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lomkhiqizo, umsuka wawo, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwawo ngaphansi kwezivumelwano zokuhweba zamazwe ngamazwe. Ikhodi ye-Harmonised System (HS) isetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa izimpahla kanye nokunquma imisebenzi yentela esebenzayo. Kunezigaba ezihlukene zezilinganiso ezisuselwe ku-ad valorem noma izilinganiso ezithile. Izimpahla ezithile ezibalulekile ezifana nokudla okuyisisekelo noma izinsiza zokwelapha kungenzeka zehlisiwe noma zero zero izilinganiso zentela ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukutholakala kwazo ngamanani aphusile kubathengi. Ngokuphambene, izinto zikanokusho ezifana nezinto zikagesi ezisezingeni eliphezulu noma imikhiqizo yemfashini zivame ukubhekana nezindleko eziphezulu. Ukuze ubale intela yokungenisa e-Spain, umuntu udinga ukucabangela inani elimenyeziwe lezimpahla ezingenisiwe, izindleko zokuhamba, izindleko zomshwalense, nezinye izici ezifanele. Lezi zibalo zisekelwe emithethweni yokuhlolwa kwentela esungulwe izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe njenge-World Trade Organization (WTO) Customs Valuation Agreement. Ngokungeziwe emithendelekweni evamile yokungenisa, i-Spain ingase ibeke izintela ezengeziwe ezifana nentela ye-value-added (VAT) noma intela yokusetshenziswa ezimpahleni ezingenisiwe ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene zokusatshalaliswa kwazo ezweni. ISpain futhi inezivumelwano zohwebo namanye amazwe ezingathinta inqubomgomo yayo yentela yokungenisa. Isibonelo, uma iSpain inesivumelwano sohwebo lwamahhala nezwe elithile esisusa noma esinciphisa amanani entengo yemikhiqizo ethile engenisiwe isuka lapho. Sekukonke, inqubomgomo yentela yase-Spain yentela yokungeniswa kwempahla ifuna ukulingana phakathi kokuvikela izimboni zasekhaya kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukufinyeleleka kwabathengi. Iphinde ihambisane nemithethonqubo yezohwebo emhlabeni wonke futhi icabangele izivumelwano zamazwe amabili okuhloswe ngazo ukukhuthaza ubudlelwano bezomnotho nezinye izizwe.
Thumela izinqubomgomo zentela
I-Spain inenqubomgomo yentela ekhona yokuthi izimpahla zayo ezithunyelwayo zilawule intela kule mikhiqizo. Izwe lilandela inqubomgomo efanayo yezohwebo ye-European Union (EU), okuhloswe ngayo ukuqinisekisa ukuncintisana okuhle nokuvikela izimboni zakuleli. Ngokuvamile, i-Spain ayikhokhisi izintela ezithile ezimpahleni ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Kodwa-ke, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle okuvela e-Spain kukhonjelwe intela ye-value-added (VAT) ngokusekelwe kumithetho ye-EU. Izinga le-VAT elisebenzayo lincike ohlotsheni lwezimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Ezimpahleni eziningi, izinga le-VAT elijwayelekile elingu-21% liyakhokhiswa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abadayisi kumele bafake le ntela enanini lemikhiqizo yabo uma beyidayisa phesheya. Kodwa-ke, uma ukuthunyelwa kufaneleka ukuthola i-VAT enezinga elinguziro ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-EU, azikho izintela ezengeziwe ezikhokhwa abathumeli. Ukuze ufaneleke ukuthola i-VAT enezinga elinguziro, kufanele kuhlangatshezwane nemibandela ethile. Isibonelo, ukuthunyelwa emazweni angewona awe-EU noma ukunikezwa okuhlobene ngokuqondile nesevisi yezokuthutha yamazwe ngamazwe ngokuvamile akukhokhiswa i-VAT. Ukwengeza, okunye ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kungase kufaneleke ukuthola amanani ancishisiwe noma ukukhululwa kuye ngezimboni ezithile noma izivumelwano nozakwethu bokuhweba. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi imisebenzi yentela ingase futhi isebenze lapho kuthunyelwa izimpahla zisuka e-Spain ziye emazweni angewona awe-EU ngokusekelwe ezivumelwaneni zohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe nezintela ezisungulwe yilawo mazwe noma izifunda. Sekukonke, ngenkathi i-Spain ilandela inqubomgomo evamile yezohwebo ye-EU mayelana nentela ezimpahleni ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ngokusebenzisa intela yenani elingezwe ngokuvumelana namazinga ahlukene kanye nokukhululwa okusekelwe ezimweni ezithile kanye nezivumelwano nozakwethu bokuhweba ezazisebenza, azikho izintela ezithile ezikhokhiswayo kuphela ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle ngaphakathi kwe-Spain. uqobo.
Kudingeka izitifiketi zokuthekelisa
ISpain yaziwa ngomnotho wayo ohlukahlukene nothuthukayo, kanti ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kuyisici esinomthelela omkhulu. Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi nobuqiniso balezi zimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, i-Spain isebenzise izinqubo eziqinile zokunikeza isitifiketi sokuthumela ngaphandle. Uhulumeni wase-Spain, esebenzisa Umnyango Wezomnotho Nokuncintisana, wengamela ukunikezwa kwezitifiketi zokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe. Isiphathimandla esikhulu esibophezelekile ekukhipheni izitifiketi zokuthekelisa yi-Spanish Institute for Foreign Trade (ICEX). Basebenzisana eduze nezinye izinhlaka zikahulumeni ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi imikhiqizo ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe futhi ithobela imithetho yezohwebo. I-ICEX ihlinzeka ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezitifiketi zokuthekelisa ezisuselwe kuhlobo lomkhiqizo othunyelwa ngaphandle. Isitifiketi esisodwa esibalulekile Isitifiketi Somsuka, esiqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wenziwe noma wacutshungulwa e-Spain. Lo mbhalo uqinisekisa ukubeka izinto obala ezinkambisweni zohwebo futhi usiza ukuvimbela ukukhwabanisa noma izimpahla zomgunyathi ukuthi zingangeni ezimakethe zangaphandle. Esinye isitifiketi esibalulekile ukumaka i-CE. Lolu phawu lubonisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uthobelana nezidingo zokuphepha, ezempilo, nokuvikelwa kwemvelo kwe-European Union. Kubonisa ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwe-Spanish kwamanye amazwe kuhlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-EU futhi kungathengiswa ngokukhululekile emazweni angamalungu. Ukwengeza, kuye ngohlobo lwezimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, kungase kudingeke izitifiketi ezithile. Isibonelo, imikhiqizo yokudla kufanele ihambisane nemithetho yokuphepha kokudla elawulwa ama-ejensi kahulumeni njenge-Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN). Ngokufanayo, imikhiqizo yezolimo idinga ukunamathela ezinyathelweni ze-phytosanitary ezinikezwe uMnyango Wezolimo. ISpain iphinde izibandakanye ezivumelwaneni zamazwe amabili namazwe angabambisene ukuze kube lula ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe. Lezi zivumelwano zihlinzeka ngokuqashelwa okufanayo kwezinqubo zokuhlola ukuhambisana phakathi kweSpain nozakwethu bokuhweba kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho kazwelonke efanele. Kuhle ukusho ukuthi ukuthola izitifiketi ezidingekayo kuhilela ukuthunyelwa kwemibhalo eqinile kanye nokuhlolwa noma ukucwaninga okwenziwa iziphathimandla ezifanele. Abathekelisi bayelulekwa ukuthi bazijwayeze nezidingo ezithile zemikhiqizo yabo ethile ngaphambi kokuqala noma yimiphi imisebenzi yokuthekelisa evela e-Spain. Kafushane, inqubo yokukhishwa kwezitifiketi yaseSpain ihlose ukuqinisekisa izinyathelo zokulawula ikhwalithi ngenkathi ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe ezibekwe amazwe angenisayo. Izwe libeka phambili ukubonakala obala ezinkambisweni zohwebo ngezinqubo zokuqinisekisa ezifanele, liqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwe-Spanish kwamanye amazwe kuthembekile futhi kuthenjwa emhlabeni wonke.
Ukuhanjiswa okunconyiwe
ISpain iyizwe eliseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeYurophu, elaziwa ngamagugu alo anothile namasiko ahlukahlukene. Uma kukhulunywa ngezinsizakalo zokuhamba nezokuthutha, iSpain inikeza izinketho ezimbalwa ezinhle kakhulu zamabhizinisi nabantu ngabanye. Okokuqala, iSpain inenethiwekhi ebanzi yengqalasizinda yezokuthutha eyenza kube lula ukuhanjiswa kwempahla. Izwe linemigwaqo egcinwe kahle kanye nemigwaqo emikhulu exhumanisa amadolobha nezifunda ezahlukahlukene ngaphakathi kweSpain, okwenza kube lula ukuthutha izimpahla ezweni lonke. Ukwengeza, iSpain inohlelo lwesitimela oluqinile oluhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokuthutha ezinokwethenjelwa zempahla. Mayelana nezinsizakalo zezimpahla zomoya, iSpain iyikhaya lezikhumulo zezindiza eziningi ezimatasa ezinezindawo ezinhle kakhulu zokuphatha impahla. Isikhumulo sezindiza i-Barcelona-El Prat kanye ne-Madrid-Barajas Airport yizindawo ezimbili ezinkulu lapho amabhizinisi ekwazi ukuthumela noma ukwamukela izimpahla kalula ngendiza. Lezi zikhumulo zezindiza zinezindawo ezinikezela ngempahla ezithwala impahla ezinobuchwepheshe besimanje ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSpain inamachweba amaningana asezingeni lomhlaba aphatha amanani amakhulu okuhweba olwandle. Ichweba laseValencia lingesinye salezo zibonelo; isebenza njengesango elikhulu lokungenisa kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kusuka eningizimu yeYurophu. Ngamatheminali esitsha sesimanje kanye nezinqubo ezisebenzayo zenkambiso, leli chweba linikeza izinketho ezinokwethenjelwa zokuthumela amabhizinisi abheke ukuthutha izimpahla ngolwandle. Ngaphezu kwengqalasizinda ebonakalayo, iSpain iphinde ibe nezinkampani eziningi zezimpahla ezihlinzeka ngezixazululo eziphelele ze-supply chain. Lezi zinkampani zihlinzeka ngezinsiza eziningi ezifana nokugcinwa kwempahla, ukuphathwa kokusabalalisa, ukugunyazwa kwempahla, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwempahla. Abanye abahlinzeki bezokuthutha abaziwayo eSpain bahlanganisa i-DHL Supply Chain, DB Schenker Logistics Ibérica S.L.U., Kühne + Nagel Logistics S.A., phakathi kwabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ufuna izinsiza zokuthutha ezikhethekile ezimbonini ezifana nemithi noma izimpahla ezibolayo - abahlinzeki bezinto ezibandayo ezifana no-Norbert Dentressangle Iberica noma i-Dachs España bahlinzeka ngezindawo zokugcina ezilawulwa izinga lokushisa nezixazululo zezokuthutha eziqinisekisa ubuqotho bemikhiqizo ebucayi ngesikhathi sokuthutha. Sekukonke, i-Citas Import Export Solutions planes de Logística s.l.iyinketho ekahle ngenxa yolwazi abanalo kulo mkhakha, amanethiwekhi aqinile, nokuzibophezela ekuhlinzekeni amakhasimende okuhle kakhulu. Sengiphetha, iSpain inikeza inethiwekhi yezokuthutha enokwethenjelwa nesebenza kahle ehlanganisa izindlela zokuthutha ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa imigwaqo, izitimela, izinsizakalo zezimpahla zomoya, namachweba. Njengoba kunezinkampani eziningi zezokuthutha ezihlinzeka ngezixazululo eziphelele ze-supply chain, amabhizinisi angathola izinketho ezifanele zezidingo zawo ezithile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ezokuthutha zangaphakathi nezwe noma zamazwe ngamazwe, i-Spain ingqalasizinda nobungcweti bokusingatha izinhlobonhlobo zezidingo zezokuthutha.
Iziteshi zokuthuthukisa umthengi

Imibukiso yokuhweba ebalulekile

ISpain iyizwe elidumile uma kukhulunywa ngokuthengwa kwamanye amazwe. Ihlinzeka ngeziteshi ezimbalwa ezibalulekile zabathengi futhi isingathe imibukiso yohwebo ebalulekile ehlukahlukene. Lezi zindlela zidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukuxhumana, ukuxhumana nokuxhumana, nokuhlola amathuba okwanda kwebhizinisi. Okokuqala, enye yezindlela ezivelele zabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe eSpain iwukusebenzisa amakamelo okuhweba noma izinhlangano zebhizinisi. Lezi zinhlangano zisebenza njengezinkundla ezibalulekile zokuxhumana nabaphakeli nabakhiqizi baseSpain emikhakheni eyahlukene. Banikeza isiqondiso, ukusekela, futhi bahlele imicimbi ehlukahlukene ukuze kube lula ukusebenzisana komthengi nomthengisi. Okwesibili, ama-ejensi kahulumeni waseSpain asemthethweni afana ne-ICEX (I-Spanish Institute for Foreign Trade) ikhuthaza ubudlelwano bohwebo phakathi kwezinkampani zaseSpain nabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe. Bahlinzeka ngamasevisi asukela ocwaningweni lwemakethe kuya emicimbini yokufanisa, okuvumela abathengi bangaphandle ukuthi bahlole ubudlelwano obungaba khona namabhizinisi aseSpain. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSpain isungule izindawo zohwebo lwamahhala (ama-FTZ) aheha abathengi bomhlaba wonke abafuna izinketho zokuthenga ezingabizi kakhulu. Lawa ma-FTZ ahlinzeka ngezinxephezelo zentela, izinqubo zentela ehlelekile, kanye nezinsiza zengqalasizinda ezizuzisa imisebenzi yokuhlonza amazwe ngamazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSpain isingatha imibukiso yohwebo eminingana ebalulekile eheha abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe abavela ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene. Ezinye izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa: 1. I-Mobile World Congress: Omunye wemibukiso emikhulu yobuchwepheshe beselula owenziwa minyaka yonke e-Barcelona uheha abaholi bezimboni abafuna izixazululo zeselula ezisezingeni eliphezulu. 2. I-FITUR: Umbukiso wezokuvakasha ohamba phambili obanjelwe e-Madrid ohlinzeka ngamathuba ezinkampani zezokuvakasha, abaqhubi bezokuvakasha, abanikazi bamahhotela ukuze babonise imikhiqizo/izinkonzo zabo kubalingani bomhlaba wonke. 3.GIfTEXPO: Lo Mbukiso Wezipho Wamazwe Ngamazwe uhlanganisa uhla olubanzi lwezipho zekhwalithi ezihlanganisa imisebenzi yezandla, 4.Fruit Attraction: Umcimbi obalulekile obugxile ezithelweni nemifino eheha abathengisi bezolimo emhlabeni wonke abafuna umkhiqizo waseSpain, 5.CEVISAMA: Lo mbukiso odumile wamathayela e-ceramic obanjelwe e-Valencia uhlanganisa ndawonye ochwepheshe bemboni abanentshisekelo kumathrendi akamuva kanye nezinto ezintsha ezihlobene nezitsha zobumba, Le mibukiso isebenza njengezinkundla ezifanele lapho abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe bengahlangana nabahlinzeki abangaba khona ubuso nobuso kuyilapho behlezi benolwazi mayelana nezimakethe ezikhulayo ezimakethe phakathi kwemikhakha yabo. Sengiphetha,j kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe, iSpain yethula imigudu ehlukahlukene ebalulekile yokuthuthukisa ubudlelwano bokuhwebelana namabhizinisi aseSpain. Izinhlaka zezohwebo, izikhungo zikahulumeni, nezindawo zohwebo lwamahhala zinikeza uhlaka oludingekayo lokusekela, kuyilapho imibukiso yezohwebo nemibukiso inikeza amathuba okuxhumana ngokuqondile nabangase babe ngabahlinzeki. Lezi zindlela zifaka isandla kakhulu ekumeni kweSpain njengendawo ekhangayo yemisebenzi yokuthengwa kwempahla yamazwe ngamazwe.
E-Spain, kunezinjini zokusesha ezimbalwa ezivame ukusetshenziswa. Nazi ezinye ezidume kakhulu kanye nama-URL ewebhusayithi yazo: 1. I-Google: Injini yokusesha esetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele, futhi idume kakhulu eSpain. Abantu bangafinyelela kuyo ku-www.google.es. 2. I-Bing: Enye injini yokusesha esetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke, i-Bing nayo isetshenziswa kakhulu eSpain. Ungayithola ku-www.bing.com. 3. I-Yahoo: Nakuba ukuduma kwe-Yahoo kwehlile ngokuhamba kweminyaka, kuseyinjini yokusesha esetshenziswa kakhulu e-Spain. I-URL yewebhusayithi yayo ithi www.yahoo.es. 4. I-DuckDuckGo: Yaziwa ngokubeka phambili ubumfihlo bomsebenzisi nokungalandeleli ulwazi lomuntu siqu, i-DuckDuckGo isizuze ukuduma njengenye indlela yokusesha ekhethwayo naseSpain. I-URL yewebhusayithi yayo ithi duckduckgo.com/es. 5. I-Yandex: I-Yandex iyinjini yokusesha ese-Russian ehlinzeka ngemiphumela yosesho lwewebhu kanye namasevisi aku-inthanethi nakubasebenzisi abakhuluma isi-Spanish. Abantu baseSpain bangafinyelela izinsiza zabo nge-www.yandex.es. Sicela wazi ukuthi lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa zezinjini zokusesha ezivame ukusetshenziswa e-Spain, futhi kungase kube nezinye izinketho zesifunda noma ezikhethekile ezitholakalayo futhi.

Amakhasi amakhulu aphuzi

Amakhasi aphuzi aseSpain ahlanganisa: 1. I-Paginas Amarillas (https://www.paginasamarillas.es/): Lona uhla lwemibhalo oluhamba phambili lwamakhasi aphuzi e-Spain, olunikeza uhlu olubanzi lwamabhizinisi emikhakheni eyahlukene. 2. I-QDQ Media (https://www.qdq.com/): I-QDQ Media inikeza uhla lwemibhalo olunabile lwe-inthanethi lwamabhizinisi ase-Spain, okuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi baseshe abathintwayo ngemibandela ehlukene njengendawo, imboni, namasevisi. 3. 11870 (https://www.11870.com/): 11870 ingosi ye-inthanethi edumile lapho abasebenzisi bangathola khona ulwazi lokuxhumana lwamabhizinisi ase-Spain. Iphinde ibe nokubuyekezwa nezilinganiso ezivela kwabanye abasebenzisi. 4. I-Guía Telefónica de España (https://www.guiatelefonicadeespana.com/): Lolu hlu lwemibhalo luhlinzeka ngohlu lwamabhizinisi nezingcweti kulo lonke elase-Spain, ezihlukaniswa idolobha noma isifunda. 5. Directorio de Empresas de España (https://empresas.hospitalet.cat/es/home.html): Lolu uhla lwemibhalo lwebhizinisi olusemthethweni olunakekelwa i-Hospital City Council e-Catalonia oluhlanganisa ukufakwa kuhlu kwezinkampani nezinhlangano kuzo zonke izimboni ezahlukene. 6. Infobel Spain Business Directory (https://infobel.com/zu/spain/business): I-Infobel inikeza uhla lwemibhalo lwebhizinisi oluku-inthanethi oluhlanganisa amazwe amaningana okuhlanganisa ne-Spain, olunikeza imininingwane yokuxhumana yezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinkampani. 7. I-Kompass - Amakhasi Aphuzi ESpanishi (https://es.kompass.com/business-directory/spain/dir-01/page-1): I-Kompass inikeza ukufinyelela kusizindalwazi esibanzi sezinkampani zaseSpain ezihlanganisa imikhakha ehlukene, okuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi ukusesha ngokusekelwe kumibandela ethile efana nemboni noma usayizi wenkampani. Lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa zezinkomba ezinkulu zamakhasi aphuzi ezitholakala eSpain. Khumbula ukuthi uhla lwemibhalo ngalunye lungaba nezinto zalo ezikhethekile noma izindawo okugxilwe kuzo kuye ngendawo ekhaviwe noma izinsiza ezengeziwe ezinikezwayo.

Izinkundla ezinkulu zezentengiselwano

ISpain, izwe elihle eNingizimu Yurophu, isivele njengelinye lamazwe ahamba phambili ngokuya ngamapulatifomu e-e-commerce. Nazi ezinye zezinkundla ezinkulu ze-e-commerce eSpain kanye namawebhusayithi abo: 1. I-Amazon Spain: Njengomdondoshiya wamazwe ngamazwe, i-Amazon ikwisikhundla esivelele emakethe yaseSpain. Inikeza inhlobonhlobo yemikhiqizo kuzo zonke izigaba ezahlukahlukene. Iwebhusayithi https://www.amazon.es/ 2. I-El Corte Inglés: Lona ngolunye lwezitolo ezinkulu zase-Spain ezinwetshwe endaweni yemakethe eku-inthanethi. Ihlinzeka ngemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ehlanganisa imfashini, izinto zikagesi, nezinto zikagesi zasekhaya. Iwebhusayithi https://www.elcorteingles.es/ 3. I-AliExpress: Isuka e-China kodwa ngesisekelo samakhasimende abalulekile e-Spain, i-AliExpress yaziwa ngamanani ayo athengekayo nokukhethwa kwemikhiqizo ebanzi ezigabeni eziningi. Iwebhusayithi: https://es.aliexpress.com/ 4. I-eBay Spain: Enye yezingosi ze-inthanethi zendali nezokuthenga ezaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni, i-eBay iphinde isebenze e-Spain lapho abasebenzisi bangathenga khona kokubili izinto ezintsha nezisetshenzisiwe kalula. Iwebhusayithi: https://www.ebay.es/ 5.JD.com : I-JD.com yenze uphawu lwayo njengomthengisi omkhulu kunabo bonke e-China kodwa futhi isinwebele emhlabeni wonke emazweni afana ne-Spain ehlinzeka ngemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene efana nogesi, izingubo zokugqoka, imikhiqizo yobuhle njll .Iwebhusayithi :https://global.jd .com/es 6.Worten : Umthengisi odumile wase-Spain osebenza ku-electronics abathengi nezinto zikagesi zasendlini osebenza kokubili ku-inthanethi nangezitolo ezibonakalayo ezweni lonke.Iwebhusayithi :https://www.worten.es 7.MediaMarkt ES : Omunye umthengi odumile othengisa izinto zikagesi osebenza emazweni amaningi ahlanganisa iSpain.Ihlinzeka ngezinhlobonhlobo zamagajethi e-elekthronikhi njengama-smartphone, amalaptop njll.Iwebhusayithi :https://www.mediamarkt.es/ Lezi ezinye zezibonelo zezingxenyekazi ze-e-commerce ezinkulu ezibhekelela abathengi ngaphakathi kweSpain.Zinikeza amakhasimende ukufinyelela okulula kuhlu olubanzi lwempahla edayiswayo evela emhlabeni wonke.Ukusebenza ngalezi nkundla kwenza abantu base-Spain bakwazi ukujabulela ukunethezeka kokuthenga ku-inthanethi.

Izinkundla zokuxhumana ezinkulu

E-Spain, kunezinkundla zokuxhumana ezimbalwa ezidumile ezixhuma abantu futhi zikhuthaze ukuxhumana. Nazi ezinye zezingosi zokuxhumana ezisetshenziswa kakhulu e-Spain, kanye nama-URL azo ahambisanayo: 1. Facebook - https://www.facebook.com I-Facebook iyindawo yokuxhumana nabantu eyaziwa kakhulu futhi esetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise naseSpain. Abasebenzisi bangaxhumana nabangane nomndeni, babelane ngezibuyekezo, izithombe, amavidiyo, futhi bajoyine amaqembu anentshisekelo ahlukahlukene. 2. Instagram - https://www.instagram.com I-Instagram iyinkundla ebonakalayo kakhulu lapho abasebenzisi bangabelana ngezithombe namavidiyo amafushane. Izuze ukuthandwa okukhulu eSpain nasemhlabeni jikelele ngenxa yokugxila kokuqukethwe okubukwayo. 3. Twitter - https://twitter.com I-Twitter yenza abasebenzisi bakwazi ukuthumela imilayezo emifushane ebizwa ngokuthi "ama-tweets" anezinhlamvu ezifika ku-280 ubude. Isebenza njengenkundla yokwabelana ngolwazi ngesikhathi sangempela lapho abasebenzisi bengalandela abanye futhi bazibandakanye ezingxoxweni besebenzisa ama-hashtag. 4. I-LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com I-LinkedIn ingosi yenethiwekhi yobungcweti evumela abantu ukuthi benze amaphrofayili agqamisa amakhono abo, imfundo, ulwazi lomsebenzi, kanye nezimpumelelo zabo. Isiza ochwepheshe bandise inethiwekhi yabo yobungcweti ngokuxhumana nozakwabo noma abangaba abaqashi. 5. TikTok - https://www.tiktok.com I-TikTok iyinkundla yokudala yokwabelana ngamavidiyo afushane kusukela ekudlalweni kokuvumelanisa izindebe kuya kuma-skits ahlekisayo noma izindlela zokudansa ezidumile ezizukulwaneni ezincane zaseSpain. 6. WhatsApp - https://www.whatsapp.com Nakuba ingabhekwa njengenkundla yezokuxhumana evamile ngokwengxenye ngayinye; I-WhatsApp idlala indima ebalulekile emphakathini waseSpain ngezinjongo zokuxhumana ngokusebenzisa imiyalezo noma izingcingo zezwi/ zevidiyo phakathi kwabantu noma izingxoxo zeqembu. 7.Ngaphezu kwalezi zinkundla zomhlaba ezibalwe ngenhla ezinezisekelo zabasebenzisi ababalulekile emphakathini waseSpain; amanye amanethiwekhi omphakathi e-Spanish asendaweni ahlanganisa: Xing (https://www.xing.es) I-Tuenti (https://tuenti.es) Sicela uqaphele ukuthi ukuduma kwalezi zinkundla kungase kuhluke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi naphakathi kwamaqembu eminyaka ahlukene.

Izinhlangano ezinkulu zezimboni

ISpain inomnotho ocebile futhi ohlukahlukene onezinhlangano ezinkulu ezihlukene ezimele imikhakha eyahlukene. Nalu uhlu lwezinye izinhlangano ezibalulekile zezimboni eSpain kanye namawebhusayithi azo asemthethweni: 1. I-Spanish Confederation of Business Organizations (CEOE) - ihlanganisa inhlobonhlobo yezimboni, ezihlanganisa ezokukhiqiza, ezokwakha, ezokuvakasha, nezezimali. Iwebhusayithi http://www.ceoe.es. 2. I-Spanish Association of Automotive Suppliers (SERNAUTO) - imele izinkampani ezibandakanyekayo ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa komkhakha wezimoto. Iwebhusayithi http://www.sernauto.es 3. I-Spanish Confederation of Hotels and Tourist Accommodation (CEHAT) - imele izintshisekelo zamahhotela nezinye izikhungo zokulala. Iwebhusayithi: https://www.cehat.com 4. I-Spanish Association for Renewable Energies (APPARE) - igxile ekukhuthazeni okuvuselelekayo okufana nomoya, ilanga, amandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi. Iwebhusayithi: https://apppare.asociaciones.org/ 5. I-National Federation of Food Industries and Beverages (FIAB) - imele imboni yokudla okuhlanganisa imikhakha yokucubungula, yokukhiqiza, kanye nokusabalalisa. Iwebhusayithi: https://fiab.es/ 6. I-Spanish Photovoltaic Union (UNEF) - ikhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamandla elanga ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo ze-photovoltaic. Iwebhusayithi http://unefotovoltaica.org/ 7. I-National Association for Steelworks Producers in Spain (SIDEREX) - imele izinkampani ezenza insimbi ezisebenza e-Spain Iwebhusayithi http://siderex.com/en/ 8. Ikomidi Labasebenzi Bezindiza iSpain-Portugal (COCAE)- limele abaqhubi bezindiza ezindabeni zokusebenza ezikhumulweni zezindiza eSpain nasePortugal Iwebhusayithi http://cocae.aena.es/en/home-en/ I-9.Spanish Meterological Society(SEM)- ihlanganisa ndawonye ochwepheshe ababambe iqhaza kwi-meteorology noma isayensi ehlobene ukuze kuthuthukiswe amathuba ocwaningo ngaphakathi kwalo mkhakha iwebhusayithi :http/https//sites.google.com/view/sociedad-semen/homespan> Lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa ezivela enanini elikhulu lezinhlangano eSpain. Ngayinye yalezi zinhlangano idlala indima ebalulekile ekumeleleni, ekukhuthazeni, nasekunikezeni ukwesekwa ezimbonini zazo.

Amawebhusayithi ebhizinisi nokuhweba

Kunamawebhusayithi ambalwa ezomnotho nezohwebo eSpain ahlinzeka ngolwazi ngomnotho wezwe, ezohwebo, namathuba ebhizinisi. Nazi ezinye zazo kanye namakheli abo ewebhusayithi: 1. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-Spanish Chamber of Commerce: http://www.camaras.org/en/home/ Le webhusayithi inikezela ngolwazi olubanzi ngomnotho waseSpain, imikhakha yebhizinisi, usizo lokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe, kanye nezibalo zohwebo. 2. I-Spain Global Trade Portal: https://www.spainbusiness.com/ Le nkundla inikeza imininingwane ebalulekile ngamathuba ebhizinisi laseSpain emikhakheni eminingi. Kuhlanganisa imininingwane yamaphrojekthi okutshalwa kwezimali, imibiko yemakethe, izinsiza zamabhange zezinkampani, nezinsiza zokuhweba zamazwe ngamazwe. 3. ICEX Spain Trade & Investment: https://www.icex.es/icex/es/index.html Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-ICEX (Institute for Foreign Trade) inikeza ulwazi olubanzi mayelana nokwenza ibhizinisi eSpain. Inikeza umhlahlandlela ezinkampanini zakwamanye amazwe ezinentshisekelo yokutshala imali noma ukwanda emakethe yaseSpain. 4. Tshala imali eSpain: http://www.investinspain.org/ Le portal kahulumeni yethula okuqukethwe okuhlobene nokutshalwa kwezimali okuklanyelwe imikhakha ehlukene njengezokuvakasha, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlu ezithengiswayo, ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha, amapaki ezobuchwepheshe, amaphrojekthi wamandla avuselelekayo njll. 5. Iwebhusayithi Esemthethweni Yesikhungo Sikazwelonke Sezibalo (INE): https://www.indexmundi.com/spain/economy_profile.html Iwebhusayithi ye-INE inikeza izinkomba zezomnotho ezifana namazinga okukhula kwe-GDP; izitayela zabantu; idatha eqondene nemboni; izibalo zemakethe yezabasebenzi njll., ezingasiza amabhizinisi ukuthi ahlole amathuba angaba khona okutshala imali. 6. I-Barcelona Activa Business Support Agency: http://w41.bcn.cat/activaciobcn/cat/tradebureau/welcome.jsp?espai_sp=1000 Igxile kakhulu ku-Barcelona njengesizinda esibalulekile sezomnotho ngaphakathi kwe-Spain lesi sizindalwazi sihlinzeka ngosekelo nezinsiza kumabhizinisi endawo kanye nalabo abafuna ukusetha imisebenzi noma ukutshala imali esifundeni. 7. I-Madrid Chamber of Commerce: https://www.camaramadrid.es/es-ES/Paginas/Home.aspx Iwebhusayithi yaleli gumbi inikeza ulwazi ngemicimbi yokuxhumana, izinsizakalo zebhizinisi, kanye nemibukiso yezohwebo ebanjelwe eMadrid futhi ikhuthaza ukukhula kwebhizinisi kanye namathuba okushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe esifundeni. Lawa mawebhusayithi angasebenza njengezinsiza ezibalulekile kubantu noma izinkampani ezifuna ukuqonda isimo sezomnotho sase-Spain, zihlole amathuba okutshala izimali, noma zisungule ubudlelwano bebhizinisi ezweni.

Amawebhusayithi ombuzo wedatha yokuhweba

Kunamawebhusayithi ambalwa emibuzo yedatha yokuhweba atholakalayo eSpain. Nalu uhlu lwabanye babo nama-URL abo: 1. I-Spanish National Institute of Statistics (INE) - Le webhusayithi inikeza idatha yokuhweba ephelele kanye nezibalo zaseSpain. I-URL: https://www.ine.es/en/welcome.shtml 2. Umnyango Wezimboni, Wezohwebo, Nezokuvakasha - Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni Yomnyango Kahulumeni WaseSpain inikeza ulwazi oluhlobene nohwebo kanye nedatha. I-URL: https://www.mincotur.gob.es/en-us/Paginas/default.aspx 3. I-ICEX España Exportación e Inversiones - Lena ingosi esemthethweni kahulumeni wase-Spain ekhuluma ngamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe. I-URL: https://www.icex.es/icex/es/index.html 4. I-Banco de España (Ibhange LaseSpain) - Iwebhusayithi yebhange elikhulu inikeza izinkomba zomnotho ezihlanganisa idatha yokuhweba. I-URL: http://www.bde.es/bde/en/ 5. I-Eurostat - Nakuba ingaqondile eSpain, i-Eurostat iqoqa izibalo eziphelele ze-European Union okuhlanganisa nezibalo zohwebo zamazwe angamalungu njengeSpain. I-URL: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/home Sicela uqaphele ukuthi amanye amawebhusayithi angase adinge ukukhethwa kolimi noma anikeze izinketho ongawabuka ngesiNgisi uma etholakala ekhasini lawo eliyisiqalo. Lawa mawebhusayithi azokunikeza imininingwane yakamuva mayelana nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle, ibhalansi yohwebo, amanani entengo, ukuhamba kokutshalwa kwezimali, nezinye izici ezihlobene nohwebo eziphathelene nezwe laseSpain.

Amapulatifomu e-B2b

ISpain, njengoba iyizwe elithuthukile elinomnotho oqinile, inikeza izinkundla ze-B2B ezahlukahlukene ukuze amabhizinisi axhume futhi ahlanganyele. Nawa amanye amapulatifomu e-B2B eSpain kanye namawebhusayithi awo afanele: 1. I-SoloStocks (www.solostocks.com): I-SoloStocks ingenye yezinkundla ezihamba phambili ze-e-commerce e-Spain exhumanisa abathengi nabathengisi kuzo zonke izimboni ezihlukahlukene. 2. I-TradeKey (www.tradekey.com): I-TradeKey iyindawo yemakethe ye-B2B yamazwe ngamazwe eqhuba uhwebo phakathi kwezinkampani zaseSpain nabathengi bomhlaba wonke, ehlinzeka ngemikhiqizo namasevisi anhlobonhlobo. 3. I-Global Sources (www.globalsources.com): I-Global Sources enye inkundla ye-B2B evelele lapho abakhiqizi nabahlinzeki baseSpain bengabonisa imikhiqizo yabo kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe, bathuthukise ukufinyelela kwebhizinisi labo. 4. I-Europages (www.europages.es): I-Europages iwuhlu olubanzi lwemibhalo eku-inthanethi oluvumela amabhizinisi ukuthi aphromothe imikhiqizo/izinkonzo zawo kuyilapho exhumana nabangase babe abalingane bebhizinisi kulo lonke elaseYurophu. 5. I-Toboc (www.toboc.com): I-Toboc inikeza inkundla yokuhweba yomhlaba wonke yezinkampani zase-Spain ezifuna ukwandisa ukufinyelela kwazo emakethe ngokuzixhuma nabathengi/abahlinzeki bamazwe ngamazwe abaqinisekisiwe. 6. Sawubona Izinkampani (hellocallday.com/zu/sector/companies/buy-sell-in-spain.html): Sawubona Izinkampani zigxile ekuxhumaniseni amabhizinisi e-Spanish ngaphakathi kwemakethe yendawo, ukuwavumela ukuthi athenge noma adayise izimpahla/izinsizakalo ngendlela efanele. 7. I-EWorldTrade(eworldtrade.com/spain/) : I-EWorldTrade ihlinzeka ngenkundla ebanzi lapho abadayisi baseSpain bengakwazi ukuxhumana namakhasimende aphesheya futhi bahlole izimakethe ezintsha emhlabeni jikelele. 8. I-Ofertia (ofertia.me/regional/es/madrid/ecommerce.html) : I-Ofertia igxile ekukhangiseni amadili endawo avela kubathengisi base-Spain, ukuvala ngempumelelo igebe phakathi kwezitolo zezitini nodaka nabathengi abaku-inthanethi. Lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa zamapulatifomu e-B2B atholakala eSpain; kungase kube namapulatifomu amaningi aqondene ne-niche ethile noma aqondene nemboni ethile ahlinzeka ngezidingo ezithile futhi. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi amawebhusayithi nokutholakala kungase kushintshe. Kuyanconywa ukuthi uvakashele amawebhusayithi ashiwo ukuze uthole imininingwane enemininingwane ngamasevisi ahlinzekwa endaweni yemakethe ye-B2B yaseSpain.
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