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Izimakethe Eziyinhloko
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Ukubuka konke Kwezwe
I-Ethiopia, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi yiFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, iyizwe elivalekile elise-Horn of Africa. Ikhawulwe yiSudan ngasentshonalanga, i-Eritrea enyakatho, iDjibouti neSomalia empumalanga, neKenya eningizimu. Njengoba inendawo elinganiselwa ku-1.1 million square kilometers, ingelinye lamazwe amakhulu e-Afrika. I-Ethiopia inomhlaba ohlukahlukene ohlanganisa izindawo eziphakeme, amathafa, ama-savannah, nezingwadule. I-Ethiopian Highlands iqukethe ezinye zeziqongo eziphakeme kakhulu zase-Afrika futhi ziyikhaya lemifula eminingana efaka isandla eNayile Basin. Izwe linomlando ocebile osukela ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka. Ithathwa kabanzi njengenye yezindawo zokuqala zempucuko yabantu futhi yaziwa ngempucuko yayo yakudala efana ne-Aksumite Empire kanye nemibuso efana neZagwe Dynasty. I-Ethiopia nayo inefa eliqinile lamasiko elinezizwe eziningi ezihlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele yayo. Njengoba inani labantu lingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-115, i-Ethiopia ingelinye lamazwe ase-Afrika anabantu abaningi kakhulu. Inhloko-dolobha i-Addis Ababa isebenza njengesikhungo sayo sezepolitiki nezomnotho. Ulimi olusemthethweni olukhulunywa e-Ethiopia isi-Amharic; Nokho, kunezilimi ezingaphezu kuka-80 ezikhulunywa ezifundeni ezahlukene ngenxa yokwehlukahlukana kwayo kwezinhlanga. Umnotho wase-Ethiopia uthembele kakhulu kwezolimo eziqashe ingxenye enkulu yabantu bakhona. Ithumela kwamanye amazwe ubhontshisi wekhofi (i-Ethiopia yaziwa ngokuvela kwekhofi), izimbali, imifino ngenkathi futhi inemikhakha yezimboni ephawulekayo njengokukhiqiza izindwangu kanye nokukhiqizwa kwempahla yesikhumba. Naphezu kokubhekana nezinselelo ezifana nobumpofu kanye nezindaba zezenhlalo nezombusazwe kwezinye izingxenye ngezinye izikhathi; emashumini eminyaka amuva nje i-Ethiopia yenze inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile emikhakheni efana nokuthuthukiswa kokufinyelela emfundweni okuholela ekwehleni kwezinga lokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokwandisa ingqalasizinda yokunakekelwa kwezempilo njll. ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise inkomba Yekhwalithi Yokuphila ngokuphawulekayo uma iqhathaniswa nedlule. Mayelana nezindawo zokuvakasha ezingase zihehe zihlanganisa izindawo zomlando ezifana namasonto e-Lalibela aqoshwe ngamatshe noma ama-obelisk ase-Aksum; kanye nezimangaliso zemvelo ezifana neDanakil Depression noma iSimien Mountains. Amasiko ahlukahlukene ase-Ethiopia, izilwane zasendle, namathuba okuzijabulisa ayenza ibe indawo ethembisayo yezivakashi. Sengiphetha, i-Ethiopia iyizwe elinempilo elinomlando ocebile, izindawo ezihlukahlukene, namagugu amasiko. Naphezu kwezinselelo zayo, isaqhubeka nokwenza intuthuko emikhakheni eyahlukene yentuthuko futhi iyindawo ethakaselayo yakho kokubili ezokuvakasha kanye namathuba ebhizinisi.
Imali Yezwe
I-Ethiopia, eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, inemali yayo ebizwa nge-Ethiopian Birr (ETB). Igama elithi "Birr" lisuselwa esilinganisweni esidala sesisindo sase-Ethiopia. Imali ichazwa ngophawu oluthi "ብር" noma nje "ETB". I-Ethiopian Birr ikhishwa futhi ilawulwa yiBhange Lesizwe lase-Ethiopia, okuyibhange elikhulu lezwe. Ilawula inqubomgomo yezimali futhi iqinisekisa uzinzo ohlelweni lwezezimali. I-Birr iza ngamanothi anamahlelo ahlukene, okuhlanganisa 1 birr, 5 birr, 10 birr, 50 birr, kanye 100 birr. Inothi ngalinye linezibalo zomlando nezimpawu zomhlaba eziyisithonjana ezimele amagugu acebile amasiko ase-Ethiopia. Mayelana namazinga okushintshanisa imali, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi inani lemali lingashintshashintsha kuye ngezici ezihlukahlukene njengezimo zezomnotho nohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Kusukela [idethi yamanje], idola lase-US elingu-1 (i-USD) cishe lilingana [nesilinganiso sokushintsha imali] i-Ethiopian Birrs. Ngenkathi imisebenzi yasendaweni ngokuyinhloko isebenzisa ukheshi e-Ethiopia, izindlela zokukhokha zedijithali kancane kancane zithola ukuduma kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu. Amakhadi esikweletu ayamukelwa kwamanye amahhotela noma izikhungo zezivakashi; kodwa-ke, kungase kuvame kakhulu ukuthi amabhizinisi ancamele ukukhokha ngokheshi. Kuyatuseka ukuthi abavakashi abavakashela e-Ethiopia babe nemali ethile yasendaweni ekhona ezindlekweni zansuku zonke ezifana nokuthenga izimpahla ezimakethe zendawo noma ukukhokhela izinsiza zokuhamba. Izinsizakalo zokushintshisana ngemali zingatholakala emabhange noma ezikhungweni zokushintshisana zangaphandle ezigunyaziwe kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu. Sekukonke, ukuqonda kanye nokuzilungiselela ngolwazi mayelana nesimo semali yase-Ethiopia kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ulwazi lwezezimali olushelelayo phakathi nokuvakasha kwakho kuleli zwe elithakazelisayo.
Isilinganiso sokushintsha imali
Imali esemthethweni yase-Ethiopia i-Ethiopian Birr (ETB). Ngokuqondene nezilinganiso zokushintshanisa zemali ezilinganiselwe zezinhlobo zemali zomhlaba ezinkulu, sicela uqaphele ukuthi lawa manani ayashintshashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Nazi ezinye izilinganiso zokushintshisana kusukela ngoNovemba 2021: 1 USD ≈ 130 ETB 1 EUR ≈ 150 ETB 1 GBP ≈ 170 ETB 1 CNY ≈ 20 ETB Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lezi zibalo zingashintsha futhi kunconywa ukuthi uhlole nomthombo onokwethenjelwa noma isikhungo sezezimali ukuze uthole amanani okushintshanisa akamuva.
Amaholide Abalulekile
I-Ethiopia iyizwe eliseMpumalanga Afrika eligubha imikhosi namaholide amaningana abalulekile unyaka wonke. Omunye wemikhosi ebaluleke kakhulu i-Timkat, eyenzeka ngoJanuwari 19 (noma wama-20 eminyakeni ye-leap). I-Timkat yaziwa nangokuthi i-Epiphany yase-Ethiopia futhi ikhumbula ukubhapathizwa kukaJesu Kristu eMfuleni iJordani. Kulo mkhosi, izinkulungwane zabantu base-Ethiopia zibuthana emasontweni ezweni lonke ukuze zigubhe. Abapristi baphatha imifanekiso yoMphongolo weSivumelwano, abakholelwa ukuthi uqukethe iMithetho Eyishumi. Abahlanganyeli bagqoka izingubo ezimhlophe zendabuko futhi bacule amaculo okudumisa usuku lonke. Odwendweni lomkhosi, abantu bayalandela njengoba abapristi bebusisa amanzi ngokuwafafaza bebonisa ubhapathizo lwabo siqu. Elinye iholide elibalulekile e-Ethiopia uKhisimusi, owela ngoJanuwari 7 ngokwekhalenda labo lobu-Orthodox. Imikhosi kaKhisimusi yase-Ethiopia iqala ngomlindelo othatha ubusuku bonke emasontweni abizwa ngeGenna Eve. Ngosuku lukaKhisimusi ngokwalo, imindeni ibuthana edilini elivame ukufaka injera (isinkwa esiyisinkwa esimuncu) kanye ne-doro wat (isitshulu senkukhu esibabayo). I-Easter noma iFasika nayo igujwa kabanzi kulo lonke elase-Ethiopia. Kuphawula ukuvuka kukaKristu ekufeni ngemva kokubethelwa kwakhe futhi ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngemva kwesonto elilodwa kuneSonto lePhasika eligujwa amaKristu aseNtshonalanga. Abaningi baya ezinkonzweni zesonto ngalesi sikhathi kuyilapho abanye behlanganyela emicimbini yamasiko efana nokubasa imililo noma ukudlala imidlalo yesintu efana ne-gaga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iMeskel ngomunye umkhosi ophawulekayo ogujwa ngoSepthemba 27 ukuze kukhunjulwe ukuthi iNdlovukazi u-Helena yathola kanjani izingcezu zesiphambano sikaJesu emuva ekhulwini lesine AD. Okugqamile komgubho we-Meskel kubandakanya ukukhanyisa umlilo omkhulu obizwa nge-Demera ekushoneni kwelanga ngaphambi kokudansa uzungeza wona ngezingoma ezijabulisayo. Lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa zemikhosi ebalulekile yase-Ethiopia ebonisa isiko layo elinempilo, umlando, nezinkolelo eziqinile zenkolo.
Isimo Sohwebo Lwangaphandle
I-Ethiopia iyizwe elivaliwe elisophondweni lwe-Afrika. Inomnotho ohlukahlukene kanti ezolimo ziwumkhakha ohamba phambili, oneqhaza elikhulu ku-GDP yezwe futhi ziqashe ingxenye enkulu yabantu. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-Ethiopia yenze imizamo yokwehlukanisa umnotho wayo nokuthuthukisa eminye imikhakha efana nokukhiqiza, ukwakha, kanye nezinsizakalo. Mayelana nezohwebo, i-Ethiopia ithumela ngokuyinhloko imikhiqizo yezolimo efana nekhofi, imbewu kawoyela, ama-pulses, izimbali, izithelo nemifino. Ikhofi libaluleke kakhulu emnothweni wase-Ethiopia njengoba lingelinye labakhiqizi nabathengisa kakhulu e-Afrika. Okunye okuthengiswe kakhulu kwamanye amazwe kuhlanganisa igolide, imikhiqizo yesikhumba, izindwangu, kanye nemithombo yemvelo efana namaminerali. I-Ethiopia ingenisa kakhulu imishini kanye nemishini yezimboni ezifana nezindwangu, izimoto ngezinjongo zokuthutha okuhlanganisa izimoto nezingxenye zezindiza. Iphinde ingenise imikhiqizo kaphethiloli njengoba ingenawo amafutha abalulekile asekhaya. Ibhalansi yezohwebo yezwe ngokuvamile ibingeyinhle ngenxa yamanani aphezulu avela kwamanye amazwe uma kuqhathaniswa namaholo okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Kodwa-ke, ngokomlando amazinga aphezulu okukhula kokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe ahambisana nezikhuthazo zokutshala izimali ezihlukene zibe nomthelela ekwehliseni leli gebe eminyakeni yakamuva. I-Ethiopia ihlose ukuthuthukisa uhwebo lwayo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa imizamo yokuhlanganisa umnotho wesifunda phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu eNhlangano Yamazwe ase-Afrika (i-AU) ngokugqugquzela ukuhwebelana phakathi kwe-Afrika ngaphansi kwezinhlelo ezifana ne-AfCFTA (I-African Continental Free Trade Area). Sengiphetha, i-Ethiopia ithembele ekuthengisweni kwezolimo kwamanye amazwe kodwa ifuna ukuhlukahluka kweminye imikhakha ngenkathi iqhubeka nemizamo yokuthuthukisa ubudlelwano bohwebo bamazwe ngamazwe ngamathuba okuhlanganiswa kwesifunda ahlinzekwa yizinhlelo ze-AU ezifana ne-AfCFTA.
Amathuba Okuthuthukisa Imakethe
I-Ethiopia, etholakala oPhondweni lwe-Afrika, inamandla amakhulu okuthuthukisa imakethe yayo yohwebo lwangaphandle. Njengoba kunabantu abaningi ababalelwa ezigidini eziyi-112 kanye nomnotho okhulayo, izwe linikeza amathuba anenzuzo kumabhizinisi omhlaba. Enye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile zokuncintisana zase-Ethiopia indawo yayo yamasu. Isebenza njengesango eliya ezimakethe zezifunda ezihlukahlukene e-Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, okuyenza ibe indawo ekhangayo yokuhweba. Ukwengeza, i-Ethiopia ikwazi ukufinyelela emigwaqweni emikhulu yamanzi yamazwe ngamazwe ngamachweba ase-Djibouti, okuvumela imisebenzi yokungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle ebushelelezi. Umkhakha owodwa onamandla amakhulu owezolimo. I-Ethiopia inomhlaba omkhulu ovundile ofanele ukulinywa kanye nezimo zezulu ezivumayo ezitshalweni ezihlukahlukene. Izwe selivele laziwa emhlabeni jikelele njengelinye lamazwe athumela ngaphandle ikhofi nembewu yesesame. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulayo emikhiqizweni ye-horticulture njengezimbali nezithelo. Ukwandisa ukuthunyelwa kwezolimo kwamanye amazwe kungaba nomthelela emalini yokuthola imali yangaphandle ngenkathi kuhlangatshezwana nesidingo somhlaba wonke semikhiqizo yokudla. Enye indawo enikeza amandla angasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza. Uhulumeni wase-Ethiopia uhlose ukuguqula izwe libe isizinda sezokukhiqiza esihamba phambili e-Afrika ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezifana nezindawo zezimboni kanye nokugqugquzela abatshalizimali. Ngezindleko eziphansi zabasebenzi uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe amaningi, abakhiqizi bangazuza emananini ancintisanayo kuyilapho bekhulisa umthamo wabo wokukhiqiza. Umkhakha wezinsizakalo uveza namathuba okukhula njengoba i-Ethiopia ithuthukisa ingqalasizinda yayo, ubuchwepheshe, ezokuxhumana, ezokuvakasha, izikhungo zamabhange kanye nezikhungo zemfundo. Njengoba le mikhakha ithuthuka ngekhwalithi nokutholakala ezweni ngokwalo, iba yinhle kakhulu kubatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe abafuna ubudlelwano noma amathuba okunweba. Izinselelo zikhona lapho kuhlolwa amandla emakethe yezohwebo yase-Ethiopia njengengqalasizinda yezokuthutha enganele noma ukubambezeleka okuhlobene ne-bureaucracy; nokho; lezi zithiyo ziyabhekwana nemizamo kahulumeni eqhubekayo egxile ekwenzeni ngcono izinhlelo zokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda kanye nokwenza ngcono izinqubo zokulawula. Ekuphetheni, Imithombo yemvelo eyanele yase-Ethiopia ehlanganiswe nendawo yayo enenzuzo inikeza izindlela ezinkulu ezingaba khona zokuthuthukisa izimakethe zohwebo lwangaphandle kuzo zonke izimboni ezihlobene nezolimo ezifana nokuthengiswa kwekhofi ngaphandle noma imikhiqizo yembewu yesesame kanye nemikhakha esafufusa okuhlanganisa namakhono okukhiqiza alungele ukubhekana nezidingo zasendaweni ngamanani athengekayo. Ngosizo oluqhubekayo lukahulumeni, ukubhekana nezinselele nokusebenzisa izinguquko ezidingekayo, i-Ethiopia isesimweni sokuba indawo yamabhizinisi omhlaba ekhanga kakhulu.
Imikhiqizo edayiswayo eshisayo emakethe
Uma kuziwa ekukhetheni imikhiqizo edumile ezothunyelwa e-Ethiopia, kubalulekile ukucabangela izidingo zemakethe yezwe namandla omnotho. I-Ethiopia inezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo engase ithekeliswe ngaphandle, kodwa ezinye izinto zibe yimpumelelo ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yamuva. Omunye umkhakha obalulekile okhombisa ukwethembisa okukhulu imboni yezolimo. I-Ethiopia yaziwa ngendawo yayo evundile nesimo sezulu esikahle, okuyenza ibe indawo ekahle yokutshala izitshalo ezihlukahlukene. Ikhofi, imbewu kasesame, imbewu kawoyela, ama-pulses (njengama-lentils nama-chickpeas), nezinongo kufunwa kakhulu ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe. Le mikhiqizo ayinayo kuphela isidingo esinamandla kodwa futhi iziqhayisa ngekhwalithi ephezulu ngenxa yezindlela zokulima zendabuko. Izindwangu nezingubo kungenye indawo lapho i-Ethiopia iqhamuke khona njengomdlali oqhudelanayo. Imboni yendwangu yezwe iyahlomula ngobuningi babasebenzi bayo kanye nokufinyelela okukhethekile ezimakethe zomhlaba ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano zohwebo ezifana noMthetho Wokukhula Nethuba Lase-Afrika (i-AGOA). Ukuthekelisa izingubo ezenziwe ngomumo ezenziwe ukotini otholakala endaweni kuyindlela enhle kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi yezandla eyenziwe ngabadwebi base-Ethiopia ikhombisa amagugu acebile ezwe. Imisebenzi yezandla eyahlukene yendabuko efana nobhasikidi abalukiweyo, izitsha zobumba, izimpahla zesikhumba (njengezicathulo nezikhwama), ubucwebe obenziwe ngegolide noma imicu yesiliva baziswa kakhulu abathengi emhlabeni wonke. Ngokwamasu okukhetha izimakethe alezi zinto: 1) Khomba izimakethe eziqondiwe: Linganisa izifunda ezahlukahlukene ngokuya ngesidingo sazo semikhiqizo ethile. 2) Yenza ucwaningo lwemakethe: Hlaziya okuthandwa ngabathengi, izinga lokuncintisana, izitayela zentengo. 3) Ukuzijwayeza: Lungisa ukupakishwa noma ukucaciswa komkhiqizo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane namazinga nemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe. 4) Ukukhangisa: Thuthukisa imikhankaso yokumaketha esebenzayo eqondise abangase babe abathengi phesheya ngokusebenzisa imibukiso yezohwebo noma izinkundla ze-inthanethi. 5) Inethiwekhi: Sungula ubudlelwano nabangenisa kwamanye amazwe noma abasabalalisi abanamanethiwekhi akhona ngaphakathi kwezimakethe eziqondiwe. Sekukonke, ngenkathi kucutshungulwa amandla e-Ethiopia ezimpahleni zezolimo ezifana nekhofi noma izinongo kanye nezindwangu/izingubo nemisebenzi yezandla kungasiza abathumeli bangaphandle ukuhlonza ukukhetha kwemikhiqizo edumile eklanyelwe izimakethe ezihlukahlukene zokuthumela ngaphandle ngempumelelo.
Izici zekhasimende kanye ne-taboo
I-Ethiopia, etholakala oPhondweni lwe-Afrika, iyizwe elihlukahlukene futhi elicebile ngokwamasiko elinezici zamakhasimende ezihlukile kanye nezithiyo. Ukuqonda lezi zici kungasiza amabhizinisi ukuthi ahlinzekele amakhasimende ase-Ethiopia ngokuphumelelayo kuyilapho ehlonipha ukuzwela kwawo amasiko. Izici Zekhasimende: 1. Okugxile enanini: Abantu base-Ethiopia ngokuvamile bayaqaphela amanani futhi bafuna inani elihle lemali yabo. 2. Okuqhutshwa ubudlelwano: Ukwakha ukwethembana ngokuxhumana nabantu kubalulekile esikweni lebhizinisi lase-Ethiopia. 3. Ukuhlonipha abadala: Iminyaka yobudala ihlonishwa kakhulu emphakathini wase-Ethiopia, ngakho amakhasimende amadala angase anikezwe indawo yokuqala noma ukuhlonishwa. 4. Umqondo wabaqoqiwe: Abantu base-Ethiopia bavame ukubeka phambili izidingo zomphakathi wabo noma umndeni kunezifiso zomuntu ngamunye. 5. Isisekelo samakhasimende esiqotho: Uma ukwethenjwa sekutholakele, abantu base-Ethiopia bavame ukubonisa ukwethembeka emabhizinisini abawabheka njengokwethenjelwa. I-Cultural Taboos: 1. Izimpawu nezinqubo zenkolo: I-Ethiopia inabantu abaningi abayithanda kakhulu inkolo, iningi labo okungamaKrestu noma amaSulumane, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi ungaklolodeli noma ungawahloniphi amasiko noma izimpawu zenkolo. 2. Ukusetshenziswa kwesandla sobunxele: E-Ethiopia, ukusebenzisa isandla sakho sobunxele ukuze uthintane nokuxhawula, ukunikeza/ukwamukela izinto kuthathwa njengokungcolile njengoba kugcinelwe izinjongo zenhlanzeko yomuntu siqu. 3 .Ikhodi yokugqoka engalungile : Izingubo ezivezayo ngokuvamile zibhekwa njengezingafanele kusiko lwase-Ethiopia ngenxa yemvelo yazo yokungaguquguquki; kuyatuseka ukuthi ugqoke ngendlela ehloniphekile lapho uxhumana namakhasimende endawo. 4.Amazwi angemuhle ngezwe noma abaholi balo : Abantu base-Ethiopia banomuzwa onamandla wokushisekela izwe futhi bayaziqhenya ngomlando wezwe labo; yingakho ukuphawula okungekuhle nge-Ethiopia kufanele kugwenywe. Ukuze uhlanganyele ngempumelelo namakhasimende ase-Ethiopia futhi uzulazule ezintweni ezingase zibe khona: 1.Xhumana ngenhlonipho – Hlonipha imikhuba yamasiko ngokusebenzisa imisho enesizotha efana nokubingelela ('Selam' - sawubona) nokubonisa intshisekelo kumasiko/amasiko endawo ngesikhathi sezingxoxo. 2.Yakha ubudlelwano bomuntu siqu - Beka isikhathi ekwakheni ubuhlobo ngokuhlanganyela enkulumweni encane egcizelela izithakazelo ezabiwe kanye nolwazi 3.Amasu okumaketha ajwayezekile - Ukugqamisa ukufinyeleleka, inani lemali, kanye namagugu agxile emndenini emikhankasweni yokumaketha kungakhanga amakhasimende ase-Ethiopia 4. Gcina inhlonipho yamasiko - Lapho uklama amalogo noma izinto zokukhangisa, gwema ukufaka izimpawu zenkolo njengoba kungase kubonakale njengokungahloniphi. 5.Yiba nozwelo emicimbini yezenkolo - Hlela imisebenzi yakho yebhizinisi nemikhankaso mayelana nemicimbi yezenkolo ebalulekile njengeRamadan noma amaholide obuKristu obu-Orthodox. Ngokuqonda izici eziyingqayizivele zamakhasimende kanye nezinkolelo-ze zamasiko e-Ethiopia, amabhizinisi angajwayelanisa amasu awo ngempumelelo ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zale makethe ehlukahlukene kuyilapho ebonisa inhlonipho kumasiko endawo.
Uhlelo lokuphathwa kweCustoms
I-Ethiopia, izwe elivalekile elise-Horn of Africa, linemithetho yalo yamasiko nemithetho yokuthuthela kwelinye izwe okufanele izivakashi ziyilandele lapho zingena noma ziphuma ezweni. Nawa amaphuzu abalulekile mayelana nohlelo lokuphathwa kwempahla yase-Ethiopia kanye nokucatshangelwa okubalulekile: 1. Izinqubo Zokungena: Lapho zifika ezikhumulweni zezindiza zase-Ethiopia noma ezindaweni zokuhlola emngceleni, izivakashi kudingeka zigcwalise ifomu lokuthuthela kwelinye izwe ukuze zingene ezweni. Leli fomu ngokuvamile lihlanganisa ulwazi lomuntu siqu kanye nemininingwane mayelana nokuhlala kwakho. 2. Izidingo ze-Visa: Ngaphambi kokuvakashela i-Ethiopia, kubalulekile ukuhlola izidingo ze-visa ngobuzwe bakho obukhethekile njengoba ziyahlukahluka kuye ngamazwe. Abanye abahambi bangase bafanelekele ukungena mahhala kwe-visa kanti abanye bangadinga ukuthola i-visa ngaphambi kokufika. 3. Izinto Ezinqatshelwe: Ngokufanayo nasemazweni amaningi, i-Ethiopia iyakwenqabela izinto ezithile ukuba zilethwe ezweni. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni, izibhamu, imali-mbumbulu, izinto eziyinhlamba, nanoma yiziphi izinto ezithathwa njengezibucayi ngokwesiko noma eziyingozi. 4. Izibonelelo Zamahhala: Izivakashi zivunyelwe ukungena mahhala ezintweni zomuntu siqu njengezimpahla zomuntu siqu njengezingubo, amakhamera, amakhompyutha aphathekayo, nezinye izinto zikagesi ezihloselwe ukusetshenziswa zomuntu siqu ngesikhathi zisase-Ethiopia. 5. Imithetho Yezimali: Kuyisibopho ukumemezela noma yiliphi inani elingaphezu kwama-$3,000 (USD) lapho ufika noma usuka ezikhumulweni zezindiza zase-Ethiopia noma lapho uwela imingcele. 6. Imikhiqizo Yezilwane Nezitshalo: Abahambi kufanele baqaphele ukuthi ukuletha imikhiqizo yezilwane (kuhlanganise nezilwane eziphilayo) njengenyama noma imikhiqizo yobisi kwenqatshelwe ngokuphelele ngenxa yemithetho yezilwane ehloselwe ukuvimbela ukusakazeka kwezifo phakathi kwamazwe. 7. Imikhawulo Yokuthekelisa: Lapho usuka e-Ethiopia nezinto zobuciko zamasiko ezibalulekile ezifana nokutholwe ngemivubukulo noma izinto zenkolo ezingaphezu kweminyaka engama-50; kufanele uthole izimvume ezidingekayo kuziphathimandla eziqokiwe ngaphambi kokuba uzikhiphe ngaphandle kwezwe ngokusemthethweni. 8.Izidingo Zezempilo: Kuya ngokuthi usukaphi; ubufakazi bokugoma i-yellow fever bungadingeka lapho ungena e-Ethiopia njengoba amanye amazwe athathwa njengezindawo ezihlala lesi sifo ngokusho kwemihlahlandlela yezempilo yakamuva. 9.Izindawo zokuhlola ezeCustoms: Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho yamasiko kanye nezinqubo zokuthuthela kwelinye izwe, abahambi kungase kudingeke ukuba badlule ezindaweni zokuhlola izinto ezingenasidingo lapho bengena noma bephuma. Kubalulekile ukulalela nokulandela imiyalelo evela kubaphathi bentela kulezi zindawo zokuhlola. 10. Ukuhlonipha Amasiko Endawo: Izivakashi kulindeleke ukuthi zihloniphe amasiko endawo, amasiko nenkolo lapho zise-Ethiopia. Kubalulekile ukuqonda nokuthobela imithetho yendawo, ukugqoka ngesizotha lapho uvakashela izindawo zenkolo noma izindawo zasemaphandleni, futhi ucele imvume ngaphambi kokuthatha izithombe zabantu ngabanye. Khumbula ukuthi ulwazi olunikeziwe luyisiqondiso esijwayelekile. Kuhlale kunconywa ukuthi uhlole nenxusa lase-Ethiopia noma inxusa ezweni lakini ukuze uthole imininingwane ethile mayelana nezidingo zokungena, imithetho ye-visa, nanoma yiziphi izinguquko zakamuva ohlelweni lokuphathwa kwempahla yase-Ethiopia.
Izinqubomgomo zentela zokungenisa
I-Ethiopia iyizwe elise-Horn of Africa futhi inomgomo othize wentela yokuthenga ngaphandle. Uhulumeni wase-Ethiopia ulawula ukungeniswa kwempahla ezweni ngezinyathelo ezihlukahlukene, njengentela yempahla kanye nezintela ze-value-added tax (VAT). Izilinganiso zentela yokungenisa e-Ethiopia ziyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lomkhiqizo ongeniswayo. Izintela ngokuvamile zibalwa ngokusekelwe kukhodi Yesistimu Evumelanisiwe (HS), enikeza ikhodi eyingqayizivele kumkhiqizo ngamunye ngezinjongo zokuhlukanisa. Amanani emisebenzi angasukela ku-0% ukuya kumaphesenti aphezulu kuye ngesigaba. Ngaphezu kwentela evela kwamanye amazwe, i-Ethiopia iphinde ifake i-VAT ezimpahleni ezingenisiwe. Le ntela ifakwa ngamanani ahlukene, kanti imikhiqizo eminingi ingaphansi kwesilinganiso esijwayelekile esingu-15%. Nokho, izinto ezithile ezibalulekile zingase zibe ngaphansi kwesilinganiso esincishisiwe noma zikhululeke ngokuphelele ku-VAT. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungase kube nezintela ezengeziwe noma izinkokhelo ezifakwe ezimpahleni ezithile noma ngokusekelwe kumsuka wazo. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise izintela zempahla yotshwala nemikhiqizo kagwayi noma imisebenzi evimbela ukulahlwa kwezinto ezinenani elingaphansi kwevelu efanelekile yemakethe. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-Ethiopia iphinde ithuthukise ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya ngezinqubomgomo zokuvikela futhi ukungenisa izimpahla ezithile kungase kudinge ukuthola amalayisense noma izimvume kuziphathimandla ezifanele. Ukwengeza, kungase kube nemingcele ekungeniseni izinto ezithile kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yokukhathazeka kwezempilo, izimiso zemvelo, noma ukucatshangelwa kwamasiko. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthotshelwa kwezinqubomgomo nemithetho yentela yokungenisa e-Ethiopia, kuyalulekwa ukuthintana neziphathimandla zentela noma ochwepheshe abanolwazi ngemithetho yezohwebo yamazwe ngamazwe ngaphambi kokwenza noma yimiphi imisebenzi yokungenisa. Sekukonke, ukuqonda inqubomgomo yentela yokungenisa yase-Ethiopia kubalulekile emabhizinisini ahwebelana namazwe ngamazwe naleli zwe njengoba isiza ekunqumeni izindleko ezihlobene nokuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe futhi iqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezimfuneko zomthetho ezibekwe uhulumeni wase-Ethiopia.
Thumela izinqubomgomo zentela
Inqubomgomo yentela yase-Ethiopia yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe ihlose ukukhuthaza ukukhula komnotho, ukuheha abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe, kanye nokwenyusa amaholo okuthengiswa kwezwe kwamanye amazwe. Uhulumeni wase-Ethiopia usesebenzise inqwaba yezinyathelo zokweseka umkhakha wakhe wokuthekelisa kanye nokudala isimo sebhizinisi esivumayo. Okokuqala, i-Ethiopia inikela ngezinxephezelo ezehlukene zentela kwabathumela ngaphandle. Izinkampani ezibambe iqhaza emikhakheni yokukhiqiza noma yokucubungula izolimo zifanelekele ukukhululwa enteleni ye-value-added (VAT) kanye nentela yempahla ethengiswayo ezimpahla ezinkulu ezingeniswa kwamanye amazwe, izinto zokusetshenziswa, kanye nezingxenye ezisele ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza. Lokhu kusiza ukunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza futhi kwenza abadayisi bangaphandle bakwazi ukuqhubeka nokuncintisana ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe. Okwesibili, i-Ethiopia isebenzise uhlelo lokudonsela emuva komsebenzi kwabahwebi abafanelekayo. Ngaphansi kwalolu hlelo, abathumeli bangaphandle bangafuna ukubuyiselwa imali yentela ekhokhwa kuma-input asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni noma ekucutshungulweni kwezimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Le nqubomgomo ikhuthaza izinkampani ukuthi zithole okokufaka okukhiqizwa kuleli esikhundleni sokuzingenisa kwamanye amazwe kuyilapho zinikeza usizo lwezezimali ngokunciphisa izindleko zokungenisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Ethiopia isungule izindawo eziningi zokulungisa ama-Export Processing (EPZ) ezweni lonke. Ama-EPZ anikeza izinzuzo ezengeziwe ezifana nezilinganiso ezincishisiwe zentela yemali engenayo yebhizinisi ukusuka ku-0% ukuya ku-25% ngokusekelwe endaweni kanye nohlobo lwendawo. Ukwengeza, izinkampani ezisekelwe ku-EPZ zijabulela ukungeniswa ngaphandle kwentela kwezinto zokusetshenziswa nemishini edingekayo ekukhiqizeni. Ukuze kube lula ukwenza ibhizinisi kwabathumela ngaphandle, i-Ethiopia iphinde isebenzise isevisi ye-One-Stop Shop ngaphakathi kwamahhovisi ayo eziphathimandla zentela. Le sevisi emaphakathi inika amandla izinqubo zokuphatha ezilula ezihlobene nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngokuhlanganisa izinqubo ezinjengokubhaliswa neziphathimandla ezifanele, ukuthola amalayisensi noma izimvume, izinsizakalo zokuhlola ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa. Sekukonke, izinqubomgomo zentela yokuthekelisa yase-Ethiopia zihlose ukugqugquzela amabhizinisi abandakanyekayo ekuthumeleni izimboni kwamanye amazwe ngokunciphisa umthwalo wazo wentela kanye nokwenza lula imisebenzi yohwebo. Lezi zinyathelo zikhuthaza izinkampani zakuleli kanye nabatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe ngokufanayo ukuthi bazibandakanye emisebenzini yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe kuyilapho befaka isandla ekukhuleni komnotho wase-Ethiopia.
Kudingeka izitifiketi zokuthekelisa
I-Ethiopia, etholakala eMpumalanga Afrika, yaziwa ngomnotho wayo ohlukahlukene kanye nezimboni ezigxile ekuthumeleni kwamanye amazwe. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi nobuqiniso bokuthunyelwa kwe-Ethiopia, izwe selisungule inqubo yokuqinisekisa. Umgwamanda omkhulu obhekelele ukunikeza isitifiketi e-Ethiopia yi-Ethiopian Conformity Assessment Enterprise (ECAE). I-ECAE iyindikimba yokulawula ezimele ehlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokuhlola nokuqinisekisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthotshelwa kwezindinganiso zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe. Abathumeli bangaphandle e-Ethiopia kudingeka bathole Isitifiketi Sokuvumelana (CoC) ku-ECAE ngaphambi kokuba imikhiqizo yabo ithunyelwe kwamanye amazwe. Lesi sitifiketi siqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ihlangabezana nekhwalithi edingekayo, impilo, ukuphepha, kanye nezimfuneko zemvelo ezibekwe amazwe angenisayo. Inqubo yesitifiketi ibandakanya izinyathelo ezimbalwa. Okokuqala, abathumeli bangaphandle kudingeka babhalise izicelo zabo kwa-ECAE futhi balethe imibhalo efanelekile efana nemininingwane yomkhiqizo kanye nemibiko yokuhlola. I-ECAE ibe isihlola izindawo zokukhiqiza ukuze iqinisekise ukuthotshelwa kwezindinganiso. Uma imikhiqizo iphumelela ekuhlolweni, i-ECAE ikhipha i-CoC esebenza njengobufakazi bokuvumelana. Lesi sitifiketi sihlanganisa ulwazi mayelana nomthumeli ngaphandle, imininingwane yomkhiqizo, imithethonqubo esebenzayo noma izindinganiso ezithotshelwe phakathi nokuhlolwa, kanye nesikhathi sokuqinisekisa. Ukuba nesitifiketi sokuthekelisa akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukufinyelela emakethe kodwa futhi kwakha ukwethembana phakathi kwamakhasimende mayelana nekhwalithi yemikhiqizo yase-Ethiopia. Kubonisa ukuzibophezela kwe-Ethiopia ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe kuyilapho iqinisekisa izinqubo zokuhweba ezinobulungiswa emhlabeni jikelele. Ngaphezu kwenqubo yesitifiketi ye-ECAE yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okuvamile, imikhakha ethile ingase ibe nezidingo ezengeziwe. Ngokwesibonelo: 1. Ikhofi: I-Ethiopian Coffee Exporters Association (CEA) isebenza eduze nama-ejensi kahulumeni afana ne-Ethiopian Commodity Exchange (ECX) ukuze baqinisekise ukuthunyelwa kwekhofi ngaphandle ngokuvumelana nemithetho yokuhweba ye-ECX. 2. Isikhumba: I-Leather Industry Development Institute iqinisekisa ukuthobelana ngokusekelwe ezinhlelweni zokulawulwa kwemvelo ezaziwa emhlabeni wonke njenge-ISO 14001. 3. I-Horticulture: I-Ejensi Yokuthuthukiswa Kwezolimo iqinisekisa ukulandelwa Kwemikhuba Emihle Yezokulima (ama-GAP) ukuze uthole umkhiqizo omusha ohloselwe izimakethe zangaphandle. Sekukonke, uhlelo lwase-Ethiopia oluqinile lokunikeza izitifiketi zokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe lusiza ukukhuthaza imikhiqizo yezwe emhlabeni jikelele, luqinisekise ukwaneliseka kwabathengi kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuncintisana ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukuhanjiswa okunconyiwe
I-Ethiopia, etholakala oPhondweni lwe-Afrika, inikeza inala yamathuba okuphathwa kwempahla nokuphathwa kwempahla. Nazi ezinye izincomo zokusebenza kwe-logistics e-Ethiopia: 1. Ingqalasizinda: Ingqalasizinda yase-Ethiopia ithuthuka ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi mayelana nezokuthutha. Izwe linezikhumulo zezindiza eziningana zamazwe ngamazwe, kuhlanganise ne-Bole International Airport e-Addis Ababa, esebenza njengendawo enkulu yezokuthutha yezinsizakalo zempahla esifundeni. 2. Ukufinyelela Echwebeni: Nakuba i-Ethiopia iyizwe elivaliwe, iyakwazi ukufinyelela emachwebeni emazweni angomakhelwane njenge-Djibouti neSudan. Ichweba lase-Djibouti liseduze nomngcele wase-Ethiopia futhi lisebenza njengesango lempahla ngoxhumano lomgwaqo nololiwe. 3. Uxhaxha Lwemigwaqo: I-Ethiopia ibitshala imali kakhulu kuxhaxha lwemigwaqo ukuze ithuthukise ukuxhumana phakathi kwezwe kanye namazwe angomakhelwane. Uxhaxha lwemigwaqo luhlanganisa imigwaqo ewuthelawayeka egandayiwe kanye nemigwaqo yasemakhaya, egqugquzela ukusatshalaliswa kwasekhaya kanye nohwebo oluwela imingcele. 4. Uxhumano Lwezitimela: I-Ethiopia yenze inqubekelaphambili emangalisayo ekuthuthukiseni ingqalasizinda yayo yezitimela eminyakeni yamuva. Ujantshi wesitimela wase-Ethio-Djibouti uxhuma i-Addis Ababa nechweba lase-Djibouti, unikeze indlela ephumelelayo yokuthutha impahla. 5. Izindawo Ezikhethekile Zomnotho (ama-SEZ): I-Ethiopia isungule ama-SEZ amaningana ezweni lonke ukuze ihehe abatshali bezimali bakwamanye amazwe futhi ikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni. Lezi zindawo zinikeza izinzuzo ezihlukahlukene njengezinqubo zamasiko ezenziwe lula, izinxephezelo zentela, nezinsizakalo ezithembekile zensiza ezingathuthukisa ukusebenza kwempahla. 6. Izinsiza Zokugcina Impahla: I-Addis Ababa isingatha izindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziningi zesimanje ezinobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe obufana nezinhlelo zokulawula izinga lokushisa kanye nesoftware yokulawulwa kwempahla. Lezi zikhungo zihlinzeka ngezinketho ezivikelekile zokugcina izimpahla ezidinga ukuphathwa okukhethekile noma izimo zokugcinwa. 7.Izivumelwano Zohwebo: Njengelungu lemiphakathi yezomnotho yesifunda efana ne-COMESA (Imakethe Evamile YaseMpumalanga NaseNingizimu Afrika), IGAD (I-Intergovernmental Authority on Development), kanye ne-SADC (Southern African Development Community), i-Ethiopia iyazuza ezivumelwaneni zokuhwebelana ezikhethwayo. Lezi zivumelwano zenza kube lula izinqubo zeCustoms futhi zenza kube lula ukuhamba kwezimpahla ngaphakathi kwesifunda. 8. Abahlinzeki Bezokuthutha Abazimele: Kunezinkampani ezimbalwa ezizimele zezokuthutha ezisebenza e-Ethiopia ezinikeza inhlobonhlobo yezinsizakalo, ezihlanganisa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla, ukugunyazwa kwempahla, indawo yokugcina impahla, ezokuthutha, nokusabalalisa. Ukubambisana nalaba bahlinzeki abanolwazi kungaqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinto. Kafushane nje, ukuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda yase-Ethiopia, ukufinyelela emachwebeni emazweni angomakhelwane, ukwandisa imigwaqo nezitimela, ama-SEZ anikeza izikhuthazo ezikhangayo kubatshalizimali, izindawo zokugcina izimpahla zesimanje, izivumelwano zohwebo ezivunekayo esifundeni, kanye nabahlinzeki bezokuthutha abazimele abathembekile bakwenza kube indawo ekahle yokusebenza kahle. kanye nemisebenzi esebenzayo yezokuthutha.
Iziteshi zokuthuthukisa umthengi

Imibukiso yokuhweba ebalulekile

I-Ethiopia yaziwa ngamagugu ayo acebile amasiko, izindawo ezihlukahlukene, kanye nokubaluleka komlando. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, leli zwe liye lazuza ukuvelela njengendawo yokuhweba nohwebo kwamanye amazwe. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ezinye zeziteshi ezibalulekile zokuthengwa kwempahla yamazwe ngamazwe nemibukiso e-Ethiopia. Enye yeziteshi ezibalulekile zokuthengwa kwempahla e-Ethiopia ngokusebenzisa indawo yayo evelele yezomnotho, i-Ethiopian Industrial Park Development Corporation (IPDC). I-IPDC inesibopho sokuthuthukisa nokuphatha amapaki ezimboni ahlukahlukene ezweni lonke. Lawa mapaki ahlinzeka ngezibonelelo ezikhangayo kanye nezinsiza kubatshalizimali bakuleli nabakwamanye amazwe. Amanye amapaki aphawulekayo ahlanganisa i-Hawassa Industrial Park, i-Bole Lemi Industrial Park, i-Kombolcha Industrial Park, njll. Lawa mapaki anikeza abakhiqizi inkundla yokubonisa imikhiqizo yabo kubathengi bomhlaba ngokusebenzisa imibukiso ehlukahlukene nemibukiso yezohwebo. I-Ethiopia futhi isingatha imibukiso eminingi yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nemibukiso eheha abathengi abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba. I-Addis Chamber International Trade Fair (ACITF) ingenye yezehlakalo ezinjalo ezikhuthaza ukuhwebelana phakathi kwe-Ethiopia nezinye izizwe ngokuhlanganisa ndawonye abadayisi bakuleli nabangaba abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe. Inikeza amabhizinisi ithuba lokukhangisa ngemikhiqizo yawo emikhakheni yonke efana nezolimo, izindwangu, imishini, izinto zokwakha, njll. Omunye umcimbi obalulekile yi-Ethio-Con International Exhibition & Conference on Construction & Energy Equipment ebanjwa minyaka yonke e-Addis Ababa. Lo mbukiso uhlose ukukhuthaza ukukhula okusimeme emkhakheni wezokwakha wase-Ethiopia ngokuxhumanisa abahlinzeki basekhaya nabakhi bemishini yomhlaba wonke. Ngaphezu kwale micimbi, i-Ethiopia ibambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuzibandakanyeni ekudaluleni okudume umhlaba wonke okufana ne-China Import-Export Fair (Canton Fair), i-Dubai Expo 2020 (manje ehlehliselwe u-2021), i-Frankfurt Book Fair (yemboni yokushicilela), njll., eziheha abathengi abavela ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba. Ngaphandle kwamapulatifomu aphathekayo njengamapaki nezimboni, i-Ethiopia iphinde yamukela imigudu yesimanje eqhutshwa ubuchwepheshe ngezinjongo zokuthenga. I-Ethiopian Commodities Exchange (ECX) idlala indima ebalulekile ekusizeni ukuhweba okuphumelelayo kwempahla yezolimo. Ihlinzeka ngohlelo olusobala noluthembekile lwabathengi nabathengisi ukuze bahwebe ngemikhiqizo yabo ngokusebenzisa inkundla ye-inthanethi. Ukubamba iqhaza kwe-Ethiopia emkhakheni wokuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kuthuthukiswa nakakhulu ngobulungu bayo ezivumelwaneni ezihlukahlukene zokuhwebelana zesifunda nezamazwe ngamazwe. Ukufakwa kwezwe kuNdawo Yezwekazi Lase-Afrika Yokuhweba Ngokukhululekile (i-AfCFTA) kuvulela amabhizinisi ase-Ethiopia amathuba amasha okuthola imakethe enkulu kuleli zwekazi. Sengiphetha, i-Ethiopia inikeza imigudu ehlukahlukene ebalulekile yokuthengwa kwempahla yamazwe ngamazwe nemibukiso esiza ukuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi nokuhwebelana. Kusukela emapaki ezimboni aphethwe yi-IPDC kuya emicimbini efana ne-ACITF, i-Ethio-Con International Exhibition, nokubamba iqhaza emibukisweni yomhlaba wonke, i-Ethiopia inikeza izinkundla kokubili abakhiqizi basekhaya kanye nabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe ukuze bazibandakanye ekusebenzelaneni kwebhizinisi okunezithelo. Ukwengeza, amashaneli aqhutshwa ubuchwepheshe besimanje njenge-ECX nawo anegalelo elikhulu ekuthengeni izwe. Njengoba i-Ethiopia iqhubeka nokutshala izimali kungqalasizinda yayo, izimboni, kanye nokuxhumana nezinye izizwe, maningi amathuba okuthi avele amathuba emisebenzi yokuthengwa kwempahla yamazwe ngamazwe ezweni.
E-Ethiopia, izinjini zokusesha ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yilezi: 1. I-Google (https://www.google.com.et): I-Google iyinjini yokusesha edume kakhulu emhlabeni wonke futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu nase-Ethiopia. Ihlinzeka ngolwazi olubanzi futhi yaziwa ngokunemba kwayo kanye nemiphumela yokusesha ebanzi. 2. I-Bing (https://www.bing.com): I-Bing enye injini yokusesha edumile enikeza izici ezifanayo ku-Google. Ihlinzeka ngewebhu, isithombe, ividiyo, nokusesha kwemephu, kanye nezindaba nezinketho zokuthenga. 3. I-Yahoo (https://www.yahoo.com): Injini yokusesha ye-Yahoo nayo inesizinda sabasebenzisi esibalulekile e-Ethiopia. Inikeza izigaba ezahlukahlukene zokusesha ezifaka iwebhu, izithombe, amavidiyo, izindaba, ezemidlalo, ezezimali, njll. 4. I-Yandex (https://www.yandex.com): Nakuba ingasetshenziswa kabanzi njengalezi ezintathu ezedlule ezishiwo ngenhla e-Ethiopia kodwa kusafanele ukubalula ngokuthandwa kwayo okukhulayo. I-Yandex ihlinzeka ngokuqukethwe kwasendaweni okuhlanganisa ukuphakelwa kwezindaba okwenziwe ngokwezifiso namamephu enzelwe abasebenzisi base-Ethiopia. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi nakuba lezi ezinye izinjini zokusesha ezivame ukusetshenziswa e-Ethiopia; nokho ukusetshenziswa kwazo kungase kwehluke phakathi kwabantu abahlukene ngokusekelwe kokuthandwayo komuntu siqu noma ukuhluka kwesifunda phakathi kwenani labantu abaku-inthanethi bezwe.

Amakhasi amakhulu aphuzi

I-Ethiopia, eseHorn of Africa, inohlu lwemibhalo evelele yamakhasi aphuzi enganikeza ulwazi oluwusizo mayelana namabhizinisi nezinkonzo ezweni. Nazi ezinye zezinkomba eziphambili zamakhasi aphuzi e-Ethiopia kanye namawebhusayithi abo: 1. I-Ethiopia Yellow Pages - Lolu hlu lwemibhalo luhlinzeka ngohlu olubanzi lwamabhizinisi namasevisi kuyo yonke imikhakha ehlukahlukene e-Ethiopia. Ungafinyelela kuyo ku-https://www.ethyp.com/. 2. Uhlu Lwemibhalo Lwe-Yene - Uhlu lwemibhalo lwe-Yene luhlinzeka ngohlu olubanzi lwezigaba zamabhizinisi ezihlukene ezihlanganisa izindawo zokudlela, amahhotela, amabhange, izibhedlela, nokuningi. Iwebhusayithi yabo ithi http://yenedirectory.com/. 3. I-AddisMap - I-AddisMap inikeza uhla lwemibhalo olusekelwe kumephu eku-inthanethi lapho ungahlola khona imikhakha eyahlukene njengendawo yokuhlala, izikhungo zezempilo, izindawo zokudlela, nezindawo zokuthenga e-Addis Ababa (inhloko-dolobha). Vakashela iwebhusayithi yabo kokuthi https://addismap.com/ ukuze uthole izindawo ezithile ngaphakathi kwedolobha. 4. I-Ethipoian-YP - I-Ethipoian-YP inikeza inkundla elula yokusesha amabhizinisi endawo ngezigaba noma indawo yonkana i-Ethiopia. Ungafinyelela izinsiza zabo kokuthi https://ethipoian-yp.com/. 5. I-EthioPages - Ngesixhumi esibonakalayo esisebenziseka kalula kanye nezinketho zokusesha ezibanzi, i-EthioPages yenza abasebenzisi bathole uhlu oluningi lwamabhizinisi olusebenzela izifunda ezihlukahlukene kulo lonke elase-Ethiopia. Iwebhusayithi yabo iyatholakala ku-https://www.ethiopages.net/. Lezi zinkomba zamakhasi aphuzi zisebenza njengezinsiza ezibalulekile kubantu abafuna ulwazi mayelana namabhizinisi nezinkonzo kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu ase-Ethiopia njenge-Addis Ababa, i-Dire Dawa, i-Bahir Dar, i-Hawassa, i-Mekelle phakathi kwamanye. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lawa mawebhusayithi ahlinzeka ngohlu oluguqukayo olungase ludinge ukubuyekezwa njalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba mayelana nemininingwane yokuxhumana nokutholakala kwesevisi yezikhungo ezisohlwini.

Izinkundla ezinkulu zezentengiselwano

I-Ethiopia iyizwe elisathuthuka eMpumalanga Afrika, futhi isenokufinyelela okulinganiselwe ku-inthanethi nezinsizakalo zedijithali. Kodwa-ke, kunezinkundla ezimbalwa ezisafufusa ze-e-commerce ezithola ukuduma ezweni. Nawa amanye amapulatifomu amakhulu e-e-commerce e-Ethiopia kanye namawebhusayithi abo: 1. I-Jumia Ethiopia: I-Jumia iyinkundla eyaziwa kakhulu ye-e-commerce esebenza emazweni amaningana ase-Afrika, kuhlanganise ne-Ethiopia. Inikeza inhlobonhlobo yemikhiqizo efana ne-electronics, imfashini, izinto zikagesi zasendlini, nokunye. Iwebhusayithi: https://www.jumia.com.et/ 2. I-Shebila: I-Shebila iyinkundla ye-e-commerce yase-Ethiopia egxile ekuhlinzekeni imikhiqizo yasendaweni kumakhasimende ezweni lonke. Banemikhakha eyahlukene okubalwa imfashini, i-electronics, igilosa. Iwebhusayithi: https://www.shebila.com/ 3. I-Miskaye.com: I-Miskaye.com iyindawo yemakethe eku-inthanethi eklanyelwe ngokukhethekile imisebenzi yezandla kanye nemikhiqizo eyenziwe ngezandla evela kuma-artisan ase-Ethiopia. Iwebhusayithi: https://misky.com/ 4. I-Addis Mercato: I-Addis Mercato iyindawo eku-inthanethi yokuthenga izingubo zomdabu zase-Ethiopia njengezingubo, izesekeli, izinto zamasiko ezenziwe izingcweti zendawo. Iwebhusayithi http://www.addismercato.com/ 5. I-Deliver Addis: I-Deliver Addis ngokuyinhloko iyinkundla yokulethwa kokudla kodwa futhi inikeza neminye imikhiqizo efana negrosa ephuma ezitolo zendawo namakhemisi ephakela amakhasimende ase-Addis Ababa. Iwebhusayithi http://deliveraddis.com/ Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi imboni ye-e-commerce e-Ethiopia isathuthuka futhi kungase kube nabadlali abasha abangena emakethe noma izinkundla ezikhona ezihlinzeka ngamasevisi engeziwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Umshwana wokuzihlangula: Ulwazi olunikezwe ngenhla mayelana nalezi zinkundla lungashintsha noma luphelelwe yisikhathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi; yingakho kuyanconywa ukuthi uqinisekise ukutholakala kwazo ngaphambi kokuthenga. Sekukonke, lezi zinkundla zihlose ukuthuthukisa ukusiza abantu base-Ethiopia ngokubanikeza ukufinyelela ezimpahleni ngezindlela zedijithali naphezu kwezinketho ezimbalwa zokuthengisa ezitholakala ngaphakathi kwemingcele yezwe.

Izinkundla zokuxhumana ezinkulu

I-Ethiopia, izwe eliseMpumalanga Afrika, inezinkundla zokuxhumana ezimbalwa ezidumile phakathi kwabantu bakhona. Ezinye zalezi zinkundla zifaka: 1. I-Facebook (https://www.facebook.com): I-Facebook ingenye yezinkundla zokuxhumana ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele, kuhlanganise nase-Ethiopia. Ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi baxhumane nabangane nomndeni, babelane ngezithombe namavidiyo, bajoyine amaqembu, futhi balandele amakhasi abawathandayo. 2. I-LinkedIn (https://www.linkedin.com): I-LinkedIn iyinkundla yezokuxhumana echwepheshile exhuma ochwepheshe abavela ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene. Ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhe iphrofayili yobungcweti, baxhumane nozakwabo nalabo abangaba abaqashi, bajoyine amaqembu aqondene nemboni ethile, futhi babelane ngokuqukethwe okufanele. 3. I-Twitter (https://twitter.com): I-Twitter iyinkundla ye-microblogging lapho abasebenzisi bengaziveza khona ngemilayezo emifushane ebizwa ngokuthi "ama-tweets." Idumile kubantu base-Ethiopia ngokwabelana ngezibuyekezo zezindaba, imibono ngemicimbi yamanje, ukuzibandakanya ezingxoxweni kusetshenziswa ama-hashtag (#), nokulandela abantu abanethonya. 4. I-Instagram (https://www.instagram.com): I-Instagram iyinkundla yezokuxhumana eyabelana ngezithombe futhi esekela amavidiyo amafushane. Abantu base-Ethiopia basebenzisa i-Instagram ukuze babelane ngokuqukethwe okukhangayo okufana nezithombe zokuhamba, izithombe zokudla, okuthunyelwe kwemfashini, okudaliwe ngenkathi belandela abagqugquzeli babo ababathandayo noma imikhiqizo. 5. I-Telegram (https://telegram.org): I-Telegram uhlelo lokusebenza lokuthumela imiyalezo esheshayo olusetshenziswa abantu abaningi base-Ethiopia ezingxoxweni zamaqembu noma ezingxoxweni eziyimfihlo. Inikeza izici ezifana nokubethela ngasemaphethelweni ukuze uthole ubumfihlo obungeziwe kanye nekhono lokudala iziteshi zokusakaza imilayezo kwababhalisile. 6. I-TikTok (https://www.tiktok.com): I-TikTok yazuza ukuduma emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yefomethi yayo yevidiyo emfushane lapho abasebenzisi bengabonisa khona ubuhlakani babo ngezinselele zokudansa noma ukudlala kokuvumelanisa izindebe. Abantu abaningi base-Ethiopia bayakujabulela ukudala nokubuka amavidiyo we-TikTok ngezihloko ezahlukahlukene. 7. I-Viber (https://viber.com): I-Viber ingolunye uhlelo lokusebenza lokuthumela imiyalezo elaziwa ngokunikeza amakholi amahhala omsindo/ividiyo emhlabeni wonke ngoxhumano lwe-inthanethi ngaphandle kwezindleko ezengeziwe ngaphandle kwezindleko zokusebenzisa idatha uma zikhona. Abantu base-Ethiopia basebenzisa i-Viber ukuze baxhumane nabangane nomndeni kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Lezi zinkundla zokuxhumana zinikeza abantu base-Ethiopia izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuxhuma, ukwabelana ngolwazi, ukuveza imibono yabo, ukukhombisa amakhono, nokuhlala benolwazi lwakamuva mayelana nezitayela zakamuva emhlabeni jikelele. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwenkundla yezokuxhumana kungase kwehluke kuwo wonke amaqembu obudala nezifunda ngaphakathi kwe-Ethiopia.

Izinhlangano ezinkulu zezimboni

I-Ethiopia, etholakala oPhondweni lwe-Afrika, yaziwa ngomnotho wayo ohlukene onezimboni ezithuthukayo. Nazi ezinye zezinhlangano ezinkulu zezimboni e-Ethiopia: 1. I-Ethiopian Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations (ECCSA) - I-ECCSA iyinhlangano ehamba phambili emele izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zezohwebo nezinkampani e-Ethiopia. Ihlose ukukhuthaza ukukhula komnotho, ukuthuthukiswa kwezohwebo, kanye namathuba okutshalwa kwezimali. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.eccsa.org.et 2. I-Ethiopian Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI) - I-ETIDI igxile ekuthuthukiseni nasekukhuthazeni imboni yendwangu ngocwaningo, izinhlelo zokuqeqesha, ukwakhiwa kwamakhono, kanye nemisebenzi yokumela. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.etidi.gov.et 3. I-Ethiopian Horticulture Producer Exporters Association (EHPEA) - I-EHPEA imele abakhiqizi be-horticulture base-Ethiopia nabathumela kwamanye amazwe ngokugqugquzela izinqubo zentuthuko esimeme kulo mkhakha wemboni kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukufinyelela kwemakethe yemikhiqizo yabo emhlabeni wonke. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.ehpea.org.et 4. I-Ethiopian Airlines Pilots' Association (EAPA) - I-EAPA imele abashayeli bezindiza abasebenzela enye yezinkampani zezindiza ezihamba phambili e-Afrika, i-Ethiopian Airlines. Ukugxila kwabo okuyinhloko ukuvikela izintshisekelo zabashayeli bezindiza kanye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile ngaphakathi komkhakha wezokundiza e-Ethiopia. 5. I-Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associations (AACCSA) - I-AACCSA isebenza njengenkundla yamabhizinisi asebenza ngaphakathi kwe-Addis Ababa ukuthi axhumane, asebenzisane, futhi akhulumele izintshisekelo zawo ezifanayo emazingeni kahulumeni wendawo kanye nezinkundla zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe. Iwebhusayithi: www.addischamber.com 6.I-Ethiopian Bankers Association (ETBA)- ETBA imele amabhange ezentengiselwano asebenza ngaphakathi komkhakha wamabhange wase-Ethiopia ngokuwanika inkundla yokuhlanganyela ezindabeni zokumela inqubomgomo ezihlobene nezinsizakalo zezezimali. Iwebhusayithi http://www.ethiopianbankers.net/ 7.Ethiopian Poultry Producers & Processors Association (EPPEPA)- I-EPPEPA ikhuthaza ukufuywa kwezinkukhu ngokubhekana nezindaba eziphathelene nokukhiqiza, ukucubungula, nokumaketha ngocwaningo, ukuqeqeshwa, kanye nokumela. Iwebhusayithi: Ayitholakali Sicela uqaphele ukuthi ezinye izinhlangano zingase zingabi nayo iwebhusayithi esemthethweni noma amawebhusayithi azo angashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kuhlale kunconywa ukuthi useshe ulwazi lwakamuva kakhulu ngalezi zinhlangano usebenzisa imithombo ethembekile.

Amawebhusayithi ebhizinisi nokuhweba

Kunamawebhusayithi ambalwa ezomnotho nezohwebo ahlobene ne-Ethiopia, ahlinzeka ngolwazi ngamathuba okutshala imali, izinqubomgomo zohwebo, ukubhaliswa kwebhizinisi, nezinye izinsiza ezifanele. Nawa abambalwa abavelele abanama-URL abo: 1. Ikhomishini Yezokutshalwa Kwezimali yase-Ethiopia (EIC): Isizindalwazi se-EIC sinikeza ulwazi oluphelele ngamathuba okutshala imali e-Ethiopia. Ihlinzeka ngemininingwane ngemikhakha ebalulekile, imithetho yokutshalwa kwezimali, imithethonqubo, izinxephezelo, futhi iqondise izinsizakalo zokufanisa ibhizinisi. Iwebhusayithi https://www.investethiopia.gov.et/ 2. I-Ministry of Trade & Industry (MoTI): Isizindalwazi se-MoTI sigxile emisebenzini yokukhuthaza uhwebo e-Ethiopia. Ihlinzeka ngezinsiza ezibalulekile kubathumeli bangaphandle nabangenisayo mayelana nemibiko yocwaningo lwemakethe, izivumelwano zohwebo, amanani entengo kanye nolwazi lwemisebenzi. Iwebhusayithi: https://moti.gov.et/ 3. I-Ethiopian Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associations (ECCSA): I-ECCSA iyinkundla yokuthuthukisa imisebenzi yezohwebo ngaphakathi kwe-Ethiopia. Iwebhusayithi yayo iletha ulwazi mayelana namagumbi ahlukahlukene okuhweba asebenza ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene ezweni lonke. Iwebhusayithi: https://www.ethiopianchamber.com/ 4. IBhange Likazwelonke Lase-Ethiopia (NBE): I-NBE iyibhange elikhulu elilawula inqubomgomo yezimali futhi lengamele umkhakha wezezimali ezweni. Iwebhusayithi yayo inikeza imibiko yezibalo ngezinkomba zezomnotho ezifana namazinga okwehla kwamandla emali, izilinganiso zenzalo kanye nezinhlaka zomthetho ezihlobene namabhange. 5.Iwebhusayithi: http://www.nbe.gov.et/ 5.Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associations(AACCSA) I-AACCSA ikhuthaza ukusebenzisana kwebhizinisi lasekhaya nelamazwe ngamazwe ngokuhlinzeka ngamathuba okuxhumana ngemicimbi yobungcweti Iwebhusayithi http://addischamber.com/ 6.I-Ethiopian Horticulture Producer Association (EHPEA): I-EHPEA imele abalimi/izinkampani ze-horticultural ezinemikhiqizo eqondiswe kwamanye amazwe ukusuka ezimbalini kuye ezithelweni Iwebhusayithi http://ehpea.org/ 7. I-Addis Ababa Commercial Registration & Business Licensing Bureau: Le sayithi ihlinzeka ngeziqondiso ezinemininingwane yokuqala ibhizinisi edolobheni lase-Addis Ababa, okuhlanganisa ulwazi lwamalayisense kanye nezinqubo. Iwebhusayithi http://www.addisababcity.gov.et/ Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lawa mawebhusayithi angaba ngaphansi kwezinguquko noma ukubuyekezwa, ngakho kuyancomeka ukuthi uhlole ukunemba kwawo kanye nokuhambisana kwawo ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.

Amawebhusayithi ombuzo wedatha yokuhweba

Kunamawebhusayithi amaningana ahlinzeka ngedatha yezohwebo ye-Ethiopia. Naba abavelele kanye nama-URL abo: 1. Ikhomishana yentela yase-Ethiopia (ECC): Isizindalwazi se-ECC sinikeza ukufinyelela ezinsizeni ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene namasiko, okuhlanganisa izibalo zokuhweba kanye nolwazi lwentela. I-URL: https://www.ecc.gov.et/ 2. Ikhomishana Yotshalomali Yase-Ethiopia (EIC): I-EIC inikeza ulwazi oluwusizo mayelana namathuba okutshalwa kwezimali e-Ethiopia, okuhlanganisa idatha yemisebenzi yokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kanye nemithethonqubo yokuhweba. I-URL: https://www.ethioinvest.org/ 3. I-Ethiopian Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations (ECCSA): Iwebhusayithi ye-ECCSA ayinikezi nje kuphela ulwazi ngamakamelo ezwe ohwebo kodwa futhi ihlanganisa idatha ebalulekile ehlobene nohwebo. I-URL: https://ethiopianchamber.com/ 4. IBhange Likazwelonke lase-Ethiopia (NBE): I-NBE inikeza idatha yezomnotho neyezezimali ye-Ethiopia, okuhlanganisa ibhalansi yezinkokhelo, amanani okushintshaniswa kwemali yangaphandle, nezinye izibalo ezifanele ezingasiza ekuhlaziyeni ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kwezwe. I-URL: https://www.nbe.gov.et/ 5. I-Ethiopian Revenue and Customs Authority (ERCA) - I-ERCA inesibopho sokuqoqa izintela nokuphoqelela imithetho yemithetho yentela e-Ethiopia. Isizindalwazi sabo sinikeza ukufinyelela ezinsizeni ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene nentela kanye nezinqubo zokungenisa nokuthekelisa. I-URL: http://erca.gov.et/ Lawa mawebhusayithi anganikeza ulwazi olunzulu mayelana nemisebenzi yezohwebo yamazwe ngamazwe yase-Ethiopia, okuhlanganisa ukusebenza kokuthekelisa, amanani wokungenisa, ophathina abakhulu bokuhweba, imisebenzi yangokwezifiso, amathuba okutshala imali njll.

Amapulatifomu e-B2b

I-Ethiopia, izwe elilisophondweni lwe-Afrika, ibone ukwanda okukhulayo kwamapulatifomu e-B2B abhekelela izimboni ezahlukahlukene. Lezi zinkundla zisebenza njengezimakethe zedijithali lapho amabhizinisi engaxhuma khona, ahlanganyele, futhi ahwebe ngezimpahla namasevisi. Nazi ezinye izinkundla ze-B2B eziphawulekayo e-Ethiopia kanye nama-URL ewebhusayithi yawo: 1. I-Qefira (https://www.qefira.com/): I-Qefira inkundla ye-inthanethi ehambisa izikhangiso ezihlukanisiwe nokuhweba phakathi kwamabhizinisi asebenza e-Ethiopia. Ihlanganisa izigaba eziningi ezifana nezimoto, izindlu, izinto zikagesi, imfashini, imisebenzi, nokunye. 2. I-Exim Bank yase-Ethiopia (https://eximbank.et/): I-Exim Bank yase-Ethiopia inikeza imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yezezimali namasevisi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kwamabhizinisi ase-Ethiopia. Isizindalwazi salo sisebenza njengenkundla ye-B2B lapho izinkampani zingahlola khona amathuba okuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe, zifinyelele ezindaweni zezimali zohwebo, futhi zithole ulwazi ngobuhlakani bemakethe. 3. I-Entoto Market (https://entotomarket.net/): Le nkundla igxile kakhulu ekuphromotheni imikhiqizo yezingcweti zase-Ethiopia njengezimpahla zezingubo ezenziwe ngezindwangu zomdabu noma izisetshenziswa ezenziwe ngezandla. I-Entoto Market inikeza indlela yokuxhuma abathengi nabahlinzeki ngokuqondile. 4. I-EthioMarket (https://ethiomarket.net/): I-EthioMarket igxile emkhakheni wezolimo ngokuxhumanisa abalimi nabathengi abafuna imikhiqizo yezolimo efana nobhontshisi wekhofi noma izinongo ezikhiqizwa e-Ethiopia. Ivumela abalimi ukuthi bakhangise ngemikhiqizo yabo ku-inthanethi kuyilapho ivumela abathengi ukuthi bathole abahlinzeki abathembekile. 5.BirrPay: I-BirrPay iwumhlinzeki wezixazululo zokukhokha ngogesi ozinze e-Ethiopia enikeza amasango okukhokha e-B2B avikelekile amabhizinisi endawo afuna izinketho ezilula zokukhokha zedijithali. 6.Iphothali Yebhizinisi Yase-Ethiopia: Iphothali Yebhizinisi Yase-Ethiopia (https://ethbizportal.com/) isebenza njengengosi yolwazi ehlanganisa konke emikhakheni ehlukahlukene efana nezibuyekezo zezindaba zomkhakha wokukhiqiza nokuthuthukisa imboni namakhathalogi. Lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa ezivelele zamapulatifomu e-B2B atholakala e-Ethiopia. Njengoba i-digital ecosystem ezweni iqhubeka nokukhula, kungenzeka ukuthi kuzovela izinkundla ezengeziwe, ezibhekelela izimboni ezahlukene kanye nezidingo zebhizinisi.
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