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Izimakethe Eziyinhloko
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Ukubuka konke Kwezwe
I-Bosnia neHerzegovina, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi iBosnia nje, iyizwe eliseningizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu eNhlonhlweni yaseBalkan. Ihlanganyela imingcele yayo neCroatia enyakatho, entshonalanga naseningizimu, iSerbia ngasempumalanga, neMontenegro eningizimu-mpumalanga. Lesi sizwe sinomlando onothile owasuka emandulo. Ngemuva kokuwa koMbuso WaseRoma, iBosnia yaba yingxenye yemibuso ehlukahlukene yenkathi ephakathi ngaphambi kokuba ifakwe eMbusweni Wase-Ottoman ngekhulu le-15. Ukubusa okwalandela kwe-Austrian-Hungarian ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19th kuye kwathuthukisa ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko. Izwe lathola inkululeko kuYugoslavia ngo-1992 ngemva kwempi yombango ebhubhisayo eyathatha iminyaka emithathu. Manje isiyiriphabhulikhi yentando yeningi enohlelo lwezepolitiki oluyinkimbinkimbi oluhlanganisa izinhlangano ezimbili ezihlukene: i-Republika Srpska kanye ne-Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Inhloko-dolobha iSarajevo. I-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina inezindawo zemvelo ezimangalisayo, ezihlanganisa izintaba eziluhlaza, imifula ecwebe njengekristalu njenge-Una ne-Neretva, amachibi amahle njengeLake Boračko ne-Jablanica Lake, ayenza ibe indawo ekahle yemisebenzi yangaphandle efana nokuqwala izintaba noma ukukhwela isikebhe. Uma kukhulunywa ngamagugu amasiko, lesi sizwe esihlukahlukene sibonisa amathonya kusuka ekwakhiweni kweByzantine kuya kuma-mosque esitayela sase-Ottoman kanye nezakhiwo zase-Austro-Hungarian. Idolobha Elidala elidumile lase-Sarajevo libonisa le ngxube phakathi kwemigwaqo emincane lapho ungathola khona izimakethe zendabuko ezihlinzeka ngemisebenzi yezandla yendawo. Inani labantu ngokuyinhloko lihlanganisa izizwe ezintathu eziyinhloko: amaBosniak (amaSulumane aseBosnia), amaSerb (amaKristu obu-Orthodox), namaCroat (amaKristu angamaKatolika). Ngalezi sizinda esiyingqayizivele kuza amasiko ahlukahlukene afaka umculo onjenge-sevdalinka noma ama-orchestra e-tamburitza adlala imiculo yesintu eduze kwezinhlobo ze-pop. Ukudla kwaseBosnia kukhombisa lokhu kuhlukahluka kwamasiko; Izidlo ezidumile zihlanganisa i-cevapi (inyama egayiwe egayiwe), i-burek (ikhekhe eligcwele inyama noma ushizi), kanye ne-dolma (imifino egcwele) ethonywa ukunambitheka kwe-Ottoman ne-Mediterranean. Naphezu kwezingxabano ezedlule, iBosnia neHerzegovina yenza igxathu eliya ekuzinzeni nasekuthuthukeni. Ifisa ukujoyina i-European Union, nakuba kusenezinselele endleleni yokuhlanganiswa okuphelele. Amathuba ezwe okukhula asezimbonini zalo zemvelo, ezokuvakasha, ezolimo kanye nezokukhiqiza. Sekukonke, i-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina ihlinzeka ngenhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yomlando, imvelo, ukwehlukahlukana kwamasiko, nokungenisa izihambi okufudumele okuheha izivakashi ezivela kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba.
Imali Yezwe
IBosnia and Herzegovina, izwe eliseningizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu, linesimo semali esiyingqayizivele. Imali esemthethweni yaseBosnia naseHerzegovina i-Convertible Mark (BAM). Yethulwa ngo-1998 ukuze kunzinziswe umnotho ngemva kweMpi yaseBosnia. I-Convertible Mark ikhokhwe ku-euro ngezinga lokushintshana eligxilile elingu-1 BAM = 0.5113 EUR. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuwo wonke ama-Convertible Mark, ungathola cishe uhhafu we-euro. Imali ikhishwa yiBhange Elikhulu laseBosnia naseHerzegovina, eliqinisekisa ukuzinza nokuthembeka kwalo. Ibhange liphethe inqubomgomo yezimali, lilawula amabhange okuhweba, futhi lihlose ukugcina amanani azinzile ngaphakathi kwezwe. Imali itholakala emahlelweni ahlukahlukene njengemali yamaphepha - 10, 20, 50, 100 BAM - kanye nezinhlamvu zemali - 1 marka (KM), 2 KM, kanye namahlelo amahlanu amancane aziwa ngokuthi Fening. Nakuba ezinye izindawo zingase zamukele ama-euro noma ezinye izinhlobo zemali ezinkulu njengamadola ase-US njengezindlela zokukhokha ngezinjongo zokuvakasha noma ukuthengiselana kwamanye amazwe ezindaweni ezithile ezinomsebenzi wezokuvakasha ophezulu njenge-Sarajevo noma i-Mostar; kusatuswa ukuthi ushintshise imali yakho ku-Convertible Marks lapho uvakashela e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina ukuze uthole inani elingcono lokuthenga kwakho. Ama-ATM atholakala kabanzi ezweni lonke lapho ungakwazi ukukhipha imali yasendaweni usebenzisa ikhadi lakho ledebhithi noma lesikweletu. Kutuswa ukuthi wazise ibhange lakho ngaphambi kokuhamba ukuze ugweme noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka ngesikhathi sokuhoxiswa kwe-ATM phesheya. Izimali zakwamanye amazwe zingashintshwa emahhovisi okushintshana agunyaziwe atholakala ngaphakathi kwamabhange noma ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu. Qaphela ngokuhwebelana ngemali ezimakethe ezingakahleleki ngaphandle kwalezi zindawo ezigunyaziwe njengoba kungase kuhilele ubungozi obufana namanothi omgunyathi noma amanani angafaneleki. Sekukonke, lapho uvakashela e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina qinisekisa ukuthi unemali eyanele yasendaweni njengoba izikhungo eziningi ezincane zingase zingazamukeli izimali zakwamanye amazwe noma amakhadi.
Isilinganiso sokushintsha imali
Imali esemthethweni yase-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina i-Convertible Mark (BAM). Amazinga okushintshaniswa ahlawumbiwa ezimali ezinkulu njengangoMeyi 2021 yilawa: - I-BAM engu-1 ilingana no-0.61 USD - I-BAM engu-1 ilingana no-0.52 EUR - 1 BAM ilingana no-0.45 GBP - I-BAM engu-1 ilingana no-6.97 CNY Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lezi zilinganiso zokushintshisana ziyalinganiselwa futhi zingahluka kancane ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwemakethe.
Amaholide Abalulekile
I-Bosnia and Herzegovina iyizwe eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu, elaziwa ngokucebile kwamasiko nezinhlanga zalo. Maningi amaholide agujwa kuleli zwe, akhombisa ifa eliyingqayizivele labantu bakhona. Elinye lamaholide abaluleke kakhulu eBosnia naseHerzegovina uSuku Lokuzimela, olugujwa ngoMashi 1 unyaka ngamunye. Lolu suku lukhumbula ukumemezela kwezwe inkululeko ku-Yugoslavia ngo-1992. Lufanekisela inkululeko nobukhosi besizwe njengombuso ozimele. Elinye iholide elibalulekile uSuku Lukazwelonke, olugujwa ngoNovemba 25. Lolu suku luphawula isikhumbuzo seminyaka yonke ye-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina ngokusemthethweni yaba yiriphabhulikhi engaphansi kweYugoslavia emuva ngo-1943 phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Usuku Lukazwelonke lubungaza ukubaluleka komlando kobumbano phakathi kwezizwe ezihlukene ngezikhathi ezinzima. I-Eid al-Fitr, eyaziwa nangokuthi iRamadan Bayram noma i-Bajram, omunye umkhosi ovelele ogujwa amaSulumane kulo lonke elaseBosnia naseHerzegovina. Kuphawula ukuphela kweRamadan, isikhathi sokuzila ukudla okuyinyanga kwamaSulumane emhlabeni jikelele. Imindeni iyahlangana ukuze igubhe ngamadili, ngokuphana izipho, ngemikhuleko kuma-mosque, nangezenzo zokupha kulabo abampofu. UKhisimusi wama-Orthodox noma i-Božić (ebizwa ngokuthi i-Bozheech) ibonwa kabanzi ngamaKristu abambelela emasikweni e-Eastern Orthodox e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina. Ugujwa minyaka yonke ngo-January 7 ngokwekhalenda likaJulius (elihambisana no-December 25 ngokusekelwe ekhalendeni laseNtshonalanga Gregorian), uKhisimusi wama-Orthodox uhlonipha ukuzalwa kukaJesu Kristu ngezinkonzo zenkolo eziqhutshwa emasontweni ezihambisana nemibuthano yemikhosi namalungu omndeni. Ukwengeza, abantu baseBosnia babuye bagubhe ngenjabulo imikhosi yoNcibijane egcwele imibukiso yeziqhumane nemikhosi ehlukahlukene njengoba bamukela unyaka ngamunye ozayo benethemba lokuchuma okuzayo. Lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa nje ezigqamisa amaholide athile abalulekile agujwa e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina kuyo yonke imiphakathi yabo ehlukahlukene kuyilapho bebonisa ukuhluka kwabo kwamasiko okunikela ku-tapestry enempilo echaza leli zwe elihle.
Isimo Sohwebo Lwangaphandle
I-Bosnia and Herzegovina iyizwe eliseNhlonhlweni ye-Balkan eNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu. Kusukela ngo-2021, inesibalo sabantu abacishe babe yizigidi ezi-3.3. Umnotho wezwe uncike kakhulu ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe. Mayelana nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, iBosnia neHerzegovina ngokuyinhloko ithengisa izinto ezingavuthiwe, izimpahla eziphakathi nendawo, kanye nemikhiqizo ekhiqiziwe. Izimboni ezinkulu ezithumela kwamanye amazwe zihlanganisa ukucubungula insimbi, izingxenye zezimoto, izindwangu, amakhemikhali, ukucubungula ukudla kanye nemikhiqizo yezinkuni. Ozakwethu abakhulu bezwe abahwebelana ngokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngamazwe angaphakathi kwe-European Union (EU), njengeJalimane, i-Croatia, i-Italy, i-Serbia, ne-Slovenia. Lawa mazwe abala ingxenye enkulu yesamba sempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle yase-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina ithembele ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe ukuze ihlangabezane nesidingo sayo sasekhaya sezimpahla namasevisi ahlukahlukene. Imikhiqizo eyinhloko ethengwa kwamanye amazwe ihlanganisa imishini nezinto zokusebenza (ikakhulukazi ezenzelwe ukukhiqiza), amafutha okubasa (njenge-petroleum), amakhemikhali, ukudla (okuhlanganisa nokudla okugayiwe), imithi yemithi, izimoto (kuhlanganise nezimoto), imikhiqizo kagesi/izinto ezisetshenziswayo. Imithombo eyinhloko yokungenisa kwamanye amazwe futhi ngamazwe e-EU kanye namazwe angomakhelwane njengeSerbia noma iTurkey; Nokho, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi iBosnia ayinakho ukufinyelela kwamahhala emakethe ye-EU ngenxa yesimo sayo esingewona amalungu enhlanganweni. Ibhalansi yokuhweba phakathi kwezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kanye nempahla ephuma ngaphandle e-Bosnia ivamise ukuba yimbi ngenxa yenani elikhulu lokungenisa eliqhathaniswa nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Nokho, uhulumeni ubelokhu enza imizamo yokuthuthukisa isimo somnotho wezwe ngokugqugquzela ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe, ukukhuthaza izimboni ezigxile ekuthekeliseni kwamanye amazwe ngokusebenzisa izikhuthazi ezahlukahlukene ezifana nekhefu lentela kanye nokwehliswa kwentela. Lezi zinyathelo zihlose ukunciphisa ukuncika ekuthengeni izimpahla ezivela kwamanye amazwe kuyilapho kuthuthukisa amakhono okukhiqiza ngaphakathi. Sekukonke, iBosnia igcina umnotho wemakethe evulekile ngokugxila kukho kokubili ukuhweba kwesifunda ngaphakathi kweNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu kanye nohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe nabalingani bomhlaba.I-Bosnia ibhekane nezinselelo zomnotho ezilandelayo ukuhlakazwa kweYugoslaviain 1992-1995 okwaholela ekubhujisweni okubangelwe yimpi kanye nokuwohloka komnotho .Kodwa-ke, izwe liye lenza inqubekelaphambili eminyakeni yamuva futhi kancane kancane liguqula umnotho walo ngenhloso yokuhlanganiswa ne-EU.
Amathuba Okuthuthukisa Imakethe
I-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina inamandla amakhulu okuthuthukisa imakethe yohwebo lwangaphandle. Izwe lisendaweni ekahle, lisebenza njengesango phakathi kweNtshonalanga Yurophu kanye ne-Balkan, elethula indawo enenzuzo emisebenzini yohwebo. Omunye wemikhakha ebalulekile ekuhwebeni kwangaphandle kwaseBosnia naseHerzegovina owezolimo. Izwe linomhlaba ovundile osekela ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa izithelo, imifino, okusanhlamvu nemfuyo. Ukwengeza, kunesidingo esikhulayo semikhiqizo ye-organic emhlabeni jikelele. Ngakho-ke, ngokutshalwa kwezimali okufanele kanye nokwenza ngcono izindlela zokulima, umkhakha wezolimo unganwetshwa ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe. Enye indawo engaba khona yohwebo lwangaphandle isembonini yokukhiqiza yaseBosnia naseHerzegovina. Izwe linabasebenzi abanamakhono abangabamba iqhaza ekukhiqizeni izinhlobonhlobo zezimpahla ezifana nendwangu, ifenisha, ukucubungula insimbi, izingxenye zemishini, izinto zikagesi, njll. Imizamo yokwenza izikhungo zokukhiqiza zibe zesimanjemanje kanye nokwenza ngcono izinga lomkhiqizo ingathuthukisa ukuncintisana ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhakha wezokuvakasha nawo unamathuba athembisayo okukhula kohwebo lwangaphandle. Ifa lamasiko elicebile lase-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina linikeza ulwazi oluyingqayizivele kubavakashi abafuna izindawo zomlando njenge-Mostar Bridge noma izimangaliso zemvelo njenge-Plitvice Lakes National Park. Ngokutshala imali ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda okuhloswe ngayo ukuthuthukisa ukufinyeleleka nokuthuthukisa ezokuvakasha emazweni ngamazwe, izwe lingaheha izivakashi eziningi ezivela ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba. Lokhu kuzoholela ekwenyukeni kwemali etholwa abavakashi bamazwe ngamazwe ngezinkonzo ezahlukene ezihlinzekwa ngamahhotela, izindawo zokudlela, kanye nabaqhubi bezokuvakasha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, I-Bosnia 【kanye】Herzegovina selusungule ubudlelwano obuhle bokuhweba namazwe angomakhelwane ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo zesifunda ezifana ne-Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA). Ukuqinisa lezi zibopho ezikhona ngesikhathi esifanayo sihlola izimakethe ezintsha ngaphesheya kwesifunda sayo kuzosiza ukuhlukanisa izindawo zokuthumela ngaphandle. Sekukonke, naphezu kwezinselelo ezithile ezifana nezinqubo ze-bureaucratic, ukukhathazeka ngenkohlakalo, kanye nokufinyelela okulinganiselwe kwezezimali, i-Bosnia【Icc2】 kanye ne【Icc3】Herzegovina【Icc4】inamandla okuthuthukisa imakethe yohwebo lwangaphandle ngokuthuthukiswa kwemikhakha efana nezolimo, ezokukhiqiza, nezokuvakasha. Kubalulekile ukuthi uhulumeni kanye nababambiqhaza abathintekayo bakhe indawo ekahle yokutshalwa kwezimali kuyilapho kugxilwe nasekuthuthukiseni ingqalasizinda, ukwenza isimanjemanje, kanye nokukhangisa imikhiqizo namasevisi abo emhlabeni jikelele.
Imikhiqizo edayiswayo eshisayo emakethe
Uma kuziwa ekukhetheni imikhiqizo edayiswa kakhulu yemakethe yohwebo lwangaphandle e-Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), kunezici ezimbalwa okufanele zicatshangelwe. I-BiH inemakethe ehlukahlukene enamathuba ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene njengezolimo, ezokukhiqiza, ezokuvakasha, kanye nobuchwepheshe bolwazi. 1. Ukudla Neziphuzo: I-BiH yaziwa ngamafa ayo acebile okupheka, okwenza ukudla neziphuzo kube umkhakha othembisayo. Imikhiqizo yasendaweni efana noju, iwayini, imikhiqizo yobisi yendabuko, izithelo nemifino ephilayo idumile phakathi kwezakhamuzi kanye nezivakashi ngokufanayo. Abahlinzeki bakwamanye amazwe bangagxila ekunikezeni izimpahla ezingeniswa ngaphandle eziyingqayizivele noma ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezihambisana nemakethe yendawo. 2. Ukukhiqiza: I-BiH inemboni eqinile yokukhiqiza enamandla ekukhiqizeni ifenisha, izingxenye zezimoto, izindwangu, ukucubungula ukhuni, ukusebenza kwensimbi, njll. Ukungena esidingweni salo mkhakha sezimpahla ezivela kwamanye amazwe noma izinto zokusetshenziswa kungaba inzuzo enkulu. Imikhiqizo efana nemishini noma izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ezingatholakali kalula ekhaya zingathola izethameli ezamukelayo. 3. Izinto ezihlobene nokuvakasha: Ngezindawo zakhona ezinhle (njengamapaki kazwelonke) nezimpawu zendawo zomlando (isb., i-Mostar's Old Bridge), ezokuvakasha ziwumshayeli obalulekile wezomnotho e-BiH. Izinto ezihlobene nemisebenzi yangaphandle njengegiya lokuqwala izintaba/izingubo/izinsiza zingabhekwa njengezinketho ezikhangayo zamathuba ohwebo lwangaphandle. 4. Ubuchwepheshe Bolwazi: Umkhakha we-IT ukhula ngokushesha e-BiH ngenxa yabasebenzi abanamakhono ngezindleko ezivumayo uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu aseduze.Ukukhethwa kwemikhiqizo ehlobene ne-IT efana nezingxenye ze-hardware noma izinhlelo zokusebenza zesofthiwe kuzobhekana kahle nale makethe esafufusa. 5.Izinsiza Ze-Oyili Negesi - I-Bosnia inezinsiza ezibalulekile zikawoyela negesi ezingasetshenzisiwe okwenza lo mkhakha ukhange kakhulu kubatshalizimali bangaphandle.Ukunikezela ngemishini/amathuluzi adingwa imboni yokuhlola uwoyela negesi kungaba imisebenzi enenzuzo. Ukuze ukhethe ngempumelelo imikhiqizo edayiswa kakhulu yemakethe yohwebo yangaphandle yase-Bosnia: - Yenza ucwaningo lwemakethe mayelana nezitayela zamanje zabathengi. - Hlola ukuncintisana kwendawo/intengo yezinto ezifanayo. - Qonda okuthandwayo/izidingo zamasiko. - Sebenzisana nozakwethu bendawo noma amanethiwekhi okusabalalisa. - Ukuthobela imithethonqubo kanye namazinga wokungenisa. - Bamba iqhaza emisebenzini ephumelelayo yokumaketha nokukhuthaza. Khumbula, ukuqapha okujwayelekile kokuguquguquka kwemakethe kubalulekile ukulungisa isu lokukhetha umkhiqizo ngendlela efanele.
Izici zekhasimende kanye ne-taboo
I-Bosnia and Herzegovina, izwe eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu, lineqoqo eliyingqayizivele lezimpawu zamasiko nezamakhasimende. Ukuqonda lezi zici kungasiza amabhizinisi ahlanganyele ngempumelelo nabathengi kule makethe. Isici esisodwa esibalulekile samakhasimende ase-Bosnia umuzwa wabo oqinile wobunikazi bomphakathi. Umphakathi waseBosnia naseHerzegovina ugxilile ezimisweni zendabuko, izibopho zomndeni, kanye nemiphakathi ebumbene. Ngenxa yalokho, kunokuncamela ubudlelwano bomuntu siqu kunokusebenzelana kwebhizinisi okusemthethweni. Ukwakha ukwethembana ngemihlangano yobuso nobuso kanye nokusungula ukuxhumana kwesikhathi eside kubalulekile ukuze kusungulwe ubudlelwano obuphumelelayo bebhizinisi. Abantu baseBosnia bavame ukukwazisa ukwethembeka nokungafihli lutho uma kuziwa ekusebenzelaneni kwebhizinisi. Kubalulekile ukuthi izinkampani zifeze izithembiso zazo futhi ziqonde ekuxhumaneni kwazo. Ubuqotho budlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni ukwethembeka kumakhasimende. Esinye isici esiphawulekayo samakhasimende aseBosnia ukugcizelela kwawo ikhwalithi phezu kwentengo. Nakuba intengo idlala indima, abathengi bavame ukuzimisela ukukhokha okwengeziwe ngemikhiqizo noma amasevisi ahlangabezana nezindinganiso eziphakeme noma anikeza ikhwalithi ephezulu. Izinkampani kufanele zigxile ekugcizeleleni isiphakamiso senani kunokuzibandakanya emqhudelwaneni osuselwe emananini kuphela. Ngokuphathelene nokungamukeleki noma izifundo ezingavunyelwe, kubalulekile ukuthi amabhizinisi azwele mayelana nokuxoxa ngezihloko zezenkolo noma zezombusazwe lapho exhumana namakhasimende ase-Bosnia. Inkolo inengxenye ebalulekile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwabaningi baseBosnia; ngakho-ke, izingxoxo eziphathelene nezinkolelo zenkolo kufanele zigwenywe ngaphandle uma ziqalwe yikhasimende ngokwalo. Ngokufanayo, izihloko zezombangazwe ezihlobene nezingxabano ezedlule kufanele futhi kukhulunywe ngazo ngokuqapha njengoba zingavusa imizwa enamandla. Sekukonke, amabhizinisi afuna ukusebenzelana namakhasimende ase-Bosnia adinga ukubeka phambili ukwakha ubudlelwano bomuntu siqu obusekelwe ekwethembeni nasekuthembekeni kuyilapho ehlinzeka ngemikhiqizo noma amasevisi asezingeni eliphezulu ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ukuzwela ezindabeni zomphakathi ezifana nenkolo noma ezombusazwe.
Uhlelo lokuphathwa kweCustoms
I-Bosnia and Herzegovina iyizwe eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu elinesimiso esiyingqayizivele samasiko kanye nokulawulwa kwemingcele. Izwe linemithetho ethile elawula ukuhamba kwabantu, izimpahla, kanye nezimoto ukweqa imingcele yalo. Mayelana nokulawulwa kokufika kwabantu kwamanye amazwe, izivakashi eziya e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina kufanele zibe nepasipoti esemthethweni esele okungenani izinyanga eziyisithupha esemthethweni. Ezinye izizwe nazo zingadinga i-visa ukuze zingene ezweni. Kunconywa ukuthi uhlole izidingo ze-visa zakamuva ngaphambi kohambo. Ezindaweni zokuhlola emngceleni, abahambi kufanele balungele ukwethula izincwadi zabo zokuhamba ukuze zihlolwe yizikhulu zentela. Bonke abantu abangena noma abaphuma ezweni bangase bahlolwe imithwalo noma baphenywe imibuzo ngamaphoyisa asemngceleni. Kubalulekile ukubambisana nalezi zikhulu futhi uphendule yonke imibuzo ngeqiniso. Ezimpahleni ezilethwa noma ezikhishwe eBosnia naseHerzegovina, kunemikhawulo ethile ezintweni ezinqatshelwe njengezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni, izibhamu, iziqhumane, imali yomgunyathi, nezimpahla zobugebengu. Abahambi kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi abaphathi noma yiziphi izinto ezinqatshelwe emithwalweni yabo. Kukhona futhi imikhawulo yezibonelelo zamahhala zezigaba ezahlukahlukene zezimpahla ezifana notshwala, imikhiqizo kagwayi, amakha, izinto zikagesi, njll., ezihluka ngokuya ngezidingo zomuntu siqu ezisetshenziswayo noma izipho eziphathwa ngabantu. Ukweqa lezi zibonelelo kungase kubangele ukukhokhiswa intela eyengeziwe noma ukushaqwa kwezimpahla. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina inezindawo ezihlukene zokuwela imingcele yezwe kanye nezikhumulo zezindiza zamazwe ngamazwe lapho izinqubo zenkambiso zingenzeka khona. Indawo ngayinye okuwela kuyo ingase ibe nemithetho nemigomo yayo; ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi abahambi bazijwayeze ngezindawo ezithile zokungena abahlela ukuzisebenzisa. Kafushane, lapho uvakashela e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina kubalulekile ukuthobela imithetho neziqondiso zabokufika ngaso sonke isikhathi. Abahambi kufanele babe nazo zonke izincwadi zokuhamba ezidingekayo ezilungele ukuhlolwa lapho befika/besuka; ukuthobela imingcele yamasiko ezintweni ezingavunyelwe; hlonipha imikhawulo yokungakhokhiswa intela yokungenisa/ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla kwamanye amazwe; ukugcina ukubambisana ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwezikhulu zasemngceleni; bazifundise ngemithetho ethile yezindawo ezahlukene zokungena/zokuphuma. Ngokuthobela le mihlahlandlela, abahambi bangaqinisekisa ulwazi lwamasiko olubushelelezi e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina.
Izinqubomgomo zentela zokungenisa
I-Bosnia and Herzegovina, izwe eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Europe, linezinqubomgomo zentela yokungenisa eziqondile ezilawula ukukhokhiswa kwentela yezimpahla ezingenisiwe. Izintela zokungenisa e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina zihlose ukulawula ezohwebo nokuvikela izimboni zasekhaya. Isakhiwo sentela yokungenisa e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina sisekelwe kumakhodi e-Harmonised System (HS), ahlukanisa imikhiqizo ngezigaba ezahlukene. Isigaba ngasinye sinesilinganiso saso sentela esihambisanayo. Inqubomgomo yentela yakhelwe ukwenza imali kuhulumeni futhi yakhe inkundla yokudlala yabakhiqizi basekhaya. Impahla engenisiwe ikhonjelwe kukho kokubili intela ye-value-added (VAT) kanye nentela yezimpahla. Izinga le-VAT elisetshenziswa ezimpahleni eziningi ezingenisiwe njengamanje limi ku-17%. Le ntela ibalwa ngokusekelwe kunani langokwezifiso lomkhiqizo, elihlanganisa izindleko zento, izinkokhiso zomshwalense, izindleko zokuthutha, kanye nanoma yimiphi imisebenzi yempahla esebenzayo. Intela yempahla ethengiswayo ikhokhiswa emikhiqizweni ethile engeniswe eBosnia naseHerzegovina. Lawa manani angahluka kuye ngohlobo lomkhiqizo ongeniswayo. Isibonelo, ezinye izinto ezibalulekile njengokudla noma umuthi zingazuza ezilinganisweni eziphansi noma zeqanda zentela ngokwezifiso uma kuqhathaniswa nezimpahla zikanokusho noma izinto ezingabalulekile. Ngaphezu kwentela ye-VAT kanye nentela yempahla, kungase kube nezinkokhelo ezengeziwe ezifana nezindleko zokuphatha noma izimali zokuhlola ezibekwe iziphathimandla phakathi nezinqubo zokugunyazwa kwentela. Kubalulekile ukuthi abangenisi bacabangele lezi zintela lapho behlanganyela emisebenzini yohwebo ne-Bosnia and Herzegovina. Abathekelisi kufanele babuyekeze ngokucophelela izimiso ezifanele ngaphambi kokungenisa izimpahla zabo ezweni ukuze baqinisekise ukuthobela imithetho yendawo emayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwezindleko nokubalwa okunembile kwezintela ezikhokhwayo. Sekukonke, ukuqonda izinqubomgomo zentela yokungenisa yase-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina kungasiza amabhizinisi enze izinqumo ezinolwazi lapho ehwebelana namazwe ngamazwe naleli zwe.
Thumela izinqubomgomo zentela
I-Bosnia and Herzegovina, izwe eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu, inomnotho ohlukahlukene onemikhakha eyahlukene enomthelela embonini yayo yokuthumela ngaphandle. Uma kukhulunywa ngenqubomgomo yentela ezimpahleni ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, iBosnia neHerzegovina ilandela imithetho ethile. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi iBosnia neHerzegovina ayiyona ingxenye ye-European Union (EU), ngokungafani namanye amazwe angomakhelwane njengeCroatia. Ngakho-ke, izinqubomgomo zayo zohwebo azihambisani nemithetho ye-EU. Inqubomgomo yentela yezimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina ihlanganisa izici ezimbalwa. Esinye sezici ezibalulekile ezinquma izintela ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe ukuhlukaniswa kwemikhiqizo ngokusekelwe kumakhodi ayo e-Harmonised System (HS). Lawa makhodi ahlukanisa izimpahla ngokwezinjongo zokungenisa nokuthekelisa emhlabeni wonke ngokuzinikeza izinombolo ezithile noma amakhodi. Amanani entela kule mikhiqizo ayahluka ngokuya ngezigaba zawo zekhodi ye-HS. Ezinye izinto zingase zingakhokhi izintela noma zijabulele amanani ancishisiwe ngenxa yezivumelwano zokuhweba ezincanyelwayo namazwe noma izifunda ezithile. Ukwengeza, kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi i-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina iqukethe izinhlangano ezimbili: i-Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) kanye ne-Republika Srpska (RS). Inhlangano ngayinye inemithetho yayo yentela; ngakho-ke, amanani entela angase ahluke phakathi kwawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abathumeli kwamanye amazwe e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina bangase bakwazi ukufinyelela ezinkuthazweni ezahlukene ezihlinzekwa yibo bobabili ohulumeni bamabhizinisi. Lezi zikhuthazi zihlose ukukhuthaza imisebenzi yokuthekelisa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezifana nosekelo lwezezimali, izibonelelo, uxhaso, noma ukukhululwa ezinteleni ezithile noma ezinkokhelweni. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi le ncazelo emfushane inikeza kuphela umbono jikelele wenqubomgomo yentela yokuthekelisa ye-Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nezilinganiso ezithile zentela zezigaba zomkhiqizo ngamunye zingatholwa emithonjeni kahulumeni esemthethweni njengeziphathimandla zentela noma iminyango efanele enesibopho sezindaba zohwebo kuwo womabili amazinga ebhizinisi. Sengiphetha, njenganoma yiliphi elinye izwe elihilelekile emisebenzini yohwebo yamazwe ngamazwe, i-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina isebenzisa inqubomgomo yentela yokuthumela ngaphandle ecabangela ukuhlukaniswa kwemikhiqizo ngokusekelwe kumakhodi e-HS, amanani entela ahlukahlukene kuye ngalezi zigaba, kanye nezinzuzo ezingaba khona noma ukukhululwa okutholakala kwabathumela ngaphandle.
Kudingeka izitifiketi zokuthekelisa
I-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina iyizwe eliseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Europe futhi linomnotho ohlukahlukene onemikhakha eminingi enikela ekuthengisweni kwawo kwamanye amazwe. Ukuze kube lula ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe, izwe selisebenzise izitifiketi nemithethonqubo ehlukahlukene yokuthumela ngaphandle. Esinye sezitifiketi eziyinhloko zokuthekelisa e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina Isitifiketi Somsuka. Lo mbhalo uqinisekisa ukuthi izimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zisuka ezweni sezikhiqiziwe noma zacutshungulwa ngaphakathi kwemingcele yalo. Ihlinzeka ngobufakazi bemvelaphi futhi isiza ekuvimbeleni ukukhwabanisa, iqinisekise ukuthi imikhiqizo ithunyelwa ngaphandle ngokusemthethweni. Esinye isitifiketi esibalulekile sihlobene namazinga ekhwalithi. Imikhiqizo ehlangabezana nezidingo ezithile zekhwalithi ingase ithole izitifiketi ezifana ne-ISO (International Organization for Standardization) noma i-CE (Conformité Européene). Lezi zitifiketi zibonisa ukuthobela izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe, okuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kokuthunyelwa kwe-Bosnia kwamanye amazwe ezimakethe zomhlaba. Ngokungeziwe kuzitifiketi ezijwayelekile zokuthumela ngaphandle, izimboni ezithile zingase zidinge imibhalo ethile ngokusekelwe kumvelo yazo. Isibonelo, iBosnia neHerzegovina yaziwa ngokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yezolimo njengezithelo, imifino, imikhiqizo yobisi, nenyama. Ngokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kulo mkhakha, izitifiketi ezengeziwe ezihlobene nokuphepha kokudla kungase kudingeke ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe. Amabhizinisi ase-Bosnia abandakanyeka ekuthumeleni kwamanye amazwe kumele futhi aqonde izinqubo zamasiko emazweni ahlukene okuyiwa kuwo. Lokhu kubandakanya ulwazi olumayelana namalayisense okungenisa noma izimvume ezidingwa yilawo mazwe ngezimpahla ezithile noma amasevisi athunyelwa ngaphandle. Ukusiza abathumeli bangaphandle ngokuzulazula kulezi zinkimbinkimbi, i-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina isungule izinhlangano ezifana ne-Foreign Trade Chamber (FTC) enikeza isiqondiso ngezinqubo zokuthekelisa kanye nolwazi olumayelana nezinsiza ezitholakalayo zabathumeli ngaphandle okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zokusiza ngezezimali. Sekukonke, ukuthobelana nezitifiketi zokuthumela ngaphandle kuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo yase-Bosnia ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke kuyilapho kusiza ubudlelwano bokuhwebelana obushelelayo phakathi kwabathumeli bangaphandle kanye nabangenisa impahla ngaphandle kwase-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukuhanjiswa okunconyiwe
I-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina, eseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Europe, inikeza izinketho ezimbalwa ezinokwethenjelwa zezinsizakalo ze-logistics esifundeni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi udinga izinto zokuhamba, indawo yokugcina impahla, noma izixazululo zokusabalalisa, kunezinkampani ezimbalwa ezingabhekana nezidingo zakho. Ezokuthutha: 1. I-Poste Srpske: Njengomhlinzeki wesevisi yeposi kazwelonke wase-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina, i-Poste Srpske inikeza izinsiza zokuthumela ngemikhumbi zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe. Banenethiwekhi esungulwe kahle yamahhovisi eposi ezweni lonke. 2. BH Pošta: Omunye umhlinzeki wesevisi yeposi ophawulekayo yi-BH Pošta. Banikeza izixazululo eziphelele zezokuthutha ezihlanganisa ukulethwa kwamaphasela, izinsizakalo ze-imeyili ezivezwayo, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwempahla kokubili kuleli nakwamanye amazwe. 3. I-DHL Bosnia and Herzegovina: I-DHL ihola umhlaba wonke ezixazululweni zezokuthutha futhi ikhona naseBosnia naseHerzegovina. Bahlinzeka ngezinsiza eziningi zokuhamba ezihlanganisa ukulethwa okusheshayo, ukuthuthwa kwezindiza, ezokuthutha emgwaqeni, nokukhishwa kwempahla. Indawo yokugcina impahla: 1. Izinsiza Zesitolo Sempahla Yase-Euro West: I-Euro West ihlinzeka ngezixazululo ezingochwepheshe zendawo yokugcina impahla kuhlanganise nezindawo zokugcina ezifakelwe izinhlelo zesimanje zokuphatha impahla. Ubuchwepheshe babo bulele ekuphatheni imikhiqizo eyahlukene kuyilapho beqinisekisa ukuthi izinyathelo zokuphepha ezilungile zikhona. 2. I-Wiss Logistika: I-Wiss Logistika igxile ekuhlinzekeni ngezinsiza ezisebenzayo zokugcina impahla kuzo zonke izimboni ezihlukahlukene ezifana nokudla nesiphuzo, ukusabalalisa izingxenye eziyisipele zezimoto, ezemithi, njll. Ukusabalalisa: 1. Izinsizakalo Zokusabalalisa I-Eronet: I-Eronet ingenye yabasabalalisi abahamba phambili bemikhiqizo kagesi yabathengi kulo lonke elase-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina.Basungule ubudlelwano obuqinile nemikhiqizo eminingi yomhlaba ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusatshalaliswa ngesikhathi ezweni lonke. I-2.Seka Logistics Ltd.: I-Seka Logistics inikeza izixazululo ezibanzi zokuphatha uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla eziklanyelwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zekhasimende ngalinye. Basebenza ngokukhethekile ezinhlelweni zokusabalalisa ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zamabhizinisi amancane kuya kwaphakathi nendawo afuna ukufinyelela emakethe okuphumelelayo ngaphakathi kwezwe noma ngale kwemingcele yalo. Laba bangabanye abahlinzeki besevisi yezokuthutha abatuswayo abatholakala e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina.Ukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe okusekelwe ezidingweni ezithile kuzoqinisekisa ukukhethwa kozakwethu ofaneleka kakhulu ngezidingo zakho zokusebenza.
Iziteshi zokuthuthukisa umthengi

Imibukiso yokuhweba ebalulekile

I-Bosnia and Herzegovina iyizwe eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu. Naphezu kobukhulu balo obuncane, izwe linikeza imigudu eminingana ebalulekile yokuthengwa kwempahla yamazwe ngamazwe nemibukiso yohwebo yamabhizinisi afuna ukwandisa ukusebenza kwawo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ezinye zezindlela ezibalulekile zokuthuthukiswa kwemakethe e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina. 1. I-Chamber of Commerce: I-Chamber of Commerce ye-Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (CCFBH) kanye ne-Chamber of Economy of Republika Srpska (CERS) amakamelo amabili avelele ahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezibalulekile kumabhizinisi. Bahlela imicimbi eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa izinkundla zebhizinisi, izingqungquthela, imihlangano ye-B2B, nezikhathi zokuxhumana. Le micimbi ihlinzeka ngamathuba okuba abahlinzeki bendawo baxhumane nabangase babe abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe. 2. Imibukiso Yezohwebo Yamazwe Ngamazwe: I-Sarajevo Fair ingomunye wabahleli bemibukiso yezohwebo ebaluleke kakhulu e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina. Isingatha imibukiso eminingi yamazwe ngamazwe egxile emikhakheni eyahlukene efana neyokwakha, ukukhiqizwa kwefenisha, ezolimo, ezokuvakasha, ukonga ugesi, njll. Ukubamba iqhaza kule mibukiso kungasiza amabhizinisi ukuthi abonise imikhiqizo yawo noma amasevisi ezinhlobonhlobo zabathengi abavela emhlabeni wonke. 3. I-E-Commerce Platform: Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe kanye nokufinyelela kwe-inthanethi kwanda kakhulu e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina, izinkundla ze-e-commerce seziyingxenye ebalulekile yamasu okuthuthukisa ibhizinisi. Izinkundla ezidumile ezifana ne-Amazon noma i-eBay zingasetshenziswa abahlinzeki bendawo kanye nabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe abafuna ukuthola imikhiqizo evela ezweni. 4. Amanxusa Amazwe Angaphandle/Amahhovisi Ohwebo: Amanxusa amaningana angaphandle anezigaba zezentengiselwano noma amahhovisi ohwebo agxile ekukhuthazeni ukuhwebelana phakathi kwamazwe amabili kanye neBosnia neHerzegovina. Lawa mahhovisi anganikeza imininingwane ebalulekile ngamathuba emakethe ezimbonini ezithile noma emikhakheni ethile kuyilapho esiza izinkampani ngokufanisa phakathi kwabahlinzeki basekhaya nabathengi bangaphandle. 5.Ukwesekwa Kwama-Ejensi Okukhuthaza Ukuthekelisa: I-Foreign Trade Chambers (FTCs) imele esinye isici esibalulekile uma kuziwa eziteshini zokuthenga zamazwe ngamazwe zamabhizinisi ase-Bosnia. Banikeza ukwesekwa nesiqondiso ezinkampanini zasekhaya ekutholeni abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe. Isibonelo, i-Foreign Trade Chamber of Bosnia and Herzegovina inikeza usizo kubathumeli kwamanye amazwe ekutholeni abangaba ozakwethu nezimakethe zezimpahla noma amasevisi abo. 6. Ukuba Nengxenye Emibukisweni Yamazwe Ngamazwe: I-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina iphinde ibambe iqhaza emibukisweni yamazwe ngamazwe eqhutshwa phesheya ukuze kukhangise imikhiqizo yayo nokuheha abathengi bakwamanye amazwe. Le micimbi inikeza inkundla yokuthi amabhizinisi abonise amakhono awo, axhumane nalabo abangase babe abathengi, asungule ubudlelwano bebhizinisi, futhi ahlole amathuba okubambisene. Sengiphetha, i-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina ihlinzeka ngemigudu ehlukahlukene ebalulekile yokuthuthukiswa kokuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe. Ngokusebenzisa izikhungo zezohwebo, imibukiso yezohwebo, izinkundla ze-e-commerce, ukwesekwa kwenethiwekhi yamanxusa, usizo lwezinhlangano ezikhuthaza ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe- ikakhulukazi ama-Foreign Trade Chambers- kanjalo nokubamba iqhaza emibukisweni yamazwe ngamazwe; Amabhizinisi ase-Bosnia angafinyelela izimakethe zomhlaba ngokuxhumana nabangase babe abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe kuzo zonke izimboni nemikhakha eyahlukene.
E-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina, kunezinjini zokusesha ezimbalwa ezivame ukusetshenziswa abantu abazisebenzisa ekusesheni kwabo ku-inthanethi. Nazi ezinye izinjini zokusesha ezidumile ezweni kanye nama-URL azo ewebhusayithi afanele: 1. Usesho lwe-Google: - Iwebhusayithi: www.google.ba 2. I-Bing: - Iwebhusayithi: www.bing.com 3. I-Yahoo: - Iwebhusayithi: www.yahoo.com 4. Yandex: - Iwebhusayithi: www.yandex.com 5. I-DuckDuckGo: - Iwebhusayithi: duckduckgo.com Lezi zinjini zokusesha zisetshenziswa kakhulu e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina, zinikeza uhla lwemisebenzi yosesho ukusiza abasebenzisi bathole ulwazi ngezihloko ezahlukahlukene abazithakaselayo okufaka izindaba, izithombe, amavidiyo, nokuningi. Ukwengeza, banikeza ukufinyelela kokuqukethwe kwasendaweni kanye nokomhlaba okwenza kube lula kubasebenzisi ukufinyelela ulwazi olufanele oluqondene nezidingo zabo ngaphakathi kwezwe noma emhlabeni jikelele. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi nakuba lezi kungenye yezinjini zokusesha ezivame ukusetshenziswa e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina, abantu ngabanye bangase babe nezintandokazi zabo ngokusekelwe ekukhetheni komuntu siqu noma izidingo ezithile lapho benza ukusesha ku-inthanethi.

Amakhasi amakhulu aphuzi

Amakhasi aphuzi amakhulu e-Bosnia and Herzegovina afaka: 1. I-Yellow Pages e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina: Lolu hlu lwemibhalo oluku-inthanethi luhlinzeka ngohlu olubanzi lwamabhizinisi, amasevisi, kanye nolwazi lokuxhumana e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina. Ungayithola ku-www.yellowpages.ba. 2. I-BH Yellow Pages: Olunye uhla lwemibhalo oluvelele ezweni, i-BH Yellow Pages lunikeza imininingwane ebanzi yezinkampani, izigaba, kanye nezikhangiso zebhizinisi. Iwebhusayithi ingatholakala ku-www.bhyellowpages.com. 3. Uhlu Lwebhizinisi Lwase-Bosnia and Herzegovina (Poslovni imenik BiH): Lolu hlu lwemibhalo lusebenza njengenkundla yamabhizinisi endawo ukuze abonise imikhiqizo yawo noma amasevisi kanye nemininingwane yawo yokuxhumana. Isixhumanisi sewebhusayithi sithi www.poslovniimenikbih.com. 4. I-Moja Firma BiH: Le nkundla yamakhasi aphuzi edumile ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi baseshe amabhizinisi ngezigaba noma indawo e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina. Iphinde inikeze amathuba okukhangisa ezinkampanini ezifuna ukuthuthukisa ukubonakala kwazo ku-inthanethi. Vakashela isizindalwazi ku-www.mf.ba. 5. I-Sarajevo365: Nakuba igxile kakhulu e-Sarajevo, inhloko-dolobha yase-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina, i-Sarajevo365 inohlu olubanzi lwezikhungo zasendaweni kusukela ezindaweni zokudlela kuya kumahhotela kuya ezitolo ezingaphakathi kwesifunda. Hlola izinhlu ku-www.sarajevo365.com/yellow-pages. 6 . I-Mostar Yellow Pages: Ihlinzeka ngokukhethekile idolobha lase-Mostar, i-Mostar Yellow Pages ihlinzeka ngekhathalogi ye-elekthronikhi equkethe izinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhizinisi okuhlanganisa imisebenzi ehlobene nezokuvakasha njengamahhotela, izinhlangano zezokuvakasha, njll., kanye nezinye izinsiza ezibalulekile edolobheni. Vakashela iwebhusayithi yabo - mostaryellowpages.ba. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lawa mawebhusayithi angase abe ngaphansi kokushintshwa noma izinguqulo ezibuyekeziwe zingatholakala; ngakho-ke kunconywa ukusebenzisa izinjini zokusesha usebenzisa amagama angukhiye afanelekile uma uhlangabezana nanoma yibuphi ubunzima ekufinyeleleni kuzo ngokuqondile.

Izinkundla ezinkulu zezentengiselwano

E-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina, kunezinkundla ezimbalwa ezinkulu ze-e-commerce ezibhekelela umkhuba okhulayo wokuthenga ku-inthanethi. Nazi ezinye zabavelele kanye nezixhumanisi zabo zewebhusayithi: 1. KupujemProdajem.ba - Le nkundla ingenye yezimakethe ezinkulu ze-inthanethi e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina. Ihlinzeka ngemikhiqizo ebanzi kuzo zonke izigaba ezahlukahlukene njengezinto zikagesi, imfashini, izinto zikagesi zasendlini, nokunye. Iwebhusayithi: www.kupujemprodajem.ba 2. I-OLX.ba - I-OLX iyinkundla yokukhangisa eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke ehlukanisayo esebenza emazweni amaningi, okuhlanganisa i-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina. Abasebenzisi bangathenga noma bathengise kokubili izinto ezintsha nezisetshenzisiwe ngale webhusayithi. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.olx.ba 3. I-B.LIVE - I-B.LIVE inikeza ukukhethwa okubanzi kwemikhiqizo evela kubathengisi abahlukene eBosnia naseHerzegovina. Banikela ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene njengezinto zemfashini, izinto zikagesi, okokuhlobisa ikhaya, imikhiqizo yobuhle, njll. Iwebhusayithi: www.b-live.ba 4. I-WinWinShop.ba - I-WinWinShop iyisitolo sokudayisa esiku-inthanethi esihlinzeka ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinto zikagesi ezifana nama-smartphone, amakhompyutha aphathekayo, amakhonsoli amageyimu ngamanani ancintisanayo. Iwebhusayithi: www.winwinshop.ba 5. I-Tehnomanija.ba - I-Tehnomanija igxile kakhulu kuma-electronics nemikhiqizo ehlobene nobuchwepheshe kodwa futhi ihlanganisa nezinye izigaba ezifana nempahla yasendlini nezinto zokunakekela komuntu siqu. Iwebhusayithi: www.tehnomanija.com/ba/ 6. I-Konzum Online Shop - I-Konzum ingelinye lamaketanga esuphamakethe amakhulu e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina eliye lanweba izinsizakalo zalo ngokwethula isitolo se-inthanethi lapho amakhasimende engakwazi uku-oda igilosa ukuze ilethwe emnyango wabo. Iwebhusayithi: www.konzumaplikacija-kopas.com/konzumbih/ (mobile app-based) Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lezi ezinye nje zezibonelo zamapulatifomu e-e-commerce adumile e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina; kodwa-ke, kungase kube namawebhusayithi engeziwe endawo noma aqondene ne-niche ahlinzekela imikhiqizo ethile noma amasevisi.

Izinkundla zokuxhumana ezinkulu

I-Bosnia and Herzegovina iyizwe eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu elaziwa ngezindawo zalo ezinhle namagugu amasiko anothile. Njengamanye amazwe amaningi, i-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina nayo inezinkundla zayo zezokuxhumana lapho abantu bengaxhuma khona, babelane ngemibono, futhi bahlale benolwazi ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene ezithakaselwayo. Nazi ezinye izinkundla zokuxhumana ezidumile e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina: 1. I-Klix.ba (https://www.klix.ba) - I-Klix.ba ingosi yezindaba ehamba phambili ezweni ehlinzeka ngenkundla yezokuxhumana lapho abasebenzisi bengakha khona amaphrofayili, bahlanganyele nabanye, babelane ngokuqukethwe, futhi babambe iqhaza. ezingxoxweni. 2. I-Fokus.ba (https://www.fokus.ba) - I-Fokus.ba ingenye ingosi yezindaba evelele ehlinzeka ngendawo kubasebenzisi ukuthi bahlanganyele emphakathini ngokwenza amaphrofayili, ukuxhumana nabangane noma abanye abanezintshisekelo ezifanayo, ukwabelana ngezihloko. noma imibono, njll. 3. Cafe.ba (https://www.cafe.ba) - I-Cafe.ba ihlanganisa izici zewebhusayithi yezindaba nenkundla yezokuxhumana lapho abasebenzisi bengakha khona amaphrofayili, balandele izihloko abazithandayo noma abantu ngabanye futhi bahlanganyele ezingxoxweni nabanye abasebenzisi . 4. I-Crovibe.com (http://crovibe.com/) - Nakuba igxile kakhulu eCroatia kodwa futhi ihlanganisa izindaba zesifunda ezihlanganisa i-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina, i-Crovibe.com inikeza amathuba okuxhumana nomphakathi njengokubeka amazwana kuma-athikili noma ukudala amaphrofayili ozoxhumana nawo. abanye. 5. I-LiveJournal (https://livejournal.com) - I-LiveJournal iyinkundla yokubhuloga yamazwe ngamazwe esetshenziswa abantu abaningi baseBosnia ukuze baziveze ngobuciko noma ngemibhalo yomuntu siqu kuyilapho bexhumana nabantu abanomqondo ofanayo ngemiphakathi. 6. MrezaHercegovina.org (http://mrezahercegovina.org/) – Le webhusayithi isebenza njengenethiwekhi eku-inthanethi exhumanisa abantu abavela ezifundeni ezahlukene zaseHerzegovina ngezinkundla ezidingida izihloko zesifunda njengesiko, Kodwa-ke sicela uqaphele ukuthi ukuduma noma ukusetshenziswa kwezinkundla ezithile zokuxhumana kungase kwehluke kuye ngokuthandwa komuntu siqu noma izibalo zabantu. Lezi zinkundla zivame ukusetshenziswa, kodwa kungase kube nezinye izinkundla zokuxhumana zasekhaya noma zamazwe ngamazwe abantu baseBosnia nabo abazisebenzisayo ukuze baxhumane futhi bahlale behlanganyela emphakathini.

Izinhlangano ezinkulu zezimboni

I-Bosnia and Herzegovina iyizwe elitholakala esifundeni saseBalkan eNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu. Inomnotho ohlukene onemikhakha eyahlukene enomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwayo jikelele. Nazi ezinye zezinhlangano eziyinhloko zezimboni e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina kanye namawebhusayithi azo ahlukene: 1. Inhlangano Yabaqashi base-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina (UPBiH) Iwebhusayithi http://www.upbih.ba/ 2. I-Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBIH) Iwebhusayithi: https://komorafbih.ba/ 3. I-Chamber of Commerce and Industry Republika Srpska (PKSRS) Iwebhusayithi http://www.pkrs.org/ 4. I-Association for Information Technologies ZEPTER IT Cluster Iwebhusayithi http://zepteritcluster.com/ 5. Izinhlangano Zebhizinisi Lemvelo e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina - EBA BiH Iwebhusayithi: https://en.eba-bih.com/ 6. Inhlangano Yezihambi yaseRepublika Srpska - HOTRES RS Iwebhusayithi https://hederal.org.rs/index.php/hotres 7. Inhlangano Yezindwangu, Izicathulo, Isikhumba, Izimboni Zenjoloba, Imboni Yokuphrinta, Ukuklama Izingubo ze-ATOK - Sarajevo Iwebhusayithi http://atok.ba/en/home-2/euro-modex-2018 Lezi zinhlangano zimele imikhakha eyahlukene njengezinhlangano zabaqashi, ezentengiselwano nezimboni, ubuchwepheshe bolwazi, ibhizinisi lezemvelo, imboni yezokwamukela izihambi, izimboni zendwangu nezingubo phakathi kwezinye. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lawa mawebhusayithi angaphansi kokushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokwezibuyekezo zezinhlangano zawo noma imisebenzi yokulungisa. Kuhlale kunconywa ukuthi uqinisekise ulwazi ngemithombo ethembekile noma uxhumane ngokuqondile nalezi zinhlangano nganoma imiphi imininingwane ethile noma imibuzo ongase ube nayo mayelana nemisebenzi yazo noma amasevisi ahlinzekwayo.

Amawebhusayithi ebhizinisi nokuhweba

I-Bosnia and Herzegovina, izwe eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Europe, inamawebhusayithi ambalwa ezomnotho nezohwebo ahlinzeka ngolwazi olubalulekile ngendawo yebhizinisi lezwe kanye namathuba okutshala imali. Amanye amawebhusayithi avelele ezomnotho nezohwebo eBosnia naseHerzegovina afaka: 1. I-Ejensi Yokukhuthaza Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Kwangaphandle yase-Bosnia and Herzegovina (FIPA): I-FIPA inesibopho sokuheha utshalomali oluqondile lwangaphandle e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina. Iwebhusayithi yabo ihlinzeka ngolwazi olubanzi ngamathuba okutshala imali, izikhuthazo, ukuhlaziywa kwemakethe, izinqubo zokubhaliswa kwebhizinisi, njll. Iwebhusayithi https://www.fipa.gov.ba/ 2. I-Chamber of Economy of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Leli gumbi limele amabhizinisi asebenza esifundeni se-Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Iwebhusayithi yabo inikeza izindaba, ukushicilelwa, imibiko ngezinkomba zezomnotho, kanye nemininingwane mayelana nezinqubo zokubhalisa inkampani. Iwebhusayithi http://www.kfbih-sarajevo.org/ 3. I-Chamber of Economy Of Republika Srpska: Leli gumbi limele amabhizinisi asebenza esifundeni sase-Republika Srpska. Iwebhusayithi yabo ihlinzeka ngolwazi ngamathuba okutshala imali esifundeni sase-Republika Srpska kanye nemithetho ethinta amabhizinisi. Iwebhusayithi http://www.pk-vl.de/ 4. UMnyango Wezohwebo Lwangaphandle Nobudlelwano Bomnotho: Isizindalwazi esisemthethweni somnyango siqukethe ulwazi olufanele mayelana nezinqubomgomo zohwebo lwangaphandle, izinhlelo zokugqugquzela ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe, izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezihlobene nezivumelwano zokuhwebelana ezisayinwe yi-Bosnia and Herzegovina. Iwebhusayithi http://www.mvteo.gov.ba/ 5. IBhange Elikhulu Lase-Bosnia And Herzegovina (CBBH): Isizindalwazi esisemthethweni se-CBBH sihlinzeka ngedatha yohlaka lwenqubomgomo yezimali yezwe kanye nezinkomba zezezimali ezihlukahlukene ezifana namazinga okushintshanisa, amanani enzalo engobo yomlando ezidingekayo ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlaziya okunengqondo kubatshalizimali. Iwebhusayithi: https://www.cbbh.ba/default.aspx Lawa mawebhusayithi anikeza ingcebo yolwazi kubantu noma izinkampani ezinentshisekelo yokuhlola amathuba ebhizinisi noma ukutshala imali e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina. Kutuswa ukuthi uvakashele lawa mawebhusayithi njalo ukuze uhlale unolwazi ngentuthuko yakamuva yezomnotho nezohwebo ezweni.

Amawebhusayithi ombuzo wedatha yokuhweba

Kunamawebhusayithi amaningana okusesha idatha yokuhweba atholakalayo e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina. Nawa amawebhusayithi ambalwa kanye nama-URL awo afanele: 1. Ukuhlaziywa Kwezimakethe Nohlelo Lolwazi (MAIS) - Inkundla esemthethweni yokuqoqa, ukucubungula, nokusabalalisa idatha yohwebo eBosnia naseHerzegovina. I-URL: https://www.mis.gov.ba/ 2. IBhange Elikhulu LaseBosnia and Herzegovina - Inikeza ukufinyelela ezinkomba zezomnotho ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ibhalansi yezinkokhelo, izikweletu zangaphandle, nezibalo zohwebo lwangaphandle. I-URL: https://www.cbbh.ba/Default.aspx?langTag=en-US 3. I-Ejensi Yezibalo ZaseBosnia and Herzegovina - Inikeza ulwazi lwezibalo oluphelele oluhlanganisa idatha yohwebo lwangaphandle mayelana nezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ibhalansi yohwebo, ngezwe kanye namaqembu ezimpahla. I-URL: http://www.bhas.ba/ 4. I-Foreign Trade Chamber of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Inhlangano yezamabhizinisi ehlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezihlobene nemisebenzi yebhizinisi lamazwe ngamazwe okuhlanganisa nemininingwane yolwazi yokuthekelisa nokuthekelisa. I-URL: https://komorabih.ba/reports-and-publications/ 5. I-World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) - Isizindalwazi sohwebo somhlaba wonke esakhiwe yi-World Bank Group esivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bahlole izici ezihlukahlukene zohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe okuhlanganisa nezibalo ezinemininingwane yokungenisa nokuthekelisa emazweni ahlukene. I-URL: https://wits.worldbank.org/ Sicela uqaphele ukuthi amanye alawa mawebhusayithi angase adinge ukubhaliswa noma inkokhelo ukuze ufinyelele imininingwane ethile noma izici zeprimiyamu.

Amapulatifomu e-B2b

I-Bosnia and Herzegovina, izwe eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Europe, inemakethe ekhulayo ye-B2B enezinkundla ezimbalwa ezibhekelela amabhizinisi afuna amathuba kulesi sifunda. Nawa amanye amapulatifomu e-B2B e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina kanye namakheli abo ewebhusayithi: 1. I-Market.ba (www.market.ba): I-Market.ba iyinkundla ehamba phambili ye-B2B e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina exhumanisa abathengi nabathengisi abavela ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene. Ihlinzeka ngendawo yemakethe eku-inthanethi lapho amabhizinisi angakhangisa ngemikhiqizo noma amasevisi awo, enze amadili, futhi ahlanganyele. 2. I-EDC.ba (www.edc.ba): I-EDC iyinkundla ye-e-commerce egxile ekuhwebeni kwebhizinisi kuya kwebhizinisi ngaphakathi kwe-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina. Ihlinzeka ngemikhiqizo eminingi emikhakheni eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa imishini yezimboni, izinto zokwakha, okokusebenza kwezolimo, okogesi, nokunye. 3. I-ParuSolu.com (www.parusolu.com): I-ParuSolu.com iyindawo yemakethe eku-inthanethi eklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukuhwebelana phakathi kwe-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina. Ihlanganisa ndawonye abakhiqizi, abahlinzeki, abathengisi bezitolo, abathengisi, namanye amabhizinisi ukuze kube lula ukuthengiselana kwe-B2B. 4. I-BiH Business Hub (bihbusineshub.com): I-BiH Business Hub isebenza njengohlu lwemibhalo lwebhizinisi kanye nenkundla ye-e-commerce exhumanisa izinkampani zasendaweni zase-Bosnia nabalingane bamazwe ngamazwe abanentshisekelo yokwakha ubudlelwano be-B2B. Iwebhusayithi inikeza ulwazi oluwusizo mayelana nemakethe yaseBosnia kanye namathuba okubambisana. 5. I-Bizbook.ba (bizbook.ba): I-Bizbook enye inkundla ye-B2B eyenza amabhizinisi akwazi ukuxhumana phakathi kwemakethe yase-Bosnia ngokufakwa kuhlu kwemikhiqizo namaphrofayili ebhizinisi. 6. I-Industrial Stock Exchange Network – ISEN-BIH (isen-bih.org): I-ISEN-BIH iyinethiwekhi eku-inthanethi enikeza ukufinyelela esitokweni sezimboni njengempahla esele noma amathuluzi okukhiqiza aqondiswe ngokuyinhloko ezimbonini ezifana nezokukhiqiza noma ezokwakha ngaphakathi kwe-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina. Lezi zinkundla zinikeza izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuthi amabhizinisi axhume, ahlanganyele, futhi azibandakanye ekuhwebeni kwe-B2B ngaphakathi kwe-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina. Kutuswa ukuhlola lezi zinkundla kanye neminikelo yazo ethile ukuze uthole leyo evumelana kangcono nezidingo zebhizinisi lakho.
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