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Nkatsakanyo wa Tiko
Mali ya Rixaka
Ntsengo wa ku Cincana
Tiholideyi ta Nkoka
Xiyimo xa Mabindzu ya le Handle
Vuswikoti bya Nhluvukiso wa Makete
Switirhisiwa leswi xavisiwaka hi ku hisa emakete
Swihlawulekisi swa vaxavi na taboo
Endlelo ra vulawuri bya khastomo
Tipholisi ta xibalo xa swilo leswi humaka ematikweni mambe
Tipholisi ta xibalo xa ku rhumela ematikweni mambe
Switifikheti leswi lavekaka ku rhumela ematikweni mambe
Vutleketli lebyi ringanyetiweke
Tichannel ta nhluvukiso wa vaxavi

India, leri ximfumo ri tiviwaka tanihi Riphabliki ra India, i tiko ra le Dzongeni wa Asia leri kumekaka eka tiko-nkulu ra Indiya. Leswi yi nga ni vaaki vo tlula 1,3 wa tibiliyoni, i tiko ra vumbirhi hi vunyingi bya vaaki emisaveni hinkwayo naswona i ra vunkombo hi vukulu hi vukulu bya misava. India ri avelana mindzilakano ya rona na matiko yo hlayanyana ku katsa na Pakistan en’walungu-vupela-dyambu, China na Nepal en’walungwini, Bhutan en’walungu-vuxa, na Bangladesh na Myanmar evuxeni. India ri ni mindhavuko yo hambana-hambana leyi nga ni tinxaka to tlula 2 000 leti hambaneke ni tindzimi to tlula 1 600 leti vulavuriwaka eka swifundzha swa rona hinkwaswo. Xihindi na Xinghezi swi amukeriwa tanihi tindzimi ta ximfumo eka xiyimo xa tiko. Tiko leri ri ni matimu lama fuweke lama sunguleke magidi ya malembe lama hundzeke. A kuri kaya ra yin’wana ya nhluvuko wa khale swinene eka matimu - Indus Valley Civilization - leyi sunguleke kwalomu ka 2500 BCE. Eka matimu ya rona hinkwawo, tiko ra India ri vone mimfumo yo tala yi tlakuka yi tlhela yi wa yi nga si endliwa tikoloni hi mimfumo yo hambana-hambana ya le Yuropa ku sukela eka vahloti va Maputukezi hi lembe-xidzana ra vu-15. India ri kume ntshunxeko eka vulawuri bya Britain hi August 15th, 1947 endzhaku ka malembe ya ku lwela loku a ku rhangela hi varhangeri lava nga na xivono vo fana na Mahatma Gandhi. Yi amukele vumbiwa bya xidemokirasi hi January 1950 lebyi yi simekeke tanihi riphabliki ra misava. Namuntlha tiko ra India ritiveka hi xidemokirasi xa rona lexi hanyaka na nhlawulo wa nkarhi na nkarhi lowu khomiwaka eka swiyimo hinkwaswo swa mfumo. Yive na kukula ka ikhonomi hi xihatla kusukela loko yi ntshunxiwile ekusunguleni ka malembe yava 1990s leswinga endla leswaku yi hlayiwa tani hi ikhonomi ya makete leyi hluvukaka. Tiko ritlhela ritinyungubyisa hi ndzhaka ya ndzhavuko yo hlamarisa leyi kombisiweke hiku tirhisa swivumbeko swohambana hambana swa vutshila kufana na ncino (Bharatnatyam, Kathakali), vuyimbeleri (Hindustani classical), matsalwa (mintirho ya Rabindranath Tagore), swakudya (swibya swohambana hambana swa xifundzha swofana na biryani) exikarhi ka swin’wana. Hambiswiritano, tiko ra India ri tlhela ri langutana ni mintlhontlho yo tanihi ku hunguta vusweti; ku antswisiwa ka dyondzo; ku tiyisisiwa ka switirhisiwa swa nhlayiso wa rihanyo na swin’wana, Hambi swi ri tano matshalatshala ya mfumo ya kongomisiwile eka ku lulamisa timhaka leti ku ya eka ku kula loku katsaka hinkwavo eka swiyenge hinkwaswo swa vaaki. Hi ku gimeta, tiko ra India i tiko ro hambana-hambana leri nga ni matimu lama tinyungubyisaka, xidemokirasi lexi hanyaka, ku kula hi xihatla ka ikhonomi ni ndzhaka ya ndhavuko ya nkoka. Hi vaaki va yona vo tala na vuswikoti lebyi cinca-cincaka eka swiyenge swo hambana, India ri ya emahlweni ri vumba vumundzuku bya xifundzha xa Dzonga wa Asia na ndhawu ya misava hinkwayo.

India, leri tiviwaka ximfumo tanihi Riphabliki ra India, ri ni mali ya rona yo hlawuleka leyi vuriwaka Indian Rupee (INR). Rupee ya India yi humesiwa no lawuriwa hi Bangi ya Rixaka ya India, leyi nga nhlangano wa bangi ya le xikarhi ya tiko leyi nga na vutihlamuleri eka tipholisi ta swa timali. Xikombiso xa Indian Rupee i ₹ naswona xi kombisiwa hi khodi ya mali "INR". Mali leyi yisungule hi 1540 AD hi nkarhi wa ku fuma ka Sher Shah Suri, mali leyi yina matimu yo leha. Hi ku famba ka nkarhi, ku endliwe ku cinca ni ku cinca ko hambana-hambana leswaku ku antswisiwa ku tshamiseka ni vuhlayiseki bya yona. Tinotsi ta le India ti ta hi tidinominexini to hambana ku katsa na Rs.10, Rs.20, Rs.50, Rs.100, Rs.200, Rs.500, na Rs.2000 tinotsi ta sweswi ta tirhisiwa. Dinominexini yin’wana na yin’wana yi kombisa vanhu lava dumeke kusuka eka ndzhaka leyi fuweke ya India na swikombiso swa nkoka eka vona. Ti coins titlhela titirhisiwa tani hi ti denominations letintsongo ta INR tofana na 1 rupee coin xikan’we na ti coins ta mimpimo leyintsongo yofana na 50 paise kumbe hafu ya rupee (hambi leswi ti coins tale hansi ka 1 rupee tinga talanga ngopfu sweswi hikokwalaho ka inflation). Maindiya ma tirhisa ngopfu mali eka ku xaviselana ka siku na siku; hambiswiritano,maendlelo yo hakela ya xielekitironiki yo fana na makhadi ya xikweleti/debiti kumbe swipachi swa tiselfoni ya vile ya duma hi ku famba ka nkarhi. Swi fanerile ku xiya leswaku India i tiko lerikulu leri nga ni mindhavuko yo hambana-hambana ni tindzimi to hambana-hambana; hikokwalaho,tindzimi to hambana leti vulavuriwaka eka swifundzha swo hambana ti nga kumeka eka mali yin’wana ya mali leyi kombisaka vun’we exikarhi ka ku hambana. Hi ku angarhela,Rupee ya le India yi tlanga xiave xa nkoka eku fambiseni ka mabindzu endzeni ka India loko yi ri karhi yi tlhela yi amukeriwa emisaveni hinkwayo hi swikongomelo swa ku cincana ka matiko mambe.Nkoka wa yona wu nga cinca-cinca hi ku ya hi swilo swa ikhonomi ya misava hinkwayo,kambe matshalatshala ya endliwa ku hlayisa ntshamiseko hi ku tirhisa tipholisi ta timali leti vekiweke hi Bangi ya Rixaka ya India.

Mali ya le nawini ya le India i Indian Rupee (INR). Loko ku ri mimpimo ya ku cincana leyi ringanyetiweke na timali letikulu ta misava, hi kombela u xiya leswaku ti nga ha hambana naswona swi tshama swi ri swinene ku kongomisa eka xihlovo lexi tshembekaka xa datha ya nkarhi wa xiviri. Hambiswiritano, ku sukela hi Nyenyankulu 2021, hi leswi mimpimo yin’wana leyi kombisaka ya ku cincana: - 1 Dolara ya le Amerika (USD) ≈ 75.5 INR - 1 Yuro (EUR) ≈ 88.3 INR - 1 wa Xiponci xa le Britain (GBP) ≈ 105.2 INR - 1 Yen ya Xijapani (JPY) ≈ 0.68 INR - 1 Dolara ya le Canada (CAD) ≈ 59.8 INR Hi kombela mi xiya leswaku mimpimo leyi i ya xiringaniso ntsena naswona yi nga cinca-cinca hi ku ya hi swilo swo hambana ku fana na swiyimo swa makete na mikhuva ya ikhonomi.

India i tiko leri nga ni swilo swo hambana-hambana leri tlangelaka minkhuvo yo tala ya nkoka lembe hinkwaro. Minkhuvo leyi yi kombisa ndzhaka leyi fuweke ya ndhavuko na ku hambana ka vukhongeri bya rixaka. Minkhuvo yin’wana ya nkoka swinene eIndiya yi katsa: 1. Diwali - Yitlhela yitiveka tani hi Festival of Lights, Diwali i yin’wana ya minkhuvo leyi tlangeriwaka ngopfu e India. Ri fanekisela ku hlula ka ku vonakala ehenhla ka munyama ni leswinene eka leswo biha. Vanhu va voningela makaya ya vona hi mavoni, va pfurha swibalesa, va cincana tinyiko ni ku titsakisa eka minkhuvo ya nkhuvo. 2. Holi - Yitiveka tani hi Festival of Colors, Holi yi fungha kufika ka ximun’wana e India. Hi nkarhi wa nkhuvo lowu lowu hanyaka, vanhu va hoxana powder ya mihlovo na mati loko va ri karhi va cina hi vuyimbeleri bya ndhavuko. Ri yimela rirhandzu, vunghana ni masungulo lamantshwa. 3. Eid-ul-Fitr - Yi tlangeriwa hi Mamoslem e India hinkwaro, Eid-ul-Fitr yi fungha ku hela ka Ramadan (nkarhi wa nhweti hinkwayo yo titsona swakudya). Vagandzeri va endla swikhongelo eti mosque, va endzela vanghana na mindyangu va cincana swiwitsi kumbe tinyiko ku tlangela xiendlakalo lexi xa kahle. 4. Ganesh Chaturthi - Nkhuvo lowu wa masiku ya khume wa Mahindu wu xixima Hosi Ganesha – Xikwembu xa nhloko ya ndlopfu lexi fambelanaka na vutlhari na ku humelela. Swifaniso leswi yimelaka Hosi Ganesha swi vekiwa emakaya kumbe etindhawini ta mani na mani leswaku ku gandzeriwa eka tona eka masiku lawa ya khume loko swi nga si nghenisiwa ematini. 5.Navratri/Durga Puja- Navratri (leswi vulaka "vusiku bya nhungu") yi nyiketeriwile eka Xikwembu-kati Durga lexi fanekiselaka matimba ya xisati na matimba.Nkhuvo wu katsa tinsimu to tinyiketela,ku cina,na ku titsona swakudya vusiku bya nhungu hi ku landzelelana leswi landzeriwaka hi Vijayadashami,siku loko xifaniso lexi yimelaka matimba yo biha(Demon Ravana)xi hisiwa lexi kombisaka ku hlula eka vubihi. Leswi i swikombiso swi nga ri swingani ntsena eka minkhuvo leyi nga hlayekiki leyi tlangeriwaka eka swifundzha swo hambana-hambana eIndia.Minkhuvo yo hambana-hambana yi tisa vanhu lava humaka eka swiyimo hinkwaswo swin’we,ku vona vun’we bya vona exikarhi ka ku hambana-hambana.Yi kombisa ndlela leyi ndhavuko,vanhu,na vukhongeri swi hanyaka swin’we ha yona hi ku twanana eka leswi tiko leri hlamarisaka.

India i tiko lerikulu naswona ri nga ni swilo swo hambana-hambana leri kumekaka eAsia Dzonga. I rin’wana ra matiko lama kulaka hi xihatla emisaveni, lama nga ni ikhonomi leyi pfanganisiweke leyi katsaka vurimi, tiindasitiri ni vukorhokeri. Emalembeni ya sweswinyana, tiko ra India ri ve ni ku kula lokukulu ka mabindzu ya matiko hinkwawo. Sweswi yi tekiwa tanihi yin’wana ya vatlangi lavakulu eka fambiselo ra mabindzu ya misava hinkwayo. Vholumo hinkwayo ya mabindzu ya swixavisiwa ya tiko yi ringanisiwile kwalomu ka $855 wa tibiliyoni hi 2019. Swilo leswikulu leswi India swixaviselaka matiko yale handle swikatsa switirhisiwa swa petroliyamu, maribye ya risima na swin’wetsin’wetsi, swiambalo na swiambalo, tikhemikhali, mirhi, nhundzu ya vunjhiniyara, na switirhisiwa swa vurimi swofana na rhayisi na swipayisisi. India ritiveka hi bindzu ra rona ra swiambalo swa xiyimo xale henhla swa cotton na rona. Hi hala tlhelo, tiko ra India ri xavisa nhundzu yo hambana-hambana leswaku ri fikelela swilaveko swa rona swa laha kaya. Swilo leswikulu leswi xavisiwaka ematikweni mambe swi katsa switirhisiwa swa petroliyamu na oyili yo ka yi nga si swekiwa, switirhisiwa swa elektroniki swo fana na ti-smartphone na swiphemu swa tikhompyuta swa hardware/software swo fana na ti-semiconductors na swin’wana, michini (ku katsa na michini ya gezi), malahla/mafurha man’wana yo tiya (ngopfungopfu lama nga si swekiwaka kumbe lama phurosesiweke), tikhemikhali/SWILO SWA TIKHEMIKHI (hi ku fanana eka swiphemu swin’wana swa gezi) xikan’we na tinsimbi ta risima/swibya swa silivhere/switirhisiwa swo sweka exikarhi ka swin’wana. Vatirhisani lavakulu va ku xaviseriwa matiko yale handle i China leyi endlaka kwalomu ka 14% wa ntsengo hinkwawo wa swixavisiwa swale India hikokwalaho ka michini/switirhisiwa leswi tirhisiwaka hi vaendli va India lava humaka e China loko ku landzeriwa hi USA & UAE. Ku tlakusa mabindzu ya yona emisaveni hinkwayo ku ya emahlweni mintwanano yo tala ya mabindzu ya ntshuxeko ya sayiniwa hi India ku katsa na mintwanano na matiko yo fana na Japan/South Korea/Matiko yo fana leswaku ntirhisano wa matiko mambirhi wu ta ndlandlamuxiwa leswi nga ta va pfuna hi vumbirhi bya vona hi tlhelo ra tipolitiki hi tlhelo ra ndhavuko & ikhonomi swi va pfunile hi swa timali kumbe hi ku ya hi vutivi ku avelana vutshila/securiy/military-piracy/executive-steal-horse/self-defence-or-teaming-up-againt-terrorism Afrika ri nyika swivandlanene leswikulu swa ku ndlandlamuxa bindzu/ntirho wo rhumela ehandle-ku rhumela ehandle hikwalaho ka switirhisiwa swa rona leswikulu kambe timakete leti nga tirhisiwangiki Afrika ku katsa na matiko ya le dzongeni: Afrika Dzonga/Nigeria etc Mfumo wu tlhele wu teka magoza yo fana na ku tirhisiwa ka Xibalo xa Nhundzu na Vukorhokeri (GST) ku olovisa maendlelo ya xibalo leswi pfunetaka ku antswisa ku olova ka ku endla bindzu na India. Ku tlula kwalaho, migingiriko yo fana na "Make in India" yi tlakusa vumaki bya laha kaya na ku koka rinoko ra vuvekisi byo kongoma bya le handle. Hi ku angarhela, xiyimo xa mabindzu xa India xi kombisa xiave xa rona lexi kulaka eka ikhonomi ya misava hinkwayo. Tiko ri ya emahlweni ri kongomisa eka ku ndlandlamuxa vuxavisi bya rona na ku hambanyisa vatirhisani va rona va mabindzu ku tiyisisa ku kula ka ikhonomi loku nga heriki.

India, tanihi rin’wana ra matiko lama kulaka hi xihatla emisaveni hinkwayo, ri khome vuswikoti lebyikulu bya nhluvukiso wa makete wa rona wa mabindzu ya le handle. Ndhawu ya maqhinga ya tiko leri eka ku hlangana ka tindlela ta Asia na makete wa rona lowukulu wa laha kaya swi endla leswaku ri va ndhawu yo koka rinoko eka mabindzu ya misava hinkwayo. India ri tinyungubyisa hi tiindasitiri to hambana hambana, ku katsa na vukorhokeri bya IT, mirhi, swiambalo, vumaki bya mimovha, na vurimi. Tisekithara leti ti nyika swivandlanene swo tala eka vavekisi va le matikweni mambe ku tirhisa xisekelo lexikulu xa vatirhisi va India na vatirhi lava nga na vuswikoti. Ku engetela kwalaho, vaaki va vantshwa va le India lava nga ni ntlawa wa le xikarhi lowu kulaka va humesa langutelo lerinene ra makete wa nkarhi lowu taka. Mfumo wu tirhisile tipholisi to hlaya ku kurisa ku ndlandlamuxiwa ka mabindzu ya le handle. Migingiriko yo fana na "Make in India" yi kongomisa ku ndlandlamuxa vuswikoti bya vumaki na ku koka rinoko ra vuvekisi hi ku olovisa maendlelo na ku tumbuluxa ndhawu leyi nga na xinghana eka mabindzu. Ku sunguriwa ka Xibalo xa Nhundzu na Vukorhokeri (GST) swi olovisile maendlelo ya xibalo na ku antswisa vukorhokeri eka tikheteni ta mphakelo wa laha kaya. Ku ya emahlweni, nhluvukiso eka switirhisiwa swa xidijitali wu fambisile ku kula ka e-commerce eka tisekithara to hambana ku fana na vuxavisi, maendzo & vuyeni, na vukorhokeri bya swa timali. Ku tirhisiwa lokukulu ka ti-smartphone swi hlohlotele xilaveko xa tipulatifomo to xava eka inthanete to fana na Amazon India na Flipkart. Ku tlula kwalaho, India ri nghenelela hi xihatla eka vutirhisani bya ikhonomi ya miganga ku ndlandlamuxa swivandlanene swa rona swa ku rhumela ematikweni mambe. I xirho xa ntwanano wa Ndzawulo ya Mabindzu ya Ntshunxeko ya ASEAN-India (AIFTA) xikan’we na Ntirhisano wa Ikhonomi yo Angarhela ya Xifundzankulu (RCEP), leswi hi ku hlangana swi katsaka xiphemu xa nkoka xa mabindzu ya misava hinkwayo. Hambiswiritano, ku nga khathariseki mintshembo leyi leyi tshembisaka, mintlhontlho yo karhi ya ha ri kona eka vaxavisi va le matikweni mambe lava kongomisaka ku nghena emakete wa le Indiya. Milawu yo rharhangana yo fana na swibalo swa customs yi lava ku olovisiwa kun’wana ku tlakusa ku khuluka ka mabindzu ya matiko ya misava. Swivandla swa switirhisiwa eka tisisiteme ta vutleketli na swona swi lava ku lulamisiwa ku olovisa ku fambafamba ka nhundzu hi ku olova endzeni ka tiko. Hi ku gimeta ,hi xilaveko xa yona xo tiya xa laha kaya lexi fambiwaka hi vaaki va vantshwa xikan’we na migingiriko yo hambana ya mfumo leyi kongomisiweke eka ku olovisa ku endla bindzu; Indiaindia yi nyika vuswikoti lebyikulu eka vaxavisi lava lavaka timakete letintshwa . Despite certain hurdles that should be overcome ,minkarhi leyi humaka eka ku vekisa eka ku xaviseriwa matiko mambe ka India i yikulu swinene. Mabindzu ya le matikweni ya le handle ya fanele ku kambisisa hi vukheta ku cinca ka makete wa India na ku lulamisa tindlela ta wona ku tirhisa vuswikoti bya India eka ku kula ka mabindzu ya le handle ka nkarhi wo leha.

Loko swita eka ku hlawula switirhisiwa leswi dumeke eka makete wa mabindzu ya matiko mambe ya India, kuna swilo swintsongo swa nkoka leswinga pfunaka ku kongomisa endlelo ra wena ro teka swiboho. Makete wa India wutiveka hi vaxavi vohambana hambana xikan’we na mindhavuko leyi yitsakelaka, hikokwalaho ku pfumelelana na leswi va switsakelaka swina nkoka swinene. Xosungula, i swa nkoka ku xiya leswaku India rina xiyimo xale xikarhi lexi kulaka lexi nga na ku tlakuka ka muholo lowu tirhisiwaka. Leswi swi tisa nkarhi wo kongomisa makete hi switirhisiwa swa vatirhisi leswi nga durhiki kambe swa xiyimo xa le henhla. Switirhisiwa swo fana na swa elektroniki, ti-smartphone, switirhisiwa swa le kaya, na switirhisiwa swo hlayisa munhu hi xiyexe swi vone ku kula lokukulu eka malembe ya sweswinyana. Ku engetela kwalaho, sekithara ya vuxavisi bya ndhavuko bya le India ya ha tlanga xiave lexikulu eka ikhonomi ya tiko. Hikokwalaho, ku hlawula switirhisiwa leswi faneleke ku xavisiwa hi tindlela ta le handle ka inthanete to fana na mavhengele lamantsongo na timakete ta laha kaya swi nga vuyerisa. Leswi swinga katsa swakudya swofana na swipayisisi na swinun’hweriso, swiambalo swofana na swiambalo swa ndzhavuko (sarees), switirhisiwa swa mavoko swofana na vumba kumbe ntirho wa mapulanga, na switirhisiwa swa ntumbuluko swo saseka. Xiyenge xin’wana lexi kulaka eIndiya i e-commerce. Hi ku tlakuka ka tipulatifomo to xava eka inthanete to fana na Amazon.in na Flipkart.com, ku hlawula swilo leswi nga xavisiwaka hi ku olova hi ku tirhisa tipulatifomo leti i swa nkoka. Swiyenge swin’wana leswi dumeke swi katsa switirhisiwa swa fexeni (vuhlalu, tiwachi), ku khavisa ekaya (swifunengeto swa tikhuxini, ti- tapestry), swiengetelo swa rihanyo/tivhithamini, switirhisiwa/giya yo titoloveta (mats ya yoga), na switirhisiwa swa elektroniki/switirhisiwa. Hambiswiritano munhu u fanele ku tlhela a languta swihinga leswi nga vaka kona kumbe mintlhontlho loko a xavisa nhundzu eka makete wa mabindzu ya le handle wa India. Xikombiso: 1) Swihinga swa tindzimi: Ku tiyisisa leswaku tinhlamuselo ta swikumiwa ti hundzuluxeriwa hi ndlela leyinene eka tindzimi letikulu ta miganga swi ta pfuna matshalatshala yo xavisa. 2) Ku twisisa ndhavuko: Ku papalata swikombiso swa vukhongeri kumbe swifaniso leswi nga khunguvanyisaka lava nga ta va vaxavi. 3) Vutleketli: Ku twisisa milawu/maendlelo yo nghenisa nhundzu xikan’we na vufambisi bya mphakelo swi ta pfuna ku tiyisisa ku humelela ka ku rhumeriwa ka nhundzu. 4) Mphikizano wa laha kaya: Ku lavisisa hi vukheta swinyikelo swa vaphikizani ku hambanyisa layini ya wena ya swikumiwa hi ndlela leyinene. Hi ku gimeta "Ku tlanga hi vutlhari" hi ku lemuka mikhuva endzeni ka swiyenge swo hambana swa vuxavisi ku katsa na switolo swa ndhavuko na e-commerce, loko hi hala tlhelo ku lulamisa swihinga leswi nga vaka kona swi nga pfuneta ku hlawula swikumiwa swa xilaveko xa le henhla eka makete wa mabindzu ya le handle wa India.

India i tiko leri nga ni ku hambana-hambana lokukulu ni ku fuwa ka mindhavuko, leswi kucetelaka swinene swihlawulekisi swa rona swa vaxavi ni swilo leswi yirisiweke. Ku twisisa swiyenge leswi i swa nkoka swinene loko u burisana na vaxavi va le India. Xo sungula, vaxavi va le India va tiveka hi ku kandziyisa ka vona vuxaka bya munhu hi xiyexe ni ku tshembana. Va tsakela ku endla bindzu ni vanhu lava va va tivaka kumbe lava va rhumeriweke eka vona hi munhu loyi va n’wi tshembaka. Ku aka vuxaka byo tiya bya munhu hi xiyexe na ku simeka ku tshemba eka vuxaka i swa nkoka eka vuhlanganisi bya mabindzu lebyi humelelaka eIndia. Xavumbirhi, Maindiya ma ni tihlo lerikulu ra nkoka naswona ma tala ku va vaxavi lava nga ni vuxiyaxiya eka minxavo. Hakanyingi va endla ndzavisiso lowukulu va nga si endla xiboho xo xava, va pimanisa minxavo eka tipulatifomo to hambana-hambana kumbe switolo. Ku nyika minxavo yo phikizana kumbe vukorhokeri bya nkoka lowu engeteriweke swi nga koka rinoko swinene ra vaxavi va le India. Ku tlula kwalaho, vaxavi va le Indiya va tlangela nyingiso lowu endleriweke munhu hi xiyexe ni vukorhokeri bya xiyimo xa le henhla. Ku nyika swintshuxo swa munhu hi xiyexe leswi lulamisiweke eka swilaveko swa vona swo karhi swi ta ndlandlamuxa ntokoto wa vaxavi swinene. Hambiswiritano, ku na swipimelo swo karhi leswi faneleke ku tekeriwa enhlokweni loko ku burisana na tiklayenti ta le Indiya: 1. Papalata ku burisana hi tinhlokomhaka leti fambelanaka na vukhongeri kumbe tipolitiki handle ka loko muxavi a sungula mabulo yo tano. 2. Tiva na miehleketo ya ririmi ra miri tanihileswi swikombiso swin’wana leswi tekiwaka swi ri swa xichavo eka mindhavuko yin’wana swi nga ha khunguvanyisaka eIndia (e.g., ku kombetela hi tintiho). 3. U nga tshuki u tekela ehansi nkoka wa ku hlayisa nkarhi tanihi leswi hi ntolovelo Maindiya ma tekaka ku va hi nkarhi eka swiyimo swa xiphurofexinali. 4. I swa nkoka ku hlayisa mpimo wa xivumbeko hi nkarhi wa minhlangano yo sungula ku kondza ku simekiwa vuxaka lebyinene. 5. Papalata ku sola kumbe ku hlekula maendlelo ya ndhavuko kumbe mindhavuko leyi tekiwaka yi ri ya nkoka hi Maindiya, tanihileswi leswi swi nga vangaka ku khunguvanyisa no onha vuxaka bya mabindzu. Hi ku gimeta, ku twisisa swihlawulekisi swo hlawuleka swa tikhasimende ta le India - ku fana na ku kandziyisa ka vona eka vuxaka, ku twisisa nxavo, ku tekeriwa enhlokweni ka khwalithi ya vukorhokeri - swi nga hoxa xandla swinene eka vuhlanganisi lebyi humelelaka na vona loko ku ri karhi ku papalata swipimelo leswi nga vaka kona swi kurisa ku nghenelela lokunene na vutirhisani lebyi nga heriki exikarhi ka mabindzu lama tirhanaka na tikhayente ta le India

India ri na sisiteme ya vulawuri bya customs leyi simekiweke kahle ku lawula na ku lawula ku khuluka ka nhundzu na vanhu ku tsemakanya mindzilakano ya rona. Hi leswi swiyenge swin’wana swa nkoka swa fambiselo ra vulawuri bya swibalo swa le India ni tinhla ta nkoka leti u faneleke u ti tekela enhlokweni: 1. Maendlelo ya Customs: Loko va nghena kumbe ku huma eIndia, vafambi va fanele ku hundza hi le ka tikhawuntara ta vuhlapfa leswaku va kuma mpfumelelo wo nghena/ku huma. Eka swihaha-mpfhuka, vafambi va boheka ku tata fomo ya xitiviso xa customs leyi kombisaka swilo leswi va swi rhwaleke swin’we ni nkoka wa swona. 2. Swilo leswi yirisiweke na leswi siveleriweke: Swilo swo karhi swo fana na swidzidziharisi, switirhisiwa swa swiharhi swa nhova, swibamu, swibalesa, mali ya vuxisi, na swin’wana, swi yirisiwile swinene eIndia. Ku engetela kwalaho, ku ni swipimelo eka swilo swin’wana swo tanihi swin’wetsin’wetsi swa nsuku ni swa silivhere leswi tlulaka mpimo wo karhi lowu pfumeleriwaka. 3. Tiallowances leti nga hakeriki xibalo: Vafambi lava endzelaka India va nga tisa swilo swa munhu hi xiyexe leswi durhaka ku fika eka INR 50,000 handle ko tihanyisa xibalo xihi na xihi xa customs (ku ya hi swipimelo swo karhi). Ku na swipfuno swo karhi leswi nga hakeriwiki xibalo eka byala na switirhisiwa swa fole na swona. 4. Red Channel/Green Channel: Endzhaku ko hlengeleta mindzhwalo leyi kamberiweke eka swihahampfhuka swa le India/titheminali ta le ribuweni, vakhandziyi va ta va na ku hlawula exikarhi ka ‘Red’ channel (nhundzu yo tivisa) kumbe ‘Green’ channel (ku hava lexi va nga xi tivisa). Loko u ri na swilo leswi hakeriwaka/leswi siveleriweke leswi tlulaka mali ya wena yo pfumala xibalo kumbe loko u nga tiyiseki hi ku hlawuriwa/milawu yihi kumbe yihi ya swilo, swa antswa ku tirhisa xitichi xo Tshwuka. 5. Milawu ya Mali: Loko u famba u nghena kumbe u huma eIndiya, a ku na xipimelo xo tisa mali ya matiko mambe; hambiswiritano xitiviso xa boha eka mali leyi tlulaka US$5,000 kumbe leyi ringanaka na yona hi mali yin’wana na yin’wana. 6. Ku Rhumela/Ku Rhumela Nhundzu: Nhundzu yo karhi yi nga ha lava mpfumelelo ku suka eka valawuri lava faneleke ku nga si nghenisiwa/ku rhumela ehandle hikwalaho ka swilaveko swa milawu ku fana na swilaveko swa tilayisense kumbe ku landzelela milawu ya mbango. 7. Swivumbeko swa Vuhlapfa: I swa nkoka eka vaaki va matiko mambe lava endzelaka India ku va na matsalwa ya maendzo lama tirhaka ku katsa na mapasi lama nga na tivhisa leti faneleke leti humesiweke hi ti-embassy/consulate ta India handle ka loko va huma ematikweni lama nga riki na tivhisa ehansi ka mintwanano yo karhi. I swa nkoka swinene ku xixima na ku namarhela milawu ya mikhuva ya India ku papalata swiphiqo swihi na swihi swa nawu kumbe swigwevo swa mali. Swikahle ku burisana na swihlovo swa ximfumo swa mfumo wa India kumbe ku lava nkongomiso eka valawuri va customs, loko swilaveka, ku kuma vuxokoxoko lebyi kongomeke na bya nkarhi wa sweswi eka maendlelo na milawu ya vulawuri bya customs.

India ri na pholisi ya tihakelo ta ku xavisiwa ka swilo leswi humaka ematikweni mambe leyi heleleke leyi kongomisaka eka ku sirhelela tiindasitiri ta laha kaya na ku tlakusa vumaki bya laha kaya. Tiko ri veka tihakelo eka nhundzu yo hambana leyi humaka ematikweni mambe ku sivela ku xavisiwa loku tlulaka mpimo na ku hlayisa ku ringanisela lokunene ka mabindzu. Swibalo swa le India leswi humaka ematikweni mambe swi avanyisiwile hi tinxaka timbirhi letikulu: xibalo xa xisekelo xa customs (BCD) na swibalo swo engetela. BCD yi hakerisiwa eka nhundzu yo tala hi ku ya hi ku hlawuriwa ka yona eka Harmonized System of Nomenclature (HSN). Mimpimo ya hambana kuya hi muxaka wa xiendliwa, laha kungana mimpimo yale hansi eka swilo swa nkoka swofana na swakudya swa nkoka, switirhisiwa swa nhlayiso wa rihanyo, na michini leyi tirhisiwaka eka tisekithara leti rhangisaka emahlweni. Ku engetela eka BCD, India ri tlhela ri veka swibalo swo engetela swo fana na xibalo xo tlherisela (CVD) na xibalo xo hlawuleka xo engetela (SAD) eka swiyimo swo karhi. CVD yi tirha ku ringanisela swipfuno swihi kumbe swihi leswi nyikiwaka hi matiko man’wana leswi nga nyikaka vuyelo lebyi nga lulamangiki eka ku xaviseriwa matiko mambe ka wona. SAD yi vekiwa tanihi xibalo xo engetela eka nhundzu yo karhi leyi boxiweke. Hambiswiritano, i swa nkoka ku xiya leswaku India ri tshamela ku pfuxeta xivumbeko xa rona xa tihakelo hi ku tirhisa switiviso swa mpimanyeto kumbe ku cinca ka pholisi. Mimpimo ya tihakelo yi nga va ehansi ka ku cinca-cinca hikwalaho ka ku cinca ka swiyimo swa ikhonomi kumbe swilo leswi rhangisaka emahlweni swa mfumo. Mfumo wa India wu tlhela wu tlakusa mintwanano yo hambana ya mabindzu leyi kongomisiweke eka ku hunguta tihakelo na matiko yo karhi kumbe swiyenge swo karhi. Xikombiso, ehansi ka ntwanano wa Ndhawu ya Mabindzu ya Ntshunxeko ya le Dzongeni wa Asia kumbe mintwanano ya mabindzu ya ntshuxeko ya matiko mambirhi na matiko yo karhi, ku nga nyikiwa vukorhokeri bya tihakelo byo hlawuleka eka nhundzu leyi boxiweke. Hi ku angarhela, pholisi ya tihakelo ta ku xavisa ya India yi lava ku ringanisela exikarhi ka ku sirhelela tiindasitiri ta laha kaya loko yi ri karhi yi tiyisisa leswaku vatirhisi va fikelela swikumiwa swa nkoka swa le handle. Yi kongomisa eka ku tlakusa ku tiyimela eka swiyenge swa nkoka swo fana na vurimi, swa elektroniki, na vumaki loko yi ri karhi yi hlohlotela mphikizano lowu faneleke na ku kurisa vuxaka bya mabindzu ya matiko ya misava.

India ri tirhisile pholisi ya xibalo eka nhundzu leyi rhumeriwaka ematikweni mambe leswaku ri ta tlakusa tiindasitiri ta laha kaya na ku sirhelela ikhonomi ya rona. Mimpimo ya xibalo xa ku xaviseriwa matiko mambe eka switirhisiwa swo hambana ya hambana kuya hi muxaka wa nhundzu. Hi ntolovelo, swixavisiwa swa nkoka swofana na mavele ya swakudya, matsavu, mihandzu, na mirhi swina swibalo swale hansi kumbe kungari na swibalo swa ku xaviseriwa matiko yale handle. Leswi swi endliwa ku tiyisisa leswaku ku na mphakelo lowu ringaneleke wa swilo leswi endzeni ka tiko. Hi hala tlhelo, nhundzu ya xiyimo xa le henhla kumbe switirhisiwa leswi nga na xilaveko xa le henhla eka timakete ta matiko ya misava swi nga ha koka rinoko ra swibalo swa le henhla swa ku xaviseriwa matiko mambe. Leswi swiendliwa ku heta matimba eka ku xaviseriwa matiko yale handle naku hlayisa swiri kona kuva swidyiwa laha kaya. Ku ya emahlweni, switirhisiwa swo karhi swo ka swi nga tirhisiwanga swi le hansi ka Xibalo xo Rhumela eMatikweni mambe lexi kongomisaka ku sivela ku rhumeriwa ka swona ematikweni mambe na ku tlakusa tiindasitiri ta vumaki bya laha kaya hi ku tirhisa switirhisiwa sweswo swo ka swi nga tirhisiwanga. Ku engetela kwalaho, India ri tlhele ri amukela magoza man’wana yo hambana yo fana na Xibalo xa ku Rhumela eMatikweni mambe na Xibalo xa Nhundzu na Vukorhokeri (GST) leswi nga khumbaka hi ndlela leyi nga kongomangiki xivumbeko xa nxavo wa nhundzu leyi rhumeriwaka ematikweni mambe. Tipholisi leti ti kongomisa eka ku sirhelela tiindasitiri ta le India hi ku endla leswaku nhundzu leyi humaka ematikweni mambe yi durha swinene loko yi pimanisiwa na leyi humelerisiwaka laha kaya. I swa nkoka eka mabindzu lawa ya languteleke ku rhumela ematikweni mambe ku suka eIndia ku tshama ya ri karhi ya pfuxetiwa hi tipholisi ta mfumo tanihileswi ti nga cincaka nkarhi na nkarhi hi ku ya hi swilo swa ikhonomi na mintwanano ya mabindzu na matiko man’wana. Hi ku angarhela, pholisi ya xibalo ya India eka nhundzu leyi rhumeriwaka ematikweni mambe yi kongomisa eka ku tlakusa tiindasitiri ta laha kaya loko yi ri karhi yi hlayisa mphakelo lowu ringaneleke wa swixavisiwa swa nkoka endzeni ka tiko. Mabindzu lama tirhaka eka sekithara leyi ya fanele ku langutisisa swinene ku cinca kwihi kumbe kwihi eka milawu ya xibalo leyi fambelanaka na xiyenge xa vona xo karhi xa swikumiwa.

India, tiko leri hluvukaka hi xihatla leri kumekaka eAsia Dzonga, ri tiveka hi ikhonomi ya rona yo hambana-hambana ni ndzhaka ya rona leyi fuweke ya ndhavuko. Emalembeni ya sweswinyana, yi humelerile tanihi mutlangi lonkulu eka xivandla xa mabindzu ya matiko ya misava. Ku tiyisisa khwalithi ya swixavisiwa swa yona na ku tlakusa ku tshemba ka vatirhisi, India ri kandziyisa eka xitifikheti xa ku xaviseriwa matiko mambe. Xitifikheti xa ku xaviseriwa matiko mambe eIndia xi katsa swiyenge swo hambana swa khwalithi ya swikumiwa na ku fambisana na swiyimo swa matiko ya misava. Switifikheti leswi switirha tani hi vumbhoni bya leswaku switirhisiwa swa ma-India swi fikelela swipimelo leswi lavekaka leswi vekiweke hi matiko lawa ya xavisaka. Xin’wana xa switifikheti swa nkoka swa ku rhumela ematikweni mambe i xitifikheti xa ISO. Nhlangano wa Matiko ya Misava wa Swipimelo (ISO) wu veka swipimelo swa misava hinkwayo swa swikumiwa, vukorhokeri, na tisisiteme ku tiyisisa vuhlayiseki bya swona, ku tshembheka na khwalithi ya swona. Ku kuma xitifikheti xa ISO swi pfuna vaxavisi va le India ku kombisa ku tinyiketela ka vona eka vutshila na ku landzelela swipimelo leswi amukeriwaka emisaveni hinkwayo. Ku engetela kwalaho, vaxavisi va le India lava lavaka mfikelelo wa makete ngopfungopfu eYuropa va fanele ku kuma mfungho wa CE. Ku fungha ka CE ku kombisa leswaku xiendliwa xi fambisana na swilaveko swa rihanyo kumbe mbango swa Nhlangano wa Yuropa loko swi fanerile. Yi tiyisisa ku fambafamba loku ntshunxekeke endzeni ka matiko ya swirho swa EU hi ku herisa swihinga swa xithekiniki eka mabindzu. Hi mayelana na ku xaviseriwa matiko yale handle ka vurimi kusuka e India, APEDA (Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority) yinyika minongonoko ya xitifikheti ehansi ka swikimi swohambana hambana kufana na xitifikheti xa vurimi bya organic kumbe ku landzelerisa pulani yo langutisisa masalela. Switifikheti leswi switiyisisa vaxavisi va le handle ka vuhlayiseki na ku landzelerisa milawu mayelana na maendlelo ya vuhumelerisi bya swakudya. Ku tlula kwalaho, The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) yi tiyisisa nhundzu leyi endliweke hi ku ya hi Swipimelo swo karhi swa le India (IS). Xitifikheti xa BIS xitiyisisa leswaku switirhisiwa swihetisisa swilaveko swa nkoka swofana na vuhlayiseki, matirhelo ya kahle,na ku tiya loko swinga se rhumeriwa ematikweni mambe. India ritlhela ri landzelela magoza ya phytosanitary lawa ya vekiweke hi International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). Switifikheti swa phytosanitary switiyisisa leswaku switirhisiwa leswi endliweke hi swimilani swofana na mihandzu kumbe matsavu swiendliwe swikambelo leswi lavekaka eka swikongomelo swo lawula switsotswana leswi tiyisisaka leswaku aswi na mavabyi loko swinga se rhumeriwa ematikweni mambe. Hi ku gimeta,endlelo ro kuma switifikheti swa ku xaviseriwa matiko mambe eIndia ri katsa ku landzelela milawu yo tala leyi fambelanaka na ku ringanisiwa,vuhlayiseki,na nsirhelelo wa vatirhisi.Hikokwalaho ka sweswo,swikumiwa leswi tiyisisiweke ku suka eIndia swi kuma ku tshembheka,swi ndlandlamuxa ku xavisiwa, na ku tiyisisa mfikelelo lowunene eka timakete ta misava hinkwayo.

India i tiko leri tivekaka hi mindhavuko ya rona yo hambana-hambana, matimu lama fuweke ni mindhavuko leyi hanyaka. Emalembeni ya sweswinyana, tiko ra India ri tlhele ri endla nhluvuko lowu hlamarisaka emhakeni ya vutleketli ni vutleketli. Hi leswi vukorhokeri byin’wana lebyi ringanyetiweke bya vutleketli ni mikhuva eIndiya: 1. Vutleketli bya le magondzweni: Tanihi ndlela ya vutleketli leyi tirhisiwaka ngopfu eIndia, vutleketli bya le magondzweni byi tlanga xiave xa nkoka eka sekithara ya vutleketli bya tiko. Mfumo wa India wu kongomise eka ku antswisa switirhisiwa swa magondzo, leswi endleke leswaku ku va na vuhlanganisi byo antswa eka swifundzankulu swo hambana. 2. Swiporo: Swiporo swa le India i yin’wana ya tinetweke letikulu ta swiporo emisaveni hinkwayo naswona yi nyika ndlela leyinene ya vutleketli bya nhundzu. Yi katsa ndhawu yo anama etikweni hinkwaro naswona yi nyika swintshuxo leswi nga durhiki swa ku fambisa nhundzu. 3. Ndzhwalo wa le moyeni: Hi ku kula hi xihatla ka e-commerce na ku hlanganisiwa ka misava hinkwayo, ndzhwalo wa le moyeni wu ve na ndhuma eka bindzu ra vutleketli ra le India. Swihahampfhuka leswikulu swa matiko ya misava swo fana na Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore i tindhawu ta nkoka ta matirhelo ya ku rhwala nhundzu hi swihahampfhuka. 4. Swikepe swa le ribuweni: Hi ku nyikiwa ribuwa ra yona ro leha xikan’we na swikepe leswikulu swo fana na Chennai Port Trust na Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT), swikepe swa le ribuweni swi tlanga xiave xa nkoka eka mabindzu ya laha kaya endzeni ka tindhawu ta le ribuweni ra India. 5.Vukorhokeri bya vuhlayiselo: Hi ku tlakuka ka xilaveko xa tindhawu to hlayisa leti hlelekeke hikwalaho ka swilaveko swa mphakelo lowu cincaka, switirhisiwa swa vuhlayiselo bya manguva lawa swi humelerile tanihi xiphemu xa nkoka xa matirhelo ya vutleketli lama tirhaka kahle endzeni ka India. 6.Ku amukeriwa ka thekinoloji: Ku antswisa vukorhokeri na ku olovisa matirhelo ku ya emahlweni, tikhamphani ta vutleketli ta le India ti amukerile swintshuxo leswi fambiwaka hi thekinoloji swo fana na tisisiteme to landzelerisa hi ku tirhisa switirhisiwa swa GPS kumbe IoT ku nyika vuhundzuluxi bya nkarhi wa xiviri eka ku rhumeriwa. 7.Vaphakeri va vukorhokeri bya vanhu va vunharhu (3PL): Vaphakeri lava va vukorhokeri va nyika swintshuxo swa vutleketli bya makumu ku ya eka makumu leswi katsaka ku antswisiwa ka vulawuri bya nhundzu; ku hetisisiwa ka xileriso; vuhlayiselo bya swilo; hangalasa; ku pfumeleriwa ka swibalo; ku paka exikarhi ka swin’wana. 8.Last-mile delivery service - Tikhamphani to fana na Delhivery kumbe Ecom Express ti tiveka ngopfu eka swintshuxo swa last-mile delivery leswi tiyisisaka ku rhumeriwa hi xihatla ku suka eka tiwarehouses kumbe tisenthara to hangalasa hi ku kongoma enyangweni wa vaxavi. Indasitiri ya vutleketli ya le India yi ya emahlweni yi hluvuka hi xihatla hi matshalatshala lama yaka emahlweni yo ndlandlamuxa switirhisiwa, ku amukela nhluvukiso wa thekinoloji, na ku antswisa vukorhokeri bya mphakelo. Switsundzuxo leswi nga laha henhla swi kombisa xiyimo xa sweswi na mikhuva leyi fambisaka sekithara ya vutleketli ya India loko yi ri karhi yi khathalela swilaveko swo hambana swa mabindzu.`,

Minkombiso ya nkoka ya mabindzu

India is a country with a diverse and vibrant economy, attracting international buyers from around the world. The country has several important international sourcing channels and trade shows that serve as platforms for business development and networking opportunities. Let's explore some of them. 1. India International Trade Fair (IITF): This annual event held in New Delhi is one of the largest trade fairs in India. It attracts national and international buyers from various sectors, including manufacturing, consumer goods, textiles, and electronics. With over 6,000 exhibitors showcasing their products and services, IITF offers an excellent opportunity for global procurement. 2. Auto Expo: As one of Asia's largest automotive component exhibitions held in New Delhi every two years, Auto Expo attracts major international automobile manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, and buyers looking to source high-quality products from India's automotive industry. 3. Texworld India: This textile industry trade show features the latest trends in fabrics, apparel accessories,and home textiles.It serves as an important platform for sourcing fabrics not only within India but also internationally.It brings together manufacturers,suppliers,and exporters to showcase their products to potential global buyers. 4. Indian Pharma Expo: As a rapidly growing pharmaceutical market globally,the Indian Pharma Expo provides an ideal platform for pharma companies to exhibit their product range across various categories such as generics,nutraceuticals,critical care,and more.This exhibition aims at showcasing India’s innovation,potentialities,talent,and product discovery capabilities.The event creates opportunities for interaction between domestic manufacturers,firms abroad,research & development( R&D) centers,business delegations,distributors,supply chain experts across multiple verticals.The show further enables exploring alliances & collaborations worldwide by connecting businesses globally through focused buyer-seller meetups,event tours,outbound investments,Etc. 5. Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit: Gujarat State hosts this biennial summit which showcases investment opportunities across various sectors ranging from manufacturing,hospitality,tourism,and more.It provides a platform for global companies to interact with business leaders,policy makers,investors,and thought leaders.The summit facilitates networking opportunities and aids international procurement strategies by connecting buyers and sellers worldwide. 6. Buyer-Seller Meets: Various industry-specific buyer-seller meets are organized across different cities in India.These events focus on specific sectors such as engineering,IT,bio-technology,textiles,gems & jewelry,agriculture,etc.Organized by government bodies as well as industry associations,these platforms bring together key stakeholders from various industries and facilitate B2B meetings between buyers from around the world and Indian suppliers. 7. E-commerce Platforms: In recent years,e-commerce has been playing a significant role in international sourcing.E-commerce platforms like Alibaba,B2B portals like IndiaMART,and government initiatives such as the National E-Governance Plan have made it easier for international buyers to connect with Indian suppliers.Additionally,various online sourcing directories,live chat support,supplier verification services are available to streamline the procurement process. In conclusion,the above-mentioned examples are just a few of the important international sourcing channels and trade shows available in India.There are many other sector-specific exhibitions,buyer-seller meets,and e-commerce platforms that cater to various industries.Be sure to research specific sectors of interest for targeted procurement opportunities within India.

Tinjhini to lavisisa leti tolovelekeke

Le India, tinjhini to lavisisa leti tirhisiwaka ngopfu ti katsa Google, Bing, Yahoo!, na DuckDuckGo. Tinjhini leti to lavisisa ti tirhisiwa ngopfu hi vaaki va le India eka swikongomelo swo hambana ku fana na ku pfula webu, ku kuma vuxokoxoko, na ku xava eka inthanete. Hi leti tiwebsite ta vona hi ku hambana ka tona: 1. Google: www.google.co.in Handle ko kanakana Google i njhini yo lavisisa leyi dumeke swinene ku nga ri eIndiya ntsena kambe emisaveni hinkwayo. Yi nyika index leyi heleleke ya matluka ya webu xikan’we na swihlawulekisi swin’wana swo fana na ku lavisisa swifaniso, mimepe, swihloko swa mahungu, na swin’wana swo tala. 2. Bing: www.bing.com Bing i njhini yo lavisisa ya Microsoft leyi nyikaka xihlanganisi lexi tsakisaka hi mahlo xikan’we na mimbuyelo ya ku lavisisa leyi faneleke. Yi tlhela yi hlanganisa swihlawulekisi swo fana na ku lavisisa swifaniso na ku languta ka ha ri emahlweni ka vhidiyo. 3. Yahoo!: eka.yahoo.com Yahoo! yi vile nhlawulo lowu dumeke eka vatirhisi va le India nkarhi wo leha swinene sweswi hikwalaho ka vukorhokeri bya yona byo hambana ku katsa na imeyili, ku pfuxetiwa ka mahungu, vuxokoxoko bya timali, na swin’wana, handle ka ntirho wa yona wo lavisisa. 4. DuckDuckGo: xitombo xa ximanga.com DuckDuckGo yi tiveka hi ku kandziyisa vuhlayiseki bya mutirhisi loko yi ri karhi yi tisa mimbuyelo leyi faneleke handle ko landzelela kumbe ku hlayisa vuxokoxoko bya munhu ku fana na tinjhini tin’wana to lavisisa leti tolovelekeke. Lava va mune i tin’wana ta tinjhini to lavisisa leti tivekaka swinene naswona ti tirhisiwaka ngopfu hi xikongomelo xo angarhela eIndiya; hambiswiritano, ku nga ha va ni tin’wana leti kumekaka na tona ku ya hi leswi munhu hi xiyexe a swi tsakelaka.

Matluka lamakulu yo tshwuka

Le India, ku ni tidayirekitara to hlayanyana leti dumeke ta matluka yo tshwuka leswaku vanhu ni mabindzu va kuma rungula ro tihlanganisa, vukorhokeri ni swilo leswi endliweke. Hi leti tin’wana ta tidayirekitara letikulu ta matluka yo tshwuka eIndiya swin’we ni tiadirese ta tona ta webusayiti: 1. Justdial (www.justdial.com): Justdial i yin’wana ya tinjhini letikulu to lavisisa ta laha kaya eIndia. Yi nyika vuxokoxoko bya mabindzu yo hambana eka swiyenge swo hambana ku fana na tirhesiturente, tihotela, swibedlhele, vaphayiphi va tiphayiphi, vatirhi va gezi, na swin’wana. 2. Sulekha (www.sulekha.com): Sulekha i xikombo xin’wana lexi dumeke xa inthanete lexi nyikaka vukorhokeri byo hambana na minxaxamelo ya mabindzu leyi simekiweke eka madoroba na swiyenge. Vatirhisi va nga kuma vuxokoxoko lebyi fambelanaka na tindlu na misava, tisenthara ta dyondzo, vaphakeri va nhlayiso wa rihanyo, vahlengeleti va swiendlakalo, na swin’wana. 3. Yellow Pages India (www.yellowpagesindia.net): Yellow Pages India yi nyika nxaxamelo wa mabindzu lowu heleleke eka tiindasitiri to hambana etikweni hinkwaro. Yi pfumelela vatirhisi ku lavisisa mabindzu hi swiyenge kumbe ndhawu. 4. Indiamart (www.indiamart.com): Indiamart i makete wa inthanete lowu hlanganisaka vaxavi na vaphakeri eka tiindasitiri to hambana ku fana na michini & switirhisiwa, vaendli va swiambalo & swiambalo, . vaphakeri va nhundzu ya elektroniki etc. Handle ko nyika vuxokoxoko bya swikumiwa na tiphrofayili ta khamphani, . Indiamart yi tlhela yi tirha tanihi xikombo xa matluka yo tshwuka. 5. TradeIndia (www.tradeindia.com): Ku fana na Indiamart, . TradeIndia i ndhawu yin’wana yo xavisa ya B2B leyi tivekaka swinene eIndia leyi hlanganisaka vaxavi na vaxavisi ku suka eka swiyenge swo hambana ku katsa na switirhisiwa swa tiindasitiri swo fana na michini, . tikhemikhali na swin’wana, nhundzu ya gezi na swa elektroniki na swin’wana. 6.Google Bindzu ra Mina(https://www.google.co.in/mabindzu/): Google My Business yi pfuna mabindzu ya le India ku va na vukona bya inthanete hi ku lawula ya vona ku xaxametiwa ka mabindzu eka Google Maps xikan’we na switirhisiwa swin’wana swa Google. Xisweswo swi endla leswaku vatirhisi va kota ku va kuma hi ku olova loko va lava vukorhokeri kumbe swikumiwa swo karhi. Tiwebsite leti ti nyika vuxokoxoko bya nkoka eka vatirhisi lava lavaka vukorhokeri lebyi faneleke kumbe swikumiwa laha tikweni endzeni ka madoroba yo hambana eIndiya hinkwaro. Xiya: Hambileswi tidayirekitara leti ti dumeke swinene, i swa nkoka ku hlanganisa ni ku tiyisekisa rungula leri nyikeriweke leswaku ri tshembeka ni ku pakanisa.

Tipulatifomo letikulu ta mabindzu

India i tiko ro hambana hambana leri nga na sekithara ya e-commerce leyi kulaka hi xihatla. Hi leti tin’wana ta tipulatifomo letikulu ta e-commerce eIndiya: 1. Xiphepherhele xa Flipkart - www.flipkart.com Flipkart i yin’wana ya tipulatifomo letikulu na leti dumeke swinene ta e-commerce eIndia. Yi nyikela swilo swo hambana-hambana, ku katsa ni swilo swa elektroniki, fexeni, switirhisiwa swa le kaya, tibuku ni swin’wana. 2. Amazon India - www.amazon.in Amazon yi nghene eka makete wa le India hi 2013 naswona yi kume ku koka lokukulu ku sukela kwalaho. Pulatifomo yi nyika nhlawulo wo anama wa swikumiwa xikan’we na tindlela to hatlisa to rhumela. 3. Xitolo xa Paytm - paytmmall.com Paytm Mall i xiphemu xa ikhosisteme ya Paytm naswona yi nyika switirhisiwa swo hambana eka swiyenge swo hambana ku fana na swa elektroniki, fexeni, swilo swo khavisa ekaya, swakudya, na swin’wana. 4. Xifaniso xa xifaniso - www.snapdeal.com Snapdeal yi sungurile tani hi pulatifomo ya swipfumelelano swa siku na siku kambe sweswi yi ndlandlamukile ku va yin’wana ya tindhawu to xavisa ta inthanete leti rhangelaka eIndia eka switirhisiwa swo hambana hambana. 5. Myntra - www.myntra.com. Xihlamusela-marito xa Xitsonga Myntra yi tiveka ngopfu eka fexeni na switirhisiwa swa vutomi bya vavanuna, vavasati na vana. Yi nyika swiambalo, switirhisiwa kusuka eka ti brand to hambana hambana xikan’we na switsundzuxo leswi endleriweke munhu hi xiyexe. 6. Jabong - www.jabong.com Kufana na Myntra, Jabong ngopfu ngopfu yi kongomisa eka swiambalo swa fexeni swa vavanuna na vavasati leswi nyikaka nxaxamelo wo anama kusuka eka ti brand ta tiko xikan’we na ta matiko ya misava. 7. Swikombiso swa mavhengele - www.shopclues.com ShopClues yi kongomisa eka vaxavi lava lavaka swipfumelelano swa nkoka wa mali eka swiyenge swo hambana swa swikumiwa swo fana na swilo swa elektroniki swo fana na ti-smartphone kumbe tilaptop xikan’we na switirhisiwa swa le kaya na swin’wana. 8 . BigBasket- xibakele lexikulu.com BigBasket i pulatifomo ya swakudya ya le ka inthanete leyi rhangelaka eIndia leyi tisaka mihandzu & matsavu yo basa xikan’we na swin’wana swa nkoka swa le kaya enyangweni wa wena 9 . Grofers- vahlayisi va swakudya.com Grofers i pulatifomo yin’wana leyi dumeke ya e-grocery leyi phakelaka swakudya hi minxavo yo phikizana ku ya fika enyangweni wa wena handle ko karhateka Swi fanerile ku boxa, hambiswiritano, leswaku xiyimo xa e-commerce eIndia xi cinca-cinca naswona ku na vatlangi lavantshwa lava tshamaka va ri karhi va humelela na ku ndlandlamuxa ku fikelela ka vona.

Tipulatifomo letikulu ta swihangalasamahungu swa le ka social media

India ri na ndhawu leyi fuweke no hambana-hambana ya swihangalasamahungu swa le ka social media. Hi leti tipulatifomo tin’wana leti dumeke ta swihangalasamahungu swa le ka Internet eIndiya swin’we ni ti-URL ta tona ta tiwebsite hi ku hambana ka tona: 1. Facebook - https://www.facebook.com Facebook i pulatifomo ya swa mahungu ya swa matirhiselo ya vanhu leyi tirhisiwaka ngopfu eIndia, leyi hlanganisaka vanhu etikweni hinkwaro hi ku tirhisa tiphrofayili, mintlawa, na matluka. 2. Twitter - https://twitter.com Twitter yi pfumelela vatirhisi ku avelana marungula, lama vuriwaka ti tweets, na valandzeri va vona. I pulatifomo leyi dumeke yo humesa mavonelo ni ku tshama u ri karhi u tivisiwa hi mahungu ni mikhuva. 3. Instagram - https://www.xifaniso xa xitsonga.com Instagram yi kongomisa eka ku avelana swifaniso na tivhidiyo. Yi kume ndhuma swinene eIndia tanihi pulatifomo ya ku vulavula hi switori leswi voniwaka na vahlohloteri. 4. LinkedIn - https://www.xihlanganisi.com LinkedIn ngopfungopfu i sayiti ya vuhlanganisi bya xiphurofexinali laha vanhu va nga kombisaka vuswikoti bya vona, ku tihlanganisa na vatirhikulobye na tiphurofexinali ta indasitiri, na ku kuma swivandlanene swa ntirho. 5. YouTube - https://www.youtube.com YouTube i pulatifomo yo avelana tivhidiyo leyi tirhisiwaka ngopfu hi Maindiya eka vuhungasi, swilo leswi dyondzisaka, tivhidiyo ta vuyimbeleri, tirhesiphi to sweka, ku pfuxetiwa ka mahungu, ti-vlog, na swin’wana. 6. WhatsApp - https://www.whatsapp.com WhatsApp i instant messaging app leyi tirhisiwaka ngopfu hi ma-India ku vulavurisana na vanghana,swirho swa ndyangu,va-business associates.Chats ,voice calls,na video calls swi nga endliwa hi ku tirhisa yona hi ku olova. 7. SnapChat - https://www.snapchat.com/ Xitsonga xitsonga xitsonga xitsonga xitsonga xitsonga xitsonga xitsonga xitsonga Snapchat yi endla leswaku vatirhisi va kota ku teka minkarhi hi ku tirhisa swifaniso kumbe tivhidiyo to koma leti nyamalala endzhaku ko langutiwa.Sweswinyana,yi kume ndhuma leyikulu exikarhi ka vantshwa va le India 8.TikTok-https;"); TikTok yi pfumelela vatirhisi ku endla tivhidiyo to koma leti vekiweke eka vuyimbeleri.Ku avelana swiphemu leswi swo tumbuluxa na van'wana swi kurisa ku nghenelela exikarhi ka vatirhisi.EIndia,tiktok yi hundzuke ku duma hi ndlela yo hlamarisa ngopfungopfu eka vantshwa na vantshwa lavakulu." Swi fanerile ku vula leswaku nxaxamelo lowu nga laha henhla wu yimela ntsena tin’wana ta tipulatifomo ta social media leti tirhisiwaka ngopfu eIndia.Ku nga ha va na tipulatifomo tin’wana ta niche leti kongomeke eka vayingiseri va le India na tona.

Minhlangano leyikulu ya tiindasitiri

India ri na minhlangano yo hlayanyana ya indasitiri leyi dumeke leyi tlangaka xiave xa nkoka eku tlakuseni na ku yimela swiyenge swo hambana swa ikhonomi. Hi leyi yin’wana ya minhlangano leyikulu ya indasitiri eIndia swin’we ni tiwebsite ta yona: 1. Nhlangano wa Vumaki bya le India (CII) - www.cii.in - CII i nhlangano wa mabindzu wa xiyimo xa le henhla eIndia, lowu yimelaka tiindasitiri eka swiyenge hinkwaswo swo fana na vumaki, vukorhokeri, na vurimi. 2. Nhlangano wa Tikhamphani ta Mabindzu na Vumaki bya le India (FICCI) - www.ficci.com - FICCI i yin’wana ya minhlangano leyikulu ya indasitiri eIndia, leyi seketelaka mabindzu eka swiyenge swo hambana ku fana na mabindzu, mabindzu, na vukorhokeri. 3. Tikhamphani ta Mabindzu na Vumaki leti Hlanganisiweke (ASSOCHAM) - www.assocham.org - ASSOCHAM i nhlangano wa mabindzu wa le henhla lowu simekiweke eDelhi lowu yimelaka tiindasitiri to fana na tibangi, timali, thekinoloji, vurimi, na vupfhumba. 4. Nhlangano wa Rixaka wa Tikhamphani ta Software na Vukorhokeri (NASSCOM) - www.nasscom.in - NASSCOM i nhlangano wa mabindzu lowu yimelaka sekithara ya IT-BPM eIndia naswona wu tirhela ku tlakusa mphikizano wa misava hinkwayo eka tinhlengeletano ta le India. 5. Ntwanano wa Mirhi wa le India (IPA) - www.ipa-india.org - IPA yi katsa tikhamphani ta rixaka ta mirhi leti simekiweke eka ndzavisiso leti kongomisaka eka vuyimeri bya pholisi ku endlela leswaku ku va na mfikelelo eka swintshuxo swa nhlayiso wa rihanyo leswi nga durhiki. 6. Nhlangano wa Vaendli va Swiphemu swa Mimovha wa le India (ACMA) – www.acma.in – ACMA yi yimela vaendli lava ngheneleke ku humelerisa swiphemu swa le ndzhaku ka ku xavisiwa ka mimovha ku katsa na mimovha ya mavhilwa mambirhi, mimovha ya mabindzu & mimovha ya vakhandziyi 7. Nhlangano wa Minhlangano ya Vatumbuluxi va Tindlu na Miako ya le India (CREDAI) – credai.org – CREDAI yi yimela vatumbuluxi va tindlu na misava eIndia hinkwaro hi xikongomelo xo tlakusa maendlelo ya mahanyelo & ku ndlandlamuxa ku va erivaleni endzeni ka indasitiri 8. Nhlangano wa Vaendli va Tipulasitiki va le India Hinkwaro (AIPMA)- https://www.aipma.net/ - AIPMA yi tlakusa tiindasitiri leti fambelanaka na tipulasitiki hi ku fambisa vuhlanganisi, ku avelana vutivi, na ku seketela maendlelo lama nga na vutihlamuleri eka mbango. Leswi i swikombiso swi nga ri swingani ntsena swa minhlangano yo hambana-hambana ya tiindasitiri eIndiya. Tisekithara to hambana ti na minhlangano ya tona yo karhi leyi tirhelaka ku kula na nhluvukiso wa tiindasitiri ta tona.

Tiwebsite ta mabindzu na mabindzu

India i ikhonomi leyi kulaka hi xihatla naswona i ntsindza wa tiindasitiri to hlayanyana. Hi leti tin’wana ta tiwebsite leti dumeke ta ikhonomi na mabindzu eIndia swin’we na ti-URL ta tona ta tiwebsite: 1. Vukorhokeri bya Mabindzu na Vumaki: Webusayiti ya ximfumo ya Vukorhokeri bya Mabindzu na Vumaki bya mfumo wa India yi nyika vuxokoxoko bya tipholisi ta mabindzu, swivandlanene swa vuvekisi, na tinhlayo ta mabindzu ya le handle. Website: www.commerce.gov.in 2. Bangi ya Rixaka ya India (RBI): RBI i bangi ya le xikarhi leyi nga na vutihlamuleri bya pholisi ya swa timali na vulawuri bya swivandla swa timali eIndia. Webusayiti ya vona yi nyika vutivi bya nkoka eka ikhonomi ya India, milawu ya ku cinca ka mali ya le handle, na swiletelo swa vuvekisi. Website: www.rbi.org.in 3. Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI): FICCI i yin’wana ya minhlangano leyikulu ya indasitiri eIndia leyi tlakusaka ku tsakela ka mabindzu na ku fambisa vutirhisani bya matiko ya misava. Website: www.ficci.com 4. Confederation Of Indian Industry (CII): CII yi kongomisa ku tumbuluxa ndhawu leyi pfunaka eka mabindzu hi ku tirhisa vuyimeri bya pholisi, ndzavisiso wa mabindzu, na tipulatifomo ta vuhlanganisi. Website: www.cii.in 5. Bangi ya ku Rhumela eMatikweni mambe ya le India (Bangi ya EXIM): Bangi ya EXIM yi seketela ku xaviseriwa matiko mambe ka India hi ku nyika mpfuneto wa timali eka vaxavisi va le handle hi ku tirhisa minongonoko yo hambana ya swikweleti swa ku rhumela ematikweni mambe. Webusayiti: www.eximbankindia.in 6. Vekisa India: I nhlangano ehansi ka Ndzawulo ya Ntlakuso wa Vumaki na Mabindzu ya le Ndzeni lowu pfunaka vavekisi va misava hinkwayo ku simeka mabindzu eIndia. Webusayiti: https://www.vuvekisi.gov.in/ 7. Securities Exchange Board Of India (SEBI): SEBI yi lawula timakete ta tisekhurithi ku katsa na ti stock exchange eIndia, ku tiyisisa maendlelo lama lulameke eka vavekisi loko yi ri karhi yi tlakusa ku kula ka makete. Website: www.sebi.gov.in 8.Nhlengeletano ya Mabindzu ya Misava – Mahungu ya Tihakelo na Magoza ya Mabindzu ya Nhundzu Na Vukorhokeri WTO yi nyika vuxokoxoko mayelana na tihakelo leti vekiweke eka nhundzu leyi nghenaka ematikweni yo hambana ku katsa na leyi tirhisiwaka hi vatirhisani va mabindzu eka vatirhisani va vona va mabindzu. Webusayiti : https://www.wto.org/ .

Tiwebsite ta swivutiso swa data swa mabindzu

Kuna tiwebsite to hlaya ta swivutiso swa data ya mabindzu leti kumekaka eka India. Hi leswi swikombiso swi nga ri swingani: 1. Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) - Leyi i webusayiti ya ximfumo ya mfumo leyi nyikaka datha ya mabindzu leyi heleleke, ku katsa na tinhlayo ta ku nghenisa na ku rhumela ehandle ta India. Webusayiti yi tlhela yi nyika switirhisiwa swo hambana na vukorhokeri ku olovisa mabindzu ya matiko ya misava. Website: http://dgft.gov.in 2. Bangi ya Datha ya ku Rhumela eMatikweni mambe (IEC) - Portal leyi ya inthanete yi nyika mfikelelo eka vuxokoxoko bya ku rhumeriwa ka swilo hi ku landza swilaveko, datha ya matimu, na tinhlayo ta ku rhumela ehandle-ku rhumela ehandle ta India. Website leyi yi pfumelela vatirhisi ku lavisisa hi vito ra xitirhisiwa kumbe xa khampani leswaku va kuma rungula ro karhi leri fambisanaka ni bindzu. Webusayiti: https://www.iecindia.org 3. Mepe wa Mabindzu - Wu tumbuluxiwile hi Senthara ya Mabindzu ya Matiko ya Misava (ITC), pulatifomo leyi yi nyika nxaxamelo wo anama wa datha ya mabindzu ya matiko ya misava eka matiko yo hambana, ku katsa na India. Vatirhisi va nga fikelela tinhlayo ta vuxokoxoko bya ku rhumela ematikweni mambe na ku nghenisa eka tiindasitiri to hambana, xikan’we na swiviko swa nxopaxopo wa makete. Website: https://www.mepe wa mabindzu.org 4. Khokholo ya Mabindzu ya le India - Yi lawuriwa hi Nhlangano wa Tinhlengeletano to Rhumela eMatikweni mambe ta le India (FIEO), webusayiti leyi yi tirha tanihi pulatifomo yo yima yin’we eka vaxavisi na vaxavisi va le India. Yi nyika mahungu lama fambelanaka na mabindzu yo fana na mikhuva ya makete, tipholisi, maendlelo, tihakelo, naswona yi tlhela yi nyika mfikelelo eka tipulatifomo ta muxavi-muxavisi wa misava hinkwayo. Webusayiti: https://www.indiantradeportal.in 5.Export Genius- Pulatifomo leyi hakeriwaka yi nyika nkarhi wa xiviri wa ku rhumela ehandle-ku nghenisa datha ku suka eka swihlovo swo tala eIndia, ku nyika vuxokoxoko lebyi heleleke eka ku rhumeriwa ku katsa na minxavo, nhlayo leyi xavisiwaka exikarhi ka matiko na vuxokoxoko bya muphakeri/muxavi. Webusayiti: https://www.exportgenius.in Tiwebsite leti ti nga tirhisiwa ku vuyisa mahungu lama pfunaka mayelana na migingiriko ya mabindzu ya India na ku pfuneta eku endleni ka swiboho swa bindzu leswi nga na vutivi leswi simekiweke eka vutivi bya tinhlayo lebyi nyikiweke mayelana na ku nghenisiwa-ku rhumela ehandle loku endliwaka hi tiko. Hi kombela u xiya leswaku swa bumabumeriwa ku tiyisisa ntiyiso wa webusayiti yihi na yihi leyi nyikiweke u nga si yi tirhisa hi swikongomelo swa bindzu leswi nga ni khombo

Tipulatifomo ta B2b

India ri na tipulatifomo to hlaya ta B2B leti tirhisiwaka ngopfu eka ku cincana ka bindzu na bindzu. Hi lowu nxaxamelo wa tipulatifomo tin’wana leti dumeke swin’we ni ti-URL ta tona ta webusayiti hi ku hambana ka tona: 1. IndiaMART (https://www.indiamart.com): IndiaMART i yin’wana ya tindhawu letikulu ta vuxavisi bya B2B eIndia, leyi hlanganisaka vaxavi na vaxavisi eka tiindasitiri to hambana. 2. TradeIndia (https://www.tradeindia.com): TradeIndia yi nyika pulatifomo leyi heleleke eka mabindzu ku hlanganisa, ku xaviselana, na ku ndlandlamuxa ku fikelela ka wona eka swiyenge swo hambana. 3. ExportersIndia (https://www.exportersindia.com): ExportersIndia yi kongomisa eka ku tlakusa vaxavisi va le India eka vaxavi va matiko ya misava hi ku nyika pulatifomo yo kombisa swikumiwa na vukorhokeri bya vona. 4. Alibaba India (https://www.alibaba.com/countrysearch/IN/india.html): Alibaba, makete wa misava hinkwayo wa B2B, yi tlhela yi va na xiyenge lexi tinyiketeleke eka vaphakeri na vaxavi va le India laha va nga xaviselaka kona emisaveni hinkwayo. 5. Justdial (https://www.justdial.com): Hambi leswi ngopfu-ngopfu yi tiviwaka tanihi njhini yo lavisisa ya laha kaya, Justdial yi tlhela yi tirha tanihi pulatifomo ya B2B hi ku hlanganisa mabindzu na lava nga ta va vaxavi eka tiindasitiri to hambana. 6. Industrybuying (https://www.industrybuying.com): Industrybuying yi tiveka ngopfu eka ku phakela switirhisiwa swa tiindasitiri na switirhisiwa hi ku tirhisa makete wa yona wa inthanete eka mabindzu eka swiyenge swo hambana. 7. Power2SME (https://www.power2sme.com): Yi kongomisiwile eka mabindzu lamatsongo na ya le xikarhi (SMEs), Power2SME yi nyika pulatifomo ya ku xava hi xielekitironiki leyi endlaka leswaku mabindzu ya kota ku kuma switirhisiwa swo ka swi nga tirhisiwanga hi ku xava hi vunyingi hi minxavo yo phikizana. 8. OfBusiness (https://ofbusiness.com): OfBusiness yi kongomisa ku olovisa ku xava ka mabindzu hi ku nyika xitshunxo xa ku xava eka inthanete xa switirhisiwa swa tiindasitiri swo fana na nsimbi, tikhemikhali, tipholimer, na swin’wana, leswi khathaleriwa eka ti-SME. Tipulatifomo leti ti nyika swivandlanene eka mabindzu eIndia ku tihlanganisa na vatirhisani va laha kaya na va matiko ya misava hi ndlela leyinene loko va ri karhi va fambisa vuxavisi byo olova hi ku tirhisa tiphoritali ta vona ta inthanete.